VvvvvvvvvvvvMotivationbbbbbbbbbbbb

Motivation refers to states within a person or animal that drive

behavior toward some goal.

There are two kinds of motivation:

• Intrinsic motivation occurs when people are internally motivated to

do something because it either brings them pleasure, they think it is
important, or they feel that what they are learning is morally
significant.
• Extrinsic motivation comes into play when a student is compelled to
do something or act a certain way because of factors external to him
or her (like money or good grades).

Motives
Motives are the factors and forces which insist an individual to do a
certain type of an activity to fulfill its need which is controlled by certain
goal directed behaviour.

A notable point about motives is that we cannot observe them directly.

We infer their existence from what people say about the way they feel and
from observing that people and animals work together certain goals. If our
inference about motives is correct, we have a powerful tool for the
explanation of behavior.

Example:
Anything we do has a motive behind. Want, desire, hunger, revenge
are everyday words which refer to our motives. A girl wants to be a doctor.
A man strives for political power. A person in great pain longs for relief.
Another person is awfully hungry and thinks of nothing but food. A woman
works hard to achieve a feeling of success. These are few of the motives that
play a large part in human behavior.

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Types of motives:
There are two kinds of motives:
 Primary or unlearned motives or biogenic motives
 Secondary or learned motives or sociogenic motives

Biological or Primary motives:

Biological motives are basically unlearned and physiologically based.

These arouse the behaviour of the organism in directions that lead to the
required change in internal environment.for example
 The hunger drive motivates the organism to seek and digest food.
 Which is necessary to maintain metabolism (supply of energy)?
Prolonged failure to satisfy certain of the biological drives results
ultimately in impaired health, disease, or even health.
 Drives are related to our needs for food, water, oxygen, rest and sleep.

Following are some of the biological drives:

Hunger drive:

When the stomach contracts, the hunger drive is initiated.

Hunger is consciously felt by the contraction of stomach but these
contractions are only a manifestation of the biological need.

Example
Eating stops when sensory stimulation from the sight, taste, and smell
or food tells us that we have had enough. Deprivation of food leads to
serious consequences and we can’t live without food for a long time.

Thirst drive:

Drinking is mainly triggered by a dry mouth.

This need is felt consciously and is controlled by the hypothalamus and then
we have a conscious urge to drink water.

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Sex drive:

The sex drive is considered to be biological in nature. It is not a

response to a lack of some substance in the body and arises from any excess
of substance like hormones in the blood.
In the human beings, sexual drive is primarily is triggered by external
stimuli, and its expression depends very much upon learning. The stimuli
that trigger it may be visual, such the sight of an attractive sexual partner,
odours etc. sexual stimuli are also present in most popular movies, songs,
plays, and books.

Pain drive:

Pain is, in fact, avoiding pain motive when we touch a hot iron, we
immediately draw back our hand. This response is known as withdrawal
reflex. Here pain is serving as a drive. Pain has biological significance in
that most harmful situations produce pain as well as injury. In seeking to
avoid pain we also tend to avoid being injured. The avoid pain we also tend
to avoid being injured.the drive to avoid pain has been an important
motivating force in the history of mankind.

Air hunger:

Oxygen is the most requirement in the human body. We inhale air to

fill up our lungs with oxygen and distribute it to every part of the body
arteries.

Fatigue and need for sleep:

As a result of prolonged exercise, the chemistry of blood is altered in

several ways. One change involves an increased concentration of lactic acid
in the muscles. This condition simulates the nervous system directly. Much
of our fatigue seems to result not from physical exertion but from
frustration, worry, or boredom. e.g. tired people go to great length to obtain
rest.

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 In sleepness, our nerve and brain centers are perhaps directly
stimulated by chemical conditions in the body. The need for the sleep is
largely the result of cultural factors.

Psychological or Learned motives:

Another category to motives called secondary motives. These

are learned and not physiologically based. That’s why sometimes
called learned motives.

Curiosity—the need to investigate:

Apparently curiosity is an inborn motive.

For Example: We watch television, movies, games, sports contests;
we read newspapers, books and magazines because we are motivated to find
out” what new” by exploring the world around us. What will happen if a
question we ask over again is? It spurs scientists to find answers and artists
to try for new effects. Experiments on animals have shown that curiosity is
not an exclusively human trait; it is also found in animals.

The need to achieve:

One of the psychological motives seen in man is the need to achieve.

It is defined as behaviour which shows effort to do ones the best to
accomplish something, and to improve the performance.

 Many studies show that people who are high in achievement need
generally do better on tasks than those who are low.
 Research suggests that achievement motivation grows out of
independence training’ in childhood. Independence training consists
of up for their rights, know their way around town, go out to play, and
do things for themselves.
 Independence training itself is a kind of achievement training.
Through advice rewards, and probably a little punishment, some
parents teach their children to approach challenging tasks with idea of
mastering them. Success in little things brings confidence and
enhances the tendency to do ones best.

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  The outcomes of a high need for achievement are generally positive,
in a success-oriented society such as our own.
 People motivated by a high need for achievement are more likely
attend college then their low-achievement counter parts, and once in
college they are related to their future careers.

Need to affiliate with others:

Affiliation refers to the need that people have to be with others.

People high on this need are motivated to seek the company of others and to
maintain friendly relationships with other people.
 The affiliation need seems to be aroused by situations that offer
opportunities to be with others.Situatonal tests have also
revealed that the affiliation motive is aroused by fear. Fear thus
seems to be an important factor in the arousal of an affiliation
motive.
 Perhaps the relationship between fear and affiliation gets its
start in childhood; little children are comforted by others when
they are anxious and afraid.
 The feeling of fear may have become a learned cue for seeking
companionship.

Competence motivation:

 We are motivated to master challenges in the environment. This

is called competence motivation.
 Exploration, curiosity and the need for sensory stimulation may
simply be expressions for our need to master the environment.

Power motive:

The power motive is a strong social need. People with strong power
needs may try to control others and this is perhaps the most obvious way in
which these needs are expressed. Power motivation is expressed in four
general ways:
 By identifying with powerful people
 By gaining control over one’s body

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  Seeking to have personal influence over others
 Influencing others through one’s organization

Motivation for work:

Many industrial psychologists have made extensive inquiries into

areas of motivation for work to determine what factors in the job satisfaction
satisfy or dissatisfy the worker and how these relate to quantity and quality
of the work performed.
Managers believed that force and punishment could make the
labourers work hard. But it is believed now that incentives are to be given to
create love, pride and faithfulness for more.If the incentives fail to increase
the production then the necessities of workers have not been fully met.

Self-actualization:

 The self-actualization motive refers to an individual’s need to

develop his or her potentialities to do what he or she is capable
of doing.
 “Self-actualizers”, then, are people who make the fullest use of
their capabilities. The goals that are sought in meeting this need
vary from person to person.

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 Theories of Motivation
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory:

The best known theory of motivation is probably Abraham Maslow's

hierarchy of needs theory.maslow was a humanistic psychologist who
proposed that within every person is hierarchy of five needs:

Physiological needs:
A person needs food, drink, shelter, sexual satisfaction and other
physical needs.

Safety needs:
A persons needs for security and protection from physical and
emotional harm.

Social needs:
A person needs for affection, belongingness, acceptance and
friendship.

Esteem needs:
A person needs for interval factors such as self respect autonomy and
achievement and external factors such as status, reorganization and
attention.

Self actualization needs:

A person needs to become what he or she is capable of becoming.

 Maslow separated the five needs into higher and lower levels.
 Physiological and safety needs were described as higher order
needs; social, esteem and self-actualization were described as
higher- order needs.
 The difference between the two levels is satisfied internally
while lower-order needs are predominately satisfied externally.
 Maslow argued that each level in the hierarchy must be
substantially satisfied before the next is activated that once a

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 needed is substantially satisfied is no longer motivates
behaviour.

Motivation-hygiene theory:

 Hygiene is factors that eliminate job dissatisfaction but don’t

motivate.
 Motivators are factors that increase job satisfaction and
motivation.
 The motivation theory that intrinsic factors are related to job
satisfaction and motivation. Whereas extrinsic factors are
associated with job dissatisfaction.
 Certain characteristics were consistently related to job
satisfaction and other job dissatisfaction. Those factors
associated with job satisfaction were intrinsic and included
things such as achievement, recognition and responsibility.
 On the other hand, when they were dissatisfied they tended to
cite extrinsic factors such as company policy and
administration, supervision, interpersonal relationships and
working conditions.
 The extrinsic factors that create job dissatisfaction were called
hygiene factors. Factors that eliminate job dissatisfaction but
don’t motivate. When these factors are adequate people will not
dissatisfied, but they will not be satisfied either.
 To motivate people on there jobs Hertzberg suggested
emphasizing motivators, the intrinsic factors that increase job
satisfaction.

Three-need theory:

The motivation theory that says three needs—achievement, power and

affiliation –are major motives in work.
Need for achievement:
The drive to excel, to achieve in relation to set a set of standards and
strive to succeed.
Need for power:
The need to make others behave in a way that they would not have
behaved otherwise.

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Need for affiliation:
The desire for friendly and close interpersonal relationships.
High achievers are not gamblers; they dislike succeeding by chance.
All three motives typically are measured using a projective test in which
respondents react to set of pictures. Each picture is shown to a subject who
them writes a story based on the picture.

Expectancy theory or pulled theory:

This theory suggest that motivation is not primarily a matter of being

pushed within by various urges or drives, rather, it is more a question of
being pulled from without by expectations of attaining desired outcomes.
Such outcomes are known as incentives. Incentives can be almost anything
we have learned to value such as money, status, the approval of others, etc.
expectancy theory focuses more on the outcomes we wish to obtain.
Why do people engage in complex, effortful or even painful behaviors
such as working many hours on their jobs, studying long into night or
performing exercises that are at least initially painful. Expectancy theory
answers because they believe that doing so will yield the outcomes they
wish to attain.
Expectancy theory has been applied to many aspects of human
motivation, but perhaps it has found its most important applications as an
explanation of work motivation.

Drive theory or push theory:

According to this theory, motivation is basically a process in which

various biological needs push us to actions designed to satisfy these needs.
Behaviours that work ones help reduce the appropriate drive and are
strengthened and tend to be repeated. Those that fail to produce the desired
effects are weakened and will not be repeated when the drive is present once
again.
Basically this theory consists of motivational cycle.

Motivational cycle:

Motivational cycle consists of:

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  Driving state
 Instrumental behavior
 Attainment of goal
 Reduction of driving state

Motives have a cyclic nature. They are aroused. They trigger behaviour
which leads to a goal, and finally after the goal is achieved they shut off.
Driving state is regarded as impelling a person to action. A person who lacks
sleep is said to need it, and this need causes a drive to sleep.

Seven rules of motivation:

 Set a goal but set a path for that goal. When you succeed in small
goals you will be motivated to accept the challenge of the big goal.
 Never leave any half finished project because it is of no use to
anyone.
 Use of natural talent with interest motivates an individual to achieve
his goal.
 Try to work in team because having the support of a group enhances
the motivation level.
 If we work on the subject of our interest then our motivation level
automatically would rise.
 Try to complete your work yourself if u get a little success you will be
motivated to achieve the higher goals.
 “If the success is how high, you bounce when you touch the
bottom” (General George Patten).
It means little failure and losses are elements of motivation.

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