ME 350

Mechanical Design and

Manufacturing II
ME 350

Transmission Support
Bearings （轴承）

1
Lectures
ME 350

Power/Energy
Conversion
Power/Energy
(Electrical Motors) Transmission
(Gears,
Belt Drives,
Power Screws)

Transmission
Joints
Support
(Fasteners, Structural
(Bearings) Support
Connectors) (Frames
Shafts
Axles
Spindles)

Tools
Stress Analysis,
Failure Theories
Dynamics, Statics, Etc….

2
Why Bearings
ME 350

Bearing is defined by Webster’s to be “a 
support or supporting part”
– In machine design, a bearing is a 
component that allows for relative motion 
between two bodies
Bearings are for:
 reduce friction
 carry load 
 guide of moving parts

3
History
ME 350

4
Reconstruction of Old Bearing
ME 350

5
 Development of the Bearing
ME 350

3500 B.C. 1794 A.D.
1869

700 B.C.

40 A.D.

1995

6
 Sliding or Rolling Bearings
ME 350

Sliding bearings:

µ
sliding friction

Rolling bearings:
rolling friction
µ

7
 Principles of Operation
ME 350
Rolling Friction (Rolling Bearing 滚动
轴承 )Roller/ball
（滚子 / 球） Outer Ring （外圈 ）
Lubrication
（润滑 剂）

Inner Ring （内圈

）
Sliding Friction (Sleeve Bearing 滑动轴
承)
Hydrodynamic lift is Sleeve （轴 瓦）
generated by fluid being
dragged into gap by
viscous shear Lubrication

Circumferential
pressure profile 8
Types of Antifriction
Bearings ME 350

Ball Bearings

内径
外径

内圈
滚道

保持
架
端面 外圈
滚道 9
Bearings Components
ME 350

Seal Rolling elements Inner ring

           Outer ring Cage             Seal

10
 Types of Antifriction
Bearings ME 350

Tapered
Roller
Bearings 保持 架
•Components:
Cone
=Inner ring
Cup
=Outer ring
Tapered
rollers
Cage
=Space 11
Types of Antifriction
Bearings ME 350

12
Roller and Ball Contact
Area/Form ME 350

13
Rolling Elements
ME 350

Ball Spherical Asymmetrical

Cylindrical Taper

Needle

14
 Types of Ball Bearings
ME 350

深沟 有装球 缺 角接触 带防尘 盖 带密封 圈

球 口

双列 双列自 动调 单向推 单向推 力带

带球面 外衬
球 心 力 球面座 圈 15
 Types of Ball Bearings
ME 350
• Single Row Deep Groove (Conrad) BB
（单列深 沟球 轴承）
 Spherical balls roll in deep groove in both races
 Space maintained by separators (retainers/cages)
 Ball radius smaller than groove radius
 Mostly take radial loads, some thrust load
 Theoretical point contact (actually a small circular area), so
high local contact stress
 Some permissible misalignment

16
 Types of Ball Bearings
ME 350

• Double Row/Deep Groove BB

（双列深沟球轴 承）
Add another row to increase load
capabilities
Greater load capabilities than SRDG
Smaller space requirement than 2 SRDG
More misalignment problems

17
Types of Ball Bearings
ME 350

• Angular Contact BB （角接触球 轴

承）
One side of race is higher
Can accommodate a larger thrust
Force resultant preferred between
15º and 40º

18
Types of Ball Bearings
ME 350

• Self-aligning BB （自动调心球轴 承
）Spherically ground outer race
allows for alignment flexibility

 Reduced load bearing

capabilities, with minimal thrust
loading

19
Types of Ball Bearings
ME 350

•Thrust BB （推力球 轴承）

Large axial loading capabilities

Shaft speeds must be kept low

because of centrifugal forces

20
 Types of Roller Bearings
ME 350
A)Cylindrical （圆柱滚子
）

B) Spherical （球面滚子
）

C) Tapered Roller,
Thrust
（推力圆锥滚子）

D) Needle （滚针）

E) Tapered Roller
( 圆锥滚子 )
21
 Types of Roller Bearings
ME 350

Cylindrical (Straight)RB （圆柱 滚子 轴

承）
Greater radial load capacity
Theoretical line contact (actually a
rectangle), so lower contact
stresses
Do not use for thrust - causes
内圈单 挡 内圈单挡
边
rubbing not边 rolling
外圈无挡 内圈 无挡 内圈单挡
边并带 平 边并带斜
边 挡圈
挡圈

22
 Types of Roller Bearings
ME 350

Needle RB （滚针 轴承）

Roller with small diameter
Small d, makes them radially
compact, good for large radial loads
at high speeds
Thrust capabilities and misalignment
poor

23
 Types of Roller Bearings
ME 350

• Spherical RB （球面 滚子 轴承）

One type of self-aligning
If misaligned - relative rotation of
outer race to rollers and inner
race
Load capability increased

• Thrust RB （推 力滚 子轴承）
Only resist thrust
Several types: rollers, tapered 24
Types of Roller Bearings
ME 350

• Tapered RB( 圆锥滚 子轴 承 )

 Combine advantages of straight roller
and ball type bearings
 Can accommodate radial and axial
loading
 High load bearing capabilities

25
 Overview of Design
ME 350

• Failure Theory for antifriction

bearings is not fully developed
• Bearing selection is based on life
testing and reliability models
• Tabulated load ratings for AFBMA
(Anti-Friction Bearing
Manufacturers Association)
• Design Requirements converted to
required catalog load ratings
26
 How Bearings Fail
ME 350

• Static stress
Static Load Rating, Co （额定 静载荷）
=Load that bearing can withstand w/o
permanent deformation
Balls will indent races, cause pitting,
lead to noise, rapid wear
• Fatigue stress
Life, Reliability and Load relations
Will happen due to high contact
stresses
More likely than static failure
Spalling or pitting in area of contact
27
 Life v. Reliability ME 350

Life Testing
L = life = # of cycles of revolution
F = applied load, fixed for life tests

 After some operating period, t=L

 Reliability = % of surviving bearings
 Life is different under different reliability
L10 life = life at 10% failure (90% Reliability)
 Described with a Weibull Probability 28
 Life v. Reliability ME 350

• L10 life is usually used as the Rating(or minimum)

Life （额定寿命）

29
 Load v. Life
ME 350

• For 2 groups of
identical
bearings tested
under different
loads F1 and F2,
the respective
lives L1 and aL2
L 1  F
=  by
2
are related 
L2  F1 
a = 3 for ball bearings
a = 10/3 for roller bearings
30
 Load v. Life
ME 350
1/ a
FL =C
C = basic load rating ( 基本额定动载荷 , life = 1 millions of
revolutions )
•The Basic Load Rating (C) is
 The constant radial load which a group of
apparently identical bearings can endure for a
rating life of 106 revolutions of the inner ring
(stationary load and stationary outer ring)
F = rated load of bearing under life L
L = life of bearing in millions of revolutions
= 90 for 90∗106 revolutions
a = 3 for ball bearing
a = 10/3 for roller bearings
31
 Load vs. Life
ME 350

• Supposing a company rates its bearings for

3000 hrs at 500 rpm.
• Suppose one of the bearings has a rated
radial load of 2140 lb.
• Then the corresponding L10 life is

L10 = (3000h) × 60 min × 500 rev 6

= 90 ×10 rev
h min
• And the basic load rating is
1/ a 3 / 10
C = FR L = 2140 × 90 = 8263lb 32
 Load v. Life
ME 350

1/ a
FL =C
L  FR 
a

= 
LR  F 
F = actual load
L = actual lifetime
FR = load rating/catalog load
LR = rated lifetime (at test load)
a = 3 for ball bearing
a = 10/3 for roller bearings 33
 Load v. Life
ME 350

• Works for FIXED reliability

• Rated life standard LR = L10 life
• AFBMA uses L10 life of 106 revolutions
Have tables of bearing load ratings
Actually extrapolated from tests for use in
calculations, actually FR ratings are not
applied to bearings & would cause early
failure
L  FR 
a

= 
LR  F 
34
 Example
ME 350

A catalog lists the basic dynamic

load rating for a BB to be 7,050 lb
for a rated life of 1 million rev.

What would be the expected L10 life

of the bearing if it were subjected
to a load of 3,500 lb?

35
 Example - Solution
ME 350

L  FR 
a

= 
LR  F 
Thus
L = LR*(FR/F)a = 106*(7050/3500)3
= 8.17*106 revs

36
 Load v. Life – Different
Speeds ME 350

1 1
 LD   LHD nD 
a a

FR = FD   = FD  
 LR   LHR nR 
•If a bearing is going to be subjected to a load FD
for a life LHD*nD
•And the catalog specifies a life of LHR*nR
•The bearing to be selected has to have a radial
load rating equal to or greater than FR
37
 Reliability/Life Equations
ME 350

If FD=FR, then the reliability at

different life is:
• Ball Bearings & Straight RB
  L L10 − 0.02 1.483 
R = exp −   
  4.439  
• Tapered RB

  L L 1.5 
R = exp −  10
 
  4.48   38
 Reliability/Life Equations
ME 350

If FD≠FR(or C10), the Extant Reliability:

R gives a predicted reliability for

bearings that are more than adequately
39
Reliability/Life Equations
ME 350

If we want a different reliability:

RD = Desired
reliability 40
 Reliability/Life Equations
ME 350

LR = LRhnR = “3000 hrs @ 500 rpm”

= 90 * 106 revs
Combining life terms and Load/Life
equation gives
1
  LHD nD  
a

  LHR nR   
FR  FD  
1/1.483 
 0.02  4.439(ln( RD ))
1

  41
 Reliability/Life Equations
ME 350
1
  LHD nD  
a

  LHR nR   
FR  FD  
1/1.483 
 0.02  4.439(ln( RD ))
1

 
FR (C10) = catalog radial load rating
corresponding to LHR hours of life at the rated
speed of nR rpm.
FD = design radial load corresponding to the
required life of LHD hours at a design speed of
42
 Example
ME 350

A ball bearing is to be selected to

withstand a radial load of 4 kN and
have an L10 life of 1200 h at a speed of
600 rev/min. The bearing maker's
catalog rating sheets are based on an
L10 life of 3800 h at 500 rev/min.

a. What load should be used to enter

the catalog?
b. What is the reliability of this
application if the catalog rating is 3.8
kN? 43
Example – Solution (a)
ME 350

1
 LHD nD 
a

FR = FD  
 LHR nR 

(
= 4 * 1200 * 60 * 600
3800 * 60 * 500
) 1
3

= 2.89 kN
44
Example – Solution (b)
ME 350
LD 1200 × 60 × 600
= = 0.379
L10 3800 × 60 × 500
  a 1.483 

 C 
  L / L − 0.02 10   
  D 10 F  
 D  
R = exp−  a  
   C10   
  4.439 
 
  F
 D 
 
  3 1.483 

  0.379 − 0.02 3 .8 
  
  4    = 0.97
= exp−  
   3.8 
3
 
 4.439  
   4    45
 
 Bearing Selection Process
ME 350

• Select the type of bearing

• Find the equivalent radial load ( 当量 径向
载荷 ), Fe
 Accounts for any thrust/axial load
• Apply a load factor, Ka , such that

FD = Ka Fe
• Determine the minimum acceptable
shaft diameter that limits the bore size
• Determine the design life
L = (hours)(rpm)(60min/hr) 46
 Bearing Selection Process
ME 350

• Compute the dynamic load rating, FR

(C10)
• Identify candidate bearings with
required rating
• Select bearing with most convenient
geometry, also considering cost and
availability
• Determine mounting conditions

47
Bearing Type Selection
ME 350

48
Bearing Type Selection
ME 350

Criteria:
• Type of load: radial, thrust,
combination of both, steady or
shock
• Magnitude of load
• Rotation speed
• Shaft misalignment
• Diameter of both shaft and housing
• Packaging constraints
• Desired life
• Maintenance requirements
49
Bearing Type Selection
ME 350

50
Axial, radial and combine
loads ME 350

Combine load
radial load

Axial load

51
Thrust bearings
ME 350
Thrust ball: Thrust ball Thrust:

Thrust ball Cylindrical  Spherical roller thrust bearing

thrust:

52
Recap of Bearing Types
ME 350

53
Speed rates
ME 350

r/min

Oil lub.

Max rotating 
Grease lub speed

54
 Equivalent Loads
ME 350

Radial bearings with thrust (axial) loads

must have the load transformed into
equivalent radial load (Fe) for bearing
design

Fr = applied radial load

Fa = applied thrust load
V = rotation factor = 1.0 when inner race
rotates, 55
 Equivalent Loads
ME 350

X = radial factor （径向载 荷系 数） (Table 11-1)

Y = thrust factor （轴向 载荷 系数） (Table 11-
1)
These depend on the geometry of the
bearing.
Determined by ratio of:
Fa – thrust component
C0 – basic static load rating (Table 11-
2,3)
e – variable reference value
Note:
56
Equivalent Loads
ME 350

57
Equivalent Loads
ME 350

58
Determine the Thrust Load of
Tapered Roller Bearings
ME 350

•Thrust component, Fa(180), due to

pure radial load, Fr, is given by
0.47 Fr
Fa (180) =
K
K =0.389cotα, ratio of radial rating of α
bearing to thrust rating( Figure 11-17)
Can be approximated in the preliminary
selection process as:
= 1.5 for radial bearings
= 0.75 for steep-angle bearings N
59
Determine the Thrust Load of
Tapered Roller Bearings
ME 350

Fae

60
Determine the Thrust Load of
Tapered Roller Bearings
ME 350

Indirect mounting (m=-1)

Fre Fa180B
Fa180A
FrA Fae FrB

Direct mounting (m=1)

Fre
Fa180A Fa180B
FrA Fae FrB

61
Determine the Thrust Load of
Tapered Roller Bearings
ME 350

•Equivalent radial load on bearing A and B is

If 0.47 FrA 0.47 FrB
≤ − mFae
KA KB
0.47 FrB 0.47 FrB
Then FaA = − mFae , FaB =
KB KB
 0.47 FrB 
So FeA = 0.4 FrA + K A  − mFae 
 KB 
FeB = FrB
•Fae = external thrust load 62
Determine the Thrust Load of
Tapered Roller Bearings
ME 350

•Equivalent radial load on bearing A and B is

If 0.47 FrA 0.47 FrB
> − mFae
KA KB
0.47 FrA 0.47 FrA
Then FaA = , FaB = + mFae
KA KA

So FeA = FrA
 0.47 FrA 
FeB = 0.4 FrB + K B  + mFae 
 KA 
63
 Load Factors
ME 350

Modify the design load to account

for the type of application before
looking up in catalog:
FD = K a Fe
Ka : Load Application Factor, Table
11-5
FD: Design load

64
Load Factors
ME 350

65
Dimension-series
ME 350

Dimension-series code （尺寸 系列代号 ）

66
Dimension-series
ME 350

67
Bearing-Life
Recommendations(Table 11-4) ME 350

68
 Rated load
ME 350

FRre
Calculate the required rated load
of the application:
1 1
 LD   LHD nD 
a a

FRre = FD   = FD  
 LR   LHR nR 
FR > FRre
FR : Catalog rated load
(sometimes C0 in 69
 Lubrication
ME 350

The most common lubricants have

traditionally been grease and oil.

Newer lubricants can be used to

withstand higher temperatures, decrease
the friction coefficient, etc. However,
this is not typical in roller bearings. 70
 Example
ME 350
A countershaft is supported by roller
bearings using indirect mounting.
The radial bearing loads are 1120 lb
for the left-hand bearing and 2190 lb
for the right-hand bearing. The shaft
rotates at 400 rev/min and is to have
an L10 life of 40 kh and an application
factor of 1.4.
Assume K = 1.5, and find the
required radial rating for each
bearing, the rating life is 3 kh at 500
rev/min. 71
 Example – Solution
ME 350

No external thrust. Thus


FeA = 0.4 FrA + K A  0 . 47 FrB 

 KB 

( )
= 0.4 *1120 + 1.5 0.47 * 2190 = 1477lb
1. 5

FeB = FrB = 2190lb

72
 Example – Solution
ME 350

FDA = 1.4 ∗1477 = 2068lb

FDB = 1.4 ∗ 2190 = 3066lb

Thus

FRA = 2068 * 40(* 10 3 * 400

3000 * 500
) 3
10
= 4207lb
3
 40 *103 * 400 
10

FRB = 3066 *   = 6237lb

 3000 * 500  73
Summary
ME 350

• Nomenclature of Ball bearing and Roller

Bearing
• Performance of Various Types of Bearings
• Life/Reliability Trade-off at Constant Load
• Life/Load Trade-off at Constant Reliability
• Load-Life-Reliability Trade-off
• Bearing Selection Criteria
• Equivalent Radial Load

74
Mounting
ME 350

75
 11-13
ME 350

A gear-reduction unit uses the

countershaft shown in the figure. Find
the two bearing reactions.
These bearings are to be plain radial ball
bearings, selected for an L10 life of 40 kh
corresponding to a shaft speed of 400
rev/min. Use 1.2 for the application factor
and specify the bearings selected.

76
 11-14
ME 350
The worm shaft shown in part a of the figure
transmits 1.35 hp at 600 rev/min. A static force
analysis gave the results shown in part b of the
figure. Bearing A is to be an angular-contact ball
bearing mounted to take the 555lb thrust load. The
bearing at B is to take only the raidal load and so a
straight bearing will be employed. Use an application
factor of 1.3 and a life of 25kh corresponding to a
reliability of 99% and specify each bearing.

77