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(1)
qJAif;Zlvdkifac:wJh Zlvdkifv(7)&ufqdkwm vlrsm;rsm;Mum;zl;Muygw,f/ 1988 ckESpf rqvta&;ay: nDvmcHrSm

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“vlxkMum;rSmuRefawmfpum;ajymwm 'g[m aemufqHk;tBudrjf zpfrSmrdkU uRefawmfhtay: xifvJaG ewJh
ausmif;om;or*¾BuD; NzdKwJhudpövnf; xnfhajymygr,f/”
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or*¾BuD;NzdKcJw h ma&m olUwm0efr[kwyf gbl;wJ?h olw&m;cHr[kwf ygbl; vdYk ajzmifu h ,G f uG,o f mG ;cJw
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'gayrJh ESpaf wG MumcJNh yDqakd wmh 'DaeYBuD;udk BuHKczhJ ;l wJo
h al wGawmif enf;vmNyDaygh/ 'Denf;wJh ta&twGux f rJ mS
usaemfvnf; ygygw,f/ wcsKd U[mawGvnf; rSwrf ad o;w,f/ wcsKd Uvnf; rrSwrf ad wmhb;l / wcsKd Uudak wmh aemufct H aMumif;
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vdu k yf gw,f/
usaemf q,fwef;atmifNyD; wuúodkvfa&mufwm 1952 ckESpfyg/ 1958 ckESpfrSm bGJU&wmqdkawmh &efukef
wuúodkvfrSm ajcmufESpfqufwdkufaecJhygw,f/ 1953 ckESpf or*¾a½G;aumufyGJrSm DSOawG rJcdk;vdkY rJyHk;BuD;
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1958 ckESpfrSmbGJU&vdkU ausmif;xGufNyD; rdbeJY tdk;ruGmtdrfruGm ZmwdNrdKUrSmyJ txufwef;jyq&mvkyfcJh
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or*¾ pmpOf 1
TheUnion 010305 (Body) 0.pmd 1 8/6/2005, 11:24 AM

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2 or*¾ pmpOf

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qufoGm;cJhwmyg/ b,farhEdkifygh rwkef;? vG,fvG,fulul arhwwf? cGifhvTwfwwfwJholrS r[kwfwm/
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u &efukefeJY rEÅav;qdkwJh pum;vHk;rsm;u vGJ&if tm;vHk; twlwlygyJ/
Oya'&JY t"du tcsufuawmh yk'fr(3)yg/
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or*¾ pmpOf 3

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4 or*¾ pmpOf

(2)
1962 ckESpf? Zlvdkifv (7)&ufaeY? tJh'DaeY[m paeaeYyg/ aeYvnfwem&DrSm or*¾tpnf;ta0;cef;rrSm? tpnf;ta0;

usif;yygw,f/ OuúXu udkAaqGav;yg? tcrf;tem;rSL;uawmh udkom'dk;vm; udkvSa½Tvm; rrSwfrdawmhyg/
tpnf;ta0;rSm ausmif;om;xk wcJeuf qHk;jzwfwmawGxJu rSwfrdoavmufuawmh . . .
ausmif;om;awGukd zdEydS cf sKyfcs,fwhJ pnf;urf;trsdK;rsdK;udk uefu Y u G w
f ,f? ppfwyfu tmPmodr;f wmudv k nf;
uefYuGufw,f? wuúodkvftufOya'rsm;udk ½kwfodrf;wmudkvnf; uefUuGufw,f pwmawGyJ jzpfygw,f/
tpnf;ta0;tNyD;rSm? or*¾a½SUu pNyD; ausmif;0if;twGi;f rSmyJ a<u;aMumforH sm; a<u;aMumfum vSnv hf nfNyD;? bGEYJ iS ;f
obifcef;ra½SUrSm jidrf;jidrf;csrf;csrf;yJ vlpkcGJvdkufMuygw,f/
usaemfvnf; 'Dvn S v hf nfwhJ vlpxk rJ mS ygwmaygh/ vSno hf mG ;wke;f '*Hak qmifab;u jzwftoGm;rSm ajcmufEpS f
vH;k vH;k aexdik cf w hJ hJ taqmifrUkd armhMunfh jzpfygw,f/ armhMunfv h u kd af wmh taqmifrLS ;OD;vSa½TeYJ rsufv;Hk csif; qdik rf d
ygw,f/ q&mu usaemfu h kd vufñKdS ;xd;k vdu
k yf gw,f/ q&m vufñKdS ;xd;k yHu k wcgwnf; wef;wef;rwfrwf xd;k xm;wmrsKd ;
r[kwfyJ waigufaiguf xdk;wJhyHk jzpfygw,f/ bmyJjzpfjzpf vltkyfxJuaeyJ q&mhudk usaemf acgif;ñGwf*g&0jyKNyD;
qufcsDwufcyhJ gw,f/ q&mOD;vSa½T[m aemufawmh rEÅav;wuúov kd f ygarmu©csKyfuae tNidr;f pm; ,lomG ; olyg/
usaemfwdkY ESpfa,mufpvHk; wNrdKUwnf;om; jzpfwJhtjyif q&mYtaqmifrSmyJ ajcmufESpfvHk;vHk; usaemf aecJh&ygw,f/
q&mu ausmif;om;awGeYJ w&if;wES;D aewwfoyl g/ olt Y aqmifrmS aewJh ausmif;om;rsm;udk olajymavh½w dS hJ Mo0g'u
vlUvG,t f w d f rjzpfMuapeJw Y ?hJ a½SUu &ifvnf; &J&o J mG ;? aemufu &ifvnf; ajzmifah jzmifv h ukd ?f ab;u uyfzv hJ Ul vG,f
tdyf rvkyfeJYwJh/ olUtaqmifu ausmif;om; awGudk trsm;eJY pkaygif;vkyfaqmif&wJhtvkyfrsm;rSm yg0ifapvdkwJh qE´
vJ½ydS gw,f/
tNidrfhiSm;½kHNyD;wJh ausmif;aqmif npmpm;yGJvdk[mrsdK;rSm olu ausmif;uyGJ jzpfapcsifw,f/ tJ'Dvdk npm
pm;yGJrsdK;jyifNyDqdk&if olujrufcif;xJa&mufjyD; [dkvlYac: 'DvlYac:eJU vlwum &if;&if;ESD;ESD; aewmrsdK;udk
oabmuswJo h yl g/ usaemfu olNY rdKo Y m;? o[m,ESihf pmzwfoif;qdv k nf; ygvdu k ?f ausmif;uyGrJ sm; usjyef awmhvnf;?
tenf;qH;k ,dr;f tzGUJ 0ifavmufawmhjzifh ygwwfygw,f/ ausmif;aqmif abmvH;k oif;? abmfvD abmoif; wdrYk mS vnf;
ygqdkawmh olUtBudKuf yg&mqyfcsnf;jzpfvdkY olu ydkcifygw,f/
q&mhqDudk usaemfbDtD;'D jyefwufaewJh taMumif;awmif oGm;rajym jzpfao;yg/ 'gaMumifhq&mu
usaemfu h kd jrifvu kd af wmh cPwjzKwfvmvnfwek ;f rSm pDwef;vSnv hf nfyx JG J yg&ovm;qdw k hJ [efjzifh vufñKS ;d udk ½k;d ½k;d
rxd;k yJ waigufaiguf xd;k wmvdYk usaemfu oabmayguf vdu k yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifv h nf; bGUJ ESi;f obifa½SUrSm vlpck jJG yD;
wJhtcg? q&mOD;vSa½TqD xGufvmcJhygw,f/ q&m[m '*kefaqmifrSm Mum½Snfav;jrifh taqmifrSL; vkyfcJhygw,f/
trsm;u olu Y vkd yl sdKBuD;vdxYk ifMuayrJh trSeaf wmh usaemfwYkd ausmif;a&muf pESprf mS wGif q&mhZeD;[m i,fi,f½, G ½f ,
G ef YJ
qHk;oGm;cJhwmyg/ tJonfuwnf;u aemuftdrfaxmif rwnfawmhyJ q&mhtpfrrdom;pkeJU aygif;NyD; tdrfaxmifpk
tjzpf aeygawmhw,f/ usaemfwdkU a&mufprSmolYwlr ZeD;armifESHrSm om;uav; ESpfa,mufom ½Sdao;NyD; usaemfwdkY
ausmif;aepOfrSm aemufxyf orD;av;awG arG;ygw,f/ olUwlra,musfm; AdkvfrSL;[m xdktcsdefwkef;u Adkvfae0if;&JU
or*¾ pmpOf 5

armifrek ;f atmif
vuf&if; jzpfygw,f/ olu wuúodkvf wif;epfuvyfrSm tjyma&mif&cJhwJh wif;epform;qdkawmh Adkvfae0if;u
wif;epf½kdufbuf tjzpf vuf&if;xm; aeyHk&ygw,f/
usaemf '*kefaqmif tay:qHk;xyfu q&mhtcef;a&mufawmh q&mhudk wa,mufwnf;yJ awGU&ygw,f/
q&mu awGUawGUcsif;yJ
“rif;b,fwek ;f u a&muf wmvnf;? a&mufawmhvnf; at;at;raebl; [dv k u kd 'f vD ukd ef ?YJ awmfawmfMum
tvkyf`ykwfvdrfhr,f” rmefajym ajymygw,f/
“q&m?usaemf ausmif;om;jzpfaeNyD? bDtD;'Dwufaew,f”
“rif; Deputation (vpmrysufciG )hf eJY wufwmr[kwv f m;?
'gqdkrif; Service Man (0efxrf;) yJ”
“Deputation eJYawmh r[kwfbl;? Study leave (vpmrJhcGifh)eJY wufaewmyg q&m”
“'gvnf; qm;Apfrif;yJ”
“vpmr&vdYk aemhtifqm;Apf (0efxrf;vnf;r[kw)f cGiehf rYJ Ykd 0efxrf;awmh tcsderf a½G; jyefjzpfEidk w f ,faygh
'gayrJh tckvuf½Sduawmh ausmif;wufaewm ausmif;om;yJaygh q&m”
“rif;ighukd 'grsdK;awGvmajymraeeJY igrif;eJY 'Dbw d f (pum;&nfv)k vkyaf ewm r[kwb f ;l tck tpd;k &u
t&ifvkd Edik if aH &;tpd;k & r[kwb f ;l tJ'g rif;em;vnfxm;prf;? OD;Ekvkd rif;wdu Yk kd nDav;a&vdYk ac:aer,f
xifovm;”
“'gjzifh q&mu?tcktpdk;&[m ppftpdk;&rdkYvdkY Murf;r,f? aqmfvdrfhr,fvdkY xifvdkYvm;”
“at;? 'g rif;wdkY pOf;pm;&rSm rif;wdkU bBuD;awGuawmif axmufcHaew,faemf”
rif;wdkYbBuD;[k q&mqdkwm[m yrnwudk qdkwmyif jzpfygw,f/ olwdkYu axmufcHwJh aMujimcsuf
awGawmif xGuaf eNyDubJ/
“usaemfwYkd bBuD;awG r[kwyf gbl;”
“'gjzifh rif;wdb Yk BuD;awGu awmxJu[mawGvm;? vli,fwyfO;D awGvm;”
xdt
k csdeu f awmfveS af &;tpd;k & tmPmodr;f wmudk raxmufcEH ikd w f hJ Edik if aH &; tkypf rk mS olwyYkd jJ zpfí useftyk pf k
uawmh ausmif;om;tkypf yk J jzpfygw,f/ wuúov kd f aygif;pHak usmif;om;or*¾? ArmEdik if v H ;kH qdik &f m ausmif;om;or*¾rsm;
tzGJUcsKyf (Auo) eJY &efukefc½kdif ausmif;om;or*¾ (&uo)wdkYyJ jzpfygw,f/
“usaemfwdkYu ausmif;om;yJ? ausmif;om;tkyfpkayghq&m”
[k av;av;wGJUwGJU usaemf ajymrdygw,f/
av;wG&YJ wJt h aMumif;u ½Syd gw,f/ usaemfwUkd ausmif;om;tkypf x k rJ mS yif wcsKd UuwrsKd ;wrnfjzpfaeyHk ay:ygw,f/
'DaeYtpnf;ta0;udkyif wuotrSKaqmiftcsdKU a&mufrvmMuyg/ 'gaMumifh ausmif;om;yJ ausmif;om;tpkaygh[k
ajymrdayrJ?h usaemfwUkd ausmif;om;awGa&m wpnf;wvH;k wnf;½Sad o;&Jv Y m;qdw k hJ oHo,u BuD;pd;k aeygw,f/ ausmif;jyef
a&mufpwnf;uyif ,cif twlwl vkycf MhJ uwJo h l wcsdKU[m t&ifvt kd ajctae r[kwaf wmhwm odcyhJ gw,f/ tenf;pk
jzpfaevdkYom cyfNidrfNidrf a½Smifz,fz,f vkyfaeMuayrJh odyfawmhr[efvSbl;qkdwm od&ygw,f/ txl;ojzifh ppfwyf
tmPmodr;f NyD;? Edik if aH &;tzGUJ tpnf;awGukd tBudrBf udraf c: aqG;aEG;aewmeJY jrefrmhq½kd , S v f pf vrf;pOfqw kd m aygif;vdu
k f
awmh tjyifEdkifiHa&;tkyfpkawG a0ukefovdk usaemfwdkY ausmif;om; tkyfpkawGvnf; a0ukefcJhwmyg/
6 or*¾ pmpOf

q&meJY pum;ajym&wm odyrf oGuaf wmhyg/ 'geJU rsufv;kH u [d[ k o

kd nfonf a½SmufMunfrh yd gw,f/ tif;...
q&mwa,mufwnf;ygvm; wjcm;olawG b,fomG ; Muvdv Yk nf;? usaemf pum;vrf;aMumif; ajymif;vdu k yf gw,f/
“q&m uav;awGa&m b,foGm;MuvJ? a':a': wdkYa&m”
“NrdKUxJu trsdK;tdrf oGm;Muw,fuG? uav;awGvnf; ausmif;ydwfvdk” Y
“udkjrifha&myJvm; q&m” q&mh wlr&JY a,mufsm; AdkvfrSL;udkar;vdkufwmyg/
“armifjrifhu ½kH;oGm;w,fuG”
“'gjzifh q&mwa,mufwnf;aygh”
“at;.. rif;vnf; t&ifvdk avQmufyg raeeJYOD;uGm? tck tpdk;&uOD;Ekvdk r[kwfbl;uG?
rif; b,fvkdxifovJ”
“usaemfwdkU ausmif;om;buf &ef`ykvm&if ol&xm;wJh axmufcHrIawG vGwfukefrSmaygh”
“'gayrJh? olU tjrifuvnf; rif;wdkY ausmif;om;yJ axmifaewm usefwmawGu NyD;aeNyD? 'Dawmh
rif;wdkYausmif;om;udk odyMf unfhr&csib f l; rsupf pd yg;arG; ql;aew,f odyt f avQmhay;r,f rxifbl;?
txl;ojzifh wuúokdvaf usmif;om;udkuG? ausmif;eJY ygwfoufwJh Oya' zsuv f kduw
f m rif;odvm;”
“odw,fq&m tao;pdwfawmh r[kwfbl;? 'DaeY qHk;jzwfcsufrSmawmif 'gudk uefYuGufxm;w,f
q&m”
“at;.. wdkYbufu vufaxmuf cswmawGvnf; ½Sdcsif ½SdrSmayghuGm? 'gaMumifh ydkowdxm;&rSm
odvm;”
“tJ'D Oya'zsufwmeJY? usaemfwdkY ausmif;om;eJY b,fvdkywfoufrvJ q&m”
xt kd csdeu
f wu,fyif ,ckavmuf em;rvnfao;yg/ 'gaMumifh ud, k hf q&m&if; qdak wmh ar;rdygw,f/
“aemufrS at;at;aq;aq; ajymr,fuGm? 'gu Oya'pum; igvnf; em;rvnfbl;? olrsm;
ajymoavmuf a&;aw;aw;&,f”
usaemf enf;enf;oabm aygufvmygw,f q&mh wlom;rufAdkvfrSL;u wyfrawmf Oya'½kH;uyJ/
“ at;uGm? rif;t&ifuvdkawmh t&rf;avQmufyg raeeJYuGm”
q&mu olUpum;ol jyefydwfNyD; usaemfhudk owday;jyefygw,f/ q&mh pum;rSm xyfwvJvJ jzpfaewJh
tcsufuawmh 'Dtpdk;&u OD;Ektpdk;&vdk r[kwfbl;qdkwmeJY usaemfhudk ausmif;om; vSKyf½Sm;rSKawGxJrSm xyfrygeJY
qdkwJhtcsufyif jzpfaeygw,f/ usaemfu q&mESifh wynfh ajym½kd;ajympOf qHk;r½kd;qHk;rpOfyJvdkY cyf½kd;½kd; awG;ygw,f/
aemufumv tawmfMumawmhrS þtjzpfudk wrsdK; jrifcJhygw,f/
usaemf q&mhudk ESKwfqufNyD; jyefrnfjyifpOf...
“rif;b,fvrf;u jyefrSmvnf;” ar;jyefygw,f/
“usaemf ,leD,Hbufu jyefr,f vufbuf&nfvnf; aomufOD;r,f? AaqGav;qDuvnf;
,lp&m½Sad o;w,f”
“rif; 'DaeY AaqGav;eJaY wGUzkYd b,fv, G rf vJuG owif;axmufawGeYJ tvkyrf sm;aerSm vufbuf&nf
aomufzv kYd nf; ightrd rf mS yJ aomufumG igvnf;raomuf&ao;bl; aumfzrD keS aYf &m? oMum;a&m? Ekq Yd aD &m
½Sw
d ,f/ "gwfA;l xJrmS a&aEG;awGvnf; ½Sw d ,f/ azsmu f mG aumfzu
D susav;aygh rif;azsmw f wfygw,f”
or*¾ pmpOf 7

armifrek ;f atmif
'DvdkeJY q&mhudk aumfzDazsmfwdkuf&? udk,fwdkifvnf; aomufeJY pum;qufMujyefygw,f/
“nwke;f u qlwmawG rif;wdkYbuf a&mufao;ovm;”
q&mar;r,fqv kd nf; ar;avmufygw,f/ 'Dbuf pjzpfwahJ e&meJY usaemfwYkd waumif;? jynf? yk*w H q Ykd w
kd m
wrdkifavmufa0;wm/ armfawmfum; ESpfrSwfwdkifav/
“a&mufwmayghq&m b,faervJ usaemfwdkYbufu a0;awmh NAKef;ueJawmh vefYoGm;wmaygh”
ajym&if;yif nu 0&efwmay: vlawG atmf[pfajy;vTm;Mu&if; usaemfh aomufa&tdk; usuGJoGm;wm
trSw&f oGm;ovdk yg;pyfuvnf; toHxu G o f mG ;ygw,f/
“[m.. nu aomufa&tdk; usuGJoGm;wm jyef0,f&OD;rSmyJ? vSnf;wef;buf0ifrS xifw,f”
“at;..aumif;om;yJ? tmaomurSm 0,fNyD; um;wufpD;&if q,fjym;ay; a&mufa&m? oufomwm
ayghuG”
usaemf taqmifjyefzYkd vrf;aMumif;ESprf sdK; jzpfomG ;ygw,f/ yxr &nf½, G wf mu or*¾vufbuf&nfqikd 0f if
vuffbuf&nfaomuf&if; AaqGav;eSifh awGUrnf/ olYqDu (10)wef; yx0DrSwfpkrsm;,l&ef csdef;xm;NyD;om;yg/
aemufpmwdu k Ef iS hf aq;½kMH um;vrf;u vdik ;f ayguf0if? vdik ;f aygufukd ausmfawmh jynfausmif;aqmif aemufaygufa&muf?
tJonfu waumif;ausmif;aqmifoGm;? tm;vHk; ajcvsifvrf;/ aemuf vrf;waMumif;u &mrnaqmifa½SUuxGuf?
t0dik ;f BuD;ywf? tmaomupwd;k 0if? rk'v Hk yk f aomufa&td;k 0,f? um;wufp;D ? vdik ;f aygufrw S w
f ikd af usmfawmh ausmif;rSwf
wdkifqif;NyD; waumif;ausmif;aqmifa&muf? ajcvsifenf;enf;? um;pD;&rSm rsm;rsm;ESifh vrf;/
usaemf 'kw, d vrf;udk a½G;vdu k yf gw,f/ 'gaMumifv h nf; nae oH;k em&Davmuf or*¾bufrmS ausmif;om;rsm;
udk &Ju 0ifzrf;vdkY ½kwf½kwfoJoJ jzpfaecsdefrSm usaemfu jynfvrf;ru um;ay: a&mufaeygvdrfhr,f/ taqmifjyef
a&mufawmh oHk;em&DcGJ avmuf ½Sda&maygh/ 'DaeUoli,fcsif; xGef;jrifhr*FvmaqmifrdkY vlysdKnpm;yGJaomufyGJ rD;&xm;
blwma[mfw,frmS ½Syd gw,f/ tcef;rSm twlaewJh oli,fcsif;tke;f vGiu f oGm;ESiNhf yDrYkd tckaea&csdK;NyD; um;pD;oGm;&if
pk&yfukd tcsderf yD v J Ykd awG;rdygw,f/ 'Dtcsderf mS yJ wbufcef;uoli,fcsif;u abmuefzed yf0wfaewm jrifvu kd yf gw,f/
raeYu abmuefzdeyf topf0,fxm;wm trSwf&NyD; oleJY abmuefvdkufzdkY pdwfajymif; oGm;ygw,f/ ESpfa,muf
taqmifuqif;awmh b,fomG ;uefMurvJ pOf;pm;ygw,f/ wuúov kd u
f pm;uGi;f awGbuf oGm;rvm;? wDwpD D (ynma&;
r[mXme)u uGi;f oGm;rvm;/ aemufq;kH wuúov kd u
f pm;uGi;f awG bufrmS vlawG rsm;w,f? wDwpD u D iG ;f yJ oGm;r,f
qHk;jzwfMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; tJ'DaeYu ta&;BuD;wJh tcsdefydkif;rSm usaemfu wuoeJU ydka0;wJhae&mudk
a&mufae ygw,f/ (wu,fvo Ykd m wuúov kd tf m;upm;uGi;f awG bufomG ;rdr,fq&kd iff wuou qlql nHnt H oHawG
Mum;&rSm aocsmygw,f/ Mum;&ifvnf; raeygbl;? tJ'Dae&m a&mufoGm;rSmyg/)
wem&Davmuf upm;NyD; jyefvm a&csdK;ygw,f/ a&csdK;NyD; tcef;a½SUrSm wbufeJY a&okyfaewkef;rSmyJ
Main (A[dkaqmifrsm;) bufu twGJvdkuf qGJypf vdkufwJh aoewfoHawGudk Mum;&ygw,f/ &yfvdkufypfvdkufyJ
cPtMum A[dak qmifbufrS ajy;vmolrsm;udk jrif&ygw,f/ atmfvnf; vmMuygw,f/ t0dik ;f av;em;rSm ppfwyfu
ypfuek Nf yDw?hJ t0dik ;f uav; em;rSmqd&k if t"dywdvrf; wHcg;rBuD;? NyD;awmh wuoeJY rEÅav;aqmif? tr&aqmifaygh?
wuorSm jyóemawmh jzpfNyDxif&JU _______/
wu,fjzpfoGm;yHkudk aemufaeYrS od&ygw,f/ bGJUESif;obifa½SUrSm vlpkcGJ jyefvmwJh ausmif;om;wcsdKU
or*¾vbuf&nfqikd rf mS ? vbuf&nfaomufoal omuf pum;ajymolajym½Sad ewke;f aeYvnf ESpef m&DcJG tcsdeaf vmufrmS
8 or*¾ pmpOf

&Jum;ESppf ;D wuo xJ0ifvmw,f/ &JwyfzUJG 0ifawGu AaqGav;qD wef;oGm;NyD; zrf;awmhwmygyJ/ ausmif;om;awGu
cPawmh aMumifoGm;NyD; &Jum;qD twif;ajy; vkdufMuygw,f/ &Jum;vnf; csufjcif;yJ xGufoGm;wmrdkU AaqGav;
ygoGm;w,f/ ausmif;om;awGu atmf&if;[pf&if; vlpkrdvmNyD; t"dywdvrf;wHcg;BuD;udk ydwfvdkufw,f/ wuoeJY
teD;qH;k rSm½Sw
d hJ topfpufpuf ygarmu©csKyfO;D um&JU um;udk oGm;NyD; qG, J Ml uw,f/ OD;umqdw k m t&ifu ocFsmXmeu
uxduyg/ ygarmu©awmif rjzpfzl;ygbl;? 'gayrJh t&if 1958 ckESpf tdrfapmifhtpdk;& vdkYac:wJh yxrtBudrf
Adv
k af e0if; tmPmodr;f tpd;k &rSm tpd;k &tzGUJ 0if ynma&;0efBuD; jzpfczhJ ;l NyD;? tck 'kw, d tBudrf Adv
k af e0if; ppftpd;k &
wufvmawmh wuúov kd Of ya'awG udzk sufNyD;? tpOftvmr½S?d ygarmu©csKyf tcefcY &H wJh topfpufpuf ygarmu©csKyfyg/
'Dawmh ausmif;om;awGu olUum;udk rD;½SUdk wm[m rqef;ygbl;/ ckEpS rf S topfay:vmwJh wif;MuyfwhJ pnf;urf;awG[m
olUvuf&mvdUk vnf;xifMuygw,f/ olUum;vnf; rD;½SUdk NyD;a&m aemufxyf&u J m;awG a&mufvmMujyefw,f/ t"dywdvrf;
rBuD;wHcg;udk ydwx f m;vdYk &JawGu tjyifuaeNyD; wHcg;zGizhf Ukd BudK;pm;w,f/ txJu ausmif;om;awGuvnf; atmf[pf
qE´jyMuwmaygh/ cJawGev YJ nf; ypfMuwmaygh/ 'Dawmh&aJ wGu olwYkd rEkid af wmhygbl;qdNk yD; qkwcf mG oGm;Muyg awmhw,f/
tJ'aD wmh tcsdeu f oH;k em&DcJG av;em&Davmufyg/ b,fae&mu apmifah erSe;f rodwhJ ppfwyfu csufjcif;yJ wuúov kd &f yd f
omvrf;ray: a&mufvmNyD;? aq;½kHa½YSuae "r®m½kHa½SU txd? wyfjzefU xm;vdkufygw,f/
ausmif;om;awGu "r®m½kw H whJ hJ tr&aqmifa½SUu wHcg;udv k nf; ydwv f u kd yf gw,f/ ausmif;om;eJY ppfwyfMum;
rSm atmufajcESpfaycefU tkwfjrpfay:rSm tkwfwdkif awGeJY oHwdkifpdkuf 0if;x&HyJ jcm;awmhwmaygh/ wbufeJY wbuf
oHwikd Mf um;u jrifae&ygw,f/ wyfom;awGukd vrf;&Jw Y bufrmS aoewfu, kd pf eD YJ wef;pDNyD; &yfaeapygw,f/ wyfrLS ;awG
u um;awGay:u qif;NyD; olwdkYwyfom;awGa½SU vrf;avQmufwJhtcg ausmif;om; awGu aumuf½kd;ajcaxmuf
jrufajcaxmufvdkY atmfNyD; avSmifMuygw,f/ 'DvlawG ppfoifwef; wufpOfu b,feJYnm cGJrodvdkY ajcaxmufawG
rSm aumuf½kd;wbuf jrufwbuf pD;ay;xm;NyD;? csDwuf vrf;avQmufwJhtcg b,fnmvdkY atmfray;yJ
aumuf½kd;ajcaxmuf jrufajcaxmufvdkU atmfay;&w,fvnf; tcsif;csif; ajymovdkeJY avSmifajymifMuygw,f/
oHk;a,mufaygif; ajcmufwef;awmif r½SdMubl;vdkUvnf; rcHcsifatmif ajymMuygao;w,f/
nae ig;em&D avmufrSmawmh t&m½Sd um;wpD; xyfa&mufvmNyD;? wyfrSL; awG acgif;csif;½kdufNyD;
ypfrdefYay;vdkufwmyJ jzpfygw,f/
or*¾ pmpOf 9

armifrek ;f atmif
(3)
tJ'Dtcsed rf Sm usaemf[m ckeuajymcJhovdk tcef;a½SUrSm a&okyaf ewke;f aygh/ ajy;vmwJholawGuvnf; 'Dbufa&mufwm

awmif pdwaf t;oGm;wJyh kH ray:bl;? ppfom;awGaemufu vdkuv f mvdkUvm;? wuorSm b,fvkad wGjzpfukeNf yDv?J wuo
bufukyd J oGm;Munf&h aumif;rvm; tJvkw d ke;f xdyaf jymifajymif touf (40) avmuf vlwa,muf a&mufvmygw,f/
“'Dtcef;u udkwifarmif r½Sdbl;vm;”
'Dvkd ar;wnf;uol usaemfu h kd rodb;l qdw k m odvu kd yf gw,f/ usaemfvnf; olUudrk odygbl;? ckvkd ½kw½f w k f
oJoJ tcsdefrsdK;rSm udkwifarmifqkdwm usaemfyJvdkU b,fajymvdkYjzpfyghrvJ? uyfNyD;zrf;oGm;awmh b,fES,fh vkyfrvJ/
'grsdK;awG ig;q,fhoHk; ckESpfu MuHKcJhzl;NyDyJ/
“r½Sdbl;? onftcef;u tkef;vGifyJ ½Sdw,f”
tcef;azmf&UJ emrnfukd ajymvdu k w f maygh/ rajymvdUk uvnf; rjzpfb;l av tcef;wHcg;u yGiv hf suBf uD;ud;k /
“udktkef;vGif qdk&ifvnf; vdkufcJhygwJh? tcef;(83)u udkatmifoef;&,f arhaevdkY”
'gqd&k ifawmh vdu k &f awmhrmS aygh? wNrKd Uwnf; wausmif;wnf; vkycf w h J m? olu bDattD;'D wufaeoly?J ujymuoD
pGyuf s,tf usaøD umuf0wfNyD; vdu k o
f mG ;ygw,f/ udak tmifoef;tcef;a&mufawmh ukwifay:rSm udak tmifoef; &,f pefpY efBY uD;
jzpfaeygw,f/ tem;rSmvnf; wNrdKUwnf;om; bDtD;'DwufaewJh udkoef;0if; a&mufaeygw,f/
“tjyifbufu ausmif;om;wa,mufu tcef;(83)u OD;atmifoef; cifAsm;tcef;azmf udkodef;
aoewfrSefNyD; vJusef&pfw,f vdkYatmfoGm;wmvnf; Mum;a&m udkatmifoef; tcef;ayguf0rSm
vJusoGm;vdkY ckwifay: wifxm;&wm ac:vdkYvnf; r&bl;”
vdkY tcef;eD;csif; wa,mufu ajymjyygw,f/
udkatmifoef;[m? yg;pyfuawmh wtif;tif; toHxGufaeayrJh ac:vdkYvnf; r&bl; aygifwGif;aMum
ukyfvdkYvnf; r&ygbl;? ajczsm; vSefcsdK;vdkYvnf; rxl;yg? 'Dawmh taqmifrSL;udkyJ oGm;ac:&ygw,f/ rMumcifyJ
vufaxmuftaqmifrLS ; OD;cifarmifaxG; a&mufvmNyD; olv Y ufxrJ mS aoG;aq;ykvif;eJY ESm½Iaq;rSek yYf v
k if; ygvmygw,f/
usaemfwdkUu q&mh um;eJY aq;½kHvdkufydkUzdkUajymygw,f/
“aoewfoHawG Mum;wnf;u uRefawmfhrdom;pkudk um;ay:wifNyD;xGufwm b,fbufurS
xGuv f kdYr&bl; vrf;awG ydwx f m;NyD”
uJ..aumif;a&m rwwfedkifyg? olYwGifygwJh ESm½Iaq;rSkefYudkyJ udkatmifoef; ESm0rSm awhay;vdkufygw,f/
onfawmhrS [yfcsdkK;...[yfcsdK;...eJYowd& oGm;ygw,f/ rsufvHk;BuD; jyL;NyD; [dk[dkonfonf Munfhygw,f/ NyD;awmh?
“ppfwyfu aoewfeYJ vdu k yf pfaeNyD? udok ed ;f (olt
Y cef;az:)vJ rSeof mG ;NyDw”
hJ usaemfu
h v
kd nf; jrifomG ;a&m
“rif;urajy;ao;bl;vm;? 'DrSm bmvmvkyfaewmvnff;”
udo
k ef;0if;u ajymygw,f/
“a[;...udkav;atmifoef; wifarmifu rajy;vdkY bmrSrjzpfb;l cifAsm; owdvpfomG ;vdkY uReaf wmfwkYd
u pdwfylNyD; 'Da&mufaewm”
10 or*¾ pmpOf

“at; tckigowd&NyD? rif;vnf;½Sdom;yJ wifarmif eifajy;ayawmh”
“[.. udkav;atmifoef;&? usKyfu bmvkyfajy;&rSmvJ? jzpfaewmu [dk.. rdef;(A[dk) bufrSm?
'DrSm bmrQrjzpfbl; xvnf;MunfhOD;”
'DawmhrS udkatmifoef; xxdkifygw,f/ taqmifrSL; OD;cifarmifaxG;udkvnf; awGUoGm;ygw,f/
0dik ;f Munfah ewJt h xJu wa,mufu ajymygw,f/
“uRefawmf aq;½kHbufu jyefvmwm typftcwfawGawmh &yfoGm;NyD ypfwmuawmh txJtxdukd
vdkufypfwmyJ tckawmh ppfom;awG vlawGudkr,lNyD; qGJvmwmawG jrif&w,f”
udkatmifoef; jyefvJoGm; jyefygw,f/ aoewfxdoGm;NyD[k od&ol udkodef;rSm tcef;az: jzpf½kHomru?
ZmwdjrdKUwGiv f nf; tdrcf sif;uyf&uf? rde;f rbufu aqG&yd rf uif; rsdK;&dyrf uif;yg/ 'gaMumifh udo
k ed ;f twGuf awG;yl[ef
wlygw,f/ owdawmh rvpfawmhyg/
“wifarmif&m rif;NrdKUxJ xGufawmhuGm tckntaqmifrSm raeeJYawmh”
ol usaemfhtwGuftylwdkufae jyefygw,f/ taqmifrSL; OD;cifarmifaxG; uvnf; "gwfodjzpfaeawmh
“[kwfw,f? cifAsm;awmh a½Smifae&ifaumif;r,f”
'Dvekd YJ usaemfvnf; udak tmifoef; tcef;u jyefcyhJ gw,f? t0wftpm;vJ? wHcg;ydwNf yD; jynfvrf;bufukd
xGufcJhygw,f? waumif;aqmif wHcg;eJY um;rSwfwdkif bmrQra0;yg/ jynfvrf;ray:rSmawmh um;wpD;rSr½Sdyg?
taqmifrSL; ajymovdk vrf;awG ydwfvdkufNyD jzpfygvdrfhr,f rwwfEkdif? ajcvsifyJ avQmuf&rSmaygh? cyfvSrf;vSrf;rS
ppfom;wOD; bGm;eJ ajy;xGuv f mygw,f/
“b,foGm; rvdkUvJ? onfvrf;ay: roGm;&bl;? txJjyef0ifyg”
usaemf aemufaMumif; jyefvSnfhNyD; waumif;ausmif;aqmif aemufbuf rvG,faygufu vdyfcHk;cef;r
(,ckzsufxm;NyD;)buf xGucf yhJ gw,f/ tJ'u D rS pmoif cef;rsm; aemufbufuaeNyD; wDwpD b D uf avQmufcyhJ gw,f/
wDwpD aD b; wif;epfuiG ;f udak usmf? jrufcif;jyif us,fBuD; (xdt k csdeu
f ? xdak e&mwGif bmtaqmufttHrk S r½Sad o;yg)
udjk zwfNyD; tif;vsm;vrf;ay: a&mufygw,f/ tJ'v D rf;rSmawmh ppfom;awG vnf;r½Sd bmtaESmift h ,Surf S rawGU&yg/
zdeyfa&pdkwmeJY ykqkd;udk ajrmufjrm; (jrufoD;) uyfwmyJ ½Sdygw,f/ tif;vsm;vrf;uae OD;0dpm&vrf;? aemuf
Am;u&mvrf; uaeNyD; ajreDuek ;f a&mufryS J um;pD;&ygawmhw,f? um;ay:a&mufawmh rS b,fomG ;rvJpOf;pm;awmh
'DaeYn xGef;jrifh&JY bufcsvmekduf ½Sdwmudk trSwf&ygw,f/ em&DMunfhvdkufawmh (8) em&D ausmfausmfav;yg/ vlpk
ruGaJ vmuf ao;yg/
rD;&xm;a[mfw,f atmufxyf pm;aomufcef;udk 0ifrdawmh? 0dkif;odrf;umeD; jzpfaeygw,f/ usaemfudk
jrifawmh wifarmifBuD;a&... trQ.. trQ.. vdYk rl;rl;eJY 0dik ;f atmfMuygw,f/ wa,mufuawmh pm;yGaJ y: acgif;pdu k af e&mu?
usaemfh toHMum;awmh acgif;axmifMunfhNyD;? ighvlawmh oGm;NyDvdkY atmufarhwmvdkY ajymNyD; jyefarSmufoGm;ygw,f/
usaemfxdkifrdawmh jzpfyHkudk 0dkif;ar;Muwmaygh/ olwdkYvnf; wuúodkvfausmif;om;awGudk ypfukefNyDqdk wJhowif;awG
NrdKUxJrmS Mum;&wmawG ajymjyMuygw,f/aq;½kBH uD;rSmvnf; ausmif;om; tavmif;awGa&m vlemawGa&m yHak ewmyJvUkd
Mum;&wmawG ajymMuygw,f/ usaemft h cef;az: tke;f vGiu f aeUvnf usaemf tpnf;ta0;udk xGuo f mG ;NyD;rS NrdKUxJ
xGufcJhwmyg/ 'gaMumifh olu 'D0dkif;rSm usaemf tpnf;ta0; wufwmudk owif;ay;rSmaygh/ tpnf;ta0;xJ
0ifypf&ifvnf; 'DaumifBuD;rSefrSmyJ pDwef;vrf;avQmufyGJrSm ypf&ifvnf; olUt&yfBuD;u olrsm;xuf½Snfawmh
or*¾ pmpOf 11

armifrek ;f atmif
ypfrvGJayghuGmvdkY oluajymawmh ,HkwJholawGuvnf; rl;rl;eJU ,HkaecJhMurSmaygh? 'gaMumifh usaemfh jrifawmh trQ
a0Muwmyg/ wuJhtjzpfu olwdkY xifovkd rjzpfyJ? usaemfu taMumif;aMumif; aMumifh ypfuGif;eJU a0;wJhae&m
a&mufoGm;&wmudk tao;pdyf ajymrjyawmhyg/ tMurf;zsif;ajymNyD; cPtMumrSm 0dkif;odrf;vdkufMuygw,f/
rodrf;vdkYvnf;rjzpfawmhacs/ wcsdKU yk*¾Kdvfrsm; trl;vGefí owdvpfvdkYyif aeygNyD/ 'Dn owdvpfolawG
w,fawGU&ygvm;/ rD;&xm; a[mfw,f ESifheD;eD; zqyv wdkufcef;rSm ntdyfMuygw,f/
aemufwaeY (Zlvdkif8 &uf) eHeufvif;tm;BuD; rSmawmh? tvGef us,favmifwJh aygufuGJoHBuD;aMumifh
tm;vHk; vefYEdk; ukefygw,f/ tcef;wHcg;yif 0kef;ueJyGifhoGm;ygw,f/ wHcg;u atmufrif;wkef;cs½kHcsxm;vkdY
yGifhwmjzpfayrJh 'DvdkyGifh&avmufatmif? tawmfBuD; jyif;xefwJh aygufuGJrSKwck jzpfykH&ygw,f/ usaemfwdkUvnf;
jyef rtdyf jzpfawmhygbl;/
12 or*¾ pmpOf

(4)
usaemfeJY tke;f vGif reufoa&pmpm;NyD;? ausmif;(wuúokdv)f buf jyefcJhMuygw,f/ zqyvuqdkawmh ausmufwkdirf Swf
wdkix f uG f eHygwf (7) um;yJ pD;cJMh uygw,f/ tif;vsm;vrf;a&mufawmh um;r0if&awmhyg/ usaemfwkYd qif;NyD; ajcvsif
avQmufawmhvnf;? yk*Hvrf;xdyrf Sm ppfom;awGu a½SYqufroGm;zdkU wm;aeMuygw,f/ wcsKd Uu aemufaMumif;jyefNyD;
tif;vsm; vrf;twdki;f tif;vsm;aqmifbufukd oGm;Muw,f/ ausmif;olawG&JU rdbawG? 'grSr[kwf oufqkdio f lawG
jzpfygvdrfhr,f/
usaemfwu Ykd awmh yk*v H rf;xJ0ifNyD; abmvH;k uGi;f awGjzwf a&ul;ueftem;txd avQmufvmNyD; wuúov kd f
aq;½kaH xmifph eG ;f u vSr;f Munfv h u
kd af wmh wuúov kd o
f r*¾ taqmuftODBuD;[m trd;k oHuikd ;f awG? auG;aumufNyD; ajrrSmus
aeovdk tumeH&aH wGvnf; tkwyf BkH uD;jzpfNyD;? pmtkyaf wG puúLpawGeYJ azG;aewJh tysuf tpD;yHBk uD;udk vSr;f jrif&ygw,f/
reufapmapmu toH[m 'DtaqmufttHkBuD;udk rdkif;cGJwJh toHyg/ wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;ay:rSmawmh ppfom;eJU
ppfum;awG awGUae&yg ao;w,f/ ausmif;om;rdbwcsKd Uvnf; usaemfwUkd vrf;aMumif;twdik ;f vdu k v f mNyD;? ausmif;om;
taqmifawGbuf ul;zdYk BudK;pm;Muygw,f/ wuúov kd &f yd o f mvrf;r ay: wufciG rhf &yg/ 'geJUyJ aemufaMumif;jyefNyD;
tif;vsm;vrf;bufu vSn0hf ifMunfzh Ukd tMuHay; vdu k yf gw,f/
wuúov kd o f r*¾ tysut f pD;yHBk uD;udk ausmMf unfv h ukd af wmh? rEÅav;aqmif bufqu D v
kd rS ;f jrif&ayrJh 0&HwmrSm
oGm;vmaewJah usmif;om;rsm;&JU t&dyt f a,mif udak wmh rjrif&yg/ usaemfwv Ykd nf; oxHv k rf; twdik ;f aemufaMumif;
jyefNyD; waumif;aqmifta&mufjyefcMhJ uygw,f/ taqmifa&mufawmh ausmif;ydwv f u kd Nf yDw/hJ taqmifu csufjcif;
xGuf&r,fwJh? taqmifrSL;u vdkufajymygw,f/ rdef;(A[dk)bufu taqmifawGudk raeYnwnf;u a&a&mrD;yg
jzwfypf vdu k wf ,fvYkd Mum;w,f/ ausmif;olawG tawmf'u k a© &mufNyD;? aMumufvefY aeMuw,fvUkd vnf; Mum;&ygw,f/
usaemfwUkd vnf; tdy&f mvdyaf wG? aowÅmawG? oH;k bD;eJY wifNyD; vSn;f wef;xJ rSm½Sw d hJ oli,fcsif;tdrf cPydUk xm;vdu k f
ygw,f/ vlawGuawmh [dw k vnfvnf? onfwvnfvnf ygyJ/ rde;f uav;aqmifawGqv kd Qif rdbaqGrsKd ;rsm; vdu k v f mwJh
oluawmh awmfao;wmaygh/ usew f hJ rde;f uav;awG cifrsm um;ac:ay;rJv h l r½Sd ypön;f ulo,fay;rJo h l r½S?d odord odod
MuHK&m ausmif;om;rsm;udk tultnD awmif;Mu&wmaygh/
rGef;wnfhavmufwGifawmh trSwf (7) um;uvGJvdkU usefwJh um;awG yHkrSef jyefqGJMuygw,f/ eHygwf(7)
um;udkvnf; tif;vsm;vrf; txdawmh qGJcGifhjyKkygw,f/ 'Dbufudkawmh? wuo tysuftpD;awG ½Sif;ae&vdkU 'grS
r[kwv f nf; olwUkd vky&f yf vljrifrmS pd;k vdYk qufqcJG iG hf rjyKao;ygbl;/ 'DtBudr[ f m ausmif;u NAHKef;pm;BuD; ydwv f u kd wf m
yxrqH;k ygyJ/ 'kua© &mufwmawmh rajymygeJaY wmh/ rqvtpd;k &vufxuf aemufvJ cPcP ausmif; awG ½kww f &uf
ydwfwwfygw,f/ aemuftBudrfawGrSmawmh olwdkUu um;awG pDpOfay;wwf Muygw,f/ wcgwavrsm; ae&if;
NrdKUta&muf &xm; tvum;pD;&wmawGawmif ½SdcJhygw,f/
naeusawmh zqyvu udjk rifah tmifBuD;wdn Yk t D pfuakd wG wdu k cf ef;yJjyefa&muf Muygw,f/ jyefcsif&ifvnf;
blwmeJU eD;eD;? aecsifao;vJ pm;wmuvGJvdkY bmrQtm;emp&m r½Sd? n (7) em&DwGifawmh a&'D,dku Adkvfae0if;&JY
wdu k ½f u dk f toHviT chf suf xGuaf y:vmygw,f/ usaemfwYkd rSv D u kd o
f avmuf? Mum;vdu k of avmuf...
or*¾ pmpOf 13

armifrek ;f atmif
“uRefawmf wdkif;jynf wm0ef,lonfhtcsdefrSm wuúodkvfausmif;om;rsm;&JY pnf;rJhurf;rJh b0udk
jyif&rJw h m0efyg usa&mufaevdkY wyfrawmf&UJ tiftm; wpdww f a'oudk oHk;í ajz½Si;f vdkuyf gonf”
wJ.h ..
“tck jzpfwJhudpö[m ausmif;om;udpö wckwnf; r[kwfyJ EkdifiHa&; tarSmifhya&m*rsm;
zrf;pm;w,fqdkwm &dyfpm;rdygw,f/ uRefawmfwdkUudk tvkyfysufuGufatmif &nfpl;NyD;
wrifvkyfaeMuw,f qdk&ifawmh uRefawmf aemufxyfbmrQ rajymvdkygbl;? "g;udk "g;csif; vSHudk
vSHcsif; qdkifzdkYom½Sdygw,f” wJh/
a&'D,dkrS vQyfppfoHygwJh Adkvfae0if;&JU toHudkMum; vdkuf&NyD; usaemfwdkY wufacgufrd ygw,f/ ½kdif;pdkif;
rdkufuef;vdkufonfh jzpfjcif;/ aMomf.. 'gwdkif;jynfudk wm0ef,lrJh acgif;aqmif wa,muf&JU ajympum;vm;?
ausmif;om;awGudk "g;udk "g;csif;? vSHudk vSHcsif; wJ/h
usaemfwdkYrSm "g;a0;vdkY ql;cRefawmif uGefygbl;xJu[myJ ½Sdygw,f/ 'gudk pufaoewfeJY ypfowf?
rdkif;AHk;cGJ vkyfNyD;rS "g;udk"g;csif; vSHudkvSHcsif;wJhvm;....
"g;udk "g;csif;vSHudk vSHcsif; qdkwm? a½S;acwf ol&Jaumif;rsm; pD;csif;xdk;wJh[mrsdK;As/ tck cifAsm;BuD;u
txufpD;uvnf; vkyfao;? vlrdkufpum;vnf; ajymao;? "g;udk "g;csif;vSHudk vSHcsif;wJhvm;....
usaemfh tonf;rSm 'Dpum;[m trSwftom; xifoGm;ygw,f/ usaemfwif r[kwfygbl;? "g;udk "g;csi;f
vSu H kv
d cHS si;f qdw k hJ pum; ½Spv f ;kH [m? usaemfwYkd acwfrmS 'grSr[kwf ajcmufq,fcEk pS f vGeyf ikd ;f ? vli,f ausmif;om;awG&UJ
toJrmS tNrJemaerJh trSwt f om; jzpfaerSmrvGyJ g/ rMumcif wcsed rf mS awmh tJ't
D oJu trSwt f om;udk rSww
f rf;wifMu
ygvdrfhr,f/ aMuatmifacsMuygvdrfhr,f..../
14 or*¾ pmpOf

(5)
ausmif; ydwfxm;awmhvnf; tdrfrSm jyefae& jyefwmaygh/ tdrfrSmaepOf NyD;cJhwJh tjzpftysufawGudk jyefpOf;pm;

Munfhrdygw,f/ Zlvdkif(7)&ufaeYu usaemf q&mOD;vSa½T tcef;a&mufcsdefrSm? tdrfom;awGwOD;rQr½SdyJ
q&mwa,mufwnf; ½Sad eyHk? OD;vSa½Twlr&JY a,musfm; Adkvrf SL;eJY Adkvaf e0if;wdkY&JY qufqHa&;? tJonfaeYwke;f u &Ju
AaqGav;udk vmzrf;NyD;? ausmif;om;awGudk qGJoGm;yHk? aemuf cPtMumrSm &JwyfzGJU0ifawG xyfa&muf vmNyD;
ausmif;om;awGudk xyfqGJoGm;wmyHk? &JawGu olwdkUrEdkifawmhygbl; qdkNyD; csufjcif;yJ ppfwyfua&mufvmwmawG?
ppfwyfuvnf; tqifoifh apmifhaeyHk awGeJU tJonfaeY naerSmyJ toHvTih½f kHrSm jynfxJa&;0efBuD;Xme ,m,D½kH;zGihNf yD;
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or*¾ pmpOf 15

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16 or*¾ pmpOf

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or*¾ pmpOf 17

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f m” (to be announced later)vdYk ½Gwyf gw,f/ usaemfuvnf; “&ufp.f .
wlbt D aemifph v f yd w
f m” vdYk xyfNyD; twnf`yk vdu k yf gw,f/ bdu k jym;ru “wlbt D aemifph v f yd w
f m”vdYk qdjk yefygw,f/
usaemfuvnf; “&ufpf . . wlbDtaemifhpf vdyfwm”vdkY xyf½Gwf jyefwmaygh/ onfawmhrS bdkujym;ru “aemufrS
aMujimr,fav” vdUk Armvdk ajymvdu k yf gw,f/ usaemf rsufEmS b,fxm;&rSe;f rodawmhyg/ usaemfu eHygwfpOfwyfNyD;
a&;xm;wJh t*Fvdyfpmudk pmtkyf eHrnfxifNyD; ½Gwfaewm/ wjcm;twef;u pmtkyfawGxJrSm As You Like It
qdkwJhtrnfeJY pmtkyfrsdK;awGvnf;½Sdawmh usaemfu wwfoavmufeJU ujym;rudk oGm;NyD; bdkvdk rIwfaewm? [dku
Armvdk jyefajymrSyJ Zmwfvrf; jywfawmhw,f/ ,lNyD;om; pmtkyzf ;kd awG b,fv½kd iS ;f NyD; xGuv f mcJrh eS ;f awmif rodawmhyg/
rSwfrdaewmuawm hpmtkyfqdkifeHrnfyg/ University Book Stall wJh/
onfpmtkyq f ikd af e&mrSm ppfBudKacwfO;D ydik ;f u OD;BuD;zmeDA,f&YJ Burma Book Club ½Scd zhJ ;l NyD;? tJ'D uvyfuyJ
EdkifiHacgif;aqmifjzpfrJh ausmif;om;awG zwfoifhwJh pmtkyfrsdK;pkH wifNyD; a&mif;cJh½kHru wdkUArmtpnf;t½kH; pwif
wnfaxmifol wOD;jzpfwhJ rD;wkwo f cifoed ;f armifBuD;udk arG;xkwcf w hJ myg/
or*¾pm;aomufqdkifrSm crf;em;vGef;vdkY tpu r0if&Jyg/ aemufawmhvnf; wjcm;qdkifrsm;rSm ay;&wJh
tzd;k tceJyY if ausmif;om;awG crf;crf;em;em;pm;aomuf&atmif pDrx H m;wmvdYk od&ygw,f/ pm;aomufqikd &f YJ ukvm;xdik f
pm;yGJawGu qufwDcyfjrifhjrifhyHkpH jzpfygw,f/ pm;yGJrSm rSefcif;xm;NyD; ukvm;xdkifawGuvnf; ygvpfa&mifawmuf
aewmyg/ qdkif&JUtcrf;em;qHk; t&muawmh xdyfbufeH&HrSm½SdwJh AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; yHkwl {&mryef;csDum;BuD;yg/
q&mBuD;OD;bMunf vuf&mjzpfygw,f/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; jynfholY&Jabmf,leDazmif;eJY qufwDukvm;xdkifay:rSm
xdik af ewJyh ukH kd a&;qGx J m;wJh yef;csDum;BuD;yg/ onfyBkH uD;uyJ usaemfwu Ykd kd qdik cf ef;xJrmS tdajE´&&aexdik af tmif zefw;D
xm;w,fvYdk xifygw,f/ ab;bufe&H rH mS yef;csDum;wcsdKY csdwx f m;NyD;? usaemfwUkd a&mufprSm tenf;i,fyJ ½Syd gw,f/
aemufydkif;rSm or*¾pm;aomufqdkifudk wif'g&wmu yef;csDOD;eef;a0 jzpfvdkY AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yHk yef;csDum;BuD;u
vGv J Ukd usefyakH wGae&mrSm olyY ef;csDum;awGeYJ tpm;xd;k NyD; csdwyf gw,f/ Adv k cf sKyfatmifqef;yHw k l yef;csDum;BuD;uawmh
or*¾taqmufttHkBuD; AHk;cGJcH&wJhtcsdefrSm wygwnf;ygoGm;atmif onfae&mrSm pGJpGJNrJNrJ ½SdcJhygw,f/
aemufwcef;jzpfwhJ pmzwfcef;xJrmS vnf; or*¾OuúXa[mif; udEk ?k udAk aqG? udAk [de;f ? udak tmifqef;wdUk yHak wG
tjyif Adv k af tmifausmf&YJ "gwfyBHk uD;rsm; csdwq f x
JG m;cJyh gw,f/ usaemfwu Ykd 'DyakH wGMunfNh yD; bBuD;uHoed ;f ukd ar;wwf
ygw,f/ b,fou l b,fvv kd nf;ayghav/
“tdk..udkEkuawmh bk&m;avmif;yJ/ Oyk'faeYwdkif;a½Twd*Hkukef;awmfudk wufw,f/ bBuD;vnf;
ac:ac:oGm;vdkY vdku&f w,f/ wcguawmh udkatmifqef;vnf; ygw,f? udkEku tkwcf w J ck a½SUrmS csNyD;
rsufvHk;rSdwf ½Gwfaeygw,f? udkatmifqef;u cifAsm;tkwfcJBuD; Munfh½GwfaevdkU vGwfvyfa&;
r&bl;As qdkNyD; tkwcf Jukd ,lvTihfypfw,f/ udkEkuawmh w,fcufwJh atmifqef;yJ qdkNyD; &Daew,f/
udak tmifqef;u *Gusw,f/ qHyifñyS q f ikd u
f qHv k nf ukvm;xdik af y: wufxikd v f Ykd qHyifñyS rf ,fxifNyD;
NcHKxnfNcHKumrS cifAsm;wdkYukd b,folu qHyifñSyrf ,fajymvdkYvnf; qdkNyD; a[mufcsif a[mufwm/
onfhjyif qHyifñSyf rJholvmvnf; xray;yJ pmyJ rJzwfcsif zwfaewm”
or*¾ pmpOf 21

armifrek ;f atmif
“bBuD;? OD;ausmfNidrf; ua&m b,fvdk vlrsdK;vnf;”
“[m...oluawmh vSpfvSpfuav;&,f? udkAaqGeJYawmh wjcm;pDyJ”
“udkA[de;f ua&m b,fvkdvnf;”
“[m.. oluawmh rif;om;yJ”
onfvdkeJY bBuD;uHodef;qDu rSwfcsufawG[m tjyifu'*kefwm&mwdkY wjcm;a0zef a&;om;olawGeJY
rwdrf;r,drf; jzpfaewwfygw,f/
tJonfwek ;f u bBuD;uHoed ;f udk ar;ovdyk J ckepfq,f ckEpS af vmufrmS wuúov kd f rSmusi;f ywJh ES;D aESmzvS,yf JG
wckukd wuf&if; bBuD;uHoed ;f udk RC (Recration Center) tyef;ajz&dyo f mxJu qHyifñyS q f ikd x
f rJ mS qHyifñyS q f ikd f
zGifhxm;wm awGUvdkY Zlvdkif (7) &uf ntaMumif; ar;Munfhrdygw,f/
tJonfnu (11)em&DavmufrSm ppfwyfu ppfAdkvfawGu OD;uHodef;eJY OD;eef;a0 wdkYemrnfawG ac:NyD;
vufudkiftoHcsJYpufawGeJY vSrf;atmfygw,f/ or*¾taqmuftODxJrS rdom;pkawGeJY twl xGufay;zdkYyg/ OD;uHodef;eJ
OD;eef;a0wdu Yk tjyifrmS nBuD; oef;acgifrYkd ypön;f awGo,fzYkd um;iSm;r&Edik w f maMumifh reufrS xGuyf g&apvdYk awmif;yef
Muygw,f/ ppfwyfu ypön;f awG ,lzrYkd vdk vlcsn;f yJ xGu&f r,f? OD;uHoed ;f eJY OD;eef;a0rdom;pk rSerf rSef vlpm&if;udv k nf;
ppfaq;&r,fvYkd ajymygw,f/ ,le, D x
H rJ mS rormolawGcakd tmif; aeEdik v f Ykd tjywf½iS ;f r,fvv Ykd J ajymygw,f/ 'gaMumifh
OD;eef;a0vnf; olY&JY wefbdk; rjzwfEdkifwJh yef;csDum;awG xm;cJhNyD; rdom;pk ajcvGwfvufvGwf xGufcJhMu&ygw,f/
OD;uHodef;vnf; qHyifñSyfqdkifu rSefBuD;awGawmif ro,f&yJ vlvGwf xGufcJh&wmygyJ/ OD;uHodef; ajymwmuawmh
txJrmS cdak tmif;aeolqw kd mvnf; r½Syd gbl;wJ/h olwx Ykd ifovdk ajratmufcef;awG bmawG r½Sb d ;l qdw
k mvnf; vlav;
wdkY todyJvdkY ajymygw,f/ vlav;wdkYu odayrJh rodwJholu rodbl;aygh bBuD;&,f/ 'gaMumifhvnf; or*¾txJ0if
rdik ;f uyfNyD; Zlvikd v
f (8) &ufaeY eHeufvif;tm;BuD;rSm ausmif;om;xkyikd q f ikd w
f hJ ,le,D BH uD;udk rdik ;f cGJ zsufq;D ypfvu kd f
ygawmhw,f/
ausmif;om;awG[m? t"dywdvrf;udk jzwfwdkif; Zlvdkifv (7) &uf tjzpfudk rarhEdkifMuyg/ usaemfwdkY?
1952 ckEpS f ausmif;udk a&mufawmh pBuFv H rf;wdik af wGrmS “q,fuh k;d Zlvkid f rarhEkid ”f qdw k hJ ajr`zleYJ a&;xm;wJh pmwrf;awG
awGUcJh&ygw,f/ tckawmh onfae&mrSm “qJAif;Zlvdkif rarhEdkif” qdkwJh pmwrf;awG ay:vmjyefygw,f/
usaemfwdkUaewJh waumif;ausmif;aqmifeJU usaemfwdkY ausmif;wuf&wJh ynma&;r[mXmewdkU[m?
,le, D aH [mif;wae&meJY tawmfa0;ygw,f/ 'gayrJh taqmifaMu;oGi;f wJt h cg t"dywdvrf;buf a&muf&jyefygw,f/
wcgw&Hvrf;avQmuf&if;vnf; wuo ae&ma[mif;udk a&mufMuygw,f/ t"dywdvrf;rSm nae vrf;avQmufwJh
olvJ ydkrsm;aeovm; xif&ygw,f/ onf,leD,Ha[mif; wae&mqdkwJh uGufvyfBuD;udk jrif&wdkif; cHpm;rSkuawmh
½SdaewmygyJ/ a'goxGufwm? emMunf;wm? rcHcsifwm? b,fvdkrSef;rodwJh cHpm;rSKawG a&maeygw,f/ tJonfvdk
pdwx f wJ tHak EG;aEG;eJY wif;MuyfwhJ taqmifpnf;urf;awG tMum;rSmyJ oDwif;uRwaf usmif;ydw&f uf a&mufvYkd tdrjf yefMu&
jyefygw,f/
oDwif;uRwf ausmif;ydwf&uf tNyD; Edk0ifbmv xJrSmaygh/ Edk0ifbm (21) &ufaeY[m (42) Budrfajrmuf
trsdK;om;atmifyaJG eY jzpfygw,f/ ,cifEpS rf sm;u rd;k avuif;pifaom 'Dvv kd rsdK;rSm wuúov kd yf &0kPt f wGi;f yGv
J rf;
obifrsm;? wefaqmifwdkif tauR;tarG;rsm;? pnfum;avh ½Sdygw,f/ ckESpfawmh ESpfpwnf;u ausmif;om;awG
aoG;ajrusNyD; or*¾taqmufttHkBuD; NzdKcGJzsufqD;cHxm;&vdkY? ausmif;om;awG wtHkaEG;aEG; jzpfaeMuygw,f/
22 or*¾ pmpOf

or*¾taqmufttHu k kd 1953ckEpS u f wBudrf vufeufuikd af wG 0ifa&mufczhJ ;l ygw,f/ tJ'ED pS u f or*¾a½G;aumufyrJG mS
rJc;kd rJvrd pf wJh rormrSK rsdK;pHak y:aygufcv hJ Ykd ausmif;om;rsm;u rJy;kH BuD;udk cGJ rJjym;rsm;udk zsufqzD ;l cJyh gw,f/ 'DEpS rf mS yJ
atmufwb kd mvrSm ESpw f ikd ;f ydwaf eus ausmif;ydw&f ufrsm;udk ajymif;vdu k v f Ukd atmufwb kd m ausmif;wvydwaf &; wdu k yf JG
jzpfcyhJ gw,f/ 'Dwu kd yf tJG NyD;rSm vuf½dS wuoOuúXudu k Bkd uD;&JU cGi`hf ykcsufaMumifh ,ltrfyD wyf&if; 22 u vufeufuikd f
wyfom;rsm;? or*¾taqmufttHkay: wufa&muf odrf;ydkuf aexdkifcJhzl;ygw,f/ 1953-54 ckESpf xJa&mufawmh?
or*¾taqmufttHk ay:rSm vufeufuikd af wG ½Sad ewmud?k ausmif;om;rsm;u uefUuGu½f rHk u? q&mrsm;uyg uefu Y uG v f Ykd
,ltrfyDawG or*¾ay:u qif;ay;cJh&ygw,f/ ,ltrfyDawGr½Sdawmh OuúXa[mif; udkudkBuD;vnf; ajy;awmhwmygyJ/
or*¾ a½G;aumufyGJudkvnf;? q&mrsm;uyif BuD;rSL; usif;yay;vdkY? or*¾ay: ausmif;om;rsm; jyefwufcJh&ygw,f/
ausmif;om;rsm;eJU wuúov dk qf &mawG wOD;udk wOD; pmemrI ½Scd MhJ uygw,f/ q&mrsm;xJu ausmif;om;rsm;eJY rajyvnfrI
rsm;vnf; wcgw&H ½Sw d wfygw,f/ 'DtcgrsdK;usawmhvnf; ausmif;om;bufu 'Dru kd a&pD enf;ususyJ oa&mfr,f?
qE´jyr,f? q&mtrsm;pkuvnf; em;vnfr½kS dS Muygw,f/ em;vnfrrkS ½Sw d hJ tcgrsdK;awGrmS awmhvnf; jyóemenf;enf;
BuD;wmaygh/ ppfBudKacwfu tdk;a0r*¾Zif;rSm ygwJh “i&JacG;BuD; vGwfaeNyD” qdkwJh? aqmif;yg; ta&;tcif;rsKd;aygh/
'DEpS t
f rsdK;om;atmifyaJG eYrmS q&mrsm;u ausmif;om;awG pdwaf jz&mtjzpf vlrKS a&;yGw J ck zefw;D ay;r,fvUkd
o[m,eJY pmzwfoif;awGrSm em,utaqmifrSL;rsm; uajymMuygw,f/ 0dZÆmcef;ra½SU jrufcif;jyifrSm r@yfBuD;
av;ckx;kd NyD; rde;f uav;aqmifawGjzpfwhJ tif;vsm;?&wem?rmvm?oD&ad qmifawGu tauR;tarG;wrsdK;pDeYJ auR;arG;
{nfch rH ,f/ a,mufsm;av; aqmifu ausmif;om;awGu twD;trIwf tutckeaf wG eJaY ysmfaysmfyg;yg;oGm;NyD;pm;MuzdYk
taqmifrLS ; q&mrsm;u ½Si;f vif;ajymjyygw,f/ usaemfwUkd ausmif;om;csif;aqG;aEG;Munfyh gw,f/g’ [m ausmif;om;
awGpdwfajyatmifvkyfwmawmh jzpfr,f? 'gayrJhq&mawG&JU apwemoufoufvdkUawmh ajymvdkU&r,f r[kwfbl;/
q&mawG upajymvdkU oabmwlcGifh`ykwmvm;? wyfuudkyJ q&mawG udkcdkif;wmvm;?wckckawmhwckckyJ bmjzpfvdkY
vJqdkawmh wuúodkvfqD;edwfqdkwmrS r½Sdawmhwm q&mawG udk,fwdkifbmrsm;vkyfudkifaqmif½GufEdkifrSmwkef; 'gayrJh
arQmvdu k Mf uwmaygh o[m,eJY pmzwfoif; tpnf;ta0;rsm;rSm ausmif;om;rsm;uwifjyMuygw,f/
[dwk ek ;f uvnf; rde;f uav;aqmifawGu wefaqmifwikd yf rJG mS rD;a&mifpx kH eG ;f NyD;?naebufrmS tauR;tarG;
wckcak uR;wwfygw,f/ ausmif;om;rsm;uoGm;pm;wJt h cg? rde;f uav;todr½Sv d u Ykd awmh xdik af pmifah ya&mh pm;p&mu
awmfawmfeUJ ra&mufwwfyg/t&ifyaJG wGu naeqdak wmh ud, k u f pm;NyD;rS taysmf oGm;wm pm;p&mra&mufao;vnf;
ta&;rBuD;? Adkufuvnf;odyfrqm? nqdkawmh rsufESmvnf; odyfryl? rsufpdpm;yGJ xdkifNyD;apmifh½kHyif/ tckauR;rnfh
pwk'Domu eHeuftapmBuD;qdkawmh taqmifuxrif;rauR;rD oGm;&rSm? olwdkUqDu tpm;tpm awmfawmfeJY
ra&mufao;&if Adu k q f maeEdik w f ,f? 'gaMumifh BudKBudKwifwif taqmifu Light food oGm;&nfpm wckcak uR;vdu k &f if
aumif;r,fvdkU pDpOfMuygw,f? q&mawGuvnf; oabmwlygw,f/ aumufñSif;aygif;? xrif;ausmf? prlpmeJY
vbuf&nf ponfjzifh taqmifrsm;u auR;vdkufzdkUpDpOfygMuygw,f'dk;ywf0dkif; uvnf;w0dkif;pDaygh/
rEÅav;aqmifu 'd;k ywf0ikd ;f eJU xGuv f mygw,f/ taqmifa½SUwnfw h nfu h wuotaqmufttHk uGuv f yf
BuD;udk jrif&wJt h cgrSm? “atmifausmaf usmufwkid u f kd tav;`ykMuOD;r,f”vdUk ausmif;om;wOD;u? aqmfMo vdu k yf gw,f/
“[kww f ,fa[h? tav;`ykr,f” tm;vH;k twnf`ykvu kd Nf yD;? a½SUuuGuv f yfx0J ifomG ;Muw,f/
tr&aqmifuvmwJh ausmif;om;awGuvnf; a½SUu ausmif;om;awG or*¾0if;xJ0ifwm jrifawmh0ifvu kd f
vmMuwmaygh/ waumif;? jynf? yk*HaqmifbufuvmwJh ausmif;om;awGvnf; tcsdefudkuf a&mufvmMuygw,f/
or*¾ pmpOf 23

armifrek ;f atmif
'*Hk? a½TbdkeJUA[dkaqmifrsm; uvnf; wuobufrSmausmif;om;awG atmifausmfausmufwdkifudk tav;`ykw,f
Mum;w,fwUkd vnf; oGm;MuOD;r,f pwmawGeUJ taqmifwikd ;f or*¾0if;xJu atmifausmaf usmufwikd af ½SUrSm pkrMd uygw,f/
'g[marQmvdu k Mf uwmayghqw kd hJ tpDtpOftwdik ;f taqmifwikd ;f rSm½Sw d hJ trmcHausmif;om;pkawG Budwpf pD Ofxm;wmyg/
tm;vHk; atmifausmfudktav;`yk? Zlvdkif(7)&ufrSmusqHk;wJh ausmif;om;awGudk tav;`yk?zcif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;udk
wdik wf nfMuNyD;awmh? o[m,eJUpmzwfoif;OuúXtcsdKUpum;ajym Muygw,f/
onfvekd UJ or*¾0if;xJu xGuv f mwJh ausmif;om;awG[m 0dZmÆ cef;rqDukd qufavQmufMuayrJh pdwu f awmh
ajymif;oGm;MuygNyD/ udk,hftaqmifu xGufvmwkef;u taysmfpdwfeJUvmcJhMuwJh ausmif;om;trsm;pk[m? or*¾0if;
xJu xGuNf yD;? t"dywdvrf;ay:a&mufvmwJh tcsed rf mS awmh emBunf;pdw?f cHjyif;pdwaf wGeUJ jzpfuek Mf uovdk wcsKd Uuawmh
vnf;aMumufpw d af wGeUJ jzpfuek Mf uygw,f/tm;vH;k oabmaygufomG ;wmuawmh'aD eUpwk'o D myG[J m ppfwyf&YJ &efoUl e,f
ajrodrf; NyD;&if vkyfavhvkyfx ½Sdovdk tckwuúodkvf e,fajrrSmvnf; ausmif;om;awGudk txufpD;uaeusif;ywJh
acsmharmh acR;odyw f yhJ t JG jzpfjrifvmMuygw,f/ jrifatmifvnf; wm0ef½w dS hJ ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;u csufusus
ajymEdkifcJhMuygw,f/
'k;d ywfot H pm;a<u;aMumfoaH wGjzpfvmygw,f/
wdkUukdnma<u;wJhtpmawG?rpm;bl;..rpm;bl;..
ppfwyfenf;awGroHk;eJU..roHk;eJY..
ausmif;om;aoG;awG?rajcmufao;bl;..rajcmufao;bl;..
or*¾zsufwm?ppftpdk;&..ppftpdk;&..
ausmif;om;owfwm?ppftpdk;&..ppftpdk;&..
a<u;aMumfoHrsm;[m tpawmhodyfrnDvSygbl;/ 'gayrJh pmMunfhwdkufa½SU a&mufawmh wcJeuf
jzpfvmygw,f/ 0dZÆmcef;r jrufcif;a½SU vrf;ay:rSmawmh tjyifuvmwJh {nfhonfawG&JUum;a&m q&mq&mrawG&JU
um;awGa&m &yfxm;ygw,f/ onfum;awG xJrmS Mu,fyiG ehf yH gwfeUJ um;av;awGvnf;ygygw,f/ xdak cwfu ppfwyf
t&m½SdawG trsm;qHk;oHk;wJhum;[m aAgufpf0uf*Gef vdyfcHk;um;av;awGyg/ vlav;a,mufavmufqGJvSef vkduf&if
vefomG ;Edik yf gw,f/
tckvnf; Mu,fyGifhjy vdyfcHk;um;uav;awG jrifvdkuf&awmh ausmif;om;awGydkNyD; a'gyGoGm;wmaygh/
wdUk ausmif;om;awG vkyw f yhJ q
JG Nkd yD; 'DaumifawG ygvmjyefNyDqw kd t
hJ awG; csufjcif; 0ifvmygw,f? y@m,lw,fvUkd vnf;
xifvdkufMuw,f/ onfawmh ausmif;om;av;ig;a,mufu Mu,fyGifhjyum;wpD;qD oGm;NyD; qGJrvSefvdkufygw,f/
NyD;awmh "gwfqw D ikd u
f zD iG hf rD;cspfqyH pfxnfv h u
kd af wmh 0ke;f ueJ rD;awmufBuD; xvmwmaygh/ r@yfx½J adS ewJh q&mawG?
{nfhonfawGeJU ausmif;olawGvnf; 'kd;ywfoHrMum;yJ a<u;aMumfoHawG Mum;NyD; waqmifpD oD;oefUvnf;r[kwfyJ
ausmif;om; tpkta0;BuD;eJU vmwmjrifwnf;u wxdwx f w
d f tajctaeMunfah eMu&mu rD;awmufBuD; jrifvu kd af wmh
xdwv f efY oGm; Muygw,f/ r@yfx0J ifvmwJh ausmif;om;awGuvnf; ukvm;xdik af wGrmS 0if rxdik yf ”J rpm;bl;?rpm;bl;”
vdUk atmfNyD; r@yfxv J n S ahf eMuygw,f/ tjyifrmS usef&pfwhJ ausmif;om;awGuvnf; aemufxyfMu,fyiG jhf yum;awG
vdu k ½f mS NyD; rD;½IUd Muygw,f/ tm;vH;k 0½ke;f oke;f um; jzpfuek Mf uwmaygh r@yfxaJ &mufwhJ ausmif;om;xJu wcsKd Uuvnf;
pm;yGJawG vSefypfMuw,f a<uyef;uefawGvnf; uGJukefMuw,f/ wcsdKUuvnf; ausmif;om;tcsif;csif; vdkufxdef;
Muw,f/ ausmif;olawGawmh tl,m;zm;,m; ajy;MuvTm;Mu um;ygwJo h al wGuvnf; rD;avmifwu hJ m;eJY a0;&mudak rmif;zdUk
24 or*¾ pmpOf

ajy;Mu wOD;eJUwOD; xdrdcdkufrdawmh jzpfMuwmaygh/ onftxJ y@may;csifvdkU ,leDazgif;eJU&mxl; wHqdyftBuD;BuD;
wyfvmwJh 'kAdkvfrSL;BuD;awG? AdkvfrSL;BuD; awGvnf; ukvm;xdkifeJY ½kdufwmavmufawmh cHMu&wmaygh/ q&mxJu
a'gufwmarmifarmifcwd?Yk OD;ausmf&ifw?Ykd OD;vSa½TwUkd u tpxJu ausmif;om;awGcspfwhJ q&mawGrUkd olwUkd yJ ausmif;om;
xJ 0ifxed ;f vdUk &w,f/ awmfawmf z½kzd &JjzpfwhJ Mum;u tjcm;q&mawGvnf; ud, k ef YJ ygwfouf&m ausmif;om;awGukd
qGJvGJac:MueJY em&D0uf avmuftwGif; tJonfvrf;ay:rSm um;BuD; um;i,f ½Sif;oGm;ygw,f/
Mu,fyGifhjyum; oHk;av;pD;avmuf? rD;cdk;aiGUawGeJU usef&pfw,f/ pdwfrauseyfwJh ausmif;om;wcsdKUu
tif;vsm;vrf;xGuw f hJ vluxGuf jynfvrf; xGuw f v hJ ul xGuNf yD; vrf;ay:rSmawGw Y ?hJ ppfprd ;f a&mifum;awGukd cJawGeUJ
aygufMu? oxHak qmifjyefwhJ ausmif;om;eJY tr&aqmifjyefwhJ ausmif;om;u t½Sed rf aoao;yJ wuúov kd &f yd o
f mvrf;
ay:u ppfprd ;f um;awGukd cJeyYJ pfaeMuvdUk aAgufp0f uf*eG f aygifru YkH m; wpD;arSmuf oGm;ygw,f/ txJuvlawGuawmh
'½kid b f muvGv J Ukd t&yfom;awGyg/ '½kid b
f muawmh ajcukeo f wk af wmhwmaygh um;uawmh xH;k pHtwdik ;f "r®m½kaH ½SUem;rSm
rD;½SUdk cHvu
kd &f ygw,f/
tJonf Ed0k ifbm (21)&ufaeY nrSmawmh tmPmydik rf sm;u wuúov kd ef ,fajrudk ppfum;&Jum; t0iftxGuf
rvky&f wJh oD;oefeY ,fajr (out of bound) tjzpf aMujimvdu k yf gw,f/ &JEiS &hf uJ m;? ppfom;ESihf ppfum; r0if&awmhb;l
qdak wmh? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; jyefvnfaMujim vdu k yf gw,f/
“vGwaf jrmufaome,fajr” vd?Yk pmwduk ef UJ aq;½kH Mum;u qm[mukwf bwÅvm puG, J m;udv
k nf; “&ifjyife”D
vdkU aMujim vdkufMuygawmhw,f/
or*¾ pmpOf 25

armifrek ;f atmif
(7)
oif B uH K Bud K uf v d k Y a &muf w J h t cg___ vmMunf h p rf ; yg___ ,l e D , H a [mif ; wpf a e&m___

wuúodkvfwdkUausmif;wae&m___ roJruGJ½SdNrJ½SdrSm___ oJoJuGJuGJ½SdNrJ½SdrSm___ aoG;uGufawGvnf;
w0ufwysu_f __ qufvuf½OdS ;D rSm__ zufqpfe,fajr oifazG½mS ___ ,le, D aH [mif; tJonfwae&m___
'DocD sif;[m tckawmh vGwaf jrmufaom e,fajrjzpfNyDrUkd us,fus,favmifavmif ay:vmygw,f/ oDcsif;u
pmom;wyd'k f pum;ajymwyd'k f qdw k rhJ ed ;f uav; uvnf; wifwifjrtoHeUJ tawmfwyl gw,f/ tckacwfvkd uufqufacG
acwfom qdk&ifa&mif; aumif;vdkufrJhjzpfjcif;? wdwfacGacwfqdkawmh us,fus,favmifavmif zGifhEdkifayrJh us,fus,f
jyefUjyefY rjzefjY zL;Edik yf g/ 'gayrJh onfocD sif;u wifwifjr&JY qdak ygufajymayguftwdik ;f wlveG ;f awmh tmPmydik rf sm;u
wifwifjr&JU w0*lrSoDcsif;oHudk jrefrmhtoHrSm rvTifhawmhyJ ydwfypfvdkuf&wJh txdygyJ/
ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;ajrusc&hJ wJh tjzpfukd jyefvnfpyfqx kd m;wJh uAsmpmtkyaf wGuvnf; þvGwaf jrmufaom
e,fajrtwGif; rSmawmh vGwfvGwfvyfvyf a0iS jzefYcsDvmEdkifygw,f/ aMujimpmwrf;rsm;vnf; vGwfvGwfvyfvyf
a0iSEdkifygw,f/ taqmifpnf;urf; qdkwmawGvnf; trIdufjcif;xJ a&mufukefygNyD/ wuoudk jyefvnfzGJUpnf;&ef
BudK;pm;Muygw,f/ onfrmS aqG;aEG;p&m½Sv d mygw,f/ t&ifEpS f or*¾OuúXudAk aqGav;eJUJ trIaqmiftcsdKU rvGwaf o;
wcsKv Yd nf; a½Smifwrd ;f aeMuqJ wcsKd Uuawmh rqv ygwD0ifawmif avQmufxm;NyD; jzpfaeawmh or*¾a[mif;udak usmNf yD;
topfzUJG zdUk aumif;raumif; zGUJ &ifvnf; tckrqv0ifzYkd avQmufxm;wJh olawGu trIaqmifa[mif;taeeJU w&m;r0if
bl;vdkU xaMunmEdkifw,f/ 'DawmhaemufqHk;rSm vuf½Sdo[m,ESifh pmzwfoif;rsm;udk pkpnf;NyD; o[m,ESifh
pmzwfoif;rsm; tzGJUcsKyfudk zGJUpnf;vdkufMuygw,f/ onftzGJUcsKyfuyJ or*¾jyefvnfzGJUpnf;a&;? or*¾trIaqmif
a[mif;rsm; jyefvw T af y;a&;? zrf;xm;wJh ausmif;om;rSeo f rQ jyefvwT af y;a&; 'gPf&m&vdUk aq;½kw H ufae&wJh ausmif;om;
rsm; aq;½ku H qif;&if ausmif;jyef0ifciG &hf a&; aq;½krH mS pmar;yGaJ jza&;? qdw k mawGukd awmif;qdw k hJ aMunmpmwrf;
xGu&f wmaygh/ onfawmif;qdck suef UJ vIy½f mS ;rIukd aeUausmif;om;awGuvnf; axmufcv H mMuwmaMumifh tzGUJ udk wd;k csUJ NyD;
t*Fvyd v f kd Action Committee Armvdk ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;umuG,rf kSaumfrwDvUkd trnfwyf zGUJ pnf;vdu k yf gw,f/
1952-53 u ausmif;om;or*¾ r½Sw d ek ;f atmufwb kd mausmif;wvydwaf &;wdu JG kd tuf½iS af umfrwD trnfeUJ vkycf w
k yf u hJ mudk
erlem,lNyD; vkyw f myg/
ausmif;pmoifEpS v f nf; NyD;qH;k umeD;vmNyD pmar;yGt J wGuf BudKwifjyifqifrrkS sm;vnf; vkyMf u&NyD? aeUn
rtm; pmusufMu&NyDaygh/naeydik ;f rSm acgif;aq;tanmif;ajy vrf;avQmufNyD;&if pm;yGx J ikd f pmusufqw kd m[m b,f
tcdsefrmS bmawGyv J yk cf v
hJ yk cf hJ onftcsderf mS awmh ausmif;om;awG&UJ zifNrJ&rJt h csdeaf ygh/ naebuf vrf;avQmuf&if
t"dywdvrf;udk a&mufMuygw,f/ naeydkif;rsm;rSm t"dywdvrf;[m ESpfwdkif;xuf ydkpnfum; aeovm;vdkUawmif
xif&ygw,f/ wuoae&mudk trSwfw&yJ vmvmMunfhaeMua&mhovm;/
1956ckESpfu wuozGJUpnf;cJhwm (25) ESpfajrmufjzpfvdkU wuoaiG &wkobif usif;ycJhMuwmawGudk
jyefvnf jrifa,mifvmrdygw,f/ tJ'w D ek ;f u yGv
J rf;obifawGu t"dywdvrf;rwavQmufeUJ 0dZmÆ cef;ra½SU jrufcif;jyif
onfae&mawG[m yGcJ if;aygh/ tJonfpifawGay:rSm wifwhJ ZmwfawG[m wuo tay:xyfrmS Zmwfwu kd f Muwmaygh/
26 or*¾ pmpOf

tay:buf pmMunfw h u kd cf ef;bufrmS pE´,m;BuD;wvH;k csNyD; oDcsif;wdu k Mf u tuawG oifMueJU pnfum;cJh wmawGu?dk
jrifa,mifMum;a,mifvmygw,f/
“½Tif`rl;?½Tif`rl;__ MunfEl;aysmfap&m?___ om,m_om,m__ at;jrum__ yGJ_ yGJawmfrSm__ ETJ__
ETJaysmfum_ _'dkUor*¾&JU aiG&wkobifrSm______”
xdkpOfu om,mcJhygbdcsif; armifarmifñGefU (rif;vSñGefY~ul;) wa,muf aiG&wkobif pmapmifxkwf&ef
acgif;pkwfzGm; em;½Guf um;um;uav;jzifh tvkyf½SkyfaeyHk . . . AaqGav;uvnf; ydkpwma&;&ef puúLxkwfBuD;
csxm;wmudk [dkvlu vufwnfhprf; onfvlu vufwnfhprf;eJU (3) &ufavmuftwGif; w0ufavmuf avvGifh
ukefwmudk yGpdyGpd jzpfaewmrsm; . . .
þor*¾\ aMumifvrd af vSum;rSm wufumqif;um ysm;yef;cyfvyI ½f mS ;cJMh uwJh ausmif;om;ausmif;olawG
or*¾vbuf&nfqikd rf mS pka0;í vbuf&nfaomuf&if; jiif;MucHMk uonfrsm;udk aemifb,ftcgrsm;rS awGU&awmhrmS vJ/
wuúodkvf pmoifESpf ukefumeD; Edk0ifbm 'DZifbmvydkif;awGrSm taqmifwdkif;vdkvdkyif pyg,f½S,f'ifem
ac: npmxrif;pm;yGJ BuD;rsm; wcrf;wem; usif;yMuygw,f/ tpm;taomuf tvQHty,f uyGJrsm; tNidrfhrsm;eJY
{nfch MH uygw,f/ tJ'yD rJG sKd ;rSm rdrd taqmifom;rsm;omr[kwf rdwaf qGo*F[rsm; udzk w d Mf um;vdyk gu owfrw S Ef KS ef;xm;eJU
zdwpf mu'fjym;rsm; 0,f,zl w d Mf um;Edik yf gw,f/ o[m,ESiphf mzwfoif;u txl;zdwMf um;wJh {nfo h nfrsm;vnf; ½Syd gw,f/
rdrdwdkUtaqmifESifh ruif;&mruif;aMumif; q&mq&mrrsm;? wjcm; taqmiftoD;oD;&JU o[m,ESifh pmzwfoif;
ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm; wuorS ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;rSm txl;{nfo h nfawG jzpfygw,f/taqmifraeyJ aeUausmif;om;tjzpf
ausmif;wufayrJh tdrrf jyefMuyJ or*¾rmS yJ pkNyD;bdik u f saeolawG ½Syd gw,f/ tJ'yD *k Kd¾ vfawG[m onfvkd xrif;pm;yGrJ sdK;
awGrSm 0wfaumif;pm;vSawG qif,ifMuNyD; wcsdKUvnf; olrsm;qDu iSm;0wfMuNyD; oufqdkif&m xrif;pm;yGJrsm;udk
pka0;oGm;MuyHrk sm;eJU onfvkd vlpu k kd awGU&if olu, kd w f ikd f yg&ifyg ryg&ifawmh AaqGav;wa,muf or*¾tay:xyf
0&HwmuaeNyD;
“,leD,H__ tiwfwyfBuD;__ csDwufvmygNyD__” vdkY 1300jynfhatmifyGJ oDcsif;xJu
“a&eHajr__ oydwfwyfBuD;__ csDwufvmygNyD__”
qdkwJh tvdkufudk zsufqdkum oa&mf aemufajymifyHkrsm;udkvnf; wa&;a&; jrifa,mifrdygw,f/
ykord u
f udo k ed ;f [HBuD; wa,muf or*¾pm;a&; tvkyrf eS o f rQ tukev f yk Nf yD; vufEydS pf uf wacsmuf acsmuf
½ku
d &f m or*¾twGi;f a&;rSL;tcef;udv k nf; trSww f &½Sv d yS gonf/
“tdk;pnfAHkarmif;oHawGom__ a&mif0g_ a0qm_ xGef;awmuf vif;vdkYjzm__ ½TifpGm__ pOfvm___
nDnmnmjzjz wdkYor*¾&JU_ aiG&wkobifrSm__”
or*¾a½SU½Sd Adkvfatmifausmf aMu;½kyfxm;&m ausmufwdkifteD; tvHwdkifü teDa&mifatmufcHwGif t0g
a&mifjc,f puf0dkif;twGif;rS ½kef;xGufaeaom cGyfa'gif;yHko@mefESifh ausmif;om;or*¾tvH wvlvlvGifhaecJhwm
onftvHeYJ ausmufcu kH ykd wfNyD; ykP&Ö yd yf ifawGa½SUrSm av;aypDjcm;NyD; a&mifpt kH vHawG wvlvv l iG ahf ecJw
h hJ jrifuiG ;f awG...
AuonDvmcH 'grSr[kwf wuúodkvfeJY aumvdyfaygif;pHk nDvmcHawG½Sd&if e,fudk,fpm;vS,frsm; vm
wJhtcg onfor*¾rSmyJ wnf;cdkem;aecJhwmygyJ/ tay:xyfpmMunfh wdkufcef;eJY tjyifbuf aumf&pf'g atmufxyf
tm;upm;cef;awG[m e,fausmif;om;awG tdaÈ´&& wnf;cdkaeEdkifwJhae&mawGjzpfygw,f/ vma&muf em;aeMuwJh
e,fausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; *kP, f 0l <hH um;pGm t&dycf kd em;aecsifavmufatmif or*¾taqmufttH&k UJ t[efUuvnf;
or*¾ pmpOf 27

armifrek ;f atmif
BuD;rm;vSygw,f/ ordik ;f vnf;BuD;rm;vSygw,f/ nbufaqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;udv k nf; 'Dor*¾&UJ tay:xyfrmS rD;wxdex f ed ef UJ
usif;yEdkifcJhw,f/ or*¾OuúXa[mif;OD;Ek (xdkpOfu0efBuD;csKyf)[m wcgw&H eHeufvrf;avQmuf&if; or*¾bufodkY
a&mufvm&if OD;uHodef;udkEdSK;NyD; vSnfhvnfMunfhwwfygw,f/ tJvdk vSnfhMunfh&if; or*¾pmMunfhwdkuf jyefvnf
wnfaqmufzdkU rwnfaiGrsm; vSL'gef;cJh½kHru wjcm;tvSL½SifawGqDuvnf; aiGawmfawmfrsm;rsm; aumufcHay;cJhzl;
ygw,f/ jrefrmhordik ;f 0if &Jabmfo;kH udsyf&YJ acgif;aqmif[m wuoOuúXa[mif; udak tmifqef;yg/ &Jabmfo;kH udsyf0if
Adv
k vf ufsmwdk Adv k af Z,swYkd Adv k &f efEikd w
f q
Ykd w
kd mvnf; onfwuo&JY trIaqmifa[mif;awGaygh/ jrefrmhvw G v
f yfa&;twGuf
vIyf½Sm;rI tpnf;ta0;wcsdKUudk onf or*¾y&0kPfrSmyJ trsm;tjym; usif;ycJhygw,f/
Armhvw G vf yfa&; Adou k mawGukd onfwuouyif arG;xkwcf w hJ myg/
“atmf..txufA[dku? ysufNydKvdkUuscJhwJh? ueufA[dkyv’if vufpt<uif;ayxifh?
wuúokdvo f bifor*¾toif;qDu? tquforwoeif;awGeJU?Mwif;e0if;aumif;usKd ;taxGaxG?
wufuGtwif;a[hvdkU? tuGufususeif;NyD;? cuforQ½Sif;ayrnfh? owif;a'gif;tdk;a0.../”
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrSdKif;uyif ñTef;qdkcJh&aom or*¾toif;ygay/
“a½Ta'gif;tdk;a0r*¾Zif;qDu? tqufruif;wJh oHo&mrSm? wynfht&if;&JU pHyrm½G,f&nf½SmwJh?
t,f'DwmarmifndKjr&JUjyif? atmf... ArmhtwGufjzifh? r&orQyGufruGqdkwJh?
or*¾OuúXarmifb*srf;wdkYudk? "Z*¾okwft&? atmifwzGzGref;&mu? atmifZ,yef;
anmifoajyEkcsdefrawmh? aemifjrefrmhpwrf; armifa½Tek&,fvdkY? atmifaZ,swk `rGufrqHk;EdkifwJhjyif?
wufbke;f BuD; q&mode;f azuav;wdkUukdjzifh? ,dr;f raoGued ;f aoa½G;vdkuu f Jh? ta&;½Sv d Qif
t&may:Muayawmh.._../”
q&mBuD;rSdKif;u erdwfzwfNyD; wyfvSeYfcJUygw,f/ q&mBuD;u wdkif;jynfvGwfvyfa&;twGuf wuúodkvf
or*¾qu D acgif;aqmifrsm;udk arQmfreS ;f tm;&cJyh gw,f/ q&mBuD; arQmfreS ;f wJt h wdik ;f vnf; wuo[m vGwv f yfa&;
BudK;yrf;rSK pwifcJh&mXme jzpfcJhygw,f/
tJ'aD vmuf ordik ;f wefb;kd BuD;cJw h hJ or*¾ukd ajcrcsb;l olawGu or*¾&UJ tpOftvmudk rMum;vdk rod vdMk uyg/
*kPv f nf; r,lwwfMuyg/ olwUkd tm;vnf; b,fy@dwu f rQ todtrSwf rjyKcJMh uyg/ atmf.. olwUkd rS rcHpm;bl;yJu;kd
'gaMumifv h nf; ordik ;f tpOftvmudk wefb;kd rxm;wwfMu½krH Qru wdUk eJUrqdik w f [hJ mBuD;vdYk rvdw k rm ½SMd uayoaygh/
naebufvrf;avQmuf&if or*¾a½SUa&mufwikd ;f tawG;jrifrsm; rjywf½w dS wfygw,f/ onftwGi;f 1963 ck
Zeé0g&Dvqef; avmufwiG af wmh ausmif;om;tcGit hf a&;umuG,rf KS aumfrwD ud,
k pf m;vS,w f csKd Uudk xdpk Ofu awmfveS af &;
aumifp0D if wOD;jzpfcw hJ hJ Adv
k rf LS ;BuD;oef;pdeu f awGUqHak qG;aEG;zdYk zdwaf c:ygw,f/ olu ausmif;om;awGukd awmfveS af &;
aumifpD&JU 0g'oabmxm;awG½Sif;jyNyD; ausmif;om;rsm; olwdkYeJYyl;aygif;yg0ifzdkY wdkufwGef;ygw,f/ ausmif;om;
tcGifhta&;umuG,frSLaumfrwD udk,fpm;vS,frsm;uvnf; zrf;qD;cHae&wJh or*¾acgif;aqmifawGudk jyefvTwfay;zdkY
zsufqD;cHcJh&wJh or*¾taqmuftODudk jyefaqmufay;zdkY wifjycJhygw,f/ AdkvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdefu? or*¾taqmiftOD
a[mif;rSm wdk;wufrsm;jym;vmwJh ausmif;om;ta&twGufeJU qdk&if usOf;aew,f/ 'gaMumifh ydkrdkus,f0ef;NyD;
ausmif;om;oufomacsmifcsda&;vkyfief;rsm; ydkNyD;aqmif½GufEdkifbdkY oHk;xyftaqmuftODBuD; wck aqmufay;r,f
ajymygw,f/ ausmif;om;ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;uawmh ,cif taqmuftOD[m ordik ;f 0if taqmufttHjk zpfvUkd tJ'yD pkH H
twdik ;f yJ aqmufay;zdYk wifjyMuygw,f/ Adv k rf LS ;BuD; oef;pdeu
f pOf;pm;ygr,fvYkd jyefMum;um awGUqHyk NJG yD;qH;k ygw,f/
28 or*¾ pmpOf

ud,k pf m;vS,af wGukd ac:uwnf;u tm;vH;k 0dik ;f aqG;aEG;Muygw,f/ Adv k rf LS ;BuD;oef;pdeef UJ awGUzdYk ud, k pf m;vS,f
ig;OD;vdYk xifygw,f a½G;cs,fcyhJ gw,f/ olwYkd b,fvt kd ajctaeeJY qufq&H rvJrodyg bmac:aqG;aEG;r,fvnf; rod
yg usaemfwYkd useaf usmif;om;rsm;u olwt Ykd jyefukd tpkta0;rysuf &ifwrreJY apmifah eMu&ygw,f/ naevnf;apmif;
vmNyD aeUausmif;om;awGukd tpkta0;rysufxm;&ef tcsdev f eG vf mygNyD usaemfwYkd wckcv k yk Mf ur,fvYkd pOf;pm;Muyg
w,f/ onftcsdeu f srS ud,
k af wmfacsmwduYk jyefa&mufvmMuygw,f/ olwt Ykd zGUJ Adv k rf LS ;BuD;eJaY wGUwm tawmftoifh
ajyvnfwmrdkY [dkifpGrf0ifNyD; atmifyGJcHaeowJh/ usaemfwdkU usefwJholrsm;uawmh olwdkYrjyef&if wckck vkyfawmhrvdkY
jyifqif pOf;pm;aeMuygNyD/
Adv
k rf LS ;BuD;oef;pde&f UJ pum;t& or*¾taqmuftODwck wu,fyJ jyefaqmufay;rSmvm;[k usaemfwYkd vli,f
rsm;yDyD taumif;jrifMunfMh uygw,f/ usaemfwUkd bufu rlvtaqmuftOD yHpk t H wdik ;f vdck siw f ,fvUkd ajymcJMh uavawmh
rlvyHpk &H zdUk tufpw f wd tf if*sife,D m (Estate Engineer)½k;H rSm oGm;pHpk rf;MunfMh uygw,f/ onf½;Hk u wuúov kd f y&0kPf
wckvHk;&JY ajratmufa&ydkuf a&ajrmif;vrf;eJY a&qdk;ydkufawG&JU yHkpHawG½Sdovdk taqmuftODwdkif;&JY aqmufvkyfa&;
yHpk aH wG xde;f odr;f xm;&wmyg/ tJ . .tckppkH rf;Munfah wmh wuotaqmuftODypkH zH ikd f aysmufq;kH aeygowJ/h r½Sad wmhyg/
tb,faMumifh aysmufqHk;&ovJ usaemfwdkY rauseyfEdkifyg/
jzpfEikd o f nfrmS wuotaqmufttHu k kd rdik ;f cGzJ sufq;D cJoh rl sm;[m onf½;Hk u yHpk u H ykd g odr;f ,l tpazsmuf
vdkufMu[efwlygw,f/ ppfwyfu acsrSLef;a&;qdkwm onfvdkygvm;/ tpte rusefap&yg/ udpör½Sdyg/ bDtdkifwD
(aemuftmtdkifwD? aemuf0dkiftdkifwD? aemufawmhbmrSef;rodawmh) ausmif;om;rsm;u onfavmufawmh wm0ef,l
Edik yf gw,fvUkd qdyk gw,f/ aemufawmhvnf; tufpw f wd t f if*sife, D m½k;H uyif rdwLÅ wck ul;,lxm;vdu k w f ,fvYkd vQdKU0Suf
owif;ay;vmygw,f/ aqmufcGifh&zdkUu t"duusefudpörsm;u olUtydkif;ESifhol ulnDMurSmudk ,HkMunf&½kHrQomru
tm;&auseyf ESpfodrfhMu&ygw,f/
onf&ufawGtwGi;f rSmyJ or*¾taqmufttHjk zdKzsuf&mrSm wm0ef½o dS w l pfO;D jzpfwhJ Adv k af tmifBuD; wa,muf
awmfveS af &;aumifpu D ESKwfxu G w
f ,fvYkd aMujimcsuf xGuv f mygw,f/ ordik ;f 0iftaqmufttHu k kd aus;Zl;uef;
zsufq;D olwOD; yxrqH;k ordik ;f 'gPfcyfc&H wmygyJ paum½ku d f oHy;kH wD;ay;vdu k ½f aHk ygh/ aemufvnf; vmMuOD;rSmyg/
'DvdkeJYyJ rwfvpmar;yGJrsm; ajzqdkcdsefxd wuúodkvfe,fajrrSm vGwfajrmufaom e,fajrtjzpfeJYyJ
pmoifESpfwESpf NyD;qHk;ayOD;awmhrSmaygh/
aEGOD;__ av½l;awGvnf;NrL;NyDav___ uhHaumfawGvnf;zl;vdkYav__ opf½GufawGajrrSmvl;um__
OMoiSufawGawGUawmh__ cspf&ufawG½Snf___
pmusufvdkuf naeydkif; awGusawmh tif;vsm;uefapmif; wpfavQmuf ajreDvrf; uav;awGrSm
vrf;avQmufvdkuf rcGJEdkif rcGm&uf cspfcGef;awG qifvdkufESifh
csdefnaecsrf;__ aejcnfjzef;&ifav__ ajreDvrf;uav;rSm __ tyrf;ajytyef;ajz__
cspfp&mtvStypum;rsm;__ ajymMuwmawG__
'Dpmom;rsm;twdkif;yif wuúoDvm\ vSyMunfEl;rSkuav;awGudk i,f½G,folrsm;yDyD cHpm;EdkifvmMujyef
ygw,f/ t"dywdvrf;rBuD;ay: rEÅav;aqmifa½SUqD a&mufjyefawmhvnf; atmifausmf ausmufwikd q f u D kd a0hMunf&h if;
&ifeifhtHBudwfrdMu jyefygw,f/
igvdkrif;rS__'if;wdkUurmefzDvm___ ausmif;ajrovif;jyifxufrSm aojim;__aoewfeJYypfwm__
or*¾ pmpOf 29

armifrek ;f atmif
ausmif;om;awGrSm twHk;t½kH;ao½Sm__ a'goykefyGm;um__ ausmif;om;,leD,HBuD;udkNzdKwm__
urÇm&eftNrJom_ atmf__ toJ__ toJem__
'Dem;w0dkuf vrf;awG jrufcif;awGatmufrSm pD;uspdrfh0if aewJhaoG;awG[m atmufeufeufxJrSm
½Sdcsif½Sdaer,f/ rawmfwq taMumif;wpfckckaMumifh jyefay: vmEdkifwJh 'grSr[kwf aoG;pdrf;½Sif½Sif jyefxGufvmEdkifrJh
tvTmyg;yg; tay:,Hem;rSmvJ ½Sdcsif½SdaeOD;rSmyyJ/ 'dkYwawG[m i,f½G,fEke,fysdKrspfolrsm;yDyD wuúoDvm jruRef;
om&JU usef½Sdaeao;wJh tvStyawGatmufrSm cspfMu?cifMu MunfEl;Muaysmf½TifMu ½SdaeEdkifao;ayrJhvnf;? &ifxJ
tonf;xJ a'gifw h ae&m&mrSmawmh cefjY im;xnf0gvSwhJ wuúov
kd f or*¾qw kd hJ ordik ;f ypön;f BuD;uawmh wdUk vli,fawG&UJ
aoG;awGeJY twl tNrJ½SdaeOD;rSmyg/
pmar;yGJawGNyD;awmhvnf; 1962-63ck pmoifESpfBuD;NyD;qHk;vdkU? aEG&moDausmif;ydwfvdkufygNyD/
onfcg__ onfor,__ cGJMu&rJhtajc__ tcsdefwef___ tdrfjyef&ayrJh___ udk,fhvdyfjymu__
rif;&JuxHrSmav___ tif;vsm;udkvnf;__ rarhEdkifay__ /
30 or*¾ pmpOf

(8)
1963 ckEpS f {NyDv vlutdrrf mS pdwu f ausmif;rSmaygh/ rMumrD oBuFeu f sawmhrmS rdkU oBuFeyf aJG wmftwGuf jyifMuqifMu
NyD/ rSwrf Sw&f & {NyDv(1) &ufaeU nydki;f jrefrmhtoHtpDtpOfrSm txl;aMujimcsuw f &yfukd vTihx f kwvf kduyf gw,f/
“vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifhtrdefU” 'DtrdefUt& tzrf;qD;cHxm;&wJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawG jyefvGwf
vmMur,f/ a½Smifwrd ;f yke;f atmif;ae&wJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifawGvnf; vGwv f w G v f yfvyf oGm;vmEdik Mf ur,faygh/
&efukefudk qif;oGm;r,f qdk&ifoli,fcsif;awG jyefawGU&rSm aysmfp&mBuD;/ 'gayrJh b,fvdkawGUMu&rSmvJ ig&efukef
qif;oGm;&ifa&m olweYkd YJ b,fae&mrSm pkpak 0;a0; awGU&rvJ/ t&ifygvDref tpd;k &acwfrmS wke;f uvnf; ausmif;om;awG
tzrf;cH&zl;ygw,f/ a½Smifwrd ;f aeMu&zl;ygw,f/ vGwv f mw,fq&kd if vGwv f wG vf yfvyf oGm;Edik Nf yDq&kd if ,le, D u
H kd
vmMur,f/ b,foel UJ rS rawGU&ao;&if ,le, D v H ufbuf&nfqikd rf mS xdik ?f vbuf&nfwcGuf rSmaomufNyD; apmifah e
vbuf&nfwcGuf rukefcif wa,mufa,mufawmh a&mufvmr,f/ aemufwem&Davmufqdk&if vlpHkawGU&NyD/
tck 1963ckESpf? vGwfNidrf;csrf;omcGifht& xGufvmwJh ausmif;om;awG b,frSmawGUMurvJ/ ausmif;u
vnf; rzGiahf o; urm½Gwv f n S ;f wef;xJu rdwaf qGwcsKdU tdrrf mS omazsmufMum;azsmufMum; awGUEdik yf gw,f/ vGwNf idr;f
csrf;omcGifhtrdefUudk AuywdkUu vufrcH? awGUqHkaqG;aEG;a&;udkom awmif;qdkygw,f/ onfvdkeJU oBuFefNyD;oGm;NyD
arv ukefoGm;ygw,f/ rlvwef;ausmif; tv,fwef;ausmif;awG jyefzGifhMuNyD/ wuúodkvfeJY aumvdyfawGuawmh
rzGifhao;? rzGifhEdkifao;? rzGifh&Jao;/ Zlvdkif(7)&uf ESpfywfvnfaeUudk a½Smifaew,f xifyg&JU/
1963ckEpS f ZGev f (11)&ufaeUrSm awmfveS af &;aumifpu D awmwGi;f vufeufuikd t f zGUJ tm;vH;k udk urf;vSr;f csuf
wck xkwfjyefvdkufygw,f/ EdkifiHa&;tajctaeuawmh tawmfajymif;vJvmygw,f/ 1962 ckESpf (42) Budrfajrmuf
trsdK;om;aeUrSm ausmif;om;awG yGJMurf;vdkufvdkU &efukefwuúodkvfe,fajrudk vGwfajrmufe,fajrtjzpf owfrSwf
cJNh yD;csdeu
f pNyD; ppftpd;k &[m ausmif;om;udk owfjzwf? wuotaqmufttHBk uD;udk zsufq;D cJw h mrSm;NyDvUkd aemifw&
oGm;[efww l ,fvYkd usaemfwu Ykd taumif;jrifpw d ef YJ awG;MunfMh uygw,f/ 'gaMumifyh J qufNyD; olwZYkd w G vf yk vf rYkd jzpfb;l
qdw k mudk em;vnfNyD; olwYkd rSm;,Gi;f rdu k rf cJ w
hJ mawGukd jyefvnfay;qyfcsiv f Ykd jynfwiG ;f Nidr;f csr;f a&;udk urf;vSr;f vmwmvdYk
qufNyD; xifMunfrh Md uygw,f/ 'gayrJv h nf; tck ZGev f w0ufausmaf ewmawmif wuúov kd ef YJ aumvdyrf sm;udk zGirhf ,fvYkd
raMujimao;yg/ tpOftvmrSmawmh ZGefv (1) &ufqdkwm ½kH;ydwf&ufeJY rwdk;bl;qdk&if ArmjynfrSm ausmif;wdkif;&JU
ausmif;zGifh&ufyg/
onfEpS af wmh arvukeaf vmufuwnf;u rlvwef;? tv,fwef;eJY txufwef;ausmif;awGukd (ZGev f (1) &uf
aeYu paejzpfaevdUk ) ZGev f (3)&ufrmS zGirhf ,fjzpfayrJh wuúov kd ef aYJ umvdyrf sm;&JU ausmif;zGi&hf ufukd aemufrS aMujimr,f
vdYk owif;xkwjf yefxm;NyD; jzpfygw,f/ tJonfEpS u f pNyD; wuúov kd &f UJ &moD ysuo f mG ;ygw,f/ ZGev f qef;&if ausmif;zGihf
pufwifbmvukerf mS ESp0f uftprf;pmar;yGu J sif;y? atmufwb kd m wvausmif;ydw?f Ed0k ifbmvqef; ausmif;jyefwuf?
'DZifbm c&pfprwfausmif;ydw?f rwfv wvvH;k pmar;yGu J sif;y? pmar;yGJ apmNyD;wJo h u l apmausmif;ydw?f aEGausmif;
ydw&f uf ESpv f qdw k hJ wuúov kd &f UJ &moDpOfaygh/ tckEpS u f pvdYk wuúov kd af wG[m zGichf sifwt hJ csdezf iG ?hf pmar;yGaJ wGuvnf;
jzpfcsifovdkjzpfeJU wuúodkvf&JU &moDysufcJhwm tJonfESpfu pawmhwmygyJ/
or*¾ pmpOf 31

armifrek ;f atmif
ZGefvukefavmufwGif awmwGif;½Sd ocifpdk;BuD;&JU tvHeDuGefYjrLepfygwD udk,fpm; vS,fwzGJU &efukefudk
a&mufvmygw,f/ wywfavmuf aqG;aEG;ñSEd KSd if;NyD; jyefomG ;Muygw,f/ tajctae aumif;w,fvUkd awmh owif;pm
awGu a&;w,f? uReaf wmfvnf;tdru f aeNyD; owif;pmyJ zwfaerdawmhw,f/&efuek u f q kd if;&rSmvnf; pdwu f ek cf sio
f vdk
jzpfaew,f/ uRefawmfwdkU ausmif;om;awGxJu wcsdKUu rqvxJ0if? wcsdKUuvnf; vli,fa&;&maumfrwD0ifawG
awmifjzpfaeMu ovddkrdkY tdrfrSmyJxdkifaevdkufygw,f/ ausmif;jyefzGifhrJh t&dyfta,mifuvnf; rawGU&ao;yg/
awmwGi;f tzGUJ rsm;uvnf; pmay;NyD;qufo, G w
f vhJ l ud, k w f ikd f vma&muf pum;ajymrJv h ½l v
dS mMuNyD;? t"du
tzGJUjzpfwJh AuyrS ocifoef;xGef;&JUay;pm a&muf½Sdvmygw,f/ yPmr ñSdESdKif;rIjyKvkyfzdkU oabmwlnDMuygw,f/
1963ck Zlvikd vf (12)&ufaeYrmS awmh w½kwjf ynfa&muf Auy acgif;aqmifwcsdKU w½kwjf ynfu av,OfysHeyYJ Ukd ay;vd?Yk
r*Fvm'Hk av,OfuiG ;f udk a&muf½v dS mwJyh akH wG ppfwyfu BudKqdw k yhJ akH wG owif;pmxJyg vmygw,f/ Edik if aH &; tajctae
uawmh tawmfyif aysmhaysmif; vmacsNyDaygh/ Zlvikd (f 23)&ufrmS aemufwokwf a&mufvm jyefygw,f/onfwokwrf mS
&Jabmfo;kH usdy0f ifAvkd af Z,s acgif;aqmifvmwmrdYk ydNk yD; xif½mS ;vmygw,f/ Edik if aH &;tajctaeawG uvnf; tawmf
wd;k wufvmvdUk onf&uftwGi;f rSmyJ wuúov kd ef UJ aumvdyrf sm;udk vnf;jyefvnfziG v hf pS v
f ukd yf g w,f/ w½kwjf ynfjyef
AuyawGeYJ BudKqdo k l ppfAvkd Bf uD;awG owif;aMumifh ausmif;zGiw hf o hJ wif;u bmrQta&;ygwJh owif;r[kwaf wmhyg/
32 or*¾ pmpOf

(9)
&efukerf mS awGU&rJh tajctaeawGukd BudKufwmawG½o Sd vdk ½GrH o

d vdkvkd awGvnf;½Sw d mrdkY at;at;aq;aq;rSyJ ausmif;jye
af &mufygw,f/ onfEpS u f saemfwkUd ynma&;r[mXgeu vlawGukd tr&eJY &mrnrSmxm;ygw,f/ usaemfu tr&aqmifrmS
&ygw,f/ tcef;az:uawmh rESpu f Zlvkdiv f (7) &ufrSm rl;vJoGm;wJh udkatmifoef;yg/ oleJYae&wm odyrf edyyf gbl;
olu usaemfhtwGuf tvdkvdkpdk;&drfaeolrdkYyg/ usaemfhtcef;u tay:qHk;xyfjzpfNyD;? rsufESmpmwef;jzpfvdkY wuúodkvf
&dyo
f mvrf;bufvSnhfvkdY "r®m½kHeJY rsuEf Smcsi;f qdkiaf ygh/ a½SYrSmydawmufyifawGeJYrkdU omom,m,mygyJ/ tcef;rSm ckwif
ay: tdy&f mcif;oHBudK;av; bmav;wef;NyD; avmavmq,fq,fu aomufa&tdk;0,f&r,fav/ usaemfu tcef;rSm
a&tdk;w,faomufwJholyJ/
atmufuq kd if;NyD; ausmif;a½SUxGuv f ukd af wmh b,fbufcyfvrS ;f vSr;f u rEÅav;aqmifa½SUqDukd vSr;f Munfh
rdygw,f/ ½k;d wd;k &dww f wd ef YJ bmygvdrhf or*¾0if;qDu roJruGJ 'geJU rEÅav;aqmifbuf avQmufcyhJ gw,f/ rEÅav;
aqmifa½SUu Munfv h u kd af wmh? atmifausmaf usmufwikd t f eD;u tvHwikd rf mS cGyaf 'gif;tvH wvlvv l iG v
hf Ukd ygvm; Munfvh Ykd
aumif;vdu k w
f hJ jrifuiG ;f wvlvv l iG ahf ewJh cGyaf 'gif;tvH&UJ aemufbufrmS [d;k ...vSr;f vSr;f u tm;upm;½kH BuD;om½SNd yD;
wuo taqmuftODBuD; r½Sdwmu vGJvdkYaygh/ tJ- [dkab; wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf; bufjcrf;rSm 0g;uyfrdk;x&Hum
taqmuftODav; wckygvm; cyfjrefjrefyif avQmuf0ifomG ;vdu k rf yd gw,f/ tvsm;ay (80) teHay(30) avmuf½w dS hJ
wxyfwJ taqmufttHk av;yg/txJ0ifMunfhvdkufawmh or*¾vbuf &nfqdkifwkef;u pm;yGJxdk; udkatmifBuD;u
qD;BudKESKwfqufygw,f/
“[m..w,f[kwyf gvm;?cifAsm;wdkU'DrSmvufbuf&nfqkdizf Gihfxm;NyDvm;/”
udkatmifBuD;u jyHK;NyHK;BuD;eJY txJudk ar;xdk;jyygw,f/
“a[h..xGe;f Munf? [m..tudkombef;”
AaqGav;eJUtjcm;oH;k av;a,mufawGU&ygw,f? acgufuv k m;xdik f acgufpm;yGaJ wGeUJ /
“udkatmifBuD;vbuf&nfwcGuAf sm udk,hfvlwkdUa&m aomufNyD;NyDvm; raomuf&ao;&ifrSmuGm”
“udkxGef;Munfuawmh aomufOD;rSmyJ oluuGrf;pm;wmeJY vbuf&nfaomufwm wckck
vkyfrae&&ifrjzpfbl;av”
olwdkU or*¾trSKaqmifa[mif;awG jzpfygw,f/ usaemftoHMum;vkdU wbufu aA'gac:jrifhaz
xGuv f mygw,f/
“a[h..cifAsm;BuD;Asm waEGvHk;bmvkyfaewmvJ tvum;tdrfrSmukyfaew,f “
“at;uG iguvnf;tckvdkav;rS awGU&rvm;raocsmawmh rvm&Jbl;[ ckavmufawGU&wm
awmfao;wmaygh bDauBuD;a&m”
“aeuGm.'gawG aemufrS at;at;aq;aq; ajymwmaygh rif;tck'DrSm ighukd t½Siv f kduBf uD; awGUaeNyD
r[kwfvm; awmfa&maygh”wJh/ xGef;MunfuajymyHk/
“'Dvufbuf&nfqkdiu f b,folaqmufxm;wmvJ”
or*¾ pmpOf 33

armifrek ;f atmif
“tJwmaygh..cifAsm;BuD;acwfaemufusaewm 'g,le, D AH s [dkbufrmS ½k;H cef;”[kjrifah zuajymygw,f/
taqmuftODut kd v,fu0g;x&Hjzihu f mxm;NyD; onfbufrmS vbuf&nfqikd f [db k ufu½k;H cef;? usaemfrmS
bmajymvdkUajym&rSef;awmif rod/
“'DvkdrSe;f odtapmBuD;jyefvmygw,fuGm”
usaemf t&rf;aysmf oGm;ygw,f/
[dwk ek ;f u ,le, D aH [mif;u y&dabm*awGeaYJ wm wjcm;pDaygh/ aESmom;acgufpm;yGcJ if;NyD; aESmom;ukvm;
xdik af v;awG0ikd ;f vdYk atmufuzdx Yk m;wJh ajrBuD;u rnDrnmrkUd edrehf if;edrehf if;jzpfNyD; vbuf&nf zdww f wfwmawmh½w dS maygh/
'gayrJhbmjzpfvJ usawmfwdkY ausmif;om;awG pka0;EkdifwJh ae&mwck &ygNyD/ rESpfu tuf½SifaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;
awGqdk&if opfyifatmufawmif xdkifcJh&ao;wm/
“b,ftcsed af qmufvkduMf uwmvJ”
“[dk..rif;wdkUrESpfutuf½SifaumfrwDeJUAdkvfrSL;BuD;oef;pdefeJYor*¾jyefaqmufzdkY pum;puvJ½Sd?
tckEikd if aH &;tajctaeuvnf; ay;vmawmh? wd[ Yk mwdYk ,m,D onfbufab;uyf aqmufvu kd wf maygh”
ajrmwdik af v;rsm;xlí 0g;w0uf opfom;w0uf x&Hum0g;uyfr;kd taqmuftODav;yg/ taqmuftODtwGi;f
bufu eJeJjrifhatmif ajrBuD;zdkUxm;ygw,f/
“b,fvkdvnf;uG..&HyHkaiGav;bmav;xnfh&OD;rvm;”
tdrfujyefa&mufprdkU aiGuav;uvnf; ½TifordkU ar;vdkufrdygw,f/
“xm;ygOD;vmrSmaygh tckawmhwdkU or*¾acgif;aqmifa[mif; wpfa,mufu aiGawmfawmfrsm;rsm;
rwnf ay;xm;w,f”
'DvdkeJU usaemfwdkY ausmif;om;ausmif;olrsm; pka0;&m ae&mwckawmh jzpfaeygw,f/ t"duuawmh cGyf
a'gif;tvHudk tNrJvTifhxm;EdkifwmygyJ/ vufvSnfhpmul;puf tao;wvHk;eJY vufurf;pmapmifav;rsm; jzefUa0vm
Edkifygw,f/ wuotrSLaqmifa[mif;awG ,cifESpfu tzrf;cH&wdrf;a½Smifae&pOf vSKyf½Sm;cJhMuonfh ausmif;om;
tcGit hf a&;umuG,rf aI umfrwDrS ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifopfrsm;ESihf t&ifor*¾trIaqmifa[mif;awG wyfO;D a[mif;awG
onftaqmufttHak v;rSmyJ rdwq f akH qG;aEG;yGrJ sm; vkyMf uygw,f/
wuo jyefvnfzUJG pnf;a&;udk t"duxm;ñSEd KSd if;Mu wmyg/ onftcsderf mS yJ jyifyEdik if aH &;uvnf; tawmf
vSKyfvKS yf½mS ;½Sm;jzpfvmw,f/ Mo*kwv f xJrmS wnfNrJzqyvuOD;ausmfNidr;f eJU OD;AaqGukd zrf;qD;vdu k yf gw,f/ jynf
axmifpt k zGUJ (,cifoefU½Si;f zqyv) uvnf; OD;0if;? Adv k rf if;acgifeYJ OD;csrf;omwdu Yk kd zrf;vduk jf yefygw,f/ owif;
pmq&m ae½Sif;OD;avm½kHeJY w&m;0efBuD;a[mif; OD;csefxGef;wdkYudkyg xyfrHzrf;qD;vdkufawmh rsufpdawmifvnfukef
Muygw,f/ Adkvfae0if; uGef`rlepfeJU aygif;awmhrSmvm; vkyfjywmvm;/
Mo*kwv f ukeyf ikd ;f avmufrmS Auyu&JabmfaX;acgif;aqmifwhJ yPmrNidr;f csr;f a&;ñSEd KSd if;rSK ud, k pf m;vS,t f zGYJ
&efuek u f kd a&mufvmygw,f/ q&mBuD;ocifu, kd af wmfrKdS if;udk oGm;uefawmhNyD;? ysm;&nfyv k if;eJY a'gif;waumif vuf
aqmifay;ygw,f/ a½Tw*d b kH &k m;udk wufa&mufz;l arQmMf uygw,f/ uGejf rLepfawG bk&m;zl;w,fqakd wmhvnf; wtHwMoaygh/
olwUkd uvnf; Adv k af e0if;vdk *i,fauGUauGUwmvm; vkyjf ywmvm;/ bmyJjzpfjzpf pufwifbmvqef;rSm olwUkd
wu,faqG;aEG;rSK pwifMuNyDqakd wmh usaemfwYkd ausmif;om;a&m jynfoyl g 0rf;omMuygw,f/ usaemfwUkd 1956 ckEpS f
avmufwkef;u wufwuf<u<uvkyfcJhMuwJh Nidrf;csrf;a&;vSKyf½Sm;rSKrsm;udk jrifa,mifvmMuygw,f/ tJonfwkef;u
34 or*¾ pmpOf

qdkcJhwJhoDcsif;awG ausmif;om;awG yg;pyfzsm;rSm ½Sdwkef;yg/
Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf___at;vsufraecsifonf___vlom;taygif;wdkUu___
awmif;qdk&rnf__wcJeufa<u;aMumfoHawGnD__wdkUausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;u
a½SUwef;uomyg0ifrnf___tem*wfArmjynf___om,mpdkajyrnf___
trsm;pkqE´wifjyrnf___jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&;omvdkygonf___/
awmfveS af &;aumifpb D ufrS Adv
k rf LS ;BuD;apmjrifu h OD;aqmifí AuybufrS &JabmfaX;uacgif;aqmif aqG;aEG;
Muygw,f/ owif;pmrsm;twGif; zwf&wmtm;&p&myg/ xdktwGif; ref;bZHacgif;aqmifwJh autif,l? EdkifbvGif
acgif;aqmifwhJ rGejf ynfopf? apmarmf&,f acgif;aqmifwhJ u&ifet D rsdK;om;wd;k wufa&;ygwDwUkd uvnf;? oH;k ygwDaygif;
NyD; aqG;aEG;zdUk a&muf½v dS mjyefygw,f/ aemuft'J o D ;kH ygwDeUJ Auyyg aygif;vdu k Nf yD; r'nwtaeeJU qufaqG;aEG;Muyg
w,f/ awmfveS af &;aumifpb D ufu Adv k rf LS ;BuD;apmjrift h pm; Adv k rf LS ;BuD;vS[efukd ajymif;vJacgif;aqmifapcJyh gw,f/
Adv
k rf LS ;BuD;vS[ef 0ifvmuwnf;u avoHenf;enf; ajymif;vmygw,f/
usaemfwUkd ausmif;xJrmS vnf; ausmif;wufMu&if;uyif tjyifuNidr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ *,ufrsm;u ½ku d cf wf
aeygw,f/ or*¾taqmufttHkav;xJrSmyJ Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ wdk;wufrSKtajctaeawGudk vdkufygem;axmif
aqG;aEG;Muygw,f/ ausmif;om;awGtwGif; Nidrf;csrf;a&;vSKyf½Sm;rSKwuf<uaeapzdkY vufurf;pmapmifawG½kdufxkwf
Muygw,f/ qJAif;Zlvikd f txdr;f trSwf vufurf;pmapmifav;rsm;uvnf; yHEk ySd ef w J rsdK;? pmul;pufeUJ wrsdK; yvlysHatmif
xGuv f mygw,f/ vrf;ab;rSm pmapmifav;awGcsNyD; ud, k zhf momud, k f yduk q f aH y;,l&wJh ta&mif;pcef;uav;rsm;vnf;
½Sdvmygw,f/ aps;uvnf; rrsm;yg? ESpfq,fhig;jym; tvGefaygh/
usaemfwdkYwufaewJh ynma&;r[mXmerSmvnf; XmerSL; ajymif;vmygw,f/ vlr[kwfawmhyg/ 'kwd,
AdkvfrSL;BuD;wa,muf jzpfvmygw,f/ oluawmhajym½Smygw,f? olu ppfAdkvfayrJh ppfwdkufwJhAkdvfr[kwfygbl;wJh/
'gaMumifv h nf; tckynma&;r[mXmeudak &mufvmwmygwJ/h olUudo k nfrydUk cif ta½SUOa&myuGe`f rlepfEikd if rH sm;&JY ynm
a&;pHepfawGukd vSnv hf nf avhvmapcJyh gw,f/ olu qd½k , S v f pfynma&;pHepftaMumif; a[majymwwfygw,f/ Adv k af e0if;
wu,fyJ qd½k , S vf pf0g'vufcNH yDvm;/ 'gayrJh ausmif;vm&if ,leaD zmif;tNrJ0wfvmwmudak wmh Munfrh &Edik yf g/
Nidr;f csr;f a&;aqG;aEG;yGrJ sm;twGi;f wjznf;jznf;½kyv f ;kH ay:vmwJt h csuu f awmh yxr typftcwf&yfpaJ &; &zd/Yk
tJ'v D &kd zdrYk mS vnf; r'nwbufu wjynfv;kH typftcwf&yfpzJ Ykd wifjyMuw,f/ ppftpd;k &bufuawmh AuywyfawGeUJ
r'nwwyfawGuk d ae&moD;oefpY ak y;Ny;D rS tJ'J aD e&mawGuk d typftcyf&yfpzJ Y k d wifjyvmcJMh uygw,f/ tJonftjyif 'Dvpkd x k m;wJh
ae&mwcku ae&mwckukd c&D;oGm;vmqufo, G rf ,fq&kd if 'De,fajr&JUppfwikd ;f rSL;&JY cGijhf yKcsu, f zl Ykd wifjyvmygw,f/ Auy
eJU r'nwwdu Yk vnf; onfvpkd pk nf;xm;NyD;rS tJonfae&mudk ppftpd;k &buf taMumif;Mum;vdu k &f if 0dik ;f ywfywd q f Ykd txm;
cHae&rSmayghvYkd oHo,½Sv d mMuygw,f/ 'gayrJh olw[ Ykd m yPmrud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;omjzpfvYkd 'Dupd u ö kd olw&Ykd YJ tmPmydik f
tzGUJ tpnf;rsm;xHukd wifjyay;ygr,fvYkd qdMk uygw,f/ tJonfrmS yJ Nidr;f csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yG[ J m enf;enf; rajyvnfp
jyKvmw,fvYkd xifjrifvm&ygawmhw,f/ Nidr;f csr;f a&;udv k v kd m;MuwJh jynfoal wGuawmh aqG;aEG;yGaJ tmifjrifapvdyk gw,f/
usaemfwUk d ausmif;om;tzGUJ tpnf;awGuvnf; onfoabmxm;ygyJ/ 'Dvek d Y J jynfol ausmif;om;oabmxm;udk ud, k pf m;jyKwh J
jynfoUl aumfrwDu Nidr;f csr;f a&;qE´jyyGrJ sm;vkyzf Ykd pDpOfMuygawmhw,f/
F
or*¾ pmpOf 35

armifrek ;f atmif
(10)
1956-57-58 ckESpfawG twGif;rSm q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrSdKif;&JUol remudk,frem Nidrf;csrf;a&; vSKyf½Sm;rSKBuD;

[m wuúodkvf ausmif;om;xktwGif; us,fus,fjyefYjyefU pdrfh0ifcJhygw,f/
wdkYq&mBuD;rdSKif;&JY ta&;awmfyHk__ Nidr;f csr;f a&;&JUta&;awmfyHk__ rsuEf SmpHkpHknDnD__ awGUqHkajz½Si;f rS__
ajyat;r,fvdkU,Hk__ olremudk,fremenf;yJ ajz½Sif;Edkifr,f,Hk_/
q&mBuD;ocifudk,fawmfrSdKif;u Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf awmxJuvlrsm;udk oGm;awGUvdkaMumif; xdkpOfu
ajymcJhygw,f/ oGm;vdku oGm;cGifhjyKygw,f? vHkNcHKa&;awmh tmrrcHygqdkwJh taetxm;rSmyJ awmwGif;u Auy
ud,k pf m;vS,Af v kd &f x
J #G u
f q&mBuD;xH vma&mufawGUqHyk gw,f/
'DvNkd idr;f csrf;a&; vSKyf½mS ;rSKrsm; wuf<ucsderf sm;rSm usaemfwUkd ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; Nidr;f csrf;a&;twGuf
wuf<uvSKyf½mS ;cJMh uygw,f/
oHCmawmft½Sifjrwfrsm;eJU___ tvkyform;v,form;__ ausmif;om;vli,fvl½G,ftukef___
a[h_nDnGwfMu__ a[_ nDñGwfMuygukef__
jynfwGif;Nidrf;csrf;a&; oDcsif;rsm;? urÇmhNidrf;csrf;a&; oDcsif;rsm; usaemfwdkY wuúodkvf y&0kPftwGif;
us,fus,f avmifavmif ½Scd yhJ gw,f/ ausmif;olausmif;om;awGusif;ywJh yGv J rf;obif tcrf;tem;rsm;rSm rygrjzpf
oDcsif;awGaygh/
pmoifcef;awGvnf;csw d yf w
d _f _ qdwNf idru
f m___ tEkjrLAHk;ydwyf pfyg__ ppfukrd vdkyg__ ppfukrd vdkyg__
Nidrf;csrf;a&;om__ Nidrf;csrf;a&;om____ ay;omay;Muyg__
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b,fvrkd sm;wGNJ yD; rSwrf w S &f & jzpfaerSe;f awmhrodyg/wuúov D m jruRef;om[m Nidr;f csrf;&me,fajryg omref oDcsif;rsm;
rSmawmifrS Nidrf;csrf;rSKudkjrwfEdk;pGm xnfhoGif;pyfqdkwwfMuygw,f/
jruRef;ñdkñdk__ uGef;cdk&mwuúodkvfrSmBuHK__ pmay*DweJUom___ tEkynm__ tpprSmvnf;pHk__
aw;yOöifNidrfhNidrfhanmif;___ pkaygif;ygvdkYoDusL;yHk_____ aw;r*Fvm__ b0ifrSmat;___
Nidrf;csrf;Muapukef____/
þrQ Nidrf;csrf;a&;udkjrwfEdk;wJh e,fajr[m Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ&JUwif;rmrSKrsm;udk rvdkvm;Edkifyg?
rsufEmS pHnk aD wGUMuNyD;umrS ysuf&rSmudk rvdv k m;Edik yf g? x&Hum0g;uyfr;kd or*¾½;Hk cef;rSm wuo jyefvnfzUJG pnf;a&;
udk cPxm;? Nidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf vIyf½Sm;Muygawmhr,f/
wuo? AuoeJU &uowdkU[m jynfolUaumfrwDeJY ñSdEdSKif;NyD; ajcmufc½kdifNidrf;csrf;a&; qE´jycsDwufyGJudk
vSKUH aqmfMuygawmhw,f/ wuotrSKaqmif udñ k 0kd if;u OD;pD;aumfrwDrmS ygygw,f/ twGi;f a&;rSL;vdYk xifygw,f/
om,m0wDc½kdif? tif;pdefc½kdif? yJcl;c½dkif? [Hom0wDc½kdifeJY &efukefc½kdifawGyg/
ud,k chf ½dik t
f vdu k ?f tvkyf orm;? v,form;? vufvyk v f ufpm;? ausmif;om; tp½Swd hJ vlwef;pm; vTmtzHzk kH
pnf;½k;H csDwufvmMuwm[m om,m0wDc½dik f rif;vSu ta0;qH;k aygh/ ajcvsifcsDwuf&wmrdYk vrf;wavQmufuvnf;
36 or*¾ pmpOf

pm;p&m em;p&m tdyfp&m awGudk pDpOfMu&ygw,f/ Edk0ifbmv (10) &ufaeY nrSmawmh tif;pdefc0JNcHudk a&mufMu
ygw,f/
wuúov kd uf aq;ausmif;om;awG? q&m0efjzpfp ausmif;om;a[mif;awGvnf; oGm;a&mufjyKpk Muygw,f/
tJ'rD mS ntdyNf yD; aemufaeY reufrmS awmh qufvufcsDwufMuwm &efuek w f uúov kd 0f if;twGi;f ,le, D aH [mif;wae&m
uGuv f yfu?kd (11)em&Davmufa&mufNyD;? xrif;pm;Muygw,f/ usaemfwUkd ausmif;om;rsm;u? 'DcsDwufvmwJh vltyk Bf uD;
pm;zdkY xrif;xkyfrsm; aumufcHxm;cJhMuygw,f/ jidrf;csrf;a&; qE´b,favmufjyif;jy ovJqdk&if? &efukef NrdKUe,f
&yfuu G tf oD;oD;u xrif;xkyaf wG[m vdw k mxufawmif ydak eygao;w,f/xrif;xkyf wode;f cGaJ vmuf &ygw,f/
,leD,Ha[mif; wae&muGufvyfrSmawmh tjymcHrSmcsdK;jzL½kyftvHrsm;eJY teDcHrSmpuf0dkif; xJu ½kef;xGuf
aewJh a½T0ga&mif cGyfa'gif;½kyfeJU tvHawG[m? tpDt&DwvlvlvGifh aeygw,f/ xrif;pm;NyD;aemuf atmifausmf
ausmufwdkifa½SUrSm pdkufxlxm;wJh Nidrf;csrf;a&; csdK;NzLtvHeJY cGyfa'gif;tvHawGudk tav;jyKNyD;? onftvHESpfrsdK;udkyJ
udik pf v JG iT x
hf u
l m jynfvrf;rbufukd xGuNf yD; qufvufcsw D ufMuygw,f/ onfae&mupNyD;awmh? wuúov kd f ausmif;om;
awG ygvmNyDrdkU vltiftm;[m rqHk;EdkifwJh vlwef;BuD; jzpfvmygawmhw,f/
usaemfuyxrawmh a½SYydkif;vlxJ0if csDwufcJhNyD;? ajreDukef; t0dkif;usawmh&yfNyD;? tv,fujzwfvdkY
a½SUaemufvlwef;udk Munfhrdygw,f/ ajreDukef;t0dkif;utedrfhrdkUvdkY ESpfbufpvHk; jrifuGif; aumif;ygw,f/ tvHeD
tvHjymawG wvlvlvGifhvdkYcsDwufaewJh ESpfbufvlwef;BuD;&JY jrifuGif;[m tm;&p&mygyJ/
nae(5)em&DomomrSm NrdKYawmfcef;ra½SUu r[mAE¨Kvyef;NcHbufrSm vltkyfBuD;pk½kH;rdygawmhw,f/
NrdKaY wmfcef;ra½SU r[mAE¨Kvvrf;rBuD; jynfo h mG ;ygw,f/ r[mAE¨Kvrf;rSm ajy;qGaJ ewJh um;awGuawmh vrf;aMumif;
ajymif;oGm;wmaygh/ &efuek t f a½SUydik ;f eJw
Y jcm; odrjf zLwdYk omauwwdu Yk vlawGyg xyfjznfv h u
kd af wmh vlEpS o f ed ;f avmuf
½So
d mG ;ygw,f/ Nidr;f csrf;a&; a<u;aMumfoaH wGeYJ a[majymaewmawGukd yDyo D oawmif rMum;&awmhygbl;/ vltyk Bf uD;&JU
wa0ga0gtoHxJrSm twdkuftcdkuf &yfpJxm;zdkY? A[dktqifhcsif;aqG;aEG;zdkUeJU vlxkudk tpOftoday;aezdkUawGawmh
oJo h rhJ yDro Mum;vdu k &f ygw,f/
cPMumawmh rdk;pufuav;rsm; wzGJzGJ usvmygw,f? aESmif;rdk;aygh armvmcdkuf a&at;at;eJU
awGUvdkufawmhoabmusoGm;ygw,f/a0;..ueJx atmfvdkufMuygw,f/ a[majymaewJh toHudktkyfoGm;wmygyJ/
rdk;uwjznf;jznf;BuD;vmw,f/ 'gayrJh csufjcif;awmh vlpk ruGJao;ygbl;/ rdk;qdkwm Nidrf;csrf;a&;&JU oauFwvdkY
awmif ,lqvdu k Mf uygao;w,f/ aemufarSmifvnf;arSmifvmawmhrS vlpu k o
JG mG ;ygawmhw,f/
or*¾ pmpOf 37

armifrek ;f atmif
(11)
aemufwaeU xkwfowif;pmawGrSmawmh ajcmufc½kdkif Nidrf;csrf;a&; csDwufyGJeJY ywfoufwJh "gwfyHkawGa&m owif;

awGa&m NrdKifNrdKifqdkifqdkif ygvmygw,f/ jynfolvlxk\ Nidrf;csrf; a&;qEúdk tm;vHk;odoGm;MuavNyD/ 'gayrJh
wcsdKU owif;pm aqmif;yg;rsm;rSmawmh awmwGif;tzGJUtpnf;awGu Ncdrf;ajcmuf vSHKUaqmf vdkufvdkU csDwufvmwJh
vlxk jzpfEdkifp&m ½Sdw,fvdkY a&;Muygw,f/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpD udk,fwdkifuvnf; 'DvdkyJ xifwJhtjyif olYudk
EdkifiHa&; zdtm;ay;rSKvkyfw,fvdkY ,lqygw,f/trSefawmhvnf; EdkifiHa&;zdtm;ay;w,fqdkcsifqdk jynfolvlxk
taeeJYawmhrdrdwdkY qEúdk onfvdkrSrjy&if b,fvdkvkyf&rSmvJ/ wjcm;enf;r½SdvdkYvnf; jynfol aumfrwDeJY usaemfwdkY
ausmif;om;awG BudK;yrf;pnf;½kH; aqmif½GufcJhwmyg/
usaemfh rSmvnf; onf&uftwGif; ausmif;rwufjzpfí? ynma&; r[mXme uowif;jywfaeygw,f/
ausmif;rSefrSefwufwJh todwa,mufu twef;xJwGifusaemfh trnfudkac:í tckESpfrSm oD;qpf(pmwrf;) a&;OD;rSm
vm;vdaYk r;w,fqw kd majymygw,f/ rSeyf gw,f?bDt;D 'Doifwef;&J'Y w k ,
d ESprf mS pmar;yG&J YJ wpdwf wa'otjzpf oD;qpfwck
wifoiG ;f &r,fjzpfygw,f/ pmwrf;acgif;pOfu wifNyD;ygNyD? pmwrf;rSm yg0ifrahJ cgif;pOf i,frsm;qufwif &OD;rSmyg/
onf&uftwGi;f tjyiftvkyaf wGaMumifh pmwrf;taMumif; acgif;xJrmS r½Syd g/ aemufaeYrS q&mrudk oGm;awGUr,fvYkd
qH;k jzwf vdu k yf gw,f/
Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ tajctae uvnf;wif;rm vmygw,f/ awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu ajcmufc½kdif
qE´jyyG[ J m Ekid if aH &;zdtm;ay;wm jzpfw,f/ NrdKUay:,l*sDawG udjk yefaz:NyD; ygwDpnf;½k;H a&; vkyaf ew,f/ Nidr;f csrf;a&;
aqG;aEG;yGJudk taMumif;jyKNyD; r½kd;rom; vkyfwmudkrBudKufyg/ 'gaMumif'gawG udk&yfwefUNyD;? rlvwifjyxm;wJh
tcsufawGukd oabmwlrwl (14)&ufaeYtaMumif;jyefygvdYk &ufowfvu kd yf gw,f/ r'wud, k pf m;vS,f rsm;uvnf;
Nidr;f csrf;a&; qE´jyyGu J pd rö mS olwUkd ya&m*rygbl;vdUk jiif;ygw,f/ tJonfvkd owif;awG xGuaf ewke;f yJ rEåav;uvnf;
ig;c½kdif Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ vkyfr,fvdkY aMujimvdkufygw,f/
tajctae uawmh raumif;vSyg/ usaemfhpmwrf;twGuf acgif;pOfi,frsm; tjrefwifoGif;&ygw,f/
q&mrBuD;u tjyiftvkyfeJY ausmif;tvkyf cGJjcm;NyD; wckpD NyD;jywfatmif vkyfzdkY owday;ygw,f/ acgif;pOfi,frsm;
udak wmh tvG,w f ulyJ vufcH vdu k yf gw,f/ xH;k pHtwdik ;f qd&k if q&mrBuD;taeeJU acgif;pOfi,frsm;udk tvG,w f ul
vufcaH vhr½Syd g/ jyifyEdik if aH &;tajctaeawGeYJ ausmif;om;awG qufpyfaeyHu k kd od½edS m;vnf½rHk Qru? 1936 ckEpS u f
oydwfarSmufausmif;ola[mif;wa,mufvnf; jzpfvdkYom pmempdwfeJY vufcHvdkuf[ef wlygw,f/ aemufNyD;awmh
vmrJh&ufydkif;rSm bmawGjzpfvmr,fqdkwm raojcmwmaMumifhqdku ydkrSefygvdrfhr,f/
trsm;uxifxm;wJhtwdkif;ygyJ Nidrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ[m Edk0ifbmv(14)&ufaeYrSm ysufoGm;ygw,f/
awmxJuvmwJh Nidrf;csrf;a&; udk,fpm;vS,fawGudkawmh? owfrSwfwJhae&mawGudk vdkufydkUvdkufygNyD/ BudKwifaMujim
xm;wJt h wdik ;f oH;k &uftwGi;f vdu k v f H wduk cf u
kd jf cif;? zrf;qD;jcif; rvkyyf g/ awmxJu ud, k pf m;vS,rf sm;udo
k m zrf;qD;jcif;
rvkyfwmyg? NrdKYay:u Nidrf;csrf;a&;aqmif½GufwJh jynfolUaumfrwD0ifawGeJU? ausmif;om;awGudkawmh? &ufrqdkif;
pwif zrf;qD;ygawmhw,f/
38 or*¾ pmpOf

wuúov kd 0f if;twGi;f ausmif;om;awG wxdwx f w
d jf zpf& jyefygNyD/ ausmif;om;awGukd zrf;½krH u rESpu f vdk
0ifypfO;D rSmvm;? 0ifowfO;D rSmvm;? nydik ;f rsm;rSm ausmif;0if;wHcg;awGukd owd½½dS dS ydwMf u&ygw,f/ ausmif;om;awG
pka0;NyD; tajctae apmifMh unf&h ygw,f/ taqmifawGrmS nbuf vlprd ;f t0iftxGuu f kd tuJcwf&w,f/ nbufrmS
twif;0ifzrf;rSmvnf; pd;k &dr&f ygw,f/ bmjyKvdv Yk nf;qdak wmh? ckwcg olwzYkd rf;qD;wmrSm ta&;BuD;wJh ausmif;om;
awGudk olwdkY zrf;rrdvdkufMuvdkY ygyJ/ ausmif;xJrSm wnfNidrfrSKysufjym;oGm;ygNyD/ pmvnf;rMunfhEdkifMuawmhyg/
rMunfv h Mkd uawmhyg/ ESpaf ygif;rsm;pGm wbufew YJ buf taotaMuwdu k cf MhJ uwJh tzGUJ tpnf;awG rsuEf mS pHn k aD wGUqHNk yD;rS
NAHK;ueJ aqG;aEG;yGJ ysufoGm;cJhwm/
Ed0k ifbmv ukeu f meD; w&ufrmS ordik ;f csnfrQifeUJ txnfpuf tm;upm;uGi;f twGi;f Nidr;f csrf;a&;aqG;aEG;yGJ
ysufomG ;wmudk axmufcw H hJ vlxt
k pnf;ta0; wckusif;yygw,f/ onftpnf;ta0;u jyefvmMuwJh um;awG[m
vSn;f wef; t0dik ;f BuD;em;usawmh toHyu kd s,v f mMuygw,f/ ausmif;om;awGukd vSr;f pwJh oabmvm;awmh rodygbl;/
txl;ojzifh t0dik ;f BuD;eJY teD;qH;k &mrnaqmifu ausmif;om;awGu a'gyGMuw,f/ 'Dtcsderf mS wdu k wf ukd qf ikd q
f ikd yf J
ausmif;om;wa,muf armif;vmwJh ud, k yf ikd u
f m;wpD;eJY ppfo;kH a 'gh*spfum;wpD;wdYk urm½Gw*f wfwt J eD; &mrnaqmif
a½SUem;rSm rxdwxd wdu k rf Md uygw,f? um;arSmufwm ysufwmawG rjzpfygbl;/ ausmif;om;um;u &mrnaqmifxu J
xGuw f m a'gh*spfu t½Sed jf yif;wmaMumifh b&dwef if;vdu k af wmh toHus,fomG ;w,f? onfrmS *wfxu J &JawGuvnf;
`ylwpf`ylwpf vkyw f ,f? 'gudk jrifawmh a'gh*spfay:ygvmwJh ppfom; oH;k av;a,mufu ckeq f if;Muw,f? wu,fuawmh
bmrSvnf; rjzpf&if a'gh*spfum; uvnf; qufarmif; oGm;&if NyD;aewm? olu&yfNyD; ausmif;om;um;qDukd vmw,f?
onfrmS wif toHus,fus,fMum;&wJh &mrnaqmifu ausmif;om;awGu pkNyHK xGuv f mMuwmaygh? ausmif;om;tkyu f kd
jrifawmhrS ppfom;awG um;ay:jyefwufNyD; armif;zdkYjyifawmh pufrEdk;awmhbl;? onfawmh ausmif;om;awGuvnf;
ppfum;qD 0dik ;f oGm;Muawmh ppfom;awGvnf; vlvw G f qif;ajy;Muwmaygh/ urm½Gw*f gwfwu J &JawGuawmh taMumif;
ody?J b,fxu G v
f mMuawmh rvJ? tcsdeu f vnf; naeapmif;oGm;NyD? aeYvnfwnf;u wEHEYk jkHY zpfaewJh ausmif;om;tkyef ?YJ
vlvw G x f u G af jy;vdYk um;cGcH snf; usefaewJph pfum; bmjzpfMurvJ? ½Si;f ½Si;f av;yg? urm½Gw*f wfwb J ufukd wGe;f a½TUNyD;?
vrf;ab; yvufazgif;ay:udk apmif;wifvdkufw,f? qDwdkifuDtzHk;zGifhw,f? "gwfqDeH axmif;ueJ xwJhtcsdefrSm
um;udk xyfvSdrfhNyD;? vSefvdkufw,f/ NyD;awmh z,fMuz,fMu "gwfqDayaewJholawG a0;a0;oGm;Mu atmfoHawG
ay:vmNyD; rMumcify?J 0ke;f ueJ rD;awmufBuD;xvmw,f/ *gwfwu J v kd nf; ½SUdk uGmqdw k hJ toHwoH ausmif;om;xJu
ay:vmao;w,f? 'gayrJh *gwfwaJ wmh r½SUdk jzpfygbl;/ um;rD;½SUdk &wm avmufrS rvG,w f m/ ausmif;om;awG ausmif;xJ
jyef0ifvmygw,f/ 'gygyJ aemufxyf bmrSrjzpfygbl;/
tJonfnvm;? aemufw&ufvm; wuúodkvfawGudk ydwfvdkufNyDvdkU aMujimvdkufjyefygNyD/ ausmif;om;
awGuvnf; rjyefb;l ? wdaYk usmif;xJrmS yJ tdrrf jyefyJ qE´jyaer,fqw kd hJ oabmxm;awGukd nydik ;f vrf;ay: tpnf;ta0;
awGrmS qH;k jzwfMuygw,f/ tJonftcsed rf mS awmh or*¾waJ v;qD roGm;&Jb;l / 'gu wuúov kd &f yd o
f mvrf;eJU uyfaewm
r[kwv f m; ausmif;om;aumfrwDwckuv kd nf; zGUJ vdu k Mf uw,f/ vrf;ñTerf KS ay;zdaYk ygh/ ppftpd;k &uvnf; ausmif;om;rdb
awGukd ud, k o hf m;ud, k o hf rD; vmac:MuzdYk aMujimw,f/
waeY nae usaemf tcef; jyefa&mufawmh usaemfh tcef;az: udkatmifoef;ursufvHk;BuD;jyL;Munfh&if;?
“at;..rif;uavQmufomG ;ae rif;r½Sw d ke;f tcef;vm½SmvdkY pm½Gupf mwrf;awG awGUomG ;&if rif;tpm;
ighywfaerSm/ 'gaMumifh rif;aowÅmxJu pm½Gupf mwrf;awG? ausmif;eJY rqdkiw f m igtukef rD;½SkUd ypf
or*¾ pmpOf 39

armifrek ;f atmif
vku
d w f ,f”
usaemf tdyf&matmuf vSefMunfhvdkufygw,f? [kwfygh bmrSr½Sdawmhyg? tdrfuvmwJhpm? oli,fcsif;awG bmawG
qDupm? ausmif;om;aMujimpmwrf;? qJAif;Zlvdkiftxdrf;trSwf pmapmifav;awG tukefrS tukefvHk;yif bmrQ r½Sd
awmhyg/ b,fwwfEdkifrvJ? oluvnf; pdk;&drfwwfoludk; . . ./
“aeygOD;As? b,folawGu ausmif;ay:wuf½SmrSmrdkU cifAsm; 'Davmuf aMumufae&wmvnf;”
“at;..rif;u avQmufomG ;aewm? wdzYk mhuvwD (ynma&;r[mXme)bufu jyefawmh toHviT ½hf x Hk rJ mS
ppfom;wifxm;wJhum;awG? b&if;u,f&D,mawGtrsm;BuD;a&mufaeNyD”
[kwyf gw,f? ausmif;ydwv f ukd w
f ,f qdak yrJh ynma&; r[mXme bufuakd wmh? rydwb f ;l vdv
k rkd Ykd olwaYkd wG a&mufrmS aygh?
ausmif;a½SUu toHvTifh½kHxJrSm vSKyfvSKyf½G½G jrifcJh&ayraygh/
“b,favmufrsm;rvJ”
“½k;d ½k;d ppfum;wifwJh x&yfum;awGwifESpq f ,f?oHk;q,favmufawmh½Srd ,f”
'gqdk&ifawmh ausmif;udk atmfya&;½Sif; vkyfr,fxifw,f/ usaemf uysmuoDjyefxGuf &jyefw,f/
“a[h..wifarmif ckn jyefvmrSmvm; rif;rjyef&if rif;aowÅmawG tdyf&mvdyfawG igtjyif
xkwx f m;r,faemf”
oluwarSmif/h
“[mAsm.. cifAsm;BuD;uvnf; jyefvmrSmayghAs vrf;rSmao&ifawmif ol&JtjzpfeJU cifAsm;qD
jyefvmcJhr,f”
ajymajymqdkqdk xGufcJhNyD; ausmif;twGif; taqmiftoD;oD;rSm cdkaeMuolawGudk tajctae vdkufajymyg
w,f wcsdKUvnf; wif;&NyD;rdkY xGufzdkUjyifaeMuNyD wcsdKUuawmh xGufawmifoGm;NyD wcsdKUawmh usaemfajymrSodvdkY
xGufzdkYjyifMuNyD usaemfhudka&m rxGufbl;vm;vdkY ar;Muygw,f? usaemfu t&iftwdkif;yJayghvdkY ajymvdkufygw,f/
'guBudKwif ñSEd KSd i;f xm;wmyg? vSn;f wef;xJu todtrd w f tdrrf mS usaemfwUkd wodu k ñ f MdS uw,f tJonfwek ;f u usaemfwYkd
e,f a jrwm0ef c H u xG e f ; Munf y g/tpOf w pd k u f e,f a jrwm0ef c H j zpf c J h w J h bD a uBuD ; u a'guf w mnD n D w d k Y
udkvS0if;wdkYeJUa&mNyD; rqva&mifa&mif jzpfaecsdefyg/ udk,fhudkudk,f pdwfrcs&ifxGuf? pdwfcsw,f aevdkY&r,fxifwJh
olawGuawmh aecJh ud, k whf m0efu, kd l xGurf v
hJ al wG wm0efcrH odyeJ YJ tydv k al wG rac:cJeh ?YJ usaemfu bDt;D 'Doifwef;om;
qm;Apfrif; (0efxrf;)a,mifa,mif? 'gaMumifha&mNyD; ae&pfr,fvdkU qHk;jzwfxm;ygw,f/
onfn usaemf tr&aqmifujkd yefa&mufawmh taqmifa½SU wuúov kd &f yd o
f mvrf;ay:rSm &yfxm;wJh ppfx&yf
um;awGukd awGU&ygw,f/ ppfom;awGuvnf; vufeuftjynft h pHt
k jyif avSum;wdak v;awGawmif ygvmMu ao;w,f/
&mrnaqmifa½SUrSmvnf; 'Dtwdik ;f yif/ usaemfwYkd tr&aqmifrmS wuúov kd &f yd o
f mvrf;eJY rsufEmS csif;qdik jf zpfwt hJ jyif
usaemfaewmutay:qH;k xyf rsufEmS pmwef;?ypfvu kd &f if usnfqw H ef;0ifvmrSmyg/ atmufxyfeYJ 'kw, d xyfawGrmS u
wHcg;apmif;avmufjrifw h hJ tkwcf akH wG½w dS ,f/ tay:qH;k xyfusawmh tJonftpm; oHyef;awGyJ wyfxm;wm? 'gaMumifh
usaemfwdkY rtdyf&Jatmif jzpfaeygw,f/
cPMumawmh? rD;awGrdSwfoGm;ygw,f? [dktaqmif onftaqmifMunfhvdkuf awmhvnf;? arSmifeJYrJrJyg/
aMomf . .rD;jzwfvu kd Nf yDu;kd / awmfawmfMumawmh atmufxyfqrD S “a&vnf;rvmawmhb;l a[h” qdw k hJ atmfoH awGet YJ wl
arSmifBuD;rJrJxJrSm? qJoHqdkoHawG nHxGufvmygawmhw,f/ a½SUvrf;ay:u ppfwyfeJY jynfvrf;ray:u ppfwyfawG
40 or*¾ pmpOf

qDuawmh bmoHrS rMum;&yg/ pum;ajymwm vrf;oGm;wmawmif cyftyk t f yk jf zpfygw,f/ arSmiferYJ rJ rJ Ykd taqmiftjyif
bufvnf; xGurf Munf&h yJ g/ Mumawmhvnf; usaemfwUkd bufrS qJoq H o kd rH sm;tm;aysmhomG ;ygw,f/
usaemfu tcef;rSm aomufa&rjywf xnfx h m;olrYkd aomufa&riwfyg/ udak tmifoef;u vd&k r,f&"gwfA;l eJY
aumfzD0,fxm;vdkY tajctaerqkd;yg/ onfawmhvnf; vli,fyDyD waeYvHk; oGm;vmvSKyf½Sm;xm;&vdkY yifyrf;NyD;
ypfcsifvnf;ypf jzpfv&kd m jzpfygap tdy&f may: wuftyd v f u kd yf gw,f/udak tmifoef;uawmh usnfu, G af v;&vd&k jim;
ck w if u d k tv,f b uf a ½T U td y f y gw,f / b,f v d k t d y f a ysmf o G m ;rS e f ; rod ud k a tmif o ef ; u vS K yf E d S K ;aerS Ed k ; í
oljy&mMunfhvdkufawmh taqmifa½SUu oH0if;x&Hudk avSum; twdkav;awG axmifwufaewJh ppfom;awGudk
jrif&ygw,f/olwdkYbmawG qufvkyfrvJMunfhvdkufawmh opf&dyfawGrSm tomcdkaewm awGUawmh taqmifay:awmh
wufvmrSm r[kwaf o;bl; qdw k modNyD; jyeftyd v
f u
kd yf gw,f/
or*¾ pmpOf 41

armifrek ;f atmif
(13)
reufusawm hvufaxmuftaqmifrSL;u tcef;wdki;f udk vku d af jymygw,f/ reufpm xrif;pm;NyD;&if udk,hyf pön;f udk,f
tukeo f ,fNyD; taqmifa½SUjrufcif;jyifrSm aeMu&r,fvkdY qdkygw,f/ rsuEf SmopfzkdY udk,v f ufoefYpifzkdYawmif a&r½Sd
xrif;pm;aqmif zefcGufawGxJu a&omaomufoHk;a&½Sdygw,f/ xrif;pm;NyD; tcef;jyef tdyf&mvdyf? pmtkyfawG?
wdvk rD wk pf awG? aowÅmwvH;k xJxnfh t0wfawG 0wfNyD;om;ta[mif;a&m topfygt0wfaowÅmxJxnfh wa,mufypön;f
wa,mufuo l ,fum? tr&aqmifa½SU ydawmufyifawGatmufrmS ae&m,lMuygw,f/ aomufa&td;k udv k nf; atmufo,f
cscJhwmrdkY cPtwGif; a&ukefoGm;yga&m/
a½SUbmvky&f OD;rSmvnf;/ ypön;f awG½mS NyD;? rouFmolawGukd zrf;OD;rSmvm;/ vmrJah b;ajy;awGUaygh/ ajrurÁvm
rSm tdy, f mvdyaf wGay: cGvu kd rf v DS u kd ef UJ pum;wajymajym apmifMh u½kaH ygh/ onfMum;xJ tdk__tdk__tdk_ydawmuf&yd 0f ,f vdYk
0if;OD;toHudk wkí aemuf½Twfqdkaeoluvnf; ½Sdao;w,f/ atmf..ausmif;om;ayudk;/ ppfAdkvfawGu vufxJrSm
a0ghuaD wmhvu f D pum;ajympufawGeYJ waqmifeUJ waqmif qufo, G o
f wif;ydaYk eMuygw,f/ wuúov kd f taqmiftm;vH;k
tydkifpD;rdNyDqdkwmudk ajymaeMuwmyg/
cPMumawmh vufaxmuftaqmifrLS ;udo k mG ;ac:NyD;? taqmifrLS ;udk ajymcdik ;f ygw,f/ taqmifrLS ;u 'DaeY
upNyD; taqmifawGukd ydwv f u kd Nf yD? rMumcif blwm½kv H ukd yf rYkd u
hJ m;? oabFmqdyf um;qdyv f ukd yf rYkd hJ um;awGa&mufvmygr,f/
ud, k ef YJ tqifajyrJh um;eJv Y ukd o f mG ;MuygvdaYk jymygw,f/ ynma&;r[mXmeu ausmif;om;awGuawmh oD;oeft Y pDtpOf½v dS Ykd
tJonf um;awGeYJ vdu k rf oGm;zdaYk jymygw,f/ ausmif;om;wcsdKU pdwrf xde;f Edik af wmhyJ pmtkyaf owÅmawG½u dk cf JG pmtkyaf wG
qkwNf zJ vkyaf eMuygw,f/ tem;rSmvnf; ppfom;awG½v dS ?Ykd tcsif;csif; azsmif;zsMu&ygw,f/
um;BuD;awGtoD;oD; a&mufvmygw,f/ um;BuD;awGqakd yrJh bDtrfum;awGrsm;ygw,f/ blwm½ko H mG ;rJo
h l onf
um;vm? oabFmqdyo f mG ;rJo h l [du k m;oGm;? vufaxmuftaqmifrLS ;uvnf; wm0eft&ajymae&ayrJ?h olvnf; pdwf
raumif;yg/ ausmif;om;tcsdKY rsuf&nfa0a0eJYyJ um;ay:wufoGm;Muygw,f/ b,favmufydwfEdkifrvJuGm? awmf
awmfMum jyefziG rhf mS ayghv?Ykd ud, k zhf mom tm;ay;olvnf;½Syd gw,f/ rdrw d Ykd cspfocl iforl sm;udak wmif ESKwfrqufvu kd &f yg
wum;/ wokwNf yD; wokwf xGuo f mG ;Muygw,f/ usaemfwYkd ynma&;uausmif;om;awGyJ usefygawmhw,f/ aeUvnf
wem&DavmufusrSyif? usaemfwt Ykd wGuf um;awGa&mufvmygw,f/ uJ-wufMu wufMuqdv k o
Ykd m wufMu&ygw,f/
usaemfwYkd b,fa&mufr,freS ;f rodao;yg/ tr&a½SUaygufrS xGuNf yD; jynfvrf;bufcsKd ;auGUygw,f/ jynfvrf;u tif;vsm;
vrf;csKd ;NyD; yk*v H rf;xJ0ifw,f/ yk*v H rf;xJrmS cP&yfum a0ghvu f aD wmhvuf rD sm; ajymMujyefygw,f/ aemufum;jyefxu G Nf yD;
wuúov kd &f yd o
f mvrf;udk csdK;jyefygw,f/ usaemfwYkd taqmifa½SU wcgjzwfarmif;NyD; jynfvrf; auGU jyefygNyD/ [m . .
wywfawmh jynfhoGm;NyDa[h? *syfpifarQmfpif tayguf0rSm auGU0ifNyD; a½Tbdkaqmifa½SUwGif &yfygw,f/ vufaxmuf
taqmifrLS ;u tayguf0rS&yfum? uJ-cifAsm;wdYk 'DtaqmifrmS aeMu&r,f BudKufwt hJ xyf vGww f t
hJ cef;om 0ifaeMu
AsmvdkY c&D;OD;BudK`ykygw,f/ NyD;&if 'dkif;eif;a[mrSm pm&if;ay;MuygwJh/
onfawmhrS usaemfwdkY ynma&;r[mXmewckom? ausmif;rydwfyJ xm;r,fqdkwmudk em;vnf&ygw,f/
wjcm;ausmif;om;wcsdKUu '*Hak qmifoYkd a&mufygw,f/ ausmif;olawGuawmh t&if wDwpD rD mS aewJo h al wGu aeNrJ
42 or*¾ pmpOf

jzpfNyD; usefausmif;olawGuawmh oD&rd mS aeMu&ygw,f/ wuúov kd Bf uD;wckv;kH rSm 'Dausmif;om;? ausmif;ol av;&m
avmufom usef&pfcyhJ gawmhw,f/ vG,v f ,
G u f u
l yl J atmufxyfrmS tcef;wcef;,lvu kd yf gw,f/ rlvtcef;½Siv
f nf;
uysmu,mxGufoGm;&vdkY aomhcavmufrSm aomhwef;vef;eJY pm;yGJay:rSm usef&pfcJhygw,f/
tcef;udk ½Si;f vif;okwo f ifNyD;? tdy&f mcif;? jcifaxmifaxmif? pmtkyaf wGxyk pf ?D t0wfa[mif;awG aowÅmxJu
xkwfNyD; wef;ay:wif pwmawGvkyfNyD; tdyf&may:vSJvdkufygw,f/ aMomf'dkif;eif;a[mrSm pm&if;ay;&OD;rSmygvm;?
'kid ;f eif;a[m (xrif;pm;cef;)u '*Hek YJ a½Tbkd ESpaf qmifMum;rSmjzpfNyD; wxyfu '*H?k wxyfu a½Tbjkd zpfygw,f/ 'dik ;f eif;
a[mrSm pm&if;ay;NyD;awmh? '*Hak qmifu todawGeYJ awGUNyD;? '*Hb k ufvu kd o
f mG ;ygw,f/ '*Hak qmifa½SUbuf vrf;ay:uae
t"dywdvrf;buf arQmfMunfhvdkufygw,f/ ckwifyJ wuúodkvf&dyfomvrf;u um;jzwfarmif;vmcJhayrJh? wuo
taqmufttHkbuf vSnfhrMunfh jzpfcJhyg/
usaemfwdkY topfaqmuf xm;cJhwJh? x&Hum0g;uyfrdk;? or*¾taqmufttHkuav; b,fvdkaeygvdrfh/
usaemfhrdwfaqGeJYtwl '*Hka½SUvrf;rS wjznf;jznf; t"dywdvrf;buf avQmufvmcJhygw,f/ vrf;ab;opfyif&dyfawG
rSmawmh ppfom;wa,mufp ESpaf ,mufp vnf;awGUygw,f/ reufwek ;f uvdk trsm;tjym;awmh r½Sad wmhyg/ usaemfwUkd
qufavQmufvmygw,f? usaemfwUkd vkyd J q&mawG&UJ tdrx f u
J vl wa,mufp ESpaf ,mufpvnf; awGUygw,f/ ppfom;
awGu bmrQrar;yg? rajymyg tapmifhtjzpf csefxm;cJh[efwlygw,f/
usaemfwdkY wuouGufvyfBuD;a½SUudk a&mufcJhygNyD/ bmrQr½Sdawmhyg/ vrf;buf opfyifBuD;atmufrSm
ausmif;zGifhpwkef;u aqmufxm;cJhwJh x&Hum0g;uyfrdk; wuo taqmufttHkwJuav; r½Sdawmhyg/ atmifausmf
ausmufwikd f teD;u wvlvv l iG ahf ewJh cGyaf 'gif;tvHvnf; r½Sad wmhyg/ usaemfwUkd qufavQmufvmygw,f/ twdt k p
trdKS ufo½ku d rf sm;yifrusefyg/ tuke½f iS ;f oGm;ygawmhw,f/ wJae&mudk ajrzdUk xm;wJh ajrrdUk rdUk av;yif rusef wnDwnf;
jzpfatmif jzefYoGm;yHk&ygw,f/ aMomf . . raeYnwnf;u? olwdkY tifeJYtm;eJY atmfya&;½Sif; wckvdk 0ifvmcJhwmyJ/
tkwyf wfum; aqmufvyk x f m;wJ?h t"du& ordik ;f 0if taqmufttHBk uD;udak wmif wntwGi;f rdik ;f uyfNyD; NzdKcJah o;wmyJ/
tckvdk ajrmwdkifxlNyD; x&Hum 0g;uyfrdk; wJuav;avmufawmh vG,fvG,fyJ zsufayraygh/
tpteyifrusefap&yg/
ausmif;om;awGowfwek ;f uvnf; onfvykd J tpterusefap&yg/
aemifvnf; olwYkd vkyEf ikd o f avmufawmh vkyMf uayOD;aygh/ tpte rusefatmif wu,fyJ vkyEf ikd rf mS vm;/
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THE UNION PUBLISHING or*¾ pmpOf 45

P.O Box (102), Mae Ping P.O, Chiang Mai (50301) Thailand

MG Mon Aung

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