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NH HNG CA BIN BIN DNG I VI TRNG THI TRNG N NG SUT CA CT CHT TRONG TH NGHIM CT XON TUN HON THOT NC
H Vn Thng
1

Khoa Cng Ngh, Trng i hc Cn Th

Thng tin chung: Ngy nhn:13/10/2013 Ngy chp nhn: 15/10/2013

ABSTRACT
A distinctive feature of granular material such as sand, beside frictional strength is stress-dilatancy: a change in volume as grain particles override one another when sheared. Stress dilatancy plays a crucial role in the behavior of granular material in both monotonic and cyclic loading conditions, as well as the behavior within strain localization which is a precursor to failure. Several studies on the stress dilatancy behavior of sand in the drained cyclic torsional shear tests have been reported by numerous researchers such as Pradhan et al. (1989), Shahnazari and Towhata (2002), De Silva (2008) and Seto et al. (2010). However, the effect of strain amplitude on stress-dilatancy properties of dense sand is not well addressed; therefore, in this study, stress-dilatancy behavior of sand was investigated by conducting strain and stress controlled tests.

Title:

EFFECT OF STRAIN AMPLITUDE ON STRESS-DILATANCY BEHAVIOR OF DENSE SAND IN DRAINED CYCLIC TORSIONAL SHEAR LOADING
T kha:

TM TT
c im ni bt ca vt liu dng ht nh ct l ngoi cng ma st th cn c c tnh trng n ca ng sut: l s thay i v th tch khi cc ht trt ln nhau khi chu chu ng sut ct. S trng n ng sut ng vai tr quan trng trong thi thi lm vic ca vt liu dng ht di iu kin ti trng u v tun hon, cng nh trng thi lm vic di bin dng cc b khi vt liu sp b ph hy. Nhiu nghin cu v trng thi trng n ng sut ca ct trong th nghim ct xon tun hon thot nc c cng b bi nhiu nh nghin cu nh Pradhan et al. (1989), Shahnazari v Towhata (2002), De Silva (2008) v Seto et al. (2010). Tuy nhin, nh hng ca bin bin dng i vi c trng trng n ng sut trn ct trng thi cht vn cha c nghin cu nhiu; trong nghin cu ny, trng thi trng n ng sut c kho st bng nhng th nghim kim sot ng sut v bin dng.

Trng n ng sut, bin bin dng, t s ng sut ct, ng sut ct xon, bin dng th tch, bin dng cng
Keywords:

Stress - dilatancy, strain amplitude, shear stress ratio, torsional shear stress, volumetric strain, strain-hardening
1

GII THIU Thit b ct xon c s dng trong nghin cu ny l loi c mu hnh tr rng vi chiu cao mu l 30cm, ng knh trong v ngoi ln lt l 12cm v 20cm. Trong sut qu trnh th nghim, s thay i th tch ca mu c o bng Thit b chuyn i p sut chnh lch in dung thp (LCDPT), vi chnh xc l 0.038 cm3, c nh du bng ng t khc trong hnh 1. LCDPT o s thay i th

tch trong mu bng h thng o chnh ct nc p sut gia mt ng burret gi nc trong mu v mt ng burret i chiu. Ct Toyoura c s dng nh l vt liu th nghim trong nghin cu ny. Loi vt liu ny c hnh dng gc cnh hoc gn nh c gc cnh vi c im vt l nh sau: t trng Gs=2.656; ng knh trung bnh D 50=0.16mm; hm lng ht mn Fc=0.1%; t s rng ln

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Shear stress, (kPa)

nht emax=0.992; t s rng nh nht emin=0.632. Hai mu ct cht vi cht tng i ln lt l Dr=70.7 and 82.1% c chun b bng phng php rt phu ct vo trong khun c mu. Chiu cao ri ca vt liu ct vo trong khun lun l hng s trong sut qu trnh rt ct to cho mu t c cht ng nht cao. Sau , hai my bm c dng trong sut qu trnh lm ngp nc cho mu, nh vy gi tr B-value c th t c cao hn gi tr 0.96. Trc khi tc dng ng sut ct c thot nc, mu chu c kt ng hng vi gi tr t 40 n 100 kPa. Hai th nghim khc nhau c thc hin, mt th nghim v kim sot ng sut (stress controlled test) vi ln ng sut ct l 60 kPa v mt th nghim khc v kim sot bin dng (strain controlled test)vi ln ca bin dng ct l 5%. T s bin dng ct khng thay i ti 0.15 %/pht cho c hai th nghim ng thi nhng h s ng sut khc c gi c nh ti z= r = = 100 kPa.

do khi chu ct(-d d/d p), vi t s ng sut ct (/p). gia tng bin dng th tch tng dvol bao gm mt thnh phn trng n dd c to ra do gia tang bin dng do khi chu ct v phn cn li dc c to bi s thay i ng sut chnh trung bnh hiu dng , p, nh trong cng thc 1

d vol = d d + d c

(1)

Thnh phn c to t s trng n c tnh do hon ton, trong khi thnh phn cn li c c l do s thay i ng sut chnh trung bnh hiu dng (p) bao gm bin dng do v bin dng n hi.
60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Stress Controlled Test (OC=1) Dr = 82.1% p' = 95 105 kPa

Effective mean principal stress, p' (kPa)

Hnh 2. Gi tr p thay i trong qu trnh gia ti ct xon tun hon thot nc trong TN kim sot ng sut
100 80
Strain Controlled Test (OC=1) Dr = 70.7 % p' = 95 105 kPa

Shear stress, (kPa)

60 40 20 0 -20 -40 -60 -80 -100 40

Hnh 1. Thit b ct xon

QU TRNH PHN TCH D LIU C rt nhiu xut v vic thit lp m hnh lin h gia ng sut v s trng n. Trong nghin cu ny nhng c trng ca ng sut trng n c phn tch da trn mi quan h gia t s ca gia tng bin dng th tch do s trng n v gia tng bin dng

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

Effective mean principal stress, p' (kPa)

Hnh 3. Gi tr p thay i trong qu trnh gia ti ct xon tun hon thot nc trong TN kim sot bin dng

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Do gii hn v chnh xc ca thit b iu khin trong qu trnh gia ti tun hon, ng sut ng khng th c nh l hng s ti gi tr z= 100 kPa, dn n s thay i ng sut chnh trung bnh hiu dng, p, trong khong t 95 n 105 kPa, nh trong hnh 2 v 3. Do , gia tng bin dng th tch dc do s thay i gi tr p c xc nh trong cng thc (2) trong khi tt c cc thng s c thit lp da trn tc gi De Silva 2008 i vi ng cong trng n c o trong qu trnh d ti ng hng v gia ti tun hon vi gi tr p = 100 n 400 kPa.

Go v n c thit lp gi tr tng ng ln lt l 85 MPa v 0.508. 3 KT QU TH NGHIM V THO LUN

d c =

, K o .( p ' p0 )

dp '

mk

(2)

vi, p0 l ng sut trung bnh hiu dng tham chiu (= 100 kPa), K0 l modun khi ln (= 58 MPa) ti p = p0 v mk l thng s vt liu (= 0.9). gia tang bin dng ct tng (d t) c tch thnh hai thnh phn, bin dng do khi chu ct (d p) v bin dng n hi khi chu ct (d e) nh c m t trong cng thc (3):
d t = d p + d e

(3)

Trong nghin cu ny, c trng trng n ng sut ca ct c nghin cu bng vic so snh kt qu t hai th nghim nu trn: th nghim kim sot ng sut v th nghim kim sot bin dng. Mi tng quan gia t s ng sut ct (/p) v bin dng do khi chu ct ( p) tng ng nh trong hnh 4(a) v 5(a) cho th nghim kim sot ng sut v th nghim kim sot bin dng. C th thy rng vng t lp nh hn trong trng hp th nghim kim sot ng sut, trong khi trng hp th nghim kim sot bin dng, t s ng sut ct gia tng sau nhng ln gia ti tun hon tip theo. Hin tng ny khng th hon ton do s gia tng v cht khi gia ti tun hon (v d sau khi gia ti sau 5 vng gi tr Dr(N=5) = 84.8 % i vi th nghim kim sot ng sut v Dr (N=5) = 82.4 % i vi th nghim kim sot bin dng), nhng iu ny xy ra c th do trng thi bin dng cng ca mu (strain-hardening behavior).
0.6
Stress Controlled Test (OC=1) Dr = 82.1 % p' = 95 105 kPa

Shear Stress Ratio, /p'

Thnh phn n hi (d e) c xc nh bng cng thc 4 v 5 da trn m hnh chun n hi c pht trin bi tc gi Hong Nam (2004). d e = d / G (4)

0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6

G={f(e) }.G( . ) ( )

, n/ ,2 n oo z r o

(5)

1'

2'

5'

start loading

-1.5

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5
p

1.0

1.5

2.0

Plastic Shear Strain, (%)

Hnh 4(a): Mi quan h ng sut ct-bin dng do khi ct trong TN kim sot ng sut

vi: G l modun ct; f(e) = (2.17 e)2/(1 + e) (Hardin v Richart, 1963); eo t s rng ban u ti z= r = = 50 kPa, Go l modun ct ban u ti e = e0 v z= r = =o; o l ng sut tham chiu (=100 kPa); v n l ng sut c t thng s vt liu khng ng hng. Bng vic nghin cu cc nghin cu ca De Silva, 2008, cho ct Toyoura trng thi cht,

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0.7
Stress Controlled Test (OC=1) Dr = 82.1 % p' = 95 105 kPa

Plastic Volumetric Strain, (%)

2.5

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

1' 2'

5'

Plastic Volumetric Strain, (%)

0.6

Strain Controlled Test (OC=1) Dr = 70.7 % p' = 95 105 kPa

2.0 1.5 1.0 0.5 0.0 -0.5 -6

2' 2 1'
start loading

5' 5

0.0 -0.1 -1.5 -1.0

start loading

-0.5

0.0

0.5
p

1.0

1.5

2.0

Plastic Shear Strain, (%)

-4

-2

2
p

Hnh 4(b): Bin dng do th tch-bin dng do khi ct trong TN kim sot ng sut

Plastic shear strain, (%)

Mi tng quan gia bin dng th tch do do s trng n ( d) v bin dng do khi ct ( p) c th hin trong hnh 4(b) v 5(b). Mc d c hai trng thi co ngn v gin n u c quan st trong mi vng lp khi gia ti tun hon tip theo, s gia tng ca d phn co ngn lun chim u th. Nhng s vng lp 1, 1, 2, 25 trong hnh 4 v 5 tng ng vi nhng im hng gia ti l nghch o. C th thy rng ch trc v sau nhng im nghch o, c trng trng n thay i t gi tr dng sang gi tr m, iu ny c ngha l mu ang b co ngn li nhiu.
0.8 0.6
Strain Controlled Test (OC=1) Dr = 70.7 % p' = 95 105 kPa

Hnh 5(b): Bin dng do th tch-bin dng do khi ct trong TN kim sot bin dng

2 1

Shear stress ratio, / p'

0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -6

1' 2' 5'
start loading

nh hng ca bin bin dng i vi c tnh trng n c th c thy r hn trong th gia t s ng sut ct (/p) v t s trng n (-d d/d p) nh trong hnh 6(a) v 6(b). Cn ch rng ng gi tr {- d d/d p} = 0 tng ng vi trng thi khng trng n, tc l qu trnh chuyn t trng thi co ngn sang trng thi gin n. Ishihara et al. (1975) gi l pha chuyn i (phase transformation (PT) Nhn chung ng cong trng n ng sut trong hnh 6(a) v 6(b) cho mi vng lp bao gm hai ng song song nhau. ng thng nm nghing v trc dng xut hin trong qu trnh gia ti li trong khi cc ng thng ng ch xut hin ngn sau khi d ti. ng thng ng phn nh rng ngay sau khi d ti, t s trng n (-d d/d p) cng vi s gim v bin bin dng t vng 1 n vng th 5 (Hnh 4(b)) l hng s trong mi vng.
0.6 0.4
Stress Controlled Test (OC=1) Dr = 82.1 % p' = 95 105 kPa R

-4

-2

2
p

Plastic shear strain, (%)

0.2
/ p'

1
U

Hnh 5(a): Mi quan h ng sut ct-bin dng do khi ct trong TN kim sot bin dng

0.0
U

-0.2 -0.4 -0.6

1'

5'
R R = Reloading U = Unloading start loading

Phase Transformation

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2
p

0.4

-d /d

Hnh 6(a): Quan h ng sut- trng n trong TN kim sot ng sut

Hi tho khoa hc cng ngh thng nin 2013 - Khoa Cng Ngh - i hc Cn Th
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2
U
Strain Controlled Test (OC=1) Dr = 70.7 % p' = 95 105 kPa R

/ p'

0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.6 -0.8 -1.0

Phase Transformation U R

1'

5'

R = Reloading U = Unloading start loading

can be summarized as follows: (i) in the stress controlled test, the hysteretic loops of stressdilatancy properties shrink progressively during subsequent cyclic loading, while in the strain controlled test, the stress-dilatancy properties of sand is unique among different cycles; (ii) the dilatancy properties of sand is possibly affected by the amplitude of the shear strain. TI LIU THAM KHO
De Silva, L.I.N.: Deformation characteristic of sand subjected to cyclic drained & undrained torsional loadings and their modeling, PhD Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan, 2008. Hardin, B. O. and Richart, F. E., Jr. (1963). Elastic wave velocities in granular soils, Journal of Soil Mechanics and Foundation Division, ASCE, Vol. 89, No. 1, pp. 33-65. Hong Nam, N.: Locally measured deformation properties of Toyoura sand in cyclic triaxial and torsional loadings and their modeling, PhD Thesis, Dept. of Civil Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Japan, 2004. Ishihara, K., Tatsuoka, F. and Yasuda, S.: Undrained deformation and liquefaction of sand under cyclic stresses, Soils & Foundations, Vol. 15, No. 1, 1975, pp. 29-44. Wahyudi, S., Chiaro, G., De Silva, L.I.N. and Koseki, J.: Stress-dilatancy behavior of loose sand during drained cyclic torsional shear loading, JSCE Summer Symposium, Vol. 12, 2010. Pradhan, T.B.S., Tatsuoka, F. and Sato, Y.: On stressdilatancy equations of sand subjected to cyclic loading, Soils and Foundations, Vol.29, No.1, 1989, pp.65-81. Shahnazari, H. and Towhata, I.: Torsion shear tests on cyclic stress-dilatancy relationship of sand, Soils and Foundations, Vol.42, No.1, 2002, pp.105-119

-0.6

-0.4

-0.2

0.0

0.2
p

0.4

0.6

-d /d

Hnh 6(b): Quan h ng sut- trng n trong TN kim sot bin dng

T hnh 6(a) c th nhn thy rng trong th nghim kim sot ng sut, ng cong ng sut trng n co dn li n ng khng c trng n (PT) trng thi d ti, trong khi hnh 6(b) trong th nghim kim sot bin dng, ng cong quan h ng sut-trng n hi ng nht hn trong chu trnh gia ti tun hon khc nhau. Trong th nghim kim sot ng sut, t s trng n gim tc th ngay sau khi d ti (v d ng thng ng trong hnh 6(a)) trong khi t s tng n trong qu trnh gia ti tip theo hu nh ging nhau bt k l bin bin dng. Ngc li trong th nghim kim sot bin dng, c hai t s trng n cho thy gi tr ng nht c th l do bin bin dng khng thay i c duy tr thng qua s gia ti tun hon. Nguyn nhn c th l t s trng n ch chu nh hng bi bin ca bin dng ct trong mi chu trnh. C th thy r hn trong th nghim kim sot ng sut, trong sut qu trnh gia ti tun hon tip theo, t s trng n khng bao gi t c gi tr ban u nh vng chu trnh th nht bi v s gim bin bin dng v mi ln bin bin dng c phc hi trong th nghim kim sot bin dng, t s ng sut lun ng nht trong mi chu trnh. kim tra hin tng ny, mt s th nghim khc s c thc hin vi yu cu bin bin dng ct c gia tng trong sut qu trnh gia ti tip theo. 4 KT LUN Stress-dilatancy properties of dense Toyoura sand evaluated in drained cyclic torsional shear

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