CHNG 1.

Gii thiu v e-Science

1.1 Ngun gc ca e-Science Thut ng e-Science xut hin u tin Anh t nm 2000, qua qu trnh trao i, giao lu ti nhiu Hi tho quc t n nay tr thnh mt khi nim kh ph bin c mt s nc chnh thc s dng t nm 2004, trong c nhiu quc gia khu vc ng nam nh Singapore, Thailand, .... Theo GS. Tony Hey, gim c d n, th e-Science chnh l mt h tng c s cho cc ngnh khoa hc pht trin (eInfrastructure), nh vo kh nng cung cp kt ni v cc dch v tnh ton, truy cp thng tin, ng dng ngy cng rng ln m CNTT ang em li cho cc nh khoa hc. Theo mt ngha no , h tng e-Science c th ng ngha vi mng li (Grid), l tp hp ca cc dch v trung gian, vn hnh trn nn tng ca h thng mng ton cu, bng thng rng, hiu nng cao, c kh nng h tr cng ng nghin cu v cc pht minh, sng to. T khi my tnh xut hin ln u tin, con ngi lun lun c gng ci tin, nng cp, bin n thnh cc c my ngy cng mnh m. y l mong mun ca mi ngi s dng my tnh c nhn, v cng l mong mun ca cc t chc vi nhng chic my c to ra ch dng cho nghin cu khoa hc. Mt chic my tnh, mt mnh n, khng th m ng vic thu thp, lu tr, v phn tch d liu c thu thp bi mt nghin cu khoa hc. Do , s pht trin ca e-Science l rt quan trng. Mi lin h ca cc thng tin khoa hc i hi mt lng ln d liu, y l iu ch c e-Science mi c kh nng p ng. Khi loi ngi c gng khm ph nhng tri thc mi, hay hiu r v nhng g h ang nghin cu, yu cu v cng ngh cng ngy cng cao. My tnh gi y khng ch l mt cng c phc v khoa hc. N tr thnh mt phn ca khoa hc. Khoa hc my tnh hin khng ch ni v phn cng hay phn mm m cn v cc i dng, ngi sao, t bo ung th, protein v mng li bn b. Ken Birman, Gio s khoa hc my tnh i hc Cornell (M), ni ngnh hc ca ng ang trn ng tr thnh mt ngnh khoa hc ca v tr, mt c cu lm nn tng cho mi ngnh khc, bao gm cc ngnh khoa hc x hi.

Bn cht ca vn ng Birman khng nh l my tnh bin i t mt cng c phc v khoa hc thnh mt phn ca khoa hc. V nhng din tin gn y trong gii khoa hc phn no cho thy iu ny. Cc nh sinh vt hc h thng ti trng Y Harvard pht trin mt ngn ng my tnh gi l Little b dng lp m hnh cc tin trnh sinh hc. Ngn ng ny bit suy lun v d liu sinh hc, hc hi t n v tch hp nhng g hc vo trong nhng m hnh mi v nhng d bo v hnh vi ca t bo. Cc tc gi gi loi ngn ng ny l mt ngi cng tc khoa hc. Trong khi , b phn nghin cu ca Microsoft Microsoft Research (MSR) ang h tr mt nhm trng i hc M v Canada xy dng mt trm quan st khng l di bin ngoi khi gn b bin bang Washington (M). D n Neptune ny s kt ni hng ngn b cm bin ha hc, a l v sinh vt hc trn hn 1.600 km si cp quang v s lin tc truyn d liu n cc nh khoa hc trong khong thi gian n 10 nm. Cc nh khoa hc s c th kim chng nhng hc thuyt ca mnh bng cch xem xt d liu thu thp c, bn cnh , nhng cng c phn mm m MSR ang pht trin s tm kim nhng khun mu v s kin m cc nh khoa hc khng tin liu c, v gi cho h nhng pht hin ny. Cc nh nghin cu ti trng Y Harvard v i hc California, trong mt cuc nghin cu, dng phng php phn tch thng k tm kim d liu v bnh tim ca 12.000 ngi v bit rng chng bo ph c v ly lan thng qua cc mi quan h x hi. Trong khi , cc nh khoa hc my tnh v sinh vt hc cy trng ti i hc Cornell pht trin mt thut ton lp v phn tch bn ba chiu ca protein khoai ty. Nhng ng dng ni trn hu nh khng c im chung no, nhng chng i din cho mt loi vn khoa hc lin quan n mt khi lng ln d liu thc nghim phc tp. Trong thc t, nhng loi thng tin th ny qu nhiu n ni cc nh khoa hc thng khng bit bt u tm hiu t u. Khoa hc my tnh ang ch cho h ng i. 1.2 e-Science l g?

C nhiu nh ngha khc nhau v e-Science nn nhm s trnh by quan im ca nhiu chuyn gia v e-Science c c ci nhn rng hn v khi nim m nhm ang trnh by. Theo wikipedia: e-Science l khoa hc i hi s tnh ton vi cng cao, c thc thi thng qua mi trng mng phn tn hay l khoa hc s dng cc tp d liu khng l, i hi tnh ton li. e-Science bao gm cc cng ngh cho php s cng tc phn tn. Thut ng e-Science c John Taylor, tng gim c ca Phng khoa hc v cng ngh ca Lin Hip Anh a ra vo nm 1999 v c dng m t mt d n vi s vn ln ti Lin Hip Anh, bt u t thng 11-2000. Theo Taylor: eScience l s cng tc ton cu trong cc lnh vc chnh ca khoa hc, v c s h tng tnh ton th h k tip cho php hin thc iu . Theo gio s Malcolm Atkinson, gim c NeSC ti Edinburgh v trung tm e-Science quc gia ca Lin Hip Anh: e-Science l s pht trin c h thng ca cc phng php nghin cu i hi nhiu s tnh ton . Theo ng, e-science s thay i cch con ngi lm vic, gip gii quyt cc vn nhanh hn. Con ngi s tp trung nhng n lc ca cc cng ng khoa hc, huy ng nhng d liu c chia s v sc mnh tnh ton i mt vi nhng thch thc cp bch. Mt khi cc trang web cho php chng ta chia s thng tin, khoa hc in t s cho php cc nhm nghin cu cng tc bin d liu thnh thng tin v kin thc. Gio s Jon Kleinberg, i hc Cornell, ni : Mt xu hng ang ngy cng tr nn r rng l khoa hc my tnh khng cn l ngnh cung cp cng c my tnh cho cc nh khoa hc. N thc s tr thnh mt phn ca cch thc cc nh khoa hc xy dng hc thuyt v suy ngh v nhng vn ca h. Theo ng Kleinberg, vai tr ca thut ton my tnh i vi khoa hc trong th k 21 cng s tng t nh vai tr ca ton hc (i vi khoa hc) trong th k 20. Gio s Kleinberg ni thm rng kho d liu khng l trn Internet s thay i thc tin ca nhng ngnh khoa hc lin quan n hnh vi con ngi. Theo l gii ca ng, s lng d liu khng l v cc phng php phn tch mi hin nay ng ngha vi vic cc nh khoa hc s khng cn phi lp cng thc chi tit v nhng hc thuyt v m hnh ri kim chng chng trn d liu thc nghim.

Tony Hey, Ph ch tch b phn nghin cu bn ngoi ca Microsoft, ni v e-Science nh mt tp hp nhng cng ngh dng h tr nhng d n khoa hc c lng d liu khng l (thng c phn phi), c d liu v nhiu ngi cng tc kt ni vi nhau, hay c s tham gia ca nhiu ngnh khoa hc, bao gm ngnh khoa hc my tnh. Nhng d n ny, theo ng, thng rt phc tp, v cc cng c, thut ton, hc thuyt ca khoa hc my tnh c th gip sp xp v lm r chng. ng Hey cho rng chng ta hin ang tin vo k nguyn khoa hc tp trung vo d liu (data-centric science). Bn cht ca ngnh khoa hc ny l tp hp d liu, thng vi s lng ln v t nhiu ngun khc nhau, ri khai thc chng bit c nhng ni dung vn s khng bao gi xut hin nu cng vic ny c lm th cng hoc t vic phn tch bt k mt ngun d liu n l no. Tony Blair, th tng nc Anh nm 2002 ni v eScience nh sau: eScience c nh hng lm cho vic tn dng ngun lc to ln ca ngnh khoa hc my tnh, h thng ti nguyn d liu khoa hc v nhng thit b thc nghim ti tn d dng nh Web truy cp thng tin. Tng kt li, e-Science l mt khi nim da trn nhng g khoa hc ang lm pht minh ra nhng ci mi, ci tin, pht trin nhng vn hin ti trong mi ngnh, lnh vc. Khi cng ngh m cc nh khoa hc s trong nghin cu ngy cng quy m, phc tp, yu cu v kh nng lu tr d liu cng pht trin tng ng. eScience l mt cng c cho php cc nh khoa hc lu tr, biu din, phn tch v chia s d liu ca h vi cc nhm nghin cu khc. e-Science gi mt vai tr qua trng trong mi mt ca nghin cu khoa hc, bt u vi cc nghin cu da trn cc gi thit tim nng, th nghim thng qua m phng, th nghim c iu khin mt cch h thng, thu thp d liu t cc b phn cu thnh v gii thch cc d liu khc bit, khng mong mun. 1.3 Dng thut ng eScience, CyberInfrastructure hay eResearch Thut ng e-Science gn nh, nhng khng hon ton, ng ngha vi thut ng CyberInfrastucture. Trong khi e-Science xut x t UK v chu u, CyberInfrastucture bt ngun t US. C hai thut ng u cp n vic s dng cc cng ngh tnh ton da trn mi trng mng h tr s cng tc v ci tin cc phng php trong nghin cu khoa hc. Trong khi e-Science ch trng hn n

nghin cu khoa hc, th CyberInfrastructure bao gm c cc lnh vc ngoi khoa hc, nhn mnh n s kt hp gia cc ngun ti nguyn siu tnh ton v s cch tn. Mt s nh nghin cu khc li thch s dng mt thut ng khc: eResearch. e-Research l s m rng ca e-Science v CyberInfrastructure, bao gm cc lnh vc khc nh khoa hc x hi v con ngi. e-Research nhn mnh n vic s dng cng ngh thng tin h tr cc phng thc nghin cu hin ti v tng lai. Cc c im chnh ca e-Research bao gm: S cng tc. S dng cng ngh tnh ton li. Tp trung vo d liu. 1.4 Nhng c im, tnh cht ca e-Science Lu tr: Mt h thng cn phi c kh nng lu tr v x l mt lng d liu khng l mt cch hiu qu vi thi gian hp l. Quyn s hu: Cc bn lin quan cn c bo lu quyn s hu v nhng ni dung v kh nng x l ca h. Tuy nhin cng cn phi cho php ngi khc truy cp di cc iu kin v hon cnh thch hp. Ngun gc: Vic lu tr cc thng tin ng tin cy cho php s dng li cc kt qu, th nghim, hay cung cp bng chng v vic c c cc thng tin . Trong sut: Ngi dng cn c kh nng tm ra, truy cp v x l cc ni dung lin quan bt c khi no chng xut hin trn Grid m khng cn bit n nm u. Cng ng: Phi cho php hnh thnh, hot ng, v gii tn cc cng ng o vi nhng tiu chun gii hn thnh vin v iu khon hot ng. Kt hp: Thng tin cn phi c kt hp t nhiu ngun, bng nhiu cch khc nhau theo nhu cu ca ngi dng. Cc m t v ngun gc, ni dung s c dng kt hp nn cc thng tin y ngha. Hi ngh: i khi vic nhn thy cc thnh vin khc ca mt hi ngh, cc m hnh,s hin th ca nhng g ang c tho lun s rt hu dng. Ch gii: T vic ghi nhn thng tin cho n xut bn cc phn tch, cn thit phi c cc ch gii lm giu thm m t v cc ni dung s. Cc siu ni

dung ny c th p dng cho d liu, thng tin, hay tri thc v ph thuc vo cch din gii quy c. Quy trnh: h tr qu trnh ban hnh v t ng ha cc x l, h thng cn m t v cc x l . Thng bo: li nhc v vic c cc thng tin mi ti cho php thng bo cho ngi dng v bt u qu trnh x l t dng. H tr quyt nh: Cc k thut vin, nh khoa hc cn c cung cp cc thng tin v gi xc ng v vn ca h. Bo lu ti nguyn: Cn lm cho qu trnh bo lu ti nguyn tr nn d dng. iu ny p dng cho cc dng c th nghim, s cng tc (hi ngh), v sp xp ti nguyn cho qu trnh m phng. An ninh: C nhng yu cu v xc thc, m ha, v tnh ring t vi s tham gia ca nhiu t chc. V cc yu cu ny cn c x l vi s can thip thp nht ca con ngi. Tin cy: H thng trng c v ng tin cy nhng tht ra c cn x l nhng li v ngoi l nhiu mc khc nhau, bao gm c quy trnh thc hin. Video: C video trc tip v c lu tr u c vai tr nht nh, nht l khi cc video ny c lm giu thm bi cc siu ni dung lin quan tm thi. Phng th nghim thng minh: Mt v d: khi cc dng c d ra cc mu (nh th barcode hay th RFID), nh khoa hc dng cc thit b di ng ghi li, v s hin hnh ha c th c thc thi trong phng th nghim. Cc cng c t xa c th cho bit s tn ti ca chng, kt hp vi nhau, v thng bo v ni dung m chng nhn c. Tri thc: Tri thc hot ng nh mt b phn quan trng ca e-Science. V d nh: tm kim ti liu, con ngi, v cc thit k thc nghim trc , ch thch cho cc phn tch c ng ti, v thit lp phng th nghim cho con ngi. S pht trin: H thng phi h tr s pht trin mang tnh cch mng khi cc ni dung v k thut x mi hin hu. Quy m: Quy m ca s cng tc khoa hc tng ln cng vi s pht trin ca tnh ton, bng thng, kh nng lu tr, v phc tp trong mi quan h gia cc thng tin.

1.5 Nhng yu cu cp bch v c s h tng phc v cc phng php nghin cu khoa hc mi C mt s thay i ln trong cch nghin cu khoa hc so vi trc y m cn phi c nhiu chuyn gia trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau cng hp tc c v con ngi v c s vt cht. Cc nghin cu khoa hc ngy nay thng da trn vic m phng (simulation base), phn tch d liu (data analysis) v s hp tc ca nhng ngi tin hnh th nghim cng nh cc nh khoa hc. Chng ta s s lc qua cc phng php nghin cu mi ny. 1.5.1 Khoa hc tp trung vo d liu (data-intensive) S pht trin ca khoa hc k thut dn n cc thit b nghin cu ngy cng c chnh xc cao hn iu ny cng lm cho khi lng d liu m n sinh ra ngy cng nhiu theo c tnh th n vi petabyte d liu s c to ra trong cc th nghim ca thin vn hc, y hc, vt l nguyn t, nng lng, mi trng. Large Hadron Collider (LHC) l mt d n ca CERN t ti Geneve khi vn hnh tr li vo cui nm 2009 c th sinh ra mt lng d liu ln n vi petabyte hng nm. LHC l d n ln nht t trc n nay trong lnh vc vt l. Mi th nghim mun tin hnh cn phi c n s cng tc ca hn 5000 nh vt l trn ton th gii. Qu trnh phn tch d liu thu thp c cng cn phi c s cng tc ca cc nhiu t chc tham gia mc tiu, l tm ra du hiu ca Higgs boson. Cc thit b theo di v tin on s c trong cng nghip cng c th to ra mt lng ln d liu. Cc thit b cm ng dng theo di nhit , p sut, chn ng trong cc mi ng c ca hng ngn ng c do Rolls-Royce sn xut cho cc phi c ca trans-Alantic c th sinh ra hng petabyte d liu hng nm.

1.5.2 Nghin cu khoa hc da trn vic gi lp v m phng M phng (numerical simulation) l mt hng gii quyt cc vn khoa hc m da ch yu vo vic s dng cc siu my tnh thc hin m phng cc hin tng t nhin nh s bin i ca kh hu hay s kt hp ca cc l en trong thin vn hc, ng t, l, Nm 2003, Japanese Earth Simulator thc hin m phng kh hu ca tri t vi mt siu my tnh c tc x l ln n 40 teraflop/sec c th m phng hn10km theo chiu rng v khi lng d liu sinh ra cho mi ln m phng ln n vi chc terabyte. Trong lnh vc ha th cc th nghim c th thc hin thng qua cc my tnh vi cc tp d liu sn c v cc ha cht v nhng c tnh ca chng th vic tin hnh cc th nghim c th thc hin mt cch nhanh chng. Cc phn t mi c th c to ra t cc thao tc trn my tnh thay v tin hnh phng th nghim. Comb-e-Chem mt trong nhng d n (pilot project) thuc e-Science hin thc tng ny, mc tiu ca d n l to ra cc kt hp mi sau s xc nh cu trc v thuc tnh ca cc hp cht mi c to ra tm kim cc cng thc ha hc mi. Vic tng hp s c thc hin song song v c th to ra hng trm nghin t hp cng lc.

M phng mt trn ng t

1.5.3 Truy xut t xa n cc cng c v d liu

M phng v phn tch d liu ng vai tr ngy cng quan trng trong cc lnh vc khoa hc ngy nay, tuy nhin, vic tin hnh cc th nghim thc t cng khng th thiu c. Ngy cng c nhiu thit b th h tr nghin cu mi c pht trin, bn cnh th h tng mng bng thng cng ngy cng m rng, cho php cc nh nghin cu c th kt hp cc thit b ny li vi nhau tin hnh cc th nghim phc tp i hi s tham gia ca cc chuyn gia trong nhiu lnh vc. Vic thit k, tin hnh v gim st cc th nghim c th c thc hin thng qua mng internet bng cch truy xut t xa vo thit b. Network for Earthquake Engineering Simulation (NEES) l chng trnh do NSF pht trin di s ch o ca George E. Brown Jr nhm tm cch gim thit hi ca cc trn ng t thng qua vic s dng cc cng c gi lp cc trn ng t v t c th tm ra c cc cu trc cng nh vt liu mi c th chu c cc cn chn ng. NEESgrid c trin khai nhm lin kt cc nh khoa hc US c th chia s cng nh kt hp cc thit b th nghim, ngun d liu v c ngun ti nguyn tnh ton. NEESgrid middleware cho php cc nhm cng tc vi nhau (bao gm c cc thnh vin ng nhp t xa) ln k hoch, thit k, v tin hnh cc thc nghim

sau ngun d liu thu c chia s x l. NEESgrid cho php cc cng tc vin c th ng nhp t xa theo di cng nh vn hnh cc th nghim c chun b sn, bn cnh h cng c cho php s dng cc ti nguyn tnh ton v cc cng c phn tch m ngun m x l ngun d liu thu c. NEESgrid h tr vic chi s d liu thng qua cung cp ni lu tr, chun cho nh dng d liu v metadata.

M hnh NEESgrid

1.5.4 T chc (Virtual Organization) hay cng ng o (Virtual Community) Phn ln cc nghin cu khoa hc ngy nay phi cn c s tham gia ca cc nh khoa hc trong cc lnh vc khc nhau v cc trung tm nghin cu t khp ni trn th gii, nn lm th no vic cng tc ny tr nn hiu qu v t chu nh hng bi yu t a l l vn cp bch cn gii quyt. T , cc cng ng khoa hc o hnh thnh (VO) da trn nn tng ca internet tc cao. Cc thnh vin trong VO cc v tr a l khc nhau trn th gii s ng gp ti nguyn tnh ton v cho php truy xut t xa cc cc thit b th nghim. Cc ti nguyn ca VO s c kt dnh li vi nhau nh mt th thng nht cho cc thnh vin trong VO s dng. 1.5.5 Pht trin mt c s h tng mi T nhng nhu cu v ti nguyn tnh ton, ni lu tr v lm th no nng cao hiu qu s cng tc ca cc nhm nghin cu. Cc t chc chnh ph nhn thy s quan trng v cn thit pht trin c s h tng mi h tr qu trnh nghin cu. C s h tng mi ny phi p ng v gii quyt c cc yu cu c

a ra, phi mang tnh ton cu, h tr nhiu lnh vc khoa hc khc nhau, xy dng Grid middleware v cc tin ch cho n theo nh hng phc v cho cc ngnh khoa hc.

CHNG 2. e-Science trn th gii

2.1 e-Science ti UK C rt nhiu nhm v t chc trn ton th gii hnh thnh nn chng trnh e-Science. Cc thnh vin chnh bao gm cc trng i hc, nhm nghin cu v cc cng tc vin khc c ti tr bi chnh ph. Mc tiu ca cc nhm nh vy l pht trin chng trnh e-Science ni ring, v qua cng thc y s pht trin ca khoa hc ni chung. Nghin cu v cc lnh vc nh vt l ht i hi mt c s h tng mc m ch c e-Science mi c th p ng. D n e-Science UK l mt trong nhng d n c nh gi l kh thnh cng, c nhiu ni trn th gii tm hiu v hc tp. D n e-Science UK bao gm rt nhiu nhm s c cp n di y. 2.1.1 Cc nhm e-Science ti UK

Cc thnh vin ca d n e-Science ti UK

Cc nhm trong d n e-Science UK bao gm: Science & Technology Facilities Council STFC - Hi ng C s Khoa hc v Cng ngh ca Anh. Cung cp cc dch v h tr nghin cu khoa hc UK v c chu u. Bao gm cc nh nghin cu (trong cc lnh vc nh v tr hc, kinh doanh) v cc phng th nghim.Mc tiu ca STFC l p ng c yu cu ca cc nh nghin cu trn ton th gii, vi cc yu cu rt ln v tnh ton. Oxford e-Research Centre OeRC p ng cc nhu cu v tnh ton v k thut cho cc nhm nghin cu i hc Oxford v c cc nhm cng tc khc khi tham gia vo d n e-Science UK. Tm nhn ca OeRC l hng ti s i mi, ci tin qu trnh nghin cu khoa hc. National e-Science Centre - Cc nh nghin cu thuc Trung tm Khoa hc in t quc gia (NeSC) ti thnh ph Edinburgh (Scotland) c k hoch pht trin cng ngh my tnh mi c tn gi l h thng mng Grid. c xem nh l

Internet th h 2, NeSC hy vng Grid s gip cho cc ti nguyn my tnh khng l trn khp th gii c th c tn dng v chia s gip gii quyt nhng thch thc ln nht trong cc lnh vc nh y t, vt l, thin vn hc v ch to my. Ngoi ra, cc nh nghin cu cng hy vng Grid s n c vi cc c nhn s dng my tnh ti nh hay trong cc lnh vc thng mi. iu ny cho php hnh thnh mt phin bn Internet mi cho php thc hin cc php tnh phc tp thay v ch ti d liu. K hoch trn c a ra vo thi im hn 1.000 chuyn gia my tnh trn khp th gii tp trung ti Edinburgh tham d Din n Ton cu v Grid ln th 5. e-Science North West Centre - ESNW l mt b phn nghin cu phn ln t i hc Manchester, c lin h vi cc i tc ti chnh. Mc tiu ca h l cung cp c s hn tn cho Grid, qua cc nhm nghin cu a ngnh c th t c mc ch ca h. ESNW c thnh lp nm 2001, bao gm cc thnh vin ca School of Computer Science v Research Computing Services. Cambridge e-Science Centre - CeSC c thnh lp nm 2001, da trn Centre for Mathematical Sciences. Mc tiu ca CeSC l cung cp mng li tnh ton cho cc cng tc vin nghin cu, h tr cc nh khoa hc ti Cambridge, t c cc ci tin khoa hc thng qua cc khi nim tnh ton truyn thng thu c k thut lu tr mnh hn, tt hn. H cng tc vi nhiu nhm e-Science khc, bao gm i hc Lancaster v IBM. London e-Science Centre - Trung tm e-Science London (LeSC) bt u hot ng t thng 9/2001, nh mt thnh phn ca Chng trnh khung UK eScience. Nhim v ca Trung tm LeSC l nghin cu pht trin mt s cng ngh h tr trin khai e-Science cho cc trng i hc, vin nghin cu London v vng ng Nam nc Anh. C s thnh lp LeSC da trn Trung tm nghin cu v tnh ton song song, mt d n hp tc gia i hc Imperial College v Cng ty Fujitsu (1994-2000) v cc nhm nghin cu lin quan n Tnh ton Hiu nng cao ca Trung tm Tnh ton song song ca Imperial College (thnh lp t nm 1996). Hin nay Trung tm LeSC trc thuc Khoa CNTT (Computing Department) ca H Imperial College. Trung tm LeSC cn c trch nhim qun l ton b h tng mng e-Science ca i hc Imperial College, bao gm cc my ch tnh ton mng li, cng thng tin e-Science Portal, h thng truy cp mng li (AccessGrid) c kh nng t chc Hi ngh truyn hnh trn mng Internet vi vi tham gia ng thi ca

15 Trung tm nghin cu khoa hc khc nhau thuc Anh, cc quc gia t Chu u, Bc M, Chu Thi bnh dng trin khai h tng AccessGrid da trn nn Grid (mng li). Welsh e-Science Centre - WeSC da trn Cardiff School of Computer Science ti i hc Cardiff. Mc tiu ca WeSC l xy dng v pht trin c s h tng cho e-Science qua cc nhm nghin cu v cng tc vin c th t c cc yu cn tnh ton ca mnh. Mc tiu ca h cn l pht trin e-Science ti x Wales v ty nam UK, v hp tc vi cc nh kinh doanh v nghin cu. Cc nhm e-Science khc C rt nhiu cc nhm nghin cu e-Science khc ti UK, v tt c h ng mt vai tr trong s pht trin v ci tin k thut ca d n e-Science ti UK. Chng ta c th k n cc nhm nh Belfast e-Science Centre, National Grid Service, Lancaster University Centre for e-Science v Southampton e-Science Centre. Cng vic ca h c vai tr quan cho tng lai ca eScience v nhng n lc nghin cu m cc nh nghin cu ang thc hin. 2.1.2 Cc d n v e-Science ca UK AstroGrid. http://www.astrogrid.org/. H tr bi UK.e-Science Program. Xy dng h tng mng li cho i thin vn o, tch hp giao tip vi CSDL thin vn v cho php truy cp t xa cng nh m phng d liu. Comb-e-chem. http://www.combechem.org/. H tr bi UK. e-Science Program. H tr tng hp ca cc mu pht m bng cch kt hp cu trc v ngun d liu bn trong h thng chia s thng tin mng li v m trng chia s kin thc. Discovery Net. H tr bi UK. e-Science Program. Th nghim e-Science x l d liu vi khi lng ln trong cc lnh vc ho sinh, nghin cu mi trng, v.v... Distributed Aircraft Maintenance Environment. http://www.cs.york.ac.uk/dame/. H tr bi UK. e-Science Program. Xy dng h thng h tr quyt nh da trn nn Grid bo tr ng c my bay. Grid Enabled Optimisation & DesIgn Search for Engineering (GEODISE). http://www.geodise.org/. H tr bi UK. e-Science Program. H tr truy cp da trn grid ti cc kho tri thc, ti u ho cc cng c tm kim, phn tch bn vng ca cc mu thit k.

 GridPP. www.gridpp.ac.uk . H tr bi UK. e-Science Program. To lp v ng dng m hnh tnh ton mng li trong nghin cu vt l ht t (Particle Physics) ca UK. MyGrid. www.mygrid.org.uk. H tr bi UK. e-Science Program. Pht trin v ng dng khoa hc in t e-Science trong cc ng dng sinh tin hc. Reality Grid. http://www.realitygrid.org/. H tr bi UK. e-Science Program. H tr m hnh ho v m phng thc ca cc khi vt cht c mc phn t v ht t. UK Grid Center. www.grid-support.ac.uk. H tr bi UK. e-Science Program. Trung tm h tr cc cc d n Grid trn lnh th UK. 2.2 e-Science ti US 2.2.1 Cyberstructure Cyberinfrastructure l thut ng c United States National Science Foundation (NSF) s dng ti hi ngh nm 2003 tr li cho cu hi: NSF, vi t cch l c quan chnh ca chnh ph ti tr cho cc nghin cu c bn, vt qua cc ro cn hin ti t c s t ph trong tnh ton hiu nng cao, khin cho n tht s hu dng cho cc nh khoa hc, k s, nghin cu sinh v cc cng dn ca US? Theo NSF: Cyberinfrastructure l mi trng nghin cu trong cc dch v: tnh ton cao cp, cng tc, truy xut d liu, qun l thng tin c cung cp cho ngi nghin cu thng qua h thng mng tc cao. Gm phn mm, phn cng, cc cng ngh khc v con ngi cn thit h tr cho s khm ph tri thc trong cc lnh vc khoa hc v cng ngh hin ti v tng lai. Mt k nguyn mi cho nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh l dng nh s h tr ca qu trnh pht trin khng ngng trong k thut tnh ton, thng tin, truyn thng v nhu cu nng cao phc tp ln qui m trong cc vn cn gii quyt ngy nay. K thut ny t n mc c th hin thc ha khi nim cyberinfrastructure: nhng th loi mi ca mi trng tri thc khoa hc, cng ngh, cch thc t chc v thc hin nghin cu theo phng php mi vi hiu qu cao. C th ni: Nu c s h tng dn dng (civil infrastructure) cn thit cho s pht trin ca kinh t cng nghip th c s h tng cng ngh thng tin (CyberInfrastructure) cn cho s pht trin kinh t tri thc trong tng lai. 2.2.2 Cc d n v e-Science ca US

 Access Grid. www.accessgrid.org. H tr bi DOE, NSF. To lp h thng cng tc trn mng, s dng cc cng c hin th truyn thng. DISCOM. www.cs.sandia.gov/discom. DOE Defense Programs. Kin to h thng tc nghip Grid vi kh nng truy xut ti cc phng th nghim ch to v kh ca B nng lng M. DOE Science Grid. www.sciencegrid.org . DOE Office of Science. Kin to h thng tc nghip Grid vi kh nng truy cp ti cc ti nguyn v ng dng ti cc phng th nghim ca B nng lng Hoa k v cc trng i hc tham gia. Earth System Grid (ESG). www.earthsystemgrid.org . DOE Office of Science.Cung cp v phn tch cc tp hp m hnh kh hu ln phc v cng ng d bo thi tit. Fusion Collaboratory.www.fusiongrid.org . DOE Office of Science. Kin to phng th nghim hp tc tnh ton quc gia cho nghin cu khuch x. Globus. www.globus.org . DARPA, DOE, NASA, NSF. Nghin cu xy dng h tng v cng c cho Grid da trn cng ng, m ngun m, kin trc m ca Grid Grid Research Integration Development & Support (GRIDS) Center. www.grids-center.org . NSF. Tch hp, trin khai, h tr ca h tng lp trung cho nghin cu gio dc ca NSF. Grid Application Development Software. www.hipersoft.rice.edu/grads . NSF. Nghin cu phng php lun, m hnh khung pht trin ng dng mng li. Grid Physics Network (GriPhyN). www.griphyn.org. NSF. Nghin cu Pht trin cng ngh trong lnh vc phn tch d liu ca vt l thc nghim: ATLAS, CMS, LIGO, Information Power Grid. www.ipg.nasa.gov. NASA. Kin to v ng dng Grid cho khoa hc hng khng v tr. Network for Earthquake Eng. Simulation Grid. www.neesgrid.org. NSF. Kin to v ng dng Grid trong nghin cu ng t cho k ngh. National Virtual Observatory (NVO). www.srl.caltech.edu/nvo. NSF. Kin to v ng dng Grid phn tch x l d liu trong thin vn Particle Physics Data Grid (PPDG). www.ppdg.net. DOE Office of Science. Kin to v ng dng mng li nhm phn tch d liu trong vt l nng lng cao v cc th nghim vt l ht nhn.

 Southern California Earthquake Center 2. www.scec.org. NSF. H thng m hnh ho a cht y , s dng Grid v h thng da trn tri thc. TeraGrid. www.teragrid.org. NSF. H tng mng kt ni bn v tr ti nguyn khoa hc ln ca M vi bng thng 40 Gb/s. 2.3 Chi tit mt s d n tiu biu 2.3.1 RealityGrid D n ny c thc hin di s lnh o ca gio s Peter Coveney vi s tham gia ca cc trng i hc Edinburgh, Loughborough, Manchester v Oxford. Mc tiu ca d n ny l m hnh ha cu trc phn t ca vt rn v cung cp mt mi trng h tr vic to ra cc vt cht mi. Cc my tnh hiu nng cao s c s dng xy dng mt mi trng trc quan biu din cc m hnh ny v cung cp cc tin ch. y s l mi trng cho nhng ngi lm khoa hc trc quan ha cu trc ca vt th, so snh vi thc t v tch hp vo d liu thc nghim.

2.3.2. Comb-e-Chem Comb-e-Chem c thc hin di s cng tc ca cc trng i hc Southampton v Bristol, do Dr. Jeremy Frey lnh o. Comb- e-Chem ch yu dng to ra cc hp cht mi thng qua vic p dng cc phng php kt hp gia cc ha cht vi nhau. Phng php kt hp tm ra cc hp cht mi t mt ngun d liu v cc tnh cht ha hc, d liu c tch ly ngy cng ln. t c hiu qu cao th mt platform s dng h tng Grid c s dng kt hp cc cu trc c sinh ra v ngun d liu tri thc c c lu tr. Platform c xy dng phi h tr vic chn lc d liu, bao gm vic to ra d liu cng nh kh nng x l d

liu. Ngoi ra, Comb-e-Chem cn cung cp giao din tng tc vi ngi s dng cho php thc hin cc bc m hnh ha, thit k v thc hin cc th nghim t xa (online accessable).

2.3.3. Distributed aircraft maintenance environment (DAME) y l d n theo di an ton ca cc chuyn bay thng bng cch lp t cc thit b cm ng ng c my bay. Cc thit b ny s lin tc gi d liu v cho cc trm (Grid node) mt t tin hnh x l v cho bit thng tin hin ti (real-time) ca my bay. y l d n c s ti tr ca Rolls-Royce. Chi tit hn ca d n ny s c trnh bi phn sau ca bo co.

DAME

2.3.4. myGrid D n ny c s tham gia ca nhiu thnh vin nht bao gm cc trng i hc Manchester, Southampton, Nottingham, Newcastle, v Sheffield hp tc vi vin cng ngh sinh hc Chu u. Mc tiu ca myGrid l pht trin mt h tng (infrastructure) pha bn h tng ca Grid (Grid infrastructure) nhm gip cho cc nh khoa hc c th d dng s dung cc h thng ti nguyn c phn b trn Grid. Mt workbench ring cho cc nh khoa hc (e-Scientists workbench) s c pht trin, workbench s thay i ty theo nhu cu ca thc nghin cu. V myGrid c thit k v pht trin nhm cho cc ng dng v cng ngh sinh hc nn phi cung cp hai mi trng ng dng, mt dng h tr qu trnh phn tch d liu gen, hai l dng gii thch cho cc mu d liu. GSK, AstraZeneca, IBM and SUN l cc doanh nghip cng tc pht trin d n myGrid. 2.3.5. GridPP GridPP c hnh thnh da trn s hp tc ca cc nh vt l hc v cc chuyn gia trong lnh vc khoa hc my tnh ca UK v CERN. GridPP pht trin t nm 2001 hng theo 3 mc tiu chnh, th nht l pht trin mt ng dng cho php cc nh vt l nguyn t c th chy (run) cc jobs trn Grid, hai l vit mt middleware dng qun l v phn phi cc cng vic tnh ton (computing tasks) trn Grid bn cnh cng phi ch trng n vn bo mt, mc tiu cn li ca GridPP l trin khai mt h tng tnh ton (computing infrastructure) vi cc sites t UK nh l mt prototype v Grid cho LHC ca CERN. 2.3.6. AstroGrid AstroGrid c xy dng vi s tham gia ca cc nh thin vn hc v cc nh khoa hc my tnh cc trng i hc Edinburgh, Leicester, Cambridge, Queens Belfast, UCL v Manchester. Mc tiu ca AstroGrid l xy dng mt c s h tng cho Grid h tr Virtual Observatory (VO). VO cung cp mt giao din ging nh ng dng trn desktop gip cho cc nh thin vn c th kho st v nh du ti nguyn trn ton th gii, tm kim, lu tr v chia s d liu. 2.3.7. eDiamond i hc Tng hp Oxford cng IBM v chnh ph Anh hp tc xy dng mt mng tnh ton hin i, c gi l eDiamond, gip sm kim tra v chn on bnh ung

th v cng nh cung cp nhiu thng tin hn cho cc chuyn gia y t iu tr cn bnh ny. Vi khon u t gn 6 triu USD t IBM v chnh ph Anh, d n eDiamond l mt phn trong pht kin Khoa hc in t (e-Science) tr gi 118 triu euro ca nc ny. y s l mng u tin c xy dng ton b bng cng ngh hin c c thng mi ho m khng cn phi chnh sa hay thay i g thm, s dng phn mm do hng Mirada Solutions pht trin c th chun ho cc hnh nh s ho mi v c sn v bnh ung th v. Bn cnh vic cho php cc bnh vin lu tr v chia s hnh nh in t v bnh ung th v, eDiamond s cung cp cho cc bc s nhng cng c cng kh nng phn tch tin tin nhm chun on bnh tt hn. Hnh nh v ung th v s c lu tr v khai thc, cho php bc s pht trin nhng phng php iu tr mi thng qua thc hin nhng nghin cu chuyn su nhm xc nh nh hng ca mi trng v phong cch sng ti s pht trin ca cn bnh ny. 2.4. e-Science Core Programme e-Science Core Programme c pht trin nh l mt c s h tng Grid chung cho cc d n c miu t trn (pilot projects). Vi s cng tc ca cc nh khoa hc, khoa hc my tnh, v cc doanh nghip nhm xy dng v ph bin mt framework c th p ng c cc ng dng trong nhiu lnh vc khoa hc khc nhau cng , thch hp vi cc ng dng trong cng nghip. Cu trc ca e-Science Core Programme bao gm su thnh phn:

2.4.1. Hin thc h tng mng kt ni cc e-Science Centres

Cc e-Science Centres c phn b trn khp UK nh hnh bn di:

Cc trung tm e-Science ny rt quan trng cho ton d n e-Science v n gi cc vai tr:

 Phn b ti nguyn tnh ton, d liu v ci t cc dch v chun (standard) v c bn phc v cho UK e-Science Grid. Thu ht ngun u t t cng tc ca cng nghip xy dng Grid middleware. Ph bin cc kin thc v Grid ra cng ng. 2.4.2. nh hng cho s pht trin Grid middleware Nhm thuyt phc cc cng ty v t chc ti tr cho s pht trin ca Grid middleware bng cch nh hng xy dng cc middleware mi s c nhiu chc nng hay dch v m cc doanh nghip c th d dng. Irving Wladawsky-Berger: all of our systems will be enabled to work with the Grid, and all of our middleware will integrate with the software. Tuy nhin, cng vic quan trng nht ca middleware ny l h tr cc yu cu ny sinh t cc d n pilot nh kh nng tnh ton, khng gian lu tr v phi p ng c cc chc nng ca mt middleware cn c. Middleware ny s c pht trin di dng m ngun m vi s cng tc ca cng ng Globus (www.globus.org) v c s tho lun vi IBM, Oracle, Microsoft v cc vn c bit l v DBMS. 2.4.3. Interdisciplinary Research Collaboration (IRC) IRC c ti tr bi EPSRC, BBSRC, MRC and the MoD di s cng tc ca cc trng i hc Cambridge, London v Bristol. Ngun ti tr ca IRC c chia ra cho nhiu d n trong nhiu lnh vc nh: mi trng, vt l, y t, Advanced Grid Interfaces for Environmental e-science in the Lab and in the Field CoAKTinG: Collaborative Advanced Knowledge Technologies in the grid. Grid enabled knowledge services: collaborative problem solving environments in medical informatics Grid-Based Medical Devices For Everyday Health MIAS - Grid. A Medical Image and Signal Research Grid H tr cc d n e-Science Trung tm h tr Grid ra i nhm mc ch h tr k thut cho cc ng dng eScience. Trung tm ny ny s h tr k thut cho cng nh cc d n e-Science v

Grid Stater Kit, y l b cng c bao gm Globus Toolkit, Condor v Storage Resource Broker middleware. Nhm h tr s tr li v gii quyt cc vn lin quan n Grid trong phm vi ton UK. Ngoi ra nhm h tr cn thc hin cng vic nh gi, kim th v nng cp cc middleware ca Grid Stater Kit. S hp tc ton cu e-Science phi h tr cng ng khoa hc UK cng tc vi cc nh khoa hoc trn ton th gii, y l mc tiu quan trng nht m h tng cng nh cc ng dng Grid phi t c. Vo thi im hin ti th e-Science tham gia cng tc vi Argonne National Laboratory, San Diego Supercomputing Center and NCSA in the USA. Nhng ngi pht trin e-Science lun mong mun c thm nhiu s cng tc nh th trong tng lai. H tng mng Cc ng dng e-Science s da vo SuperJANET4 truyn ti d liu. SuperJANET4 hin ti c bng thng ln n 10Gbps. Grid Network Team (GNT) ra i nhm thu thp thng tin v nhu cu s dng bng thng ca cc d n eScience, gim st cc s c v mng c th xy ra (botltleneck,..) , m bo cht lng dch v cho cc d n e-Science. Ngoi ra vic cn bng ti hay phn phi bng thng mt cch hp l cng c e-Science kt hp vi EU DataGrid project thc hin.