02

GUEZOURI Aek Lyce Maraval - Oran

01
A

R = r0 r0 r0 = 1,3 fm

R = 1,3 3 64 = 5,2 fm = 5,2 10 15 m

3

R
3,7
-15
= =A
3,7 10 m = 23
1,3
r0
02
:
0,6 m

ZnS .
: ) (0,01%
.
.
.
: .

D = 2 R R = 1,3 3 197 = 1,3 5,82 = 7,56 fm : Au

197

D = 2 7,56 = 15,12 fm
4
R R' 3
3
m 197 1,67 10 24
= =V
= 19,3 g/cm3 = 1,7 10 23 cm 3

19,3

=V

3V 3 3 1,7 10 23
R' = 3
R ) (1 = 1,6 10 8 = 1,6 10 5 fm
=
12,56
4
'D
21164 D = 1,6 105 2 = 3,2 105 fm
D
21164 .
: .
03

1 17 3 K
5 K :
2 X

40
20

39

40

41

34

46

.
A
19

39

40

41

)(1

 3 . x1 x2 K
x1
x
+ 41 2
100
100

39

41

M K = 40 ,96 = 39

x1 + x2 = 100
40,96 = 0,39 x1 + 0,41 x2

x1 + x2 = 100
x2 = 98 % K

x1 = 2 %

39

41

04
B Be Li He

X - 1 . Z
2 X

. Z < 20
- 3 .
B -4

e +

10
5

Be

0
1

10
4

05
-1

Rn + 24He

222
86

Ra

226
88

-2

N 126C + 10 e

-3

C 147N +

0
1

12
7

14
6

-4

Hf + 01 e

174
72

Ta

-5

Pb + 42 He

209
82

Po

213
84

-6

170
70

Yb + 42 He

Hf

174
72

174
73

06

Z+2

)(1

Z+1

) (1 2 . 2
)(2

) (2 + 1 1

) (3 1 1
Z-1

- 2
23
( 12
) Mg

)(3

Z-2

. ( 40
) 20 Ca
N

N+2

N+1

N-1

-3
N = f (Z) Segr Yb
Tm + 01 e

152
69

152
70

Yb

152
70

4 ) ( 15269Tm + .....
- 5 Xe

139
54

Sr

98
38

N = f (Z) Segr .

07
.

) (
:
) ( 214 Bi

) ( 210 Ti
) ( 210 Pb

1
.
2
.

4,468 milliards dannes
24,10 jours
6,70 heures
245 500 ans
75 380 ans
1600 ans
3,8235 jours
3,10 minutes
26,8 minutes
19,9 minutes
164,3 microsecondes
22,3 ans
5,013 jours
138,376 jours

Uranium - 238
Thorium - 234
Protactinium - 234
Uranium - 234
Thorium - 230
Radium - 226
Radon - 222
Polonium - 218
Plomb - 214
Bismuth - 214
Polonium - 214
Plomb - 210
Bismuth - 210
Polonium - 210
Plomb - 206

3 ) ( 214 Bi
e

0
1

Po +

214
84

Ti + 24 He

210
81

Bi

214
83

Bi

4 Pb

206

214
83

) (
) (

08
1 N = N0 e t N0 N
t .

N0
2 N
2
t1 / 2

ln 2

= .

N
m
=
- 3 ) (n :
NA M

=n

)( 1
3

 N NA m M .
NA
N
) (1 N0 = A m0 t m
M
M
NA
N
N N0 m = A m0 e t :
M
M

m = m 0 e t
: 223

0,69 0 ,69
=
= 3,1 10 2 mn 1
t1 / 2
22

m = m 0 e t = 1,0 10 13 e 0.031 60 = 1,5 10 14

- 4 :

m = 15 f g

NA
6 ,023 10 23 1,5 10 14
=m
= 4 10 7
M
223

0,69
4 10 7 = 2 ,1 10 4 Bq :
22 60

= A = N

=N

=N

02

GUEZOURI Aek Lyce Maraval - Oran

11
222 Rn
218 Po
Ra
86
84

- 1 t

226
88

m ( t ) = m 0 e t

)(1

) (t + t ) m( t + t ) = m 0 e ( t + t
1
) m ( t
10

)(2

= ) m ( t + t

) (2 ) (1 = e t :
1
)
10

)(3

10

0,69
= 0,18 j1
3,825

0,69

t1/ 2

2,3
ln 0,1 = - t = 12,7 jrs
0,18

= ) (3

2,3

= . t

- 2 P V = n R T : :
3 N0 :

PV
10 4 2 10 6
=
= 7 ,9 10 6 mol
) RT 8,31 ( 30 + 273

N0 = n NA = 7,9 10-6 6,023 1023 = 4,76 1018

4 N0 t = 0 :

0,69
4,78 1018 = 1013 Bq
3,825 24 3600

= A0 = N 0

100 t = 100 jrs :

A = A0 e t = 1013 e 0 ,18 100 = 1,52 10 5 Bq

=n

 12
- 1 A t t = 0 t .
:

ln 2
t
t1/ 2

= x :

A
A = A0 t = n t1/2 : = n0
2

1 n

ln

= A0e

n ln

A = A 0e

e ln x
5 t1/2

4 t1/2

3 t1/2

2 t1/2

t1/2

A0
= 10 6
32

A0
= 2 10 6
16

A0
= 4 10 6
8

A0
= 8 10 6
4

A0
= 16 10 6
2

)A (Bq

0,69
A = A0 e t - 2 = 0,086 jrs 1
8

107 = 3, 2 107 e 0,086 t t = 13,5 jrs

)A (MBq

3 )ln A = f (t

32

)A = g (t

ln A :

32

40

24

16

)t (j

ln A 17,3 16,6 15,9 15,2 14,5 13,8

16

lnA
10

14

4
2

)t ( j
40

32

24

)t (j
40

32

24

16

- 4 ln A = ln A0 e t :

ln A = lnA0 - t
y = ax + b : ln A = - t + ln A0 :

16

13,5

CB
3
=
:
BA
32 24 3600

= 1,08 10-6 s-1

13

e .

Ba +

0
1

137
56

Cs

137
55

2 E = m c2 : m c .

E = (mCs mBa - me ) c2 = (136,90707 136,90581 0,0005486) c2 932,5 / c2

0,0005486 u
137 E = 0,66 MeV :
N
- 3 . 99 % 100 = 0,01 :
N0

N0 t = 0 N . t
0,69
N
= 0,345an 1
= e t
2
N0
4, 6
ln 0,01 = t = 13,34 ans
0,345

0,69

t1/ 2

ln 0, 01

= t .

14

Pb + x + y

206
82

238
92

1 Pb + x 24He + y -10 e :

206
82

238
92

92 = 82 + 2 x - y

)(1

238 = 206 + 4 x

)(2

) (2 x = 8 : ) (1 y = 6 :
2 N

ln 2
t1 / 2

t 1 / 2
N0
1
=e
N = N0 e t
2
2

=.

3 N Pb = N U 0 NU :

N Pb = N U 0 N U 0 e t = N U 0 (1 e t ) :
-4

) (3 :

N Pb
= 1 e t
NU0

)(2

)(3
)(4

e 1 + : . 1

e = 1,01 1 + = 1 + 0,01 = 1,01

3

= 0,01 : :

0,7
) (4
t1/ 2

0 ,7

t
N Pb
= 1 e t1 / 2
NU0

t t1/2 :

N Pb
N Pb
0,7
= = 1 (1 ) =
t :
= 1 e
NU0
NU0
t 1/ 2
:

1 N Pb
t 1/ 2
0,7 NU 0

= (5) t

m . NA
10 103 6,023 1023
- 5 :
= N = 29, 2 1018 :
206
M

1 6,023 10 23
t = 25,3 10 20
238
) (2

= N Pb

= . NU

. NU 0 = N Pb + NU = 29, 2 1018 + 25,3 1020 = 25,6 1020 NU

29, 2 1018
1

) (5 = 7, 42 107 ans :
18
0,7
2530 10

t = 4,5 109

15
:
) ( .

e .
1 e :

0
1

Mg * +

24
12

Na

0
1

Y+

90
39

Sr

90
38

24
11

2 :

Na

24

Mg

24

Mg

Na

) m = (mNa mMg me
m = 23,98490 23,97808 0,00091 = 5,91 10-3 u
5,51 Mev

24 :

Mg

24

)(1

) (5,51 MeV e

1,37
0

24
12

0
1

3 2 E = 5,51 5,22 = 0,29 MeV

E = 5,22 MeV ) (
: .
. .

4,12

1,37 Mev

) (
:

5,22

2,75 Mev

Elib = mc 2 = 5,91 103 c 2

24
Mg * 12
Mg +

5,51 Mev

)(3
1,1 Mev
)(2

23,98490 u 23,97808 u

932,5
= 5,51 MeV
c2

24

24

)(MeV

 16

-1

e + 139
56 Ba

0
1

Cs

139
55

2 ) (
ln 2 0, 69
=
= 7, 4 102 mn 1
t1/ 2 9, 27

t1/ 2 = 9, 27 s

=
m0 9
= m0
10 10

3 t :

m = m0

m = m0e t m

9
9
= e t
m0 = m0e t
10
10

0,105 = t :
0,105
= 14, 2mn = 1mn 25 s
7, 4 102

=t

4 : (1) A = N

6
m
23 1 10
N = NA
= 6, 023 10
= 43 1014
M
139

0, 69
= 1, 24 103 s
9, 27 60

= ) (1

A = 1, 24 103 43 1014 = 5,3 1010 Bq

17
1 C 147 N + 10 e :

14
6

. .

2 t1/ 2 = 5570 ans

3 A = A0 e t

4 A = 70 Bq A0 = 120 Bq
A = A0 e t
0,69
t
5570

70 = 120 e

4
7
= e 1,23810 t
12
7
ln = 1, 238 104 t
12

t = 3041 ans

 18

12
= 0, 2 s 1 = 0, 2 Bq
60

13, 6
= 0, 226 s 1 = 0,226 Bq
60

= A = 12 mn1

= A0 = 12 mn1

1 .

N0
N
t
N = 0 = N 0e 1/ 2
2
2

A0
A

A0
A
A
t = ln

= e t
A0
A0
A

A = A0 e t - 2

ln

ln 2

= . t1/ 2

t = ln

=t

0, 226
0,125 5570
0, 2
=
= 1009 ans
ln 2
0, 69
5570

ln

-3

= t 1983 1009 974

- 4 1000 > 974 > 700

19
N

1
:

6
6 3

) (Ds . N0
:

N0 = 400
) -
6 1 ( 6

50

. 6

.
6 ...
) (1s . N de lanc Ds restants
. t

) ( (1) N = pN t
p 6 .

1
p
6

= p 1 6

) 6 6

( .

1
1
= p ' = 2
6
3

dN
t 0 ) (1 = pN
dt

N = N 0 e pt

1

2

= p . 50%

N0
N
- 2 = pt
ln = pt
N
N0

ln y = ax

14

13

11

12

6,55 7,84 8,89

10

N0
N

1 1,16 1,42 1,74 1,98 2,16 2,51 2,77 3,25 3,92 4,44

N0
N

0 0,15 0,35 0,55 0,68 0,77 0,92 1,02 1,18 1,36 1,49 1,61 1,88 2,06 2,18

25

24

57,14 66,67
4,20

4,04

23
50
3,91

22

21

19

20

21,05 28,57 30,77 36,36 44,44

3,79

3,60

3,42

3,35

3,05

16
2,77

10,52 14,28
2,66

2,35

N0
N
N0
N

ln

N0
N

8 0,5
= 0,167 s 1
12 2

18

17

16

15

ln

ln

= p=

0,5
2

10

1 1,46 2,03 2,83 3,81 5,33 6,89 9,30 14,28 21,05 33,33
3,50

2,66

3,04

0 0,38 0,71 1,04 1,33 1,67 1,93 2,23

N0
N
N0
N

ln

N0
N

6 0,5
= 0,33 s 1
9 1

ln

= ' p' =

- 3 :

ln 2 0, 69
=
= 4,13 s
0,167
p
ln 2 0, 69
=
= 2, 09 s
p ' 0,33

= t1/ 2
0,5

= t '1/ 2
1

t = 0

- 4 137

t1/ 2 = 30, 2 ans

.
50
6

20
-1

40
0
20 Ca + 1 e

40
18
Ar + +10 e : +

-2

A ( t ) t1/ 2
ln 2

) A (t

40
19 K

40
19 K

=N
8

 - 3 40 : 40

931,5
= ( 39,964 39,9626 0, 000548 ) 931,5 = 0, 79MeV
c2

Elib(1) = ( mK mCa me ) c 2

- 4 40 : 40

931,5
= ( 39,964 39,9624 0, 000548 ) 931,5 = 0,98MeV
c2

Elib( 2) = ( mK mAr me ) c 2

5 .
70 kg :
A ( t ) t1/ 2 5000 1, 28 109 365, 25 24 3600
=
= 2,93 1011
0, 69
0, 69

=N

89
0, 79 2,93 1011 = 2, 07 1020 MeV :
100

= )E 'lib(1

11
0,98 2,93 1011 = 0,32 1020 MeV :
100

= ) E 'lib( 2

Elib = E 'lib(1) + E 'lib( 2 ) = 2,39 1020 MeV

21
24 He + ZA X

-1

232
90Th

A = 232 4 = 228
Z = 90 2 = 88

A
Z X

228
88 Ra

- 2 ) (M ) (NA m0 N0
:
-3

m0 N 0
=
M NA

m0
103
= 6, 023 1023
= 26 1017
232
NA

N0 = N A

( .

....
.

:

N
N
N = 0 = 0,5
N0
2

0,46 0,56 15 jrs < t1/ 2 < 20 jrs

( :

N
= e t
N0

N
N
ln = t
= t
N0
N0

15

20

10

)t (jrs
N
N0

1 0,82 0,68 0,56 0,46

ln

0 0,20 0,38 0,58 0,77

y = a x : . a

N
N0

N
N0

ln

0,5

)t (jrs

0,5
3,85 102
= = 3,85 102 jrs 1
= 4, 45 107 s 1
13
24 3600

0, 69
= 17,9 jrs
3,85 102

ln 2

- 4 : t = 0
A0 = N 0 = 4, 45 107 26 1017 = 1,16 1012 Bq

22
-
1 Z ) A ( .
-2
-3

11
6C

12
6C

0
15
+1 e + 7 N

(6) Z ) N N = 5 (N = 6

15
8O

-
-1

-2

0
1
4
2 He

me = 9,11031 kg

mHe = 2m p + 2mn = 2 (1, 673 + 1, 675 ) 1027 = 6, 7 1027 kg

)

0
+1 e

10

( 7360 .

= t1/ 2

ln

 -
( .
91 - )
1 . N0
2 I

131

400

2 105 Bq . 6 103 Bq
- V
0
60
*
1 e + 28 Ni

-1
- 2(

60
27 Co

60
28 Ni +

m0
1106
= 6, 023 1023
= 1016
60
M

N
( = N
t

60
*
28 Ni

N0 = N A

)(1

( : N : . N
) N = N 0 e t (1 N = t N0 e t

N
( t = A0 e t
t

)(2

= A N ) (2 = A0 e t :

t N 0e t
t

A0 = N 0
( A = A0 e t :
ln A = ln A0 + ln e t

ln A = ln A0 t

( y = ax + b a b . ln A0

lnA

ln A0 .

17, 4 16, 6
(
7 1

17,4

= 0,13 an 1
ln 2
( :
t1/ 2
(

0, 69
= 5, 23 ans = 1, 65 108 s
0,13

= t1/ 2

)t (ans

8,5

23
- 1 ) ( A ) TA ( t1/ 2

0, 69 0, 69
=
= 4, 6 102 jrs 1
15
TA

= A

m0
20
= 6, 023 1023
2 = 53 1021 :
225
M
11

N0 = N A

16,6

4, 6 102
53 1021 = 2,8 1016 Bq
24 3600

= A0 = N 0

3 ) ( :
.
A B C :

mA 3
=

mB 2

t : A

mA
MA

N ( A) = N A

t : B

mB
MB

N( B ) = N A

)(1
)(2

N A .
B A A). M A = M B (

mA 3
=
mB 2

) (1 ) (2 :

)N ( A
) N( B

)(3

B
A

A B ) A N( A) = B N ( B

B 3
=
A 2

3
A = 1,5 4, 6 102 = 6,9 102 jrs 1
2

0, 69
= 10 jrs
6,9 102

ln 2

) N( B

= . B

= TB

- 4 A )= N( A

)N ( A

) (3

)dN( A
dt

B )= N ( B ) + A N( A

) dN( B
dt

B . A

A
A
= ) N( B )N ( A
N
- 5 e B t e A t :
0
A B
A B ( A ) 0

A
= ) N( B .
N ( A ) e A t e B t
0
A B

... : t = t0 NB t0 .
) N( B ) N( B .
= K B e B t + K A e A t :

) dN ( B
dt

12

=K

) dN( B
B e A t
B e B t = A e A t = t
= 0
dt
A e B

B
B e A t ( B A ) t
ln
= ( B A ) t :
=
=e
A
A e B t
B
A
ln B ln A
0, 405
=
=
= 17, 6 jrs
= t0
B A
B A
2,3 102
ln

t0
24

- 1( t = 0 : t = t0
) ( ) (N

dN
= N
dt
dN
+N =
dt

dN

e t + N = e t
dt

e t

dN t
e + Ne t = e t
dt
dN t
e + Ne t
dt

N e t

) ( :

t
t
dt ( N e ) = e

+K

+ Ke t

=N

d
N e t = e t
dt

e t

Ne t =

K .

)(1

: K t = 0 ) N = 0 (
): (1

0 = + K

K ) (1

1 e t

K =

=N

( : t > t0
t0 .

dN
dN
= dt
= N
dt
N
t

dN

) ( = dt :
N
0
K

13

ln N + K = [t ]0
t

 ln N + K = t ln N = t K N = e t K
N = e t e K

)(2

: K
t = t0

N = 1 e t ) (2 1 e t0 = e t0 e K

t0
e
t0

=
=
e 1
t0

e K ) (2

t0
e 1 e t

ln 2 0,69
=
2 = 1, 23 104 an 1 :
t1/ 2 5600

=N

1
3
3

4
4

t :

3
3 N
N = N 0 N 0 = N 0 1 = 0
4
4 4
N
1
0 = N 0e t : = e t
4
4
t = ln 4

N0 N0
= 2
4
2

1,38
= 11201ans
1, 23 104

ln 4

=t

= N t = 2 t1/ 2 = 5600 2 = 11200 ans

0,1 % :

A = A0 e t

)(3

A
0,1
A0
1
= e t
= A ) (3 = A 0 e t
A0 = 0
1000
1000
100
1000

6,9
6,9 = t = 56160 ans
1, 23 104

=t

4 : 4
3 107 Bq ) ( .

N ( t ) 14
NA

=m

)(4

A 14
3 107 14
=
A = N ) (4 = 1,8 104 g
12
23
N A 3,9 10 6,023 10
14

=m

1, 23 104
= 3,9 1012 s 1 : s-1
=
365, 25 24 3600

1
7
)

8
8
N0 N0
= 3
8
2

= N t = 3 t1/ 2 = 3 5600 = 16800 ans

15

02

GUEZOURI Aek Lyce Maraval - Oran

25
1

84 Po

82 Po

:
206
4
82 Pb + 2 He

mHe = 4, 0015 u t1/ 2 = 138, 4 jrs

210
84 Po

2 Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 209,98286 205,97445 4, 0015 ) 931,5 = 6, 43 MeV :

3 :

Ec = 6,43 MeV
4 Ec = 6,43 2,2 = 4,23 MeV : 2,2 MeV
) ( .
5 3 4 .

0, 69
0, 69
=
= 5, 77 108 s 1 :
t1/ 2 138, 4 24 3600

3 1015
= 52 1021 : A = 3 1015 Bq
8
5, 77 10

=N

.


.
50 %
:

50
50

= E
6, 43 +
4, 23 52 1021 = 2, 77 1023 MeV
100
100

26

1u = 1, 66054 1027 kg = 931,5 MeV / c 2

- 1 I

127

2,106831 1025
= 126,87625 u = 126,87625 931,5 MeV / c 2
1, 66054 1027

= m 127I

El = ( 53 1, 00728 + 74 1, 00866 126,87625 ) 931,5 = 1071 MeV

131

2,17329 1025
= 130,8785 u = 130,8785 931,5 MeV / c 2
1, 66054 1027

= m 131I

E 'l = ( 53 1, 00728 + 74 1, 00866 130,8785 ) 931,5 = 1102 MeV

E 'l 1102
El 1071, 6
=
= 8, 41 MeV
=
2 = 8, 44 MeV :
A
A
127
131
E
- 3 ) l( 127 I .
A
27
1 :

2 24 He

7
1
3 Li + 1 p

2 mi m f = 7, 01435 + 1, 00728 2 4, 0015 = 0, 01863 u :

:
3 :

X 1 + X 2 X 3 + X 4 :

X .

mc 2 .
X 1 X 2 ) ( .

m1c 2 + Ec1 + m2 c 2 + Ec 2 = m3c 2 + Ec 3 + m4 c 2 + Ec 4

2
) ( m1 + m2 ) ( m3 + m4 ) c = ( Ec 3 + Ec 4 ) ( Ec1 + Ec 2

mc 2 = Ec mc 2 = Ec

)(1

m > 0 ) (1 Ec < 0

: .

m < 0 ) (1

Ec > 0

: .

.

Elib = mi m f c 2 :

)(2

mi m f = m mi m f > 0 ) m < 0 ( .

Elib = mc 2

Elib

m .

: Ec1
: Ec2

: Ec3 + Ec3
mLi c 2 + Ec1 + m p c 2 + Ec 2 = Ec 3 + E 'c 3 + 2 mHe c 2 :
Ec2 = 0

( Ec3 + E 'c3 ) = mLi c 2 + m p c 2 + Ec1 2 mHe c 2

Ec1 = 600 keV = 6 105 eV = 0, 6 MeV

( Ec3 + E 'c3 ) = ( mLi + m p 2 mHe) c 2 + Ec1 = ( 7, 01435 + 1, 00728 2 4, 0015) 931,5 + 0, 6 = 17,95 MeV
28
-1

+ 24 He 178 O + 11 p

14
7N

- 2 m = m f mi :

m = mO + m p mN mHe = 16,9947 + 1, 00866 13,9992 4, 0015 = 2, 66 10 3 u

3 : )( .
:
: E1 E1 = Ec1 + mN c 2 + Ec 2 + mHe c 2 :

: E2 :

E2 = Ec 3 + mO c 2 + Ec 4 + mp c 2

E2 E1 = Ec 3 + mO c 2 + Ec 4 + mp c 2 Ec1 mN c 2 Ec 2 mH e c 2

E2 E1 = ( Ec 4 + Ec 3 ) ( Ec 2 + Ec1 ) + mO + mp ( mN + mHe ) c 2 = Ec + 2, 66 10 3 931,5

E2 E1 = 0 Ec = 2, 66 10 3 931,5 = 2, 47 MeV :

4
. m > 0
29
1

0
15
+ 1e + 7 N

15
8O

- 2 El

7 p + 8n + 10 e

- 3 : E1

E2
15
8O

15
8O

E3

E1 = 7 7, 463 = 111,9 MeV

8 p + 7n

E1
15

 - 4 : E2 ) (8 p + 7 n )( 7 n + 8 p + 1 e+

01n + +01 e :

1
1p

( )

E2 = 7m p + 8mn + me 8m p + 7 mn c 2 = mn + me m p c 2

E2 = [1, 008665 + 0, 000548 1, 007276] 931,5 = 1,8 MeV . u

- 5 : E
E3 = E E1 E2 : E = E3 + E1 + E2 = 115,5 + 111,9 + 1,8 = 1,8 MeV
30

El
- 1
A

. A

El
E
: l
A
A

) (

M0 . M1

M1

M0

.
. . 8 MeV 2 : .
:

3
2 He

4
2 He

6
3Li

9
4 Be

. 6,46 MeV 5,33 MeV 7,07 MeV 2,56 MeV

El
E
l > 8 MeV < 8 MeV
A
A

.
El
) ( MeV
A

-8

63
29 C u

 3 :
10
4 Be

6
3Li

El ( 4 1,00728 + 6 1,00866 10,01133) 931,5

=
= 6, 49 MeV
A
10

El ( 3 1,00728 + 3 1,00866 6,01347 ) 931,5

=
= 5,33 MeV
A
6

20 8
8 2 Pb

El ( 82 1,00728 + 126 1,00866 207,93162 ) 931,5

=
= 7,86 MeV
A
208

60
28 N i

El ( 28 1,00728 + 32 1,00866 59,91547 ) 931,5

=
= 8,78 MeV
A
60

238
92 U

El ( 92 1,00728 + 146 1,00866 238,00018 ) 931,5

=
= 7,57 MeV
A
238

-4

Ni

Pb

Be

Li

31
39
+ 01n 153
I + 9394Y + 3 01n

23 5
9 2U

1 Elib = mi m f c 2 :
mi = 234,99332 + 1, 00866 = 236, 00198 u

m f = 138,897 + 93,89014 + 3 1, 00866 = 235,81312 u

El i b = ( 2 3 6, 0 0 1 9 8 2 3 5,8 1 3 1 2 ) 9 3 1,5 = 1 7 5,8 MeV

2 :
2 3
.
3 85 % . 15 %
) ( .

m
1000
= 6, 023 1023
4 1 kg = 2,56 1024 :
M
235

N = NA

1 kg :

El i b T = El i b N = 2,56 1024 175,8 = 4,5 1026 MeV = 7, 21 1013 J = 72 106 MJ

) (

1MeV = 1, 602 10 13 J :

1MJ = 1 06 J

- 5 1 kg : 42 MJ 72 106 MJ ) ( :

72 106
= 1, 71106 kg = 1771 t
42

=m

 32
2
1H

+ 13 H 24 He + 01n

1 Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 2, 0136 + 3, 0155 4, 0015 1, 00866 ) 931,5 = 17, 64 MeV :

2 .

m 12 H + 13 H = 2, 0136 1, 66 1027 + 3, 0155 1027 = 8,35 1027 kg

-3

8,35 1027 kg 17, 64 MeV

E

1 kg

17, 64
1027 = 2,11 1027 MeV = 2,11 1027 1, 602 1013 = 3,38 1014 J = 3,38 108 MJ
8,35

1 kg

42 MJ

- 4 :

3,38 108 MJ

8,38 108
= 2 107 kg = 20000 t :
42

=E

=m

- 5 31 1 kg 235 72 106 MJ

1 kg + 13 H

2
1H

3, 4 108 MJ 5 .

.
33
:

) = 3, 01493u

3
2 He

1
3
2 He

El ( 2 1,00728 + 1 1,00866 3,01493) 931,5

=
= 2,57 MeV
3
A

4
2 He

El ( 2 1,00728 + 2 1,00866 4,0015 ) 931,5

=
= 7,07 MeV
4
A

4 3 .
:
( 24 He ) 23He 24 He . 23He
- 2 :

24 He + 2 11H

3
3
2 He + 2 He

- 3 Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 2 3, 01493 4, 0015 2 1, 00728 ) 931,5 = 12,85 MeV :

m
106
= 6, 023 1023
1 t = 2 1029 : 3
M
3

N = NA

2 1029
- 4 1 t 12,85 1,3 1030 MeV :
2

= E 'lib

.
34
+ 13 H 24 He + 01n

2
1H

-1 Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 2, 0136 + 3, 0155 4, 0015 1, 00866 ) 931,5 = 17, 64 MeV :

17,64 MeV - 2 .

m = 4, 0015 1, 66 1024 = 6, 64 10 24 g

6, 64 1024 g

17, 64 MeV

E 'lib

1g

1 17, 64
= 2, 65 1024 MeV
6, 64 1024

= E 'lib

3 E = P t = 3,9 1026 1 = 3,9 1026 J :

m

E 3,9 1026
=
= 4,3 109 kg
2
16
c
9 10

=m

) (1s m = 4,3 109 kg

4, 6 109 365 24 3600 = 1, 45 1017 s

' m

m ' = 1, 45 1017 4,3 109 = 6, 23 1026 kg

5

100%

2 1030 kg
6, 23 1026 kg

6, 23 1026 100
=x
= 0, 03%
2 1030
35
-1

1
+ 139
54 X e + y 0 n

94
x Sr

+ 01n

235
92U

236 = 94 + 139 + y y = 3
9 2 = x + 54 x = 3 8

2 :

Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 234,99345 + 1, 00866 93,89451 138,88917 3 1, 00866 ) 931,5 = 179 MeV

3 238 235
. 0,7%
235 .

 235 5%
90% ) ( .
.

1 3, 7
235 1 g = 0, 037 g :
100
0, 037
235 = 9,5 1019 :
235

=m

N = 6, 023 1023

E 'l i b = 9,5 1 019 1 7 9 = 1 7 1 021 MeV

4 E = P t = 900 106 365 24 3600 = 2,8 1016 J :

27 106 3, 7
235 27 ) (27 t = 106 g :
100
106
= 2,5 1027 :
235

=m

N = 6, 023 1023

27 t ) 1 t : (235

E ' = 2,56 1027 179 = 4,58 1029 MeV = 7,34 1016 J

E
2,8 1 016
=
= 0,3 8 :
E ' 7,3 4 1 016

38%
36
1 : .
2 ) (0,000548 u .
.
-3

+ 11H 12 H + 10 e 2

1
1H

+ 11H 23He 2

2
1H

24 He + 2 11H

(
(

3
3
2 He + 2 He

3
2 He

12 H . 2
- 4 11H 24 He + 2 10 e :

- Elib = mi m f c 2 = ( 4 1, 0073 4, 0015 2 0, 000548 ) 931,5 = 24,8 MeV

-4
(
13
7N

+ 10 e

13
6C

13
7N

14
7N

+ 11H

13
6C

15
8O

+ 11H

14
7N

15
8O

+ 11H

15
7N

+ 10 e
+ 24 H e

+ 11H

12
6C

12
6C

15
7N

( 4 11H 24 He + 2 10 e :

) ( Bethe von Weizscker