CHAPTER 24

Carbohydrate Metabolism

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TYPE I MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In each of the following multiple-choice questions, place the letter of the correct response in the blank at the left. There is only one correct response for each question. 24.1 c The primary site within the human body where carbohydrate digestion occurs is the a) mouth. b) stomach. c) small intestine. d) membranes of intestinal mucosal cells. Which of the following conversions is accomplished by the process of glycolysis? a) glucose to glycogen b) glucose to pyruvate c) starch to glucose d) pyruvate to glucose The first two intermediates in the process of glycolysis are, respectively, a) glucose 6-phosphate and glucose 1-phosphate. b) glucose 1-phosphate and glucose 6-phosphate. c) glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate. d) glucose 1-phosphate and fructose 1-phosphate.

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Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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The transition from the C6 stage of glycolysis to the C3 stage involves the conversion of the molecule fructose 1,6-bisphosphate into the C3 species a) dihydroxyacetone and glyceraldehydes. b) dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. c) glyceraldehyde and 3-phosphoglycerate. d) 3-phosphoglycerate and 2-phosphoglycerate. How many total steps are there in the process of glycolysis? a) six b) eight c) ten d) twelve How many glycolysis intermediates are molecules that contain one or more phosphate groups? a) two b) four c) six d) nine How many steps in the glycolysis pathway have a C3 molecule as the reactant? a) two b) four c) six d) eight In the human body, under aerobic conditions and anaerobic conditions, respectively, pyruvate is converted to a) lactate and ethanol. b) lactate and acetyl CoA. c) ethanol and lactate. d) acetyl CoA and lactate. Accumulation of which of the following substances is the cause of stiff and sore muscles after vigorous exercise? a) lactate b) pyruvate c) acetyl CoA d) glycerate [Algorithmic]The net yield of ATP from the complete oxidation of one molecule of glucose is a) 12. b) 24. c) 30. d) 36.

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Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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24.11

[Algorithmic]The net yield of ATP per glucose molecule during the process of glycolysis is a) 2. b) 4. c) 8. d) 12. The name of the process in which free glucose is converted to glycogen is a) gluconeogenesis. b) glycogenesis. c) glycogenolysis. d) glycolysis. Which of the following processes require UTP molecules? a) formation of glycogen from glucose b) degradation of glycogen to glucose c) both the formation and degradation of glycogen d) formation of glucose 1-phosphate from glucose 6-phosphate [Algorithmic]Glucose 1-phosphate is converted to glucose 6-phosphate in which of the following processes? a) gluconeogenesis b) glycogenesis c) glycogenolysis d) glycolysis [Algorithmic]Adding a single glucose unit to a growing glycogen chain a) requires the investment of 2 ATP molecules. b) results in the production of 1 ATP molecule. c) does not require any triphosphate molecules. d) requires NAD+ as an oxidizing agent. [Algorithmic]Which of the following intermediates is involved in gluconeogenesis but not in glycolysis? a) glucose 1-phosphate b) pyruvate c) oxaloacetate d) phosphoenolpyruvate [Algorithmic]Which of the following is a reactant in the first step of gluconeogenesis? a) carbon dioxide b) molecular oxygen c) glucose d) acetyl CoA

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18 24.18

Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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Which of the following substances are participants in the reactions encompassed by the Cori cycle? a) pyruvate and acetyl CoA b) pyruvate and lactate c) lactate and acetyl CoA d) pyruvate, lactate and acetyl CoA [Algorithmic]Which of the following statements concerning the pentose phosphate pathway is incorrect? a) It is an alternative pathway to glycolysis for the degradation of glucose. b) The major coenzyme produced by the pathway is NADH. c) Pentose derivatives needed for the production of nucleic acids are products of the pathway. d) In the first stage of the pathway, glucose 6-phosphate is converted to ribulose 5-phosphate. Which of the following hormones promotes the uptake and use of glucose by cells? a) insulin b) glucagon c) epinephrine d) adrenaline

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TYPE II MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS In each of the following multiple-choice questions, place the letter of the correct response in the blank at the left. There may be more than one correct response (choice d) or no correct response for a question (choice e). 24.21 c Which of the following statements concerning glycolysis is incorrect? a) It is an oxidation process in which no molecular oxygen is used. b) All reactions take place in the cytosol of a cell. c) There are two stages, each of which involves a series of five reactions. d) more than one correct response e) no correct response In two of the first three steps of glycolysis, a) phosphorylation reactions occur. b) isomerization reactions occur. c) ATP is converted to ADP. d) more than one correct response e) no correct response

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Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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24.23

Which of the following C6 stage glycolysis intermediates is paired with the correct type of enzyme needed for its production? a) glucose 6-phosphate; kinase b) fructose 6-phosphate; dehydrogenase c) fructose 1,6-bisphosphate; mutase d) more than one correct response e) no correct response In which of the following steps of glycolysis does substrate-level phosphorylation occur? a) production of phosphoenolpyruvate b) production of pyruvate c) production of 2-phosphoglycerate d) more than one correct response e) no correct response Which of the following C3 stage glycolysis intermediates undergoes an isomerization reaction? a) dihydroxyacetone phosphate b) glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate c) 3-phosphoglycerate d) more than one correct response e) no correct response Intermediates in the glycolysis pathway include a) two glucose derivatives. b) three glycerate derivatives. c) two pyruvate derivatives. d) more than one correct response e) no correct response The regeneration of NAD+ from NADH occurs during the conversion of pyruvate to a) lactate. b) ethanol. c) acetyl CoA. d) more than one correct response e) no correct response Carbon dioxide is a product when lactate is converted to a) pyruvate. b) ethanol. c) acetyl CoA. d) more than one correct response e) no correct response

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20 24.29

Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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In which of the following processes is glucose the end product? a) glycogenesis b) glycogenolysis c) glycolysis d) more than one correct response e) no correct response Which of the following is a three-step process? a) conversion of pyruvate to glucose b) conversion of glucose to glycogen c) conversion of glycogen to glucose d) more than one correct response e) no correct response The compound glucose 1-phosphate is encountered in which of the following processes? a) glycogenesis and glycogenolysis b) glycolysis and gluconeogenesis c) glycogenesis and gluconeogenesis d) more than one correct response e) no correct response The compound glucose 6-phosphate is not encountered in which of the following processes? a) conversion of pyruvate to glucose b) conversion to glucose to pyruvate c) conversion of glycogen to glucose d) more than one correct response e) no correct response The compound oxaloacetate is an intermediate in the conversion of a) glycogen to glucose. b) pyruvate to glucose. c) pyruvate to acetyl CoA. d) more than one correct response e) no correct response Which of the following is a product of the first stage of the pentose phosphate pathway? a) carbon dioxide b) a phosphorylated version of the coenzyme NADH c) ribose 5-phosphate d) more than one correct response e) no correct response

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Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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24.35

Which of the following hormones increases blood glucose levels? a) insulin and glucagon b) insulin and epinephrine c) glucagon and epinephrine d) more than one correct response e) no correct response

MULTIPLE-CHOICE FORMAT TRUE-FALSE QUESTIONS In each of the following multiple-choice questions, characterize EACH of the three given statements as being TRUE or FALSE and then indicate the collective true-false status of the statements using the choices a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true. 24.36 c - FTF Statements: (1) The three major monosaccharide products from carbohydrate digestion are glucose, galactose, and ribose. (2) In glycolysis, two ATP molecules are consumed and four ATP molecules are produced. (3) The Cori cycle is a process in which glucose is converted to pyruvate which is then converted back to glucose. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true. 24.37 b - FTT Statements: (1) Glycogenesis and glycolysis are opposite processes. (2) The focal point for carbohydrate metabolism is the molecule glucose. (3) Production of 30 ATP molecules accompanies the complete oxidation of a glucose molecule. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true.

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Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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24.38 b - FTT

Statements: (1) Absorption of monosaccharides through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream involves passive transport. (2) In the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA, a carbon dioxide molecule is produced. (3) Glucose degradation occurs in both glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true.

24.39 c - FTF

Statements: (1) The process of glycolysis converts a C6 molecules into three C2 molecules. (2) The primary location where gluconeogenesis occurs is the liver. (3) Pyruvate reduction to lactate occurs under aerobic conditions, and pyruvate oxidation to acetyl CoA results from anaerobic conditions. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true.

24.40 a - TTT

Statements: (1) Glucose 1-phosphate is an intermediate in both glycogenesis and glycogenolysis. (2) Conversion of ATP to ADP occurs in both steps 1 and 3 of glycolysis. (3) In the oxidative stage of the pentose phosphate pathway, a hexose phosphate is converted to a pentose phosphate and carbon dioxide. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true.

24.41 b - TTF

Statements: (1) Gluconeogenesis is a process through which glucose can be synthesized from noncarbohydrate materials. (2) The process of glycolysis takes place in the cytosol of a cell. (3) Insulins function is to increase blood glucose levels by speeding up the conversion of glycogen to glucose. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true.

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Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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24.42 b - TFT

Statements: (1) All intermediates in the C3 stage of glycolysis are phosphorylated derivatives of either glycerol or acetone. (2) The digestion of carbohydrates begins in the mouth, continues in the stomach, and is completed in the small intestine. (3) The storage form for excess glucose in the body is glycogen produced by glycogenesis. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true.

24.43 a - TTT

Statements: (1) The conversion of glucose 6-phosphate to glucose, the last step of glycogenolysis, does not occur in muscle and brain cells. (2) The two triose phosphates initially formed in glycolysis are dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. (3) ATP production during glycolysis occurs via substrate-level phosphorylation. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true.

24.44 d - FFF

Statements: (1) The first step of glycolysis involves the phosphorylation of glucose to produce glucose 1-phosphate. (2) The processing of one glucose molecule via glycolysis produces two acetyl CoA molecules and two carbon dioxide molecules. (3) The majority of ATP molecules produced during the complete oxidation of glucose form during the glycolysis phase of oxidation. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true.

24.45 a - TTT

Statements: (1) Lactate accumulation is the cause of muscle pain and cramping during prolonged, strenuous exercise. (2) Lactate production during exercise lowers blood pH, which triggers faster breathing. (3) The effects of both type I and type II diabetes are the same - inadequate glucose uptake by cells. a) All three statements are true. b) Two of the three statements are true. c) Only one of the statements is true. d) None of the statements is true.

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Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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MATCHING QUESTIONS Assign each of the characterizations on the left to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the response list on the right. Responses on the right may be used more than once or need not be used at all. 24.46 24.47 24.48 24.49 24.50 d b c a a Glucose is converted to two pyruvates. Glycogen is synthesized from glucose. Glycogen is broken down into free glucose units. Glucose is synthesized from pyruvate. Two C3 molecules combine to give a C6 molecule. a) b) c) d) gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glycogenolysis glycolysis

Assign each of the reaction characterizations on the left to one of the metabolic pathways listed in the responses on the right. Responses on the right may be used more than once or need not be used at all. 24.51 24.52 24.53 24.54 24.55 d b a a b Fructose 6-phosphate is the product formed in the second step of this process. Formation of UDP-glucose is part of this process. Oxaloacetate is the product formed in the first step of this process. Two trioses combine to form fructose 1,6-bisphosphate as part of this process. Glucose 6-phosphate is converted to glucose 1-phosphate as part of this process. a) b) c) d) gluconeogenesis glycogenesis glycogenolysis glycolysis

How many steps in glycolysis have the characteristics listed on the left? Respond using the response list on the right. Responses on the right may be used more than once or need not be used at all. 24.56 24.57 24.58 24.59 24.60 b c b b c ATP is converted to ADP. An isomerization reaction occurs. Substrate-phosphorylation occurs. A bisphosphate molecule is formed. A glycerate derivative is formed. a) b) c) d) one step two steps three steps four steps

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Chapter 24: Carbohydrate Metabolism

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What is the ATP yield per glucose molecule in each of the following processes? Respond using the list on the right. Responses on the right may be used more than once or need not be used at all. 24.61 24.62 24.63 24.64 24.65 a d a a a Glycolysis Glycolysis plus the common metabolic pathway Glycolysis plus oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl CoA Glycolysis plus reduction of pyruvate to lactate Glycolysis plus reduction of pyruvate to ethanol a) b) c) d) 2 ATP 4 ATP 10 ATP 30 ATP

For each of the chemical changes on the left, choose from the response list on the right a correct name for the process or the conditions under which it occurs. Responses on the right may be used more than once or need not be used at all. 24.66 24.67 24.68 24.69 24.70 b b a c d Pyruvate to lactate Pyruvate to ethanol Glucose to pyruvate to lactate to pyruvate to glucose Glucose 6-phosphate to ribulose 5-phosphate Ribulose 5-phosphate to ribose 5-phosphate a) Cori cycle b) an anaerobic process c) oxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway d) nonoxidative stage of pentose phosphate pathway

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