دوائر منطقية

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
ã¹]<gè…‚jÖ]æ<ËÖ]<Üé×Ãj×Ö<íÚ^ÃÖ]<í‰‰ö¹]
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
‫א‬١٤٧
‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 W،،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ ‫א‬  ،‫א‬   ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬        ،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬   ‫א‬    ،  
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
     ‫א‬  ‫א‬   ،‫א‬   
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

?    ?  ?  ‫א‬ ? ‫א‬ ‫א‬  
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬      
  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ،KKK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 KKKKKK،‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 Introduction١J ١

  
  ‫א‬
(Binary Number System)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬
K(Digital Electronic Circuits)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(Decimal Number System)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Hexadecimal Numbering System)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Octal Number System)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬K١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٥

(Digit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Symbol)،(Number)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠{١{٢{٣{٤, ... , ٨{٩)،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬(١٢٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١،٤)(١٤)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٦)(١،٢،٣)(١٢٣)
 K‫א‬
 Decimal Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (١٠)١٠‫א‬
 K٠{١{٢{٣{٤{٥{٦{٧{٨{٩ 
(١٢٨)‫א‬‫א‬(Positional Weight) ‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬E ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(٨)‫א‬‫א‬
(٢)‫א‬‫א‬،(٨ × ١ = ٨) ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬E١F‫א‬‫א‬،(٢ × ١٠ = ٢٠)١٠
‫א‬K(١ × ١٠٠ = ١٠٠) ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(١ × ١٠٠) + (٢ × ١٠) + (٨ × ١) = ١٠٠ + ٢٠ + ٨ = ١٢٨
‫א‬‫א‬E١٠F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٠٠ = ١١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

........ ١٠٥ ١٠٤ ١٠٣ ١٠٢ ١٠١ ١٠٠
 W١٢٨‫א‬
١ ٢ ٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬   
 ١٠٢ ١٠١ ١٠٠
 ١ × ١٠٢ + ٢ × ١٠١ + ٨ × ١٠٠
  (١٢٨)١٠ = ١٠٠ + ٢٠ + ٨
‫א‬١٠‫א‬‫א‬(١٢٨)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Subscript)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W١٠ ١‫א‬

١٠٢ ١٠١ ١٠٠ • ١٠ ١
١٠ ٢
١٠ ٣
........
‫א‬‫א‬

(Decimal Point)

 Binary Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
(٢)(٢) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .(١،٠) ‫א‬
 W(٢)
..... ٢٤ ٢٣ ٢٢ ٢١ ٢٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
..... ١٦ ٨ ٤ ٢ ١
 W(١١٠٠١)‫א‬‫א‬

٢٤ ٢٣ ٢٢ ٢١ ٢٠
١ ١ ٠ ٠ ١
= (١ × ٢٤) + (١ × ٢٣) + (٠ × ٢٢) + (٠ × ٢١) + (١ × ٢٠)
= ١٦ + ٨ + ٠ + ٠ + ١ = (٢٥)١٠
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(١١٠٠١)٢‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Binary Digit)‫א‬(Bit)‫א‬‫ א‬W(Bit)‫א‬‫א‬■
‫א‬E
 ‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١١٠١١٠١)٢‫א‬(٤-bits)(١٠٠١)٢‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(٧-bits)
‫א‬‫א‬ W(Number of Binary Combinations)‫א‬‫א‬■
K(bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N = 2 n
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬= N W
 (bits)‫א‬= n
 W‫א‬‫א‬(٢)‫א‬‫א‬
٢
N=٢ =٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬(٣)‫א‬‫א‬
N = ٢٣ = ٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬(٤)‫א‬‫א‬
٤
N = ٢ = ١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W(Bit)‫א‬‫א‬■
‫א‬(١)(١)٢٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٢٢‫א‬(٢)٢١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(٤)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(LSB)‫א‬‫א‬(Least Significant Bit)
 K(MSB)‫א‬‫א‬ (Most Significant Bit) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Bit)‫א‬‫א‬WEByte) 
 ‫א‬ ■
(٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 K
(Byte)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
١ byte = ٨ bits
Decimal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Sum of Weights Method)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Repeated Division–by–٢ Method)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١
‫א‬،٢١٤‫א‬ ،‫א‬(١٤)١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 .(٠)‫א‬٢‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(MSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(LSB)
 W

‫ א‬       
١٤ ÷ ٢ = ٧ ٠
٧ ÷٢=٣ ١
٣ ÷٢=١ ١
١ ÷٢=٠ ١
١ ١ ١ ٠
(MSB) (LSB)
 W
(١٤)١٠ = (١١١٠)٢

 K‫א‬(٢٥)١٠‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ١F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬ 
٢٥ ÷ ٢ = ١٢ ١ (LSB)
١٢ ÷ ٢ = ٦ ٠
٦ ÷٢=٣ ٠
٣ ÷٢=١ ١
١ ÷٢=٠ ١ (MSB)
 W‫א‬
(١٤)١٠ = (١١١٠)٢
 K‫א‬(٨٧)١٠‫א‬‫א‬WE٢J ١F 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬
٨٧ ÷ ٢ = ٤٣ ١ (LSB)
٤٣ ÷ ٢ = ٢١ ١
٢١ ÷ ٢ = ١٠ ١
١٠ ÷ ٢ = ٥ ٠
٥ ÷٢=٢ ١
٢ ÷٢=١ ٠
١ ÷٢=٠ ١ (MSB)
 W‫א‬
(٨٧)١٠ = (١٠١٠١١١)٢
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Decimal Fractions)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٢)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٢)‫א‬‫א‬
٠٫٣١٢٥‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠٫٣١٢٥)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(٢)
(Carried Digits)‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(LSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(MSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W


‫א‬
٠٫٣١٢٥ × ٢ = ٠٫٦٢٥ ٠
٠٫٦٢٥ × ٢ = ١٫٢٥ ١
٠٫٢٥ × ٢ = ٠٫٥ ٠
٠٫٥ × ٢ = ١٫٠٠ ١

(LSB) ١ ٠ ١ ٠ (MSB)
 


 K‫א‬(٣٩٫٢٥)١٠‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ١F
 W(٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
‫א‬
٣٩ ÷ ٢ = ١٩ ١ (LSB)
١٩ ÷ ٢ = ٩ ١
٩ ÷٢=٤ ١
٤ ÷٢=٢ ٠
٢ ÷٢=١ ٠
١ ÷٢=٠ ١ (MSB)
 W‫א‬
 (٣٩)١٠ = (١٠٠١١١)    
 W(٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬
٠٫٢٥ × ٢ = ٠٫٥ ٠
٠٫٥ × ٢ = ١٫٠٠ ١
 W
(٠٫٢٥)١٠ = (٠٫٠١)٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٣٩٫٢٥)١٠ = (١٠٠١١١٫٠١)٢
 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١

(٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١٦, ٨, ٤, ٢, ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١)‫א‬‫א‬(Bit)‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬١١٠١٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ١F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)W‫א‬
 W
٢٦ ٢٥ ٢٤ ٢٣ ٢٢ ٢١ ٢٠ : ‫א‬
١ ١ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ : ‫א‬‫א‬
= ١ × ٢٦ + ١ × ٢٥ + ٠ × ٢٤ + ١ × ٢٣ + ٠ × ٢٢ + ٠ × ٢١ + ١ × ٢٠
= ٦٤ + ٣٢ + ٨ + ١ = (١٠٥)١٠
(Bits ) ‫ﺧﺎﻧ ﺎت‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Binary Point)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Decimal Point)‫א‬‫א‬
 W
……٢٤ ٢٣ ٢٢ ٢١ ٢٠ • ٢-١ ٢-٢ ٢-٣ ٢-٤…….
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬(٠٫١٠١١)٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ١F 
 W‫א‬
-١ -٢ -٣ -٤
• ٢ ٢ ٢ ٢
٠• ١ ٠ ١ ١
∴(٠٫١٠١١)٢ = ١ × ٢-١ + ١ × ٢-٣ + ١ × ٢-٤ = ٠٫٥ + ٠٫١٢٥ + ٠٫٠٦٢٥ = (٠٫٦٨٧٥)١٠

 Binary Arithmetic ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 Binary Addition ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W(Binary Digits)
٠ + ٠ = ٠
٠ + ١ = ١
١ + ٠ = ١
١ + ١ = ٠ carry E‫א‬F ١ ⇒ = ١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬،(٢)١ + ١ = ١٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K٠١١, ١١٠‫א‬‫א‬WE٦J ١F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

١ ١
٦ ١ ١ ٠
+٣ + ٠ ١ ١
EF ٩ ١ ٠ ٠ ١
 K٠١١, ١٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٧J ١F 
W‫א‬
٤ ١ ٠ ٠
+٣ ٠ ١ ١
EF ٧ ١ ١ ١
 Binary Subtraction ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ١
K‫א‬‫א‬J ٢
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠–٠=٠
١–٠=١
١–١=٠
٠–١=١ (١) ‫א‬ (١)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ •
W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K(٠)‫א‬(١)(١)(٠)(٠)
K(١)‫א‬(١)(٠)
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(٠)(١)‫א‬(٠)(١)
K(٠)(١)(١)E
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٠١١)‫א‬‫א‬(١٠١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٨J ١F 
    W‫א‬
(٠)‫א‬(١)‫א‬ ٠     
١
١ ٠ ١ ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬
 –٠ ١ ١ ‫א‬
(١)(١٠)‫א‬
٠ ١ ٠   
(١)‫א‬


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١
One's and Two's Complements of Binary Numbers
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(١)(٠)(٠)(١)
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
١ ٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ ١  ‫א‬‫א‬
٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (١)‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١ +‫א‬‫א‬Z‫א‬‫א‬
K١٠١١٠٠١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١ ٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ ١  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬ 
+ ١ (١)  
٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ ١ ١ ٠  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬
 (LSB)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(١٠١٠١١٠١)٢‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ١ ٠ ١ ٠ ١ ١ ٠ ١  ‫א‬‫א‬ 
٠ ١ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ ١  ‫א‬‫א‬ 

Representation of Signed Numbers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(١)،‫א‬(٠)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (Sign Bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(Magnitude)
‫א‬‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(٢'s Complement)‫א‬‫א‬ (١'s Complement) ‫א‬‫א‬(Sign-Magnitude)
 (Sign-Magnitude System) ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Bit)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(+٢٣)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ١ ١ ١   
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ 
(Sign Bit)
(Magnitude Bits) 
 W ‫( ﻓﺈﻧﻨﺎ‬-٢٣)‫א‬‫א‬
١ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ ١ ١    
 K‫א‬(–٢٣) ، (+٢٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (١'s Complement System) ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (–٢٣) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 W
٠٠٠١٠١١١ (+٢٣)‫א‬ 
 ١ ١ ١ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ٠ (–٢٣)‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 (٢'s Complement)‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨J ١
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
 W(+٢٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(-٢٣)‫א‬‫א‬
٠٠٠١٠١١١ (+٢٣)‫א‬ 
 ١ ١ ١ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ (-٢٣)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  
Arithmetic Operations with Signed Numbers‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ١
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KE٦J ١F‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١١١١٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬٠٠٠٠١١١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٩J ١F 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
 ١٤ – (– ٦) = ١٤ + ٦ = ٢٠
 W‫א‬
٠٠٠٠١١١٠ ‫א‬(H١٤)
+ ٠٠٠٠٠١١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬(H٦)
٠٠٠١٠١٠٠ ‫א‬(H٢٠)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٠J ١F 
(٠٠٠٠١٠٠٠)٢ – (٠٠٠٠٠١٠٠)٢
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
٨ – ٤ = ٨ + (-٤) = ٤
 W


٠٠٠٠١٠٠٠ ‫א‬(H٨)
+١١١١١١٠٠ ‫א‬‫א‬( ٤)
١٠٠٠٠٠١٠٠ ‫א‬(H٤)
 ‫א‬
(Discard carry) 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١١J ١F 
(١١١٠٠١١١)٢ – (٠٠٠٠١٠٠١)٢
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
– ٢٥ – (+٩) = – ٢٥ – ٩ = -٣٤
 W
١١١٠٠١١١ ‫א‬( ٢٥)
+١١١١٠١١١ ‫א‬‫א‬( ٩)
١١١٠١١١١٠ ‫ ( א‬٣٤)
 ‫א‬
(Discard carry) 
 The Octal Numbering System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ١
(٨)(٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٠،١،٢،٣،٤،٥،٦،٧)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Octal-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ١
(٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬(……٨٣ ٨٢ ٨١ ٨٠ )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K،‫א‬(…... ٥١٢ ٦٤ ٨ ١)
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢٢٧٥)٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W
‫א‬‫א‬: ٨٣ ٨٢ ٨١ ٨٠
‫א‬‫ א‬: ٢ ٢ ٧ ٥
∴ (٢٢٧٥)٨ = (٢ × ٨٣) + (٢ × ٨٢) + (٧ × ٨١) + (٥ × ٨٠)
= (٢ × ٥١٢) + (٢ × ٦٤) + (٧ × ٨) + (٥ × ١)
= ١٠٢٤ + ١٢٨ + ٥٦ + ٥ = (١٢١٣)١٠
 Decimal–to–Octal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠J ١
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(٨)‫א‬
 K(٢)(٨)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١٠J ١
(٨)١٥٠‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬ (١٥٠)١٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٨)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.(٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
{Most Significant Digit} ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬{Least Significant Digit} (LSD)
 W‫א‬‫א‬(MSD)
 
‫א‬
١٥٠ ÷ ٨ = ١٨ ٦ (LSD)
١٨ ÷ ٨ = ٢ ٢
٢ ÷٨=٠ ٢ (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(١٥٠)١٠ = (٢٢٦)٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٦٢٤)١٠‫א‬‫א‬WE١٢J ١F 
 
‫א‬  W‫א‬
٦٢٤ ÷ ٨ = ٧٨ ٠ (LSD)
٧٨ ÷ ٨ = ٩ ٦
٩ ÷٨=١ ١
١ ÷٨=٠ ١ (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(٦٢٤)١٠ = (٦١١)٨
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١٠J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬(٠٫٢٦٥)‫א‬‫א‬K(٨)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(٨)٠٫٢٦٥‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٨)
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬Carried Digits)‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

 ‫א‬(MSD)
 ‫א‬‫א‬(LSD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

‫اﻟﺤﺎﻣﻞ‬
٠٫٢٦٥ × ٨ = ٢٫١٢ ٢ (MSD)
٠٫١٢ × ٨ = ٠٫٩٦ ٠
٠٫٩٦ × ٨ = ٧٫٦٨ ٧
٠٫٦٨ × ٨ = ٥٫٤٤ ٥
٠٫٤٤ × ٨ = ٣٫٥٢ ٣
٠٫٥٢ × ٨ = ٤٫١٦ ٤ (LSD)
 W‫א‬‫א‬(٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٠٫٦٢٥)١٠ = (٠٫٢٠٧٥٣٤)٨
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٤٤٫٥٦٢٥)١٠‫א‬‫א‬WE١٣J ١F 
 K(٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ W‫א‬
 
‫א‬ 
٤٤ ÷ ٨ = ٥ ٤ (LSD)
٥ ÷٨=٠ ٥ (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(٤٤)١٠ = (٥٤)٨
 W(٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٠٫٥٦٢٥ × ٨ = ٤٫٥ ٤
٠٫٥ × ٨ = ٤٫٠٠ ٤
 W
(٠٫٥٦٢٥)١٠ = (٠٫٤٤)٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٤٤٫٥٦٢٥)١٠ = (٥٤٫٤٤)٨
 Octal-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١٠J ١
(٨)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬٤٠٩٦, ٥١٢, ٦٤, ٨, ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Digit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٣٢٤)٨‫א‬‫א‬WE١٤J ١F 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬: ٨٢ ٨١ ٨٠
‫א‬‫א‬: ٣ ٢ ٤
∴ (٣٢٤)٨ = (٣ × ٨٢) + (٢ × ٨١) + (٤ × ٨٠)

= (٣ × ٦٤) + (٢ × ٨) + (٤ × ١)
= ١٩٢ + ١٦ + ٤ = (٢١٢)١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
  (Octal Point)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ٠ -١
……٨ ٨ ٨ ٨ ٨ • ٨ ٨-٢ ٨-٣ ٨-٤…….
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٥٦٧٫١٤)٨‫א‬‫א‬WE١٥J ١F 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬: ٨٢ ٨١ ٨٠ • ٨-١ ٨-٢
‫א‬‫א‬: ٥ ٦ ٧ • ١ ٤
∴ (٥٦٧٫١٤)٨ = (٥ × ٨٢) + (٦ × ٨١) + (٧ × ٨٠) + (١ × ٨-١) + (٤ × ٨-٢)

= (٥ × ٦٤) + (٦ × ٨) + (٧ × ١) + (١ × ٠٫١٢٥) + (٤ × ٠٫٠١٥٦٢٥)
= ٣٢٠ + ٤٨٠ + ٧ + ٠٫١٢٥ + ٠٫٠٦٢٥ = (٣٧٥٫١٨٧٥)١٠
 Octal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠J ١

‫א‬‫א‬ (Digit)
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(٣-bits)
KE١J ١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ٠٠٠ ٠٠١ ٠١٠ ٠١١ ١٠٠ ١٠١ ١١٠ ١١١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ١F 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٣٥٧)٨‫א‬‫א‬WE١٦J ١F 
 W‫א‬
(٣٥٧)٨ = ٣ ٥ ٧
٠١١ ١٠١ ١١١
= (٠١١١٠١١١١)٢
 K‫א‬(١٢٧٦٫٥٤٣)٨‫א‬‫א‬WE١٧J ١F 
 W‫א‬
(١٢٧٦٫٥٤٣)٨ = ١ ٢ ٧ ٦ • ٥ ٤ ٣
٠٠١ ٠١٠ ١١١ ١١٠ • ١٠١ ١٠٠ ٠١١
= (١٠١٠١١١١١٠٫١٠١١٠٠٠١١)٢
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Binary-to-Octal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥J ١٠J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
J 
 –‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(١٠١١٠٠١٠١١١٠٠٫٠٠١٠١)٢‫א‬‫א‬WE١٨J ١F 
 W‫א‬
٠٠١ ٠١١ ٠٠١ ٠١١ ١٠٠ • ٠٠١ ٠١٠

١ ٣ ١ ٣ ٤ • ١ ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W
(١٠١١٠٠١٠١١١٠٠٫٠٠١٠١)٢ = (١٣١٣٤٫١٢)٨
 Arithmetic Operations in Octal System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٠J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Octal Addition ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١٠J ١
‫א‬(٠،٩)‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(١٠)‫א‬(٩)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(٩)
‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(١٠)‫א‬‫א‬ (٠،١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٧)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٧)
(١١, ١٢, ١٣, ١٤, ١٥, ١٦, ١٧)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(١٠)
K‫א‬ (٣٠, ٣١, ..... , ٣٧)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢٠،٢١, ٢٢, ...... , ٢٧) 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K(٧)
(٢)‫א‬‫א‬(٧)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬(٧)‫א‬(٨)‫א‬‫א‬(٧)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(٢)‫א‬(١٠)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ٠ +
٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ٠ ٠
١٠ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ١
١١ ١٠ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ٢
١٢ ١١ ١٠ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٣
١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٤
١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٥
١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ ٧ ٦ ٦
١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ ٧ ٧
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ١F 

 K(٤٢)٨، (٣٨)٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١٩J ١F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
٣٤
+ ٤٢
٧٦
∴(٣٤)٨ + (٤٢)٨ = (٧٦)٨


(٧)(٣،٤)(٤،٢)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 K(٦٣)٨،(٥٦)٨‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٠J ١F
 W‫א‬
٥ ٦
+ ٦ ٣
١ ٤ ١
‫א‬(٢)(٧) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Carry)‫א‬
Subtraction in Octal System‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١٠J ١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٨)
K‫א‬‫א‬
(٦٥٧)٨ – (٣٤٦)٨ W‫א‬‫א‬WE٢١J ١F 
 W‫א‬W‫א‬
٦ ٥ ٧ ‫א‬
– ٣ ٤ ٦ ‫א‬
٣ ١ ١
∴(٦٥٧)٨ – (٣٤٦)٨ = (٣١١)٨

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬
(٧٣٢)٨ – (٦٣٤)٨W‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٢J ١F
 W‫א‬
٦ ٢ ١
٧ ٣ ٢ ‫א‬
– ٦ ٣ ٤ ‫א‬
٠ ٧ ٦
∴(٧٣٢)٨ – (٦٣٤)٨ = (٧٦)٨

‫א‬‫א‬(٢)(٤)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٢)(٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hexadecimal Numbering System ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ١
(١٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٠،١،٢،٣،٤،٥،٦،٧،٨،٩,A,B,C,D,E,F) ‫א‬(١٦)
 K‫א‬(١٠, ١١, ١٢, ١٣, ١٤, ١٥)‫א‬‫א‬(A,B,C,D,E,F)‫א‬
Hexadecimal–to–Decimal Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١١J ١
١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
... ٤٠٩٦ ٢٥٦ ١٦ )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(……١٦٣ ١٦٢ ١٦١ ١٦٠)
 W(٥٢٢٫٣٩)١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١

‫א‬‫א‬: ١٦٢ ١٦١ ١٦٠ • ١٦-١ ١٦-٢
‫א‬‫א‬: ٥ ٢ ٢ • ٣ ٩
∴ (٥٢٢٫٣٩)١٦ = (٥ × ١٦٢) + (٢ × ١٦١) + (٢ × ١٦٠) + (٣ × ١٦-١) + (٩ × ١٦-٢)

= (٥ × ٢٥٦) + (٢ × ١٦) + (٢ × ١) + (٣ × ٠٫٠٦٢٥) + (٩ × ٠٫٠٠٣٩٠٦٢)
= ١٢٨٠ + ٣٢ + ٢ + ٠٫١٨٧٥ + ٠٫٠٣٥١٥٥٨ = (١٣١٤٫٢٢٢٦٥٥)١٠
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬‫א‬(١٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Decimal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١١J ١
(١٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(٢)(٨)(١٦)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١١J ١
(١٦)٩٧‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٩٧)١٠‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(١٦)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬(MSD)‫א‬‫א‬(LSD)
 
‫א‬
٩٧ ÷ ١٦ = ٦ ١ (LSD)
٦ ÷ ١٦ = ٠ ٦ (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(٩٧)١٠ = (٦١)١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٣١٤)١٠‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٣J ١F
 
‫א‬ W‫א‬
٣١٤ ÷ ١٦ = ١٩ A (LSD)
١٩ ÷ ١٦ = ١ ٣
١ ÷ ١٦ = ٠ ١ (MSD)
 W‫א‬
(٣١٤)١٠ = (١٣A)١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١١J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٠٫٧٨١٢٥)١٠‫א‬‫א‬K(١٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(١٦)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٦)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(MSD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(LSD)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 
٠٫٧٨١٢٥ × ١٦ = ١٢٫٥ C
٠٫٥ × ١٦ = ٨٫٠٠ ٨
 W
∴(٠٫٧٨١٢٥)١٠ = (٠.C٨)١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٣٢٩٫٥٢)١٠‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٤J ١F 
 W١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 
‫א‬
٣٢٩ ÷ ١٦ = ٢٠ ٩ (LSD)
٢٠ ÷ ١٦ = ١ ٤
١ ÷ ١٦ = ٠ ١ (MSD)
 W‫א‬
∴(٣٢٩)١٠ = (١٤٩)١٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬(١٦)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ 
٠٫٥٢ × ١٦ = ٨٫٣٢ ٨ (MSD)

٠٫٣٢ × ١٦ = ٥٫١٢ ٥
٠٫١٢ × ١٦ = ١٫٩٢ ١
٠٫٩٢ × ١٦ = ١٤٫٧٢ E
٠٫٧٢ × ١٦ = ١١٫٥٢ B
٠٫٥٢ × ١٦ = ٨٫٣٢ ٨ (LSD)

 W‫א‬(٦)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٠٫٥٢)١٠ = (٠٫٨٥١EB٨)١٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٣٢٩٫٥٢)١٠ = (١٤٩٫٨٥١EB٨)١٦
Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١١J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(١٦)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(F٩B)١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٥J ١F 
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬: ١٦٢ ١٦١ ١٦٠
‫א‬‫א‬: F ٩ B
∴ (F٩B)١٦ = (F × ١٦ ) + (٩ × ١٦١) + (B × ١٦٠)
٢
= (١٥ × ٢٥٦) + (٩ × ١٦) + (١١ × ١)

= ٣٨٤٠ + ١٤٤ + ١١ = (٣٩٩٥)١٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

٣ ٢ ١ ٠ -١ -٢ -٣
……١٦ ١٦ ١٦ ١٦ • ١٦ ١٦ ١٦ …….
 ‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬(A١٥.C٣)١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٦J ١F
 W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬: ١٦٢ ١٦١ ١٦٠ • ١٦-١ ١٦-٢
‫א‬‫א‬: A ١ ٥ • C ٣
∴ (A١٥.C٣)١٦ = (A × ١٦٢) + (١ × ١٦١) + (٥ × ١٦٠) + (C × ١٦-١) + (٣ × ١٦-٢)

= (١٠ × ٢٥٦) + (١ × ١٦) + (٥ × ١) + (١٢ × ٠٫٠٦٢٥) + (٣ × ٠٫٠٠٣٩٠٦٢)
= ٢٥٦٠ + ١٦ + ٥ + ٠٫٧٥ + ٠٫٠١١٧١٨٦ = (٢٥٨١٫٧٦١٧)١٠
Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١١J ١

(٠،١،٢,……,٩,A,B,C,D,E,F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A,B,C,D,E,F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(١٠،١١،١٢،١٣،١٤،١٥)
(٤-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 WE٣J ١F‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(٣A٥)١٦‫א‬WE٢٧J ١F 
 W‫א‬
(٣A٥)١٦ = ٣ A ٥
٠٠١١ ١٠١٠ ٠١٠١
= (٠٠١١١٠١٠٠١٠١)٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬‫א‬
٠ ٠٠٠٠ ٠
١ ٠٠٠١ ١
٢ ٠٠١٠ ٢
٣ ٠٠١١ ٣
٤ ٠١٠٠ ٤
٥ ٠١٠١ ٥
٦ ٠١١٠ ٦
٧ ٠١١١ ٧
٨ ١٠٠٠ ٨
٩ ١٠٠١ ٩
A ١٠١٠ ١٠
B ١٠١١ ١١
C ١١٠٠ ١٢
D ١١٠١ ١٣
E ١١١٠ ١٤
F ١١١١ ١٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ١F 

 K‫א‬‫א‬(B٣٥.D١)١٦‫א‬WE٢٨J ١F 
 W‫א‬
(B٣٥.D١)١٦ = B ٣ ٥ • D ١
١٠١١ ٠٠١١ ٠١٠١ • ١١٠١ ٠٠٠١
= (١٠١١٠٠١١٠١٠١٫١١٠١٠٠٠١)٢
Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥J ١١J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(١١٠١١١١٠١٫١٠١٠٠١)٢‫א‬‫א‬WE٢٩J ١F 
 W‫א‬
٠٠٠١ ١٠١١ ١١٠١ • ١٠١٠ ٠١٠٠

١ B D • A ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∴(١١٠١١١١٠١٫١٠١٠٠١)٢ = (١BD.A٤)١٦
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١١٠١٠٠١٠٠١١٫٠١١٠٠١)٢‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٠J ١F 
 W‫א‬
٠٠٠١ ١٠١٠ ١٠١١ • ٠١١٠ ١٠٠٠

١ A B • ٦ ٨
∴(١١٠١٠٠١٠٠١١٫٠١١٠٠١)٢ = (١AB.٦٨)١٦
Hexadecimal-to-Octal Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ١١J ١

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(AB٣E.٨٧D)١٦‫א‬WE٣١J ١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
(AB٣E.٨٧D)١٦ = (١٠١٠١٠١١٠٠١١١١١٠٫١٠٠٠٠١١١١١٠١)٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W

٠٠١ ٠١٠ ١٠١ ٠٠١ ١١١ ١١٠ • ١٠٠ ٠٠١ ١١١ ١٠١

١ ٢ ٥ ٤ ٧ ٦ • ٤ ١ ٧ ٥
 K‫א‬‫א‬
∴(AB٣E.٨٧D)١٦ = (١٢٥٤٧٦٫٤١٧٥)٨
Octal-to-Hexadecimal Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧J ١١J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ،
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٢٥٫٣٤٢)٨‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٢J ١F 
 W‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
∴(٢٥٫٣٤٢)٨ = (٠١٠١٠١٫٠١١١٠٠٠١٠)٢

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠٠٠١ ٠١٠١ • ٠١١١ ٠٠٠١

١ ٢ • ٧ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
∴(٢٥٫٣٤٢)٨ = (١٢٫٧١)١٦
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١١J ١
Arithmetic Operations in Hexadecimal System
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Hexadecimal Addition‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ١١J ١
(F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠,F)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٠)‫א‬‫א‬،(١٠)
‫א‬
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(B)١٦(٩)١٦‫א‬‫א‬(A)١٦‫א‬(٩)١٦‫א‬‫א‬
 K(F)١٦‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(١٠)١٦‫א‬(F)١٦‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١١)١٦‫א‬(F)١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ٠ +
F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ٠ ٠
١٠ F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ١ ١
١١ ١٠ F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٢ ٢
١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٣ ٣
١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٤ ٤
١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٧ ٦ ٥ ٥
١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٧ ٦ ٦
١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٧ ٧
١٧ ١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C B A ٩ ٨ ٨
١٨ ١٧ ١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C B A ٩ ٩
١٩ ١٨ ١٧ ١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C B A A
١A ١٩ ١٨ ١٧ ١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C B B
١B ١A ١٩ ١٨ ١٧ ١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D C C
١C ١B ١A ١٩ ١٨ ١٧ ١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E D D
١D ١C ١B ١A ١٩ ١٨ ١٧ ١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F E E
١E ١D ١C ١B ١A ١٩ ١٨ ١٧ ١٦ ١٥ ١٤ ١٣ ١٢ ١١ ١٠ F F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ١F
 W‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٣J ١F 
(٣٥AB٢)١٦ + (١A٦٧٥)١٦

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
١ ١ ١
٣ ٥ A B ٢
+ ١ A ٦ ٧ ٥
٥ ٠ ١ ٢ ٧
∴(٣٥AB٢)١٦ + (١A٦٧٥)١٦ = (٥٠١٢٧)١٦
Hexadecimal Subtraction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ١١J ١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
W‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬WE٣٤J ١F 
(F٢ABD)١٦ – (EF٤CE)١٦
 W‫א‬
E ٩ ١A
١ ١
F ٢ A B D
– E F ٤ C E
٣ ٥ E D

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬












 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
a) ٦٤ b) ١١٢ c) ٢٥٧ d) ٢٧{٢٦
e) ٧٧{٠٦٢٥ f) ٤٧{٨٧٥ g) ٣٣{١٢٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
a) ١١٠١١ b) ١١١٠١٠١ c) ١١١١١١ d) ١١١٠{١١
e) ١٠١٠١{١١٠١ f) ١١٠٠٠٠١{١١٠١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
a) ١٠٠ + ١١١ b) ١١١٠{١١ + ١١{١٠
c) ١١١١ + ١١٠١ d) ١٠٠١{١٠١ + ١١٠١{١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤
a) ١١٠١ – ٠١٠٠ b) ١٠٠١ – ٠١١١
c) ١١٠١٠ – ١٠١١١ d) ١١٠٠ – ١٠٠١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥
a) ٠٠١١٠١٠١ b) ١١١٠٠١٠٠ c) ٠٠٠١٠١٠١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
a) ١١١١٠١١٠ b) ٠١٠١١١٠١ c) ٠٠١١٠٠١١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧
 W(٨-bits) ‫א‬‫א‬
a) H٢٨ b) – ٨٣ c) H٩٩ d) – ١٢٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
 W(٨-bits) ‫א‬‫א‬
a) H١٤ b) – ٦٣ c) H١٠٧ d) – ١٢٢

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨F‫א‬‫א‬E٩

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
a) ١٠١١١٠٠٠١ b) ٠١١٠٠١٠٠ c) ١٠١١٠٠١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١
a) ١٠٠١١١٠١ b) ٠١١٠٠١١٠ c) ١٠١٠١١٠١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢
a) ١٠١٠١٠١١ b) ٠٠٠١١١١٠١ c) ١٠١١١٠١١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤
a) ٠٠٠١٠١١٠ – ٠٠١١٠٠١١ b) ٠١١١٠٠٠٠ – ١٠١٠١١١١
c) ١٠٠٠١١٠٠ – ٠٠١١١٠٠١ d) ١١٠١١٠٠١ – ١١١٠٠١١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥
a) ٥٠ b) ١٠٠ c) ٦٣٩١ d) ٧٧{٣٧٥
e) ١٢٠{٥١٥٦٢٥ f) ١٤٤{٥٦٢٥ g) ٩١٥{١٤١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦
a) ٤٢ b) ٢٥٤ c) ١٠٥٧ d) ٣٧{٥
e) ٩٦{١١ f) ١١٥{٣ g) ١٤٣٦٧{١٢
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧
a) ٧٢ b) ١١٣ c) ١٦{٣ d) ٣٧{٦
e) ١٢٢{٧٧٥ f) ٤١٧{٦٣٢ g) ٢٧٦{٦٢١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨
a) ١١٠١٠١{١١٠١ b) ١١١١٠١٠٠{١١٠١٠١ c) ١١٠١١٠١١١{١٠١٠١
d) ١٠٠٠١٠٠١٠١١{١٠٠١ e) ١٠١٠١١١{١١١٠١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩
a) (١٥)٨ + (١٧)٨ b) (٤٤)٨ + (٦٦)٨
c) (١٢٣)٨ + (٣٢١)٨ d) (٢٧٢)٨ + (٤٥٦)٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠
a) (٣٢)٨ – (٢٥)٨ b) (١٤٧)٨ – (٧٤)٨
c) (٣١٥)٨ – (٢٢٢)٨ d) (٤٣٧)٨ – (٣٤٠)٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١
a) ١٤ b) ٨٠ c) ٥٦٠ d) ٣٠٠٠
e) ٦٢٥٠٠ f) ٢٠٤{١٢٥ g) ٢٥٥{٨٧٥ h) ٦٣١{٢٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢
a) ٩F b) D٥٢ c) ٦٧F d) ABCD
e) F.٤ f) B٣.E g) ١١١١{١ h) ٨٨٨{٨
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣
a) ٨ b) ١C c) A٦٤ d) ١F.C e) ٢٣٩{٤
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤
a) ١٠٠١{١١١١ b) ١٠٠٠٠{١ c) ١١٠١٠١{١١٠٠١
d) ١٠١٠٠١١١{١١١٠١١ e) ١٠٠٠٠٠٠{٠٠٠١١١ f) ١١١١١٠٠{١٠٠٠٠١١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٥
a) ١٣A b) ٢٥E٦ c) ٣٠١٦ d) B٤.C
e) ٧٨.D٣ f) ٢٦٥٩.F٤١
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦
a) ٣٧ b) ٧٢٥ c) ٢٤٧٦{٢ d) ١١١٧{١٦
e) ١٦٠٠{٥٢٤ f) ٣٠٠٠{٦١٢٥
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧
a) (٤١)١٦ + (٣٦)١٦ b) (C٨)١٦ + (٣A)١٦
c) (٩B)١٦ + (٦٥)١٦ d) (١١D)١٦ + (٢E١)١٦
f) (٧٧CB٥)١٦ + (A٥F٧٢)١٦ g) (١٣EFD)١٦ + (٢١BB٣)١٦

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٣٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Introduction ١J ٢
J  ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬J 
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬? ‫א‬‫א‬?
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(INVERTER)‫א‬NOT‫א‬،OR‫א‬،AND‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Logic Signal Levels‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
(LOW)‫א‬،‫א‬(١)‫א‬(HIGH)‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(٠)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬،(TRUE)
 K(FALSE)
‫א‬،(Positive Logic)‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K(Negative Logic)‫א‬
‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬(٠) ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 AND Gate AND‫א‬٣J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬K(Logic Functions)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ،(Logical Multiplication)‫א‬
‫א‬A, B‫א‬،E١J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٠)(Two Binary Variables)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Closed)‫א‬‫א‬(١)(Open)‫א‬


(A) 
 (B) (L)


Voltage Source 


 K‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F

(١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬"L"‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K(OFF)‫א‬(٠)(ON)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F،‫א‬،
(L)‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬(L)‫א‬
 K(Truth Table)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 A B L
  
  
  
   

KE١J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٢F 
- ٣٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،AND‫א‬(Standard)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬KAND‫א‬‫א‬،Y‫א‬A, B
 KAND
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
 ٠  ٠  ٠
 ٠  ١  ٠
A
Y
 ١  ٠  ٠ B
 ١ ١ ١
 KAND‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢FKAND‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F 
 
‫א‬ (١)‫א‬،(bits)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬
 ،‫א‬(١)A, B‫א‬
 K(١)‫א‬(١)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
N = 2n
 ‫א‬‫א‬N W
 K‫א‬‫א‬n
 W
 N = 2 2 = 4  ‫א‬‫א‬
 N = 2 3 = 8 ‫א‬‫א‬
 N = 2 4 = 16 ‫א‬‫א‬
 WE١J ٢F 
 KAND‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
 ‫؟‬AND‫א‬‫א‬ •
‫א‬E٣J ٢F،‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬W‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٣٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B C Y
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ١ ٠
٠ ١ ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ١ ٠
 ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ١ ٠
١ ١ ٠ ٠
١ ١ ١ ١
 KAND‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬•
N = 2 n = 2 5 = 32

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Boolean Algebra)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Boolean Expression)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
Y = A•B

‫א‬،EAND • FA AND BY‫א‬W‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Y = AB
 KA AND BY‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(LOW)‫א‬(HIGH)‫א‬
 ‫א‬(Pulses)
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬(١)A, B‫א‬E٣J ٢F،
A‫א‬،t٢‫א‬‫א‬،(١)‫א‬Y‫א‬‫א‬t١‫א‬
- ٣٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(٠)Y‫א‬B‫א‬(٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Timing Diagram)

A A
Y
 B
B 
t١ t٢ t٣ t٤ t٥ t٦ t٧

Y 

 KAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٢F 
OR Gate OR‫א‬ ٤J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ OR‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬OR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Logical Addition)
A, B‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬KE٤J ٢F 
‫א‬(١) (Open) ‫א‬(٠) 
 K(Closed)

 (A)
 

 
Voltage Source  (B)



 K‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F
 K‫א‬(L)‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
A B L
  
   
   
   
 KE٤J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٢F

‫א‬A, B‫א‬،OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F‫א‬
 KOR‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F‫א‬KY
 
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
٠  ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ١ A
Y
١ ٠  ١ B
 ١ ١ ١
 KOR‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢FKOR‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٢F
 
‫א‬(١)‫א‬E٥J ٢F‫א‬
‫א‬(٠)‫א‬،(١)‫א‬
 W‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(٠)
Y=A+B
 K(OR+)A OR BY‫א‬W‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬t١‫א‬‫א‬(١)A, B‫א‬E٦J ٢F
A‫א‬،t٢‫א‬‫א‬،(١)‫א‬Y‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(١)Y‫א‬B‫א‬(٠)
- ٤١ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

A
 A
Y
B
B 
t١ t٢ t٣ t٤ t٥ t٦ t٧


Y

 KOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٢F

 NOT Gate (INVERTER) E‫א‬F NOT ‫א‬٥J ٢
‫א‬(Inversion)‫א‬NOT‫א‬‫א‬
(١)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Complementation)
 K(١)(٠)‫א‬،(٠)‫א‬
E٧J ٢FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOT‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٢F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  Y
٠ ١ A Y
١ ٠
 K‫א‬NOT‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٢FKNOT‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢F
 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
Y= A
 barA‫א‬not AY‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 KE A FA barY‫א‬،‫א‬

 NAND Gate  NAND ‫א‬٦J ٢
- ٤٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،AND(NOT AND)‫א‬(NAND)
J ٢F AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٨
 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢FK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
٠  ٠ ١
٠ ١ ١
A
١ ٠ ١ Y
 ١ ١ ٠ B
 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٢FKNAND‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٢F
 
(١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١)‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬KAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NOT, ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،OR, AND
Y = AB
،‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(١)‫א‬(٠)NAND‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬t١‫א‬‫א‬(١)A, B‫א‬E٩J ٢F
A‫א‬،t٢‫א‬‫א‬،(٠)‫א‬Y‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(١)Y‫א‬(١)B‫א‬(٠)
 K‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


A A
B
Y 
B 
t١ t٢ t٣ t٤ t٥ t٦ t٧ 
Y 

 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٢F

 NOR Gate  NOR ‫א‬٧J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬،OR(NOT OR)‫א‬(NOR)
OR‫א‬‫א‬(NOT gate)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NOR‫א‬‫א‬KNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠J ٢F
 KE٨J ٢F 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B Y
٠  ٠ ١
٠ ١ ٠ A
Y
١ ٠ ٠ B
 ١ ١ ٠
 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٢FKNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٢F

‫א‬‫א‬(٠)(Y)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬،‫א‬ (١)‫א‬
 K‫א‬(٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K،NOT, OR, AND‫א‬،‫א‬
 WNOR‫א‬‫א‬
Y= A+B
- ٤٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬‫א‬A, B
 ‫א‬NOR‫א‬E١١J ٢F
 K‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬

A 
A Y
B 
B 
t١ t٢ t٣ t٤ t٥ 
Y 

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F
 Exclusive-OR Gate E‫א‬F‫ א‬OR ‫א‬٨J ٢
،XOR-gate??‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢F
 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
٠  ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ١ A
Y
١ ٠ ١ B
 ١ ١ ٠
 KXOR‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٢FKXOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢F
(Y)‫א‬‫א‬،(٩ ٢)XOR‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬(٠)‫א‬(١)،A, B‫א‬‫א‬(١)
 K‫א‬(٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬
(١)
 XOR‫א‬‫א‬،A = B = ١ 
،‫א‬‫א‬(١) (١)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ٤٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = AB + AB
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y=A⊕B

XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KBA⊕‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬،AND, OR, NOT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


A

B
Y 


 KAND, OR, NOT‫א‬XOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٢F
 
‫א‬ XOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬

 A A
Y
 B
B
 t١ t٢ t٣ t٤ t٥ t٦ t ٧ t٨

 Y

 KXOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F

- ٤٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 Exclusive-NOR Gate E‫א‬F‫ א‬NOR ‫א‬٩J ٢

‫א‬‫א‬،XNOR-gate‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٢F،XOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Y)‫א‬‫א‬،E١٠J ٢F XNOR‫א‬‫א‬
(٠)A = B = ١A = B = ٠A, B‫א‬‫א‬(١)
،‫א‬(٠)‫א‬(١)
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(١)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B  Y
٠  ٠ ١
٠ ١ ٠
A
١ ٠ ٠ B
Y
 ١ ١ ١
 KXNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٢FKXNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٢F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = AB + AB
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y=A~B
‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬~‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬،AND, OR, NOT‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬

A 
B 
Y


 KAND, OR, NOT‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٦J ٢F
- ٤٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،‫א‬A, B‫א‬XNOR‫א‬E١٧J ٢F

  K(Y)‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬‫א‬


A A
 B
Y
B 
t١ t٢ t٣ t٤ t٥ t٦ t٧ t٨
Y 

 KXNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٢F
 Rules of Boolean Algebra ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F
 K‫א‬

١. A + ٠ =A ٢. A + ١ = ١
٣. A • ٠ =٠ ٤. A • ١ = A
٥. A + A=A ٦. A + A = ١
٧. A • A=A ٨. A • A = ٠
٩. A =A ١٠. A + AB = A
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  K‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A + ٠ = A :(١)‫א‬
A=١‫א‬K(٠)(١)‫א‬،A،‫א‬‫א‬(٠)‫א‬OR‫א‬
KA(٠)‫א‬A=٠‫א‬KA‫א‬(١)‫א‬
 K(A + ٠ = A)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)OR‫א‬
‫א‬(١)‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A + ١ = ١:(٢)‫א‬
‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬(١)K(٠)‫א‬(١)‫א‬،A،‫א‬
- ٤٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)
 K(A + ١ = ١) (١)‫א‬‫א‬(١)OR‫א‬
(٠)‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A • ٠ = ٠:(٣)‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬،A،‫א‬‫א‬
(٠)‫א‬‫א‬(٠)AND‫א‬
  
 K(A • ٠ = ٠)
(١)‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A • ١ = A:(٤)‫א‬
AND‫א‬‫א‬A=٠‫א‬‫א‬،(A)‫א‬‫א‬،A،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(١)AND‫א‬‫א‬A=١‫א‬‫א‬،(٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)AND‫א‬
 K(١)
 K(A • ١ = A)
،A‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A + A = A:(٥)‫א‬
A = ١‫א‬‫א‬،٠ + ٠ = ٠A = ٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K١ + ١ = ١‫א‬
‫א‬A‫א‬W
 ‫א‬ A + A = 1 :(٦)‫א‬
A=٠‫א‬K(١)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬OR
 K1 + 1 = 1 + 0 = 1A = ١‫א‬K 0 + 0 = 0 + 1 = 1
‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬‫א‬A • A = A:(٧)‫א‬
،١ • ١ = ١‫א‬A = ١‫א‬‫א‬،٠ • ٠ = ٠A = ٠‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 KA‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ A ‫א‬AND‫א‬A‫א‬ A • A = 0 :(٨)‫א‬
 A A‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(٠)‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٠)‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬(٠)،‫א‬(٠)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ A = A :(٩)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K
(٠)(١)‫א‬،(١)A = ٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬

- ٤٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W(٤)‫א‬(٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬:(١٠)‫א‬
A + AB = A (١ + B)
= A ( ١)
=A
 The Boolean Expression for a Logic Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١٨J ٢F‫א‬
 K AB A, B ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١
 K AC  A ,C ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٢
 K AB + AC  AB, AC ‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٣
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = AB + AC
A AB
B B
   Y 
A

C AC

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٢F

 KE١٩J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٢J ٢F 
 W‫א‬

A B+C
D( A + B )
B 
Y 
C B+C 
D 

- ٥٠ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٢F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = D ( A + B ) + ( B + C)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٢
Implementation of a Logic Circuit Using a Boolean Expression
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬

Y = AB(CD + EF)

 (CD + EF) A, B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E,F،AND‫א‬ C, D  (CD + EF) 
 ‫א‬،AND‫א‬
KOR‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬،AND‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬

AND
NOT 
OR
Y = A B (CD + EF) 


AND
  
‫( ؛‬CD + EF) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ ؛‬CD, EF ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، D
 W AB(CD + EF) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K D ‫א‬NOT‫א‬K١
 K CD, EF ‫א‬AND‫א‬K٢
 K (CD + EF) ‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬K٣
 KY‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬K٤
- ٥١ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 KE٢٠J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A 
B Y

C

D

E 
F

 K AB(CD + EF) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٣J ٢
Implementation of a Logic Circuit via a Truth Table
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢FK‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Y = ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K١
‫א‬،A = ٠, B = ١, C = ٠‫א‬Y = ١‫א‬
‫א‬،(١)‫א‬‫א‬ AB C ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬،(٠)
 K ABC ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
 A  B C Y
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ١ ٠
٠ ١ ٠ ١
٠ ١ ١ ٠
 ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ١ ٠
١ ١ ٠ ١
١ ١ ١ ٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٢F
- ٥٢ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


 WOR‫א‬Y = ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K٢

Y = AB C + ABC
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ABC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ABC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AND‫א‬ A, B, C
OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،AND‫א‬ A, B, C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
NOT‫א‬W
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OR‫א‬، ABC ، ABC ‫א‬
 ‫א‬AND‫א‬‫ ؛‬A, C ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ABC + ABC ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢١J ٢F 
A 
B 
C
 Y


 K AB C + AB C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٢F
 KE١٣J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬WE٣J ٢F 

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
A  B C Y
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ١ ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ١ ١
 ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ١ ١
١ ١ ٠ ٠
١ ١ ١ ٠
- ٥٣ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 WOR‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FY = ١
Y = A BC + ABC + ABC 

 KE٢٢J ٢F ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A
B

C 
Y





 K A B C + ABC + AB C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٢F
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ٢
Converting a Boolean Expression to a Truth Table
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(٢٢ = ٤)،‫א‬‫א‬K(١or ٠)‫א‬
 K‫א‬،(٢٣ = ٨)،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(Y)‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(٠)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ٢F 
Y = A B C + AB C + ABC + ABC

- ٥٤ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(A, B, C)‫א‬ W ‫א‬

KE١٤J ٢F  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
AB C = 000, ABC = 010, ABC = 110, ABC = 111
،(Y)‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Y)‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
A  B C Y
 ٠ ٠ ٠ ١
٠ ٠ ١ ٠
٠ ١ ٠ ١
٠ ١ ١ ٠
 ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ١ ٠
١ ١ ٠ ١
١ ١ ١ ١
 K Y = A B C + AB C + AB C + ABC ‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٢F

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٢
Simplification of Boolean Expressions Using Boolean algebra
E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ٢F 
Y = AB + A(A + C) + B(A + C)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬
 Y = AB + AA + AC + AB + BC

- ٥٥ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧‫א‬‫א‬FAAA‫א‬
Y = AB + A + AC + AB + BC

 W‫א‬‫א‬،AB + AB = AB،A + A = A٥‫א‬
Y = AB + A + AC + BC

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
 Y = A(B + 1 + C) + BC
 W،A + ١ = ١٢‫א‬
Y = A • ١ + BC
 W،A • ١ = A٤‫א‬‫א‬
Y = A + BC
K ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٢F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EEF‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
 KEEF‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
A
B
Y
A
Y
B
C C
EF E F

 KE٥J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٢F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،A, B, C
- ٥٦ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٦J ٢F
 K‫א‬
Y = AB C + ABC + ABC + ABC
 W،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

Y = ( AB C + ABC) + ( ABC + ABC)
= AB( C + C) + BC( A + A )
 W٦‫א‬
Y = AB • 1 + BC • 1

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤‫א‬

Y = AB + BC 

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٢F

A
B
C
A
B
Y
Y
EF E F

 KE٦J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٢F
- ٥٧ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

‫א‬،A,B‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
 K١J ‫א‬‫א‬


A

B 

X 

 ١J 

‫א‬،A,B‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
 K١J ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬،A,B‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣
 K٢J ‫א‬‫א‬

A 

B 

X 

 ٢J 
- ٥٨ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،A,B‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٤
 K٣J ‫א‬‫א‬

A
X

 ٣J 

‫א‬‫א‬،A,B‫א‬‫א‬XOR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 K٣J ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬،A,B‫א‬‫א‬XNOR‫א‬X‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
 K٣J ‫א‬‫א‬

 K٤J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧

A
B

C 
Y


 ٤J 



- ٥٩ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨
a) AB + AB b) AB + AB + ABC
c) AB(C + D ) d) A + B[C + D(B + C )]

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
A  B C Y
 ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ١ ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ١ ١
 ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ١ ١
١ ١  ٠ ٠
١ ١ ١ ١

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠
a) (A + B)C b) (A + B)( B + C)
c) A(AC + AB) d) A(A + AB)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١
a) (A + B)(A + C) b) AB + ABC + ABCD + ABC DE
b) (A + A )(AB + ABC ) d) AB + (A + B)C + AB
- ٦٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬

K •
KNOR‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
KNORNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ٦١ -
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 Introduction١J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٠)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬NAND
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K(K–map)K –‫א‬‫א‬ (Karnaugh-Map)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Demorgan's Theorems٣J ٢
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬  
‫א‬‫א‬K
 OR‫א‬AND‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bars)

A+B=A•B   W‫א‬
 A • B = A + B   W‫א‬ 

AND‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬
AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KE١J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(negative AND)‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 



A A+B A AB
B B 
 KANDOR‫א‬E١J ٣F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B  +B
A  •B
A
٠ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ١ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ١ ٠ ٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٣F
OR‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F
‫א‬،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬
OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(negative OR)‫א‬

≡
A A
AB A+B
B B 
 KORAND‫א‬E٢J ٣F
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B  •B
A  +B
A
٠ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ١ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ١ ٠ ٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٣F
-٦٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE١J ٣F

Y = (A + B + C) • (A + B + C )
 W‫א‬
Y = (A + B + C) • (A + B + C)
= (A + B + C ) + (A + B + C )
= A BC + A BC= ABC+ A BC

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ WE٢J ٣F
Y = (A + B) + CD
 W‫א‬
Y = (A + B) + CD
= (A + B).CD
= (A.B)(C + D)
= A B(C + D)
 NOR , NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
The Universal Property of NAND and NOR Gates
‫א‬،AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬NOR‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬،OR
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
  (Universal Gates)
KNOR،AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬
NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬
 KNANDOR،AND‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


 NAND gate as a Universal Logic Element NAND‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٣

،AND،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬
NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KNOR،OR
K‫א‬NAND‫א‬EF٣J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
KEF٣J ٣NAND‫א‬‫א‬AND   
NOR  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF٣J ٣NAND‫א‬ ‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF٣J ٣

A A ≡ A A
EF
A
B
AB AB = AB
≡ A
B
AB
E F
A
A
≡
A
A .B = A + B A+B
B B
B
EF
A A .B = A + B
A
≡
A
A+B
A+B
B B
B
EF

 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F
-٦٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

NOR Gate as a Universal Logic Element NOR‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٣

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NOR  ‫א‬‫א‬،NAND  ‫א‬
،OR،AND،
‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣FKNAND‫א‬
 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬NOT

A A ≡ A A
EF
A+B
A
B
A+B = A+B
≡ A
B
A+B
E F
A A
A + B = A .B ≡ A
B
AB
B
B
EF
A A A + B = A .B
A ≡ A
B
AB
B
B
EF

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F

-٦٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

NOR،NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
Design of Combinational Logic Circuits using NAND and NOR Gates
‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬،NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Negative-OR)‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬NAND ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K(Negative - AND)‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬ (Logic diagram) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬AND،OR‫א‬
NAND Logic NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٣
‫א‬،‫א‬OR ‫א‬NAND ‫א‬NAND‫א‬،
 W‫א‬
 A • B = A + B
NAND Negative-OR 

 KE٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A  
AB
B 
Y = AB + CD
C 
D CD 
 KNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬
Y = (AB)(CD)
 W‫א‬
Y = AB + CD
 W(bars)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = AB + CD
AND‫א‬،AB+CD ،(Y)‫א‬
‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.OR‫א‬
-٦٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

KOR‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬AND‫א‬E٥J ٣F
NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٦J ٣‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬OR ‫א‬‫א‬
،EF٦J ٣‫א‬‫א‬E٥-٣F‫א‬‫א‬
 ،EF٦J ٣‫א‬
 W
 (NAND-NAND-NAND)(AND-AND-OR)
A A
AB
B
C
Y = AB + CD
≡ B Y = AB + CD
C
D EF E F
CD D
KE٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬AND-AND-OR  E٦J ٣F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٣F
 K‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
A AB 
B ABC

C  Y
D DE 
E
 DEF
F

K‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٧J ٣F

 WE٧J ٣F‫א‬(Y)‫א‬
F = [(AB)C] • [(DE )F]
= [(A + B)C] • [( D + E )F]
= ( A + B )C + ( D + E ) F
= ( A + B )C + ( D + E ) F
-٦٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Y)‫א‬،E٨J ٣F

A A+B

( A + B )C
B 
C Y = ( A + B )C + ( D + E )F 
D
D+E 
E
( D + E )F

F 
K‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬ E٧J ٣F ‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٨J ٣F 
 WNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٣J ٣F
(a ) Y = ABC + DE
(b) Y = ABC + D + E
 KE٩J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

A A
ABC ABC
B B
C Y = ABC + DE C Y = ABC + D + E
D D
E F E F
E E
DE
KE٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٩J ٣F 
 NOR Logic NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬J AND‫א‬NOR‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬

 A + B = A • B
 
NOR Negative-AND

 KE١٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٦٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 



A A+B
B 
(A + B) (C + D)
C 
D C+D 

KNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = (A + B) + (C + D)
 W‫א‬
Y = (A + B) • (C + D)  W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Y = (A + B) • (C + D) 
‫א‬،AND‫א‬OR‫א‬(A + B)(C + D)‫א‬
AND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬OR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J AND‫א‬‫א‬EF١١J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF١١J ٣

A A
A+B A+B
B B
≡
(A + B) (C + D) (A + B) (C + D)
C C
D C+ D D
E F E F
 K‫א‬J AND‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٣F


‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٣F
 W‫א‬(Y)‫א‬K‫א‬J AND‫א‬‫א‬
-٧٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


Y = [(A + B) + C] + [(D + E ) + F]

= [ AB + C] + [ D E + F]

= ( AB + C)( D E + F)


A A+B

B ( A + B) + C 

C
Y 
D D+E 
E

( D + E) + F
F 

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٣F

 KE١٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J AND‫א‬‫א‬


A AB
B
AB + C 
C 
Y = ( A B + C) (D E + F) 
D DE 
E
DE + F

F

 KE١٢J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٣F
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 WNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٤J ٣F
Y = AB C + (D + E )  KE١٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬

A
A + B + C = AB C
B
C Y = A B C + ( D + E)
E

 KNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٣F
 Karnaugh Map٥J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K-
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(cells)‫א‬ (array)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K
 ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Quine - McClusky)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
-٧٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬،
 K 2 4 = 16 ‫א‬‫א‬ 2 3 = 8 


 Simplification using Karnaugh-map ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣
KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ( A, B )‫א‬(A، B)‫א‬،E١٥J ٣F

 K(٠٠{٠١{١٠{١١)E‫א‬F

A B Y
B B
٠ ٠ AB
٠ ١ A AB AB
AB
١ ٠ AB A AB AB
١ ١ AB
 K‫א‬E١٥J ٣F
 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

E١٦J ٣F‫א‬(Input Labels)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬  A 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ B ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬A‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬B‫א‬،‫א‬
 K AB ‫א‬




-٧٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

B  B
A

A

 KE٢٢ = ٤FE١٦J ٣F
،EF‫א‬EF١٧J ٣،EF١٧J ٣

 KEF‫א‬


CD CD CD CD
 
AB
BC BC BC BC  
AB
A

A AB
 
EF  AB
E F

 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٣F
،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF١٨J ٣‫א‬
-٧٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OR ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF١٨J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬KEF١٨J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF١٨J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


-٧٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


 
A A B B
 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
Y
A B Y
٠ ٠ ٠ Y=AB+AB
٠ ١ ٠ EF
١ ٠ ١ AB
١ ١ ١ AB
E F A A B B

E F
B B B B Y
0 0 0 0
A A 
A 1 ١ A 1 ١
A
 EFEFEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٨J ٣F
 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(١)‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٠)‫א‬(٠)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬ (١)
‫א‬‫א‬(١)
 K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬KEABF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E A B F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٠)،‫א‬(٠)( AB, A B )
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K A + A = 1 ‫א‬،EComplements)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF١٨J ٣
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٣‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬(adjacent cells)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬، ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ EF١٨J ٣‫א‬(١)
،‫א‬ B ،  B 
  AB , A B ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 WA،‫א‬
 Y = A B + AB E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F
Y = A (B + B)
= A •1= A
‫א‬EF١٨J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(A)‫א‬(Y)‫א‬
 KEF١٨J ٣
 EF١٩J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬WE٥J ٣F
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬W‫א‬
 KEF١٩J ٣
EF١٩J ٣‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)KEF١٩J ٣
E‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF١٩J ٣
 A , A ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
 K A B ‫א‬ C , C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، BC ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF١٩J ٣،‫א‬
‫א‬ OR  ‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،١٦‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
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‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، OR‫א‬AND‫א‬
 KEF١٩J ٣‫א‬٦‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B C Y
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ١ ٠
٠ ١ ٠ ١
٠ ١ ١ ٠
١ ٠ ٠ ١
١ ٠ ١ ١
١ ١ ٠ ١
١ ١ ١ ٠
 EF
BC BC

A A B B CC BC BC

A ١
Y
 
 
A ١ ١ ١
 
Y = AB + B C
A B 
  B C 
E F
EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٣F
E‫א‬F‫א‬(١'s)‫א‬
،‫א‬E٢٠J ٣FK٢ ‫א‬‫א‬،،
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١'sF‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬
-٧٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬، 
KE‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

AB  AC
CD CD CD CD CD CD CD
١ ١ ١  AB ١ ٠ ١ ١
AB ١
AB ١ ٠ ٠ ١  AB ١ ٠ ١ ١
AD ٠
١ ١ ١ ٠  AB ١ ١
AB C AB ٠ ١ ١ ٠ AB ١ ٠ ١ ١

AD D BC
Y = A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B C D  Y = A B C D + A B CD + A B C D + AB C D
+ A B C D + A BC D + AB C D + AB C D + ABCD + ABC D + AB C D + ABC D
E‫א‬F + A B C D + A B CD + A B C D E‫א‬F
+ ABCD + A B C D + A B CD

Y = AB C + AD + AB D + A B E‫א‬F Y = AC + B C + D E‫א‬F
EF E F


B
CD C D CD CD CD CD CD CD 
BD
AB ١ ١ ١ ١ AB ٠ ١ ٠ ٠ 
AB ١ ١ AB ١ ١ ٠ ١ 
D
AB

CD
AB ٠ ١ ١ ٠ ١ ١ ٠ ١

١ ١ ١ ١ ١ ١ ١
A B
AB ١ AB
Y = AB C D + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD

Y= A B C D + A B C D + A B CD + A B C D
+ AB C D + ABCD + A B CD + ABCD + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD + AB C D
+ A B C D + A B C D + AB C D + A B C D E‫א‬F + AB C D + ABCD + ABCD E‫א‬F
Y = B+D E‫א‬F Y = C D + AB + BD E‫א‬F

EF EF 

K‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٣F
-٧٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

EF٢١J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٦J ٣

 K‫א‬

 ‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B C D Y
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ١ ١ ١
٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ١ ١ ١
١ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠
١ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ١ ١ ١
١ ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ١ ٠ ١ ٠
١ ١ ١ ٠ ٠
١ ١ ١ ١ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٢١J ٣
(Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF٢١J ٣،(١)‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Y = A BCD + A BCD + ABCD + ABCD + A BCD + ABCD

،EF٢١J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Y)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

-٨٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

AD

CD CD CD CD 
AB ٠ ١ ١ ٠

٠ ١ ١ ٠

AB ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ 
AB ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ 
CD 
 K٦J ٣‫א‬EF٢١J ٣

 
‫א‬EF٢١J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(١'s)‫א‬
K AD 
  ‫א‬ C ‫א‬، C 
 ‫א‬ B ‫א‬ B 
 ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K CD ‫א‬ A ، A ، B ، B ‫א‬‫א‬
Y = AD + CD
 Binary Adders and Subtractors ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
The Half-Adder Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .[Carry (C)]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[Sum(S)]‫א‬‫א‬ A , B ‫א‬

-٨١-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
A B S C
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠+٠=٠ 
٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٠+١=١ 
١ ٠ ١ ٠ ١+٠=١ 
١ ١ ٠ ١ ١ + ١ = ١٠٢ or ٢١٠ ١  ٠ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬K(XOR)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (S )‫א‬‫א‬
EF٢٢J ٣KAND‫א‬‫א‬(c)‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ C, S 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ A, B 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

A B
A
S(sum) ‫א‬
B
 ≡ HA
C(carry) ‫א‬

 EF
S C EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٣F
‫א‬EF٢٢J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S,C‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬EHalf AdderF HA
 W‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
S = AB + A B
         
C = AB
 The Full-Adder Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧J ٣
(٢-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(carry)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-٨٢-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


 (bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
،‫א‬(bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬A,B‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EInput carryFCin
 KE٤J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬.(Sum
ٍ )‫א‬ ، (Carry)
 
‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B Cin S C
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠+٠+٠=٠ 
٠ ٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٠+٠+١=١ 
٠ ١ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠+١+٠=١ 
٠ ١ ١ ٠ ١ ٠ + ١ + ١ = ١٠٢ or ٢١٠ ١  ٠‫א‬
١ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ١+٠+٠=١ 
١ ٠ ١ ٠ ١ ١ + ٠ + ١ = ١٠٢ or ٢١٠ ١  ٠ ‫א‬
١ ١ ٠ ٠ ١ ١ + ١ + ٠ = ١٠٢ or ٢١٠ ١  ٠ ‫א‬
١ ١ ١ ١ ١ ١ + ١ + ١ = ١١٢ or ٣١٠ ١  ١ ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٣F
‫א‬ A, B, C  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ C, S  ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬E 2 3 = 8 F‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬ S , C ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
S = A BC in + ABC in + A BC in + ABC in
C = ABC in + A BC in + ABC in + ABC in

-٨٣-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WS‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S = A BC in + ABC in + A BC in + ABC in
= (AB + A B)C in + (A B + AB)C in

XNOR    A B + AB  ‫א‬‫א‬،XOR AB + A B ‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S = (A ⊕ B)C in + (A ⊕ B)C in


  Cin ‫א‬ (A ⊕ B) XOR‫א‬
 WS‫א‬‫א‬

S = (A ⊕ B) ⊕ C in = A ⊕ B ⊕ C in 

 ‫א‬‫א‬ S 
‫א‬ A, B ‫א‬، XOR 
 K Cin ‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬ C ‫א‬

C = ABC in + A BC in + ABC in + ABC in
= (AB + A B)C in + AB(C in + C in )
= (A ⊕ B)C in + AB ⇐ ( C in + C in = 1)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF٢٣J ٣‫א‬CS
‫א‬FA‫א‬EF٢٣J ٣‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬ (Full Adder)

-٨٤-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

A B Cin
A
B S(sum)
≡ FA
Cin C(carry)
S C
EF E F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٣J ٣F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٣J ٣‫א‬‫א‬
OR‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ OR‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٤J ٣F‫א‬

Cin A S 
S
HA
S

A B C
HA 
C
B C

K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٤J ٣F

 Half Subtractor Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
K  ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(bit)،‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(difference)‫א‬‫א‬(bit)
-٨٥-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

K ‫א‬‫א‬(Borrowed)(١)‫א‬
 K،
‫א‬(٢-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬A  K
 ‫א‬‫א‬(١)
، A ≥ B KB, A  ‫א‬(A – B)KB
‫א‬.(Difference bit)‫א‬‫א‬٠ – ٠ = ٠, ١ – ٠ = ١, ١ – ١ = ٠W‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،٠ – ١A<B
(١٠)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬٢
 K٢ – ١ = ١‫א‬،(٢)‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ (D)‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K(B٠)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬( B 0 )‫א‬،(D)‫א‬‫א‬KE٥J ٣F
 W‫א‬
D = AB + A B
B 0 = AB
 ‫א‬  ‫א‬
A B D B٠
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ١ ١
١ ٠ ١ ٠
١ ١ ٠ ٠
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٣F
‫א‬(S)‫א‬(D)‫א‬
A 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(C)‫א‬( B 0 )‫א‬، XOR   ‫א‬
 K B ، A ‫א‬ AND ‫א‬( B 0 )‫א‬
‫א‬EF٢٥J ٣،‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٥J ٣
 K(Half Subtractor)‫א‬ HS ‫א‬،‫א‬
-٨٦-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

A B
A 
D(difference) ‫א‬
B

≡ HS
B٠(borrow) ‫א‬ 

D B٠
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬E٢٥J ٣F 

 The Full-Subtractor Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧J ٣

‫א‬‫א‬ (٢-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬(١)
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬( B i n )  ‫א‬‫א‬(B)‫א‬(A)‫א‬ A, B, B in
 KE٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D, B 0

‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B Bin D B٠
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ١ ١ ١
٠ ١ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ١ ١ ٠ ١
١ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠
١ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠
١ ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ١ ١ ١ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٣F
‫א‬ 0's,1's ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

K A − B − B in ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬ 0's,1's K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ B in = 0 ‫א‬‫א‬
K
(٢) B 0 = 1‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١) A = 0, B = 0, B in = 1
 K D = 1 ،٢ – ٠ – ١ = ١،A
-٨٧-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١) A = 0, B = 1, B in = 1 
 K D = 0 ،٢ – ١ – ١ = ٠،A = ٢، B 0 = 1
K D = 0 ، B 0 = 0 ‫א‬A – B – Bin = ٠، A = 1, B = 0, B in = 1 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١) A = 1, B = 1, B in = 1 ‫א‬
 K D = 1 ،٣ – ١ – ١ = ١،A=٣، B 0 = 1
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

D = ABB in + ABBin + AB Bin + ABBin

‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(S)
 W‫א‬
D = (A ⊕ B) ⊕ Bin = A ⊕ B ⊕ Bin
 W‫א‬‫א‬،(B٠)‫א‬

B 0 = ABB in + ABBin + ABB in + ABBin

= B in ( AB + AB) + AB( Bin + B in )

B 0 = B in (A ⊕ B) + AB ⇐ ( Bin + B in = 1)

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،EF٢٦J ٣(B٠), (D)‫א‬
(Full Subtractor)‫א‬FS‫א‬،EF٢٦J ٣‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٦J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،OR‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢٧J ٣F‫א‬OR
-٨٨-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

A B Bin
A
B D
≡ FS
Bin B٠
D B٠
EF E F
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٦J ٣F


Bin A D
D
HS

D B B٠
A

HS
B٠ B٠
B 
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ٣F 









-٨٩-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١
a) AB(C + D ) b) AB(CD + EF)
c) (A + B + C + D ) + ABCD d) (A + B + C + D) (AB C D)

 WNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢
a) ABCD + DE b) ABC + AB + D
c) AB C + D + E d) ABC + ABC + ABC + ABC

WNOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣
a) (A + B + C) (A + B) b) ABC + (D + E )
c) (AB + C) (DE + F) d) (A + B) + ( C + D)

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B C Y
٠ ٠ ٠ ١
٠ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ١ ٠ ٠
٠ ١ ١ ٠
١ ٠ ٠ ١
١ ٠ ١ ٠
١ ١ ٠ ١
١ ١ ١ ١

-٩٠-
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥

a) F1 = AB C D + ABCD + ABCD + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD

b) F2 = ABCD + ABC D + AB C D + ABC D + ABCD + ABCD + ABCD

c) F3 = ABC D + ABC D + ABC D + ABC D + AB C D

d) F4 = AB C D + + AB C D + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD + ABCD + AB C D + ABCD

(١ or ٠)‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٣J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦
 W‫א‬‫א‬
a) A = ١, B = ١, Cin = ١ b) A = ٠, B = ١, Cin = ١
c) A = ٠, B = ١, Cin = ٠ d) A = ١, B = ١, Cin = ٠
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٧
a) S = ٠, Cout = ٠ b) S = ١, Cout = ٠
c) S = ١, Cout = ١ d) S = ٠, Cout = ١
(١ or ٠)‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨

 W‫א‬‫א‬
a) A = ١, B = ١, Bin = ١ b) A = ١, B = ٠, Bin = ١
c) A = ١, B = ١, Bin = ٠ d) A = ٠, B = ١, Bin = ١


-٩١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •















-٩٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬
 Introduction١J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Combinational Logic Circuits)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Sequential Logic Circuits)  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(Memory)‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ،(Flip-Flop Circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
‫א‬،(١)‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(١)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٠)‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬.(Bistable Multivibrator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Digital Integrated Circuits)‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬NAND
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Timers)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Shift Registers)‫א‬‫א‬،(Counters)
 K‫א‬
 Latches‫א‬٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
-٩٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
K(Bistable Multivibrator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Latch)‫א‬
S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F
(Set Input)"١"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S 
(Reset Input)"٠"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬R
 K‫א‬ Q ‫א‬Q

SET
INPUT S Q Q output
RESET R Q Q output
INPUT

 KS-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F

Q =١,  Q =٠(Set Condition)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ .Q =٠, Q = ١(Reset Condition)
‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ Q‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FQ = ١
‫א‬E ‫א‬‫א‬F Q = ٠‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬K Q = ٠
(١)‫א‬‫א‬S,R‫א‬، Q = ١‫א‬
،(unpredictable)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NOR‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S
Q
Q
R

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F
-٩٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬F(١)NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E ‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٤F
 K(Active High Inputs)

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
S R Q (Mode of Operation)
E‫א‬F‫א‬
٠ ٠ Q٠
No Change
‫א‬‫א‬
٠ ١ ٠
Latch RESETS
‫א‬‫א‬
١ ٠ ١
Latch SETS
‫א‬
١ ١ ?
Invalid condition
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٤F

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ S,R‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬ -١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(Q)‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Q‫א‬‫א‬(١)(٠)R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E‫א‬‫א‬FQ = ٠ (٠)
KQ = ٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)(٠)S ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FQ = ١(١)(٠)Q
KQ = ١‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S,R‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
-٩٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤FNAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(٠)NAND‫א‬
 K(Active Low Inputs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S
Q


Q
R 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

S R Q (Mode of Operation)
‫א‬
٠ ٠ ?
Invalid condition
‫א‬‫א‬
٠ ١ ١
Latch SETS
‫א‬‫א‬
١ ٠ ٠
Latch RESETS
E‫א‬F‫א‬
١ ١ Q٠
No Change
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬ -١
KE‫א‬‫א‬F
‫א‬‫א‬ R = ١‫א‬، S = ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
Q = ١‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١)
K
-٩٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬ R = ٠‫א‬، S = ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

Q = ٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(٠)
K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)‫א‬ -٤
K‫א‬NAND
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬(Logic Symbol)‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


S Q Q S S Q Q
R Q Q R R Q Q

 EFEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، S = 0, R = 0 K(Q)‫א‬ S, R  
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KE٥J ٤F S, R ‫א‬‫א‬W١J ٤
 KQ = ٠‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬
 W‫א‬
S
Q

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F
-٩٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 Clocked S-R Flip–Flop ‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬٣J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S − R S-R‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 K ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(CK)‫א‬‫א‬(Clock Pulse)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F
 K(CK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

S Q S Q
CK CK
R Q R Q

 EFEF
 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٦J ٤‫א‬
‫א‬(Positive Edge Trigger)‫א‬‫א‬ S-R‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٦J ٤‫א‬،(١)(٠)‫א‬
‫א‬ (Negative Edge Trigger)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(٠)(١)‫א‬
‫א‬،NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NAND
-٩٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬S,R‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
S 
 Q
CK 
 Q
R
 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٤F
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬E٣J ٤F‫א‬
(٠)‫א‬‫א‬S,R‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬ J ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(٠)‫א‬‫א‬(S = ٠,R = ١)‫א‬R‫א‬‫א‬ J ٢
.(Reset)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)‫א‬(١)
(٠)‫א‬‫א‬(S = ١,R = ٠)‫א‬‫א‬S‫א‬‫א‬ J ٣
.(Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q = ١‫א‬(١)
‫א‬S = ١, R = ١‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
S R CK Q (Mode of Operation)
E‫א‬F‫א‬
٠ ٠ X Q٠
No Change
‫א‬‫א‬
٠ ١ ٠
Latch RESETS
‫א‬‫א‬
١ ٠ ١
Latch SETS
‫א‬
١ ١ ?
Invalid condition
 ↑Z(١)‫א‬(٠)‫א‬    
 XZ   
 Q٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F
-٩٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬]‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ S-R‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬[(٠)(١)
 K(٠)(١)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،E٦J ٤F‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬ (Q)‫א‬‫א‬W٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE٧J ٤FS,R,CK‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬Q = ٠

١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ 
CK

S 
R 
Q 
 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٧J ٤F
 W‫א‬
 KQ = ٠(Q)‫א‬،S = ٠, R = ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K(Reset)Q = ٠‫א‬،S = ٠, R = ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
K(Set)Q = ١(١)Q ‫א‬،S = ١, R = ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
.(Reset)Q = ٠‫א‬،S = ٠, R = ١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
K(Set)Q =١‫א‬،S = ١, R = ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٥
KQ = ١ (١)‫א‬،S = ١, R = ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٦



-١٠٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 D-Type Flip-FlopD ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤

(Single Bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(١٠)‫א‬
 KE٨J ٤FD

D S Q
CK
R Q

 KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬KCK
R = ٠‫א‬،S = ١‫א‬‫א‬،[Set](١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KQ = ١‫א‬E٣J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٠)‫א‬‫א‬D
R = ١ ‫א‬،S = ٠‫א‬‫א‬،[Reset](٠)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(١)(Set)‫א‬‫א‬KQ = ٠‫א‬E٣J ٤F
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٠)(٠)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE٤J ٤F‫א‬(Positive Edge Trigger) ‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
D CK Q (Mode of Operation)
‫א‬‫א‬(SET)
١ ١
(stores a ١)
‫א‬‫א‬(RESET)
٠ ٠
(stores a ٠)
 ↑Z(١)‫א‬(٠)‫א‬
-١٠١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F

‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬(D)‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬
(D)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F
E١٠J ٤F‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(CK) ‫א‬‫א‬
 KNAND‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬

S 
D
Q 
D Q CK


CK
Q 
Q R
 KD‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤FKNAND‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٤F


‫א‬E٩J ٤F‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EQF‫א‬‫א‬W٣J ٤
Q = ٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KE١١J ٤FEDF‫א‬
 K‫א‬
 W‫א‬
CK

D

Q

 KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٤F
‫א‬(١)(٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(D)‫א‬(Q)‫א‬
 K‫א‬
-١٠٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 J-K Flip Flop‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬٥J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬ ‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬J-K‫א‬K‫א‬
J-K‫א‬‫א‬.(Reset)‫א‬‫א‬(Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KS-R‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 K‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


J 
Q
J Q
CK 
CK
Q K Q 
K

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٤F
‫א‬SR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٤F
 K‫א‬ Q ،Q
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬E٥J ٤F‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، (٠)J,K‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬J = ٠, K = ١‫א‬‫א‬(٠)‫א‬(Reset)‫א‬
J = ١, K = ٠ ‫א‬‫א‬J-K(Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Toggle)‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬(١)‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬ 
 KCK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٠٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
J K CK Q (Mode of Operation)
E‫א‬F‫א‬
٠ ٠ Q٠
No Change
‫א‬‫א‬
٠ ١ ٠
(RESET)
‫א‬‫א‬
١ ٠ ١
(SET)
‫א‬
١ ١ Q0
Toggle
 ↓Z(٠)‫א‬(١)‫א‬
Q٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬E٥J ٤F
‫א‬E١٢J ٤F‫א‬J-K‫א‬ ‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬KE١٣J ٤FCKJ-K‫א‬
 K‫א‬Q = ٠
 W‫א‬

CK ١ ٥
٢ ٣ ٤
Q

 K‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٤F
Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)J,K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K(١)‫א‬
KJ = K = ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
KQ = ٠(Reset)J = ٠, K = ١،‫א‬‫א‬ -٣
-١٠٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
KQ = ١(Set)J = ١, K = ٠،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٤
Q‫א‬J,K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Set)‫ א‬-٥
K(١)‫א‬
 T-Type Flip-Flop T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،E١٤J ٤F‫א‬J,K‫א‬
(Toggle)‫א‬T‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬T
 K‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬(١)‫א‬(T)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٤J ٤FCK‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 
T J Q
CK
K Q

 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٤J ٤F
 KE٦J ٤FT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

T CK Q (Mode of Operation)
E‫א‬F‫א‬
٠ Q٠
No Change
‫א‬
١ Q0
Toggle
 ↓Z(٠)‫א‬(١)‫א‬    
Q٠Z‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ 
 KT‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٤F
-١٠٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬E١٤J ٤F‫א‬(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٤FCK‫א‬T‫א‬
 K‫א‬Q = ٠ 
 W‫א‬

CK 
T 
Q 

 KT‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٥J ٤F
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬T = ١‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬
T = ١‫א‬‫א‬،Q = ٠QT = ٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬(١)(٠)Q‫א‬
Master-Slave Flip-Flop‫א‬–‫א‬٧J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Edge Triggered)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،(Master-Slave)‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬(Pulse Triggered)
‫א‬(Complete Clock Pulse)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬J  ‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬EF١٦J ٤
(Master)‫א‬‫א‬،(Slave)‫א‬(Master)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R
(Slave)‫א‬‫א‬، (CK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K( CK )‫א‬‫א‬

-١٠٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Master Slave 
S
Y

Q
CK

CK
Q 
Y

R


 K‫א‬J ‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬EF١٦J ٤

،EF١٦J ٤CK، CK   ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(CK)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Master)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Slave)
 K( CK )‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WS,R‫א‬Q، Q 
(Master)‫א‬‫א‬(CK)(High)‫א‬‫א‬W
 ‫א‬‫א‬
(Reset)‫א‬‫א‬ (Set)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Enabled)‫א‬
 KS,R‫א‬‫א‬
 (slave)  ‫א‬‫א‬(CK)(Low)‫א‬‫א‬W ‫א‬‫א‬
 KY‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬(Enabled)‫א‬
S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٦J ٤‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(CK)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(Low)‫א‬(High)
،‫א‬J  ‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٦J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬t٥t٠‫א‬(CK)‫א‬‫א‬
 KS,R
-١٠٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(Enabled)‫א‬ (Master)‫א‬‫א‬،t٠‫א‬ •
‫א‬(Set)‫א‬‫א‬ S = ١, R = ٠‫א‬(CK)‫א‬‫א‬(High)
K( Y = 0 )Y = ١‫א‬،‫א‬
(Low)‫א‬‫א‬(Disabled)‫א‬‫א‬،t١‫א‬ •
‫א‬(Enabled)‫א‬(Slave)‫א‬‫א‬،CK
Q‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Y, Y K CK (High)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KQ = ١(Set )‫א‬‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 
KE CK = 1‫א‬‫א‬ Q = 1, Q = 0 ‫א‬ Y = 1, Y = 0
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
S R CK Q (Mode of Operation)
٠ ٠ Q٠ E‫א‬F‫א‬
٠ ١ ٠ ‫א‬‫( א‬RESET)
١ ٠ ١ ‫א‬‫(א‬SET)
١ ١ ‫؟‬ ‫א‬

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٦J ٤


-١٠٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 Master Master Master Master

Enable Enable Enable Enable
 CK t٠ t١ t٢ t٣ t٤ t٥

S (SET)
‫ﻜﺎل‬ ‫أﺷ‬
 R (RESET)
‫ﻧﺒﻀﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
(Master)
 Y
Y


Slave Slave Slave
 Enabl Enable Enable
CK

Y (Slave Set) ‫أﺷﻜﺎت ﻧﺒﻀﺎت‬
 ‫اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻮع‬
Y (Slave Re set ) (Slave)

Q

 K‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٦J ٤

(High)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،t٢‫א‬ •
‫א‬‫א‬ Y = 0, Y = 1 ‫א‬S = ٠, R = ١‫א‬CK
 .(Reset)
،CK  (Low)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،t٣‫א‬ •
(Reset)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KQ = ٠‫א‬
Y‫א‬(Low)‫א‬S,R‫א‬،t٤‫א‬ •
S‫א‬،t٤‫א‬‫א‬K(Y = ٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
KY = ١‫א‬‫א‬(High)‫א‬
-١٠٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،t٥‫א‬ •
KQ = ١Q‫א‬Y = ١‫א‬


‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬
D CK Q (Mode of Operation)
 (SET)‫א‬‫א‬
١ ١
(stores a ١)
(RESET)‫א‬‫א‬
٠ ٠
(stores a ٠)
E F
D S S Q
Clock in CK CK
CK
R  R Q

EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٧J ٤F

EF١٧J ٤،‫–א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬EF١٧J ٤
‫–א‬ ‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬،‫–א‬ ‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
 KQ‫א‬CK‫א‬‫א‬
EF١٨J ٤‫א‬،‫–א‬ ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٤‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Q)‫א‬‫א‬‫–א‬ ‫א‬J-K
 K‫–א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١١٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

Master Slave
J Y
Q
CK CK
Q
Y
K
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٤
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

J K CK Q (Mode of Operation)
٠ ٠ Q٠ E‫א‬F‫א‬
٠ ١ ٠ ‫א‬‫( א‬RESET)
١ ٠ ١ ‫א‬‫א‬(SET)
١ ١ Q0 ‫א‬(Toggle)

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٤
-١١١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME ME
CK
ME = Master Enabled
J
K (Master) ‫أﺷﻜﺎل ﻧﺒﻀﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬
SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE SE
CK
SE = Slave Enabled
Y
(Slave) ‫أﺷﻜﺎل ﻧﺒﻀﺎت اﻟﻤﺘﺒﻮع‬
Y
 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬ (PRE ) (PRESET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٤F‫א‬ (CLR ) (CLEAR)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K CLR ، PRE 
  S-R ‫א‬
،Q = ١(SET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،Q = ٠ (RESET)‫א‬‫א‬
(RESET)‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬Q‫א‬
 (PRE )  ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬(CLEAR)‫א‬
، PRE = 0 (١)‫א‬Q‫א‬،‫א‬
-١١٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
(٠)‫א‬Q‫א‬ (CLR ) ‫א‬

S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬E٧J ٤FK CLR = 0
Q‫א‬E F PRE = 0 ‫א‬ CLR = 1‫א‬
 PRE = 1 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KCK, S, R‫א‬‫א‬،(١)
‫א‬(٠)Q‫א‬‫א‬EF CLR = 0 
 KCK, S, R‫א‬
PRE 

S Q
CK 
R Q

CLR 
 K CLR ، PRE S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٤F
‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

PRE CLR CK S R Q (Mode of Operation)
٠ ١ X X X ١ ‫א‬‫א‬(SET)
١ ٠ X X X ٠ ‫א‬‫( א‬RESET)
٠ ٠ X X X ? ‫א‬

 KS-R‫א‬‫א‬ CLR ، PRE ‫א‬E٧J ٤F
-١١٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬
 Timer Circuits ‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٤

، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Clock Signal)‫א‬
‫א‬K
(Positive Edge)‫א‬‫א‬(Sharp)‫א‬‫א‬K
 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Negative Edge)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J-K, S-R,D-Type‫א‬
.(Set and Reset States)(bi)،(Bistable Multivibrator)
‫א‬(Astable Multivibrator)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
(Mono)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Monostable Multivibrator)
 K(Fixed Duration)(Rectangular Pulse)(Triggered)
Astable Multivibrator Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ٤
(Free running)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬E٢٠J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬
 K (Schmitt-trigger)(Inverter)‫א‬


+٥V E‫א‬F Charge

R 
E‫א‬FDischarge ٠ (١) ١(٠
∫ ∫ 
+
C 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٠J ٤F
-١١٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
.(High)(Not)‫א‬‫א‬ (Low)‫א‬‫א‬،(٠)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(R) ‫א‬‫א‬(C)‫א‬
(High)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،R,C‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،(Low)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،(Low)‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 K‫א‬(High)
Monostable Multivibrator Circuit‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ٤
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٢١J ٤
NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Low)Q‫א‬‫א‬،(Low)‫א‬(Trigger)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Low)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (High)
 K‫א‬
‫א‬K(Low)‫א‬ NOR  ‫א‬‫א‬،(High)‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،NOR‫א‬‫א‬ (Low)(High)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬(High)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬KEF٢١J ٤
 K‫א‬‫א‬ (Low)‫א‬

+٥V

R
Input
Trigger (T) 
C
+
Output
Pulse (Q)

E F

Input
Trigger (T) 
Output
Pulse (Q) 
EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢١J ٤F
-١١٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬NOR‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬
 ،(resistor–capacitor network)
‫א‬‫א‬،R‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
 KQ‫א‬(Low)‫א‬(High)‫א‬‫א‬
 The ٥٥٥ Timer Circuit ٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬
٥٥٥‫א‬،E٢٢J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬(IC)
 K 5KΩ ‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Discharge Threshold
E‫א‬F E‫א‬F
+VCC Control Voltage
E‫א‬F  E‫א‬F
٨ ٧ ٦ ٥

١ ٢ ٣ ٤
Ground  Reset
E‫א‬F E‫א‬‫א‬F
Trigger
E‫א‬F  Output
E‫א‬F
 K٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬E٢٢J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬(Monostable mode)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Astable mode)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Modulator)(Frequency Divider)
 K‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬١J ٣J ٨J ٤
٥٥٥ Timer as an Astable Multivibrator
-١١٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬EF٢٣J ٤

‫א‬‫א‬K(Free running)‫א‬(Astable)
،‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٣J ٤
 K(٠)E‫א‬F+Vcc‫א‬‫א‬

 +٥V
٨ ٤

٥٥٥ Timer
٥KΩ
 RA
-
٥
١/٣ VCC RL
Comparator
 + (A)
R
Inverting
Buffer/Driver
٦
S-R Q Output
RB ٥KΩ
 Flip-Flop ٣ E‫א‬F
٢ - S Inverter
٢/٣ VCC EF
 +
Comparator
(B)
+
C

٥KΩ
Discharge Transistor
 ٧ E‫א‬‫א‬F
 ١
K‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬EF٢٣J ٤
-١١٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

T١ T٢ T٣ T٤ T٥
٢/٣ VCC
Voltage

Across "C"

١/٣ VCC

(+VCC)
Output tp tn
(٠) 
 K‫א‬C‫א‬EF٢٣J ٤
T١‫]א‬(High)‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Low)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K[ ‫א‬
 KOFF‫א‬(Discharge Transistor)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(C)‫א‬‫א‬،OFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،T٢‫א‬KRB, RA‫א‬+Vcc
1 2
 VCC  ‫א‬‫א‬(High) A‫א‬‫א‬، VCC
3 3
٥٥٥(٣)‫א‬‫א‬KQ = ٠(RESET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KON‫א‬،(High)‫א‬‫א‬،(Low)‫א‬
‫א‬K C‫א‬،ON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
B‫א‬، VCC ‫א‬‫א‬،T٣
3
‫א‬‫א‬،Q = ١(SET)‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬(High)‫א‬
 K‫א‬C،OFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
‫א‬RB, RA‫א‬C‫א‬،EF٢٣J ٤‫א‬
1 2
 (Positive time) tp‫א‬K VCC ‫א‬RB‫א‬، VCC
3 3
 W‫א‬

t p = 0.7(R A + R B )C
-١١٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬(Negative time) tn‫א‬


t n = 0 .7 R B C
 Wtn‫א‬،tp‫א‬E‫א‬‫א‬FT‫א‬

T = t p + tn
 = 0.7(R A + 2R B )C
 W‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬

1 1
f = =
T 0 .7 ( R A + 2 R B ) C
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

1.43
f=
( R A + 2 R B )C
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٨J ٤
٥٥٥ Timer as a Monostable Multivibrator
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬EF٢٤J ٤
‫א‬EF٢٤J ٤‫א‬‫א‬.(one-shot)
‫א‬K٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬،(Input - trigger)‫א‬
 KRA,C‫א‬‫א‬(Pw)
(RESET)S-R‫א‬‫א‬،EF٢٤J ٤T١‫א‬
‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬(Low)‫א‬‫א‬KQ = ٠(Low)
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬(inverted and buffered)،‫א‬
 K(Low)٠V(٣)‫א‬٥٥٥
‫א‬(High)S-R‫א‬‫א‬(Low)‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ON‫א‬،‫א‬
-١١٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬(٢)‫א‬(Trigger)‫א‬،T٢‫א‬
1
، VCC   B‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ K‫א‬‫א‬
3
‫א‬KQ = ١‫א‬(SET)‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬،(High)B ‫א‬
‫א‬٥٥٥(٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬ (High)‫א‬
 KOFF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(High)

+٥V 
٨ ٤
٥٥٥ Timer
٥KΩ
RA
-
٥
١/٣ VCC Comparator
RL
+ (A) Inverting
R
٦ Buffer/Driver
S-R Q
٥KΩ Flip-Flop ٣ Output
Trigger ٢ - S Inverter
Input ٢/٣ VCC Comparator
+ (B)
٥KΩ
٧
Discharge Transistor
+
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬EF٢٤J ٤
-١٢٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
T١ T٢ 
Trigger ١/٣ VCC
Input
٠V 

٢/٣ VCC


Voltage 
Across "C"

Output


 K‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٤J ٤

+VCCRA‫א‬‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(High)‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬KEF٢٤J ٤‫א‬
2
،(High)A‫א‬،(T٣)‫א‬K VCC ‫א‬
3
(٣)‫א‬‫א‬،(RESET)‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬
C‫א‬ON‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Low)‫א‬
 K
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K
‫א‬ ،‫א‬‫א‬(Leading edge)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬RA‫א‬C‫א‬‫א‬(Trailing edge)‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬

Pw = 1.1R A C



-١٢١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 Shift Registers‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٤
،‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Shift )‫א‬ (Shift Left)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Buffer Register)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Parallel Data)‫א‬(Serial Data)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Right
 K(Shift Registers)‫א‬‫א‬
 Buffer Registers‫א‬١J ٩J ٤
(Digital word)‫א‬
‫א‬EF٢٥J ٤K(bits)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(٤-stages)
 K(Positive edge-triggered)

(٤-bit word to be stored)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
D١ D٢ D٣ D٤
D Q D Q D Q D Q
Q Q Q Q
CLR CLR CLR CLR
CK
CLR
Q١ Q٢ Q٣ Q٤
(parallel data outputs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
E F
 KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٥J ٤

-١٢٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


Clock 
١ 
D١

٠
D٢
‫א‬ 
Input data ١
D٣ 
D٤ ٠ 

Q١

Q٢
‫א‬ 
Output data
Q٣ 
Q٤ 
EF

 KEF٢٥J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٥J ٤

D٤‫א‬‫א‬(٤-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Q١,Q٣, Q٢,Q٤‫א‬D١,D٢,D٣,
 K(CK)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٥J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬Q١,Q٣, Q٢,Q٤‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Clear-input)‫א‬K(Parallel-in, Parallel-out Registers)
 KE‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬(active-low)

-١٢٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 Shift Registers‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩J ٤
‫א‬(Shift)‫א‬(move)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 WKE٢٦J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K 
(Serial-in, Serial-out Shift Registers)‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -١
K(SISO)‫א‬‫א‬
(Serial-in, Parallel-out Shift Registers)‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٢
.(SIPO)‫א‬‫א‬
(Parallel-in, Serial-out Shift Registers)  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J ٣
K(PISO)‫א‬‫א‬


Serial-in, serial-out (SISO) Shift Registers

Shift Right Shift Left
Serial-In 
Serial-Out Serial-In

Rotate Right  Rotate Left
 EF

Serial-in, parallel-out (SIPO) Shift Registers Parallel-in, Serial-out Shift (PISO) Registers

Parallel Data In
Serial-In

Serial-Out

Parallel Data Out EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٦J ٤
-١٢٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٩J ٤
Serial-in, Serial-out (SISO) Shift registers
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٨J ٤F
١٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E
 ‫א‬‫א‬F٠١١٠‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬
Clock Input Q٠ Q١ Q٢ Q٣
 —  — ٠ ١ ١ ٠
١st ١ ١ ٠ ١ ١
٢nd ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ١
٣rd ٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠
٤th ١ ١ ٠ ٠ ١
 K‫א‬‫א‬E٨J ٤F

‫א‬‫א‬‫( א‬١st Clock pulse)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(٢nd Clock pulse)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٠١١٠)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(١٠٠١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٠١١٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (١٠٠١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 K
-١٢٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

FF٠ FF١ FF٢ FF٣

Serial
Serial
Data D Q D Q D Q D
0 1 2 Data Out
Input
CK
Clock
Input
SISO Shift Right
E F
Serial
Serial Data
Data Out Input
Q D Q D Q D Q
3 2 1 0
CK CK CK
Clock FF٣ FF٢ FF١ FF٠

Input
SISO Shift Left
EF
SISO Rotate Right SISO Rotate Left
EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٧J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬(٤-bits)‫א‬‫א‬EF٢٧J ٤
‫א‬،(FF٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KD‫א‬‫א‬
(Q١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(FF١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬(Q٠)‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬(Q٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(FF٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(FF٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(Clock input)‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬(١-bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Positive edge)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
EF٢٧J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬
EF٢٧J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ .(SISO Shift-Right Shift Register)
‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(SISO Shift- Left Shift Register)‫א‬
EF٢٧J ٤،EF٢٧J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬،
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 (SISO Rotate-Left) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬(SISO Rotate-Right)
 KEF٢٧J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٩J ٤
Serial-in, parallel out (SIPO) Shift registers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٤F‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬
(٤-bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Serial data input)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE‫א‬‫א‬
-١٢٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

FF١ FF٢ FF٣
Serial
FF٠

Data D Q D Q D Q D Q
Input 0 1 2 3
CK CK CK CK

Clock

Input


Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3

 Parallel data outputs
 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٨J ٤F


 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (٤-bits)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬(٤-bits)(Q٣,Q٢,Q١,Q٠)
 ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٩J ٤
Parallel-in, Serial-out (PISO) Shift registers
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬–
،(Low)‫א‬ SHIFT / LOAD ‫א‬K SHIFT / LOAD ‫א‬
‫א‬(Enabled)‫א‬‫א‬AND ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬Inverter‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(D٣,D٢,D١,D٠)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Clock pulse)
 .(Q٣,Q٢,Q١,Q٠)

-١٢٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
(SHIFT / LOAD) control
(1 for shift , 0 for load ) Parallel data inputs
D D D D
0 1 2 3
FF٠ FF١ FF٢ FF٣ Serial

Out
D Q D Q D Q D Q
0 1 2 3
CK CK CK CK
Clock
Input

 K‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢٩J ٤F
AND‫א‬‫א‬،(High)‫א‬ SHIFT / LOAD ‫א‬

Q٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Enabled)‫א‬‫א‬
،(FF٢)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q١‫א‬،(FF١)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K(FF٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q٢‫א‬ 
(١-bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 .(clock inputF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Shift Register Sequencer (Ring Counter)E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٩J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٠J ٤
 KED٠Q٣‫א‬FFF٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(FF٣)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬Q٠‫א‬Low‫א‬ SRART  ‫א‬K
E CLR = 0 FLow‫א‬ Q١,Q٢,Q٣‫א‬،( PRE = 0 )High
 KEF٣٠J ٤‫א‬
-١٢٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3
PRE PRE PRE PRE

D Q D Q D Q D Q
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
CK CK CK CK
CLR CLR CLR CLR

FF٠ FF١ FF٢ FF٣
Clock
START
EF
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٠J ٤
٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٠ ١ ٢
Clock
START
١ ٠ ٠ ٠
Q
0
٠ ١ ٠ ٠
Q
1
٠ ٠ ١ ٠
Q
2
٠ ٠ ٠ ١
Q
3
EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٠J ٤
-١٣٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Clock ‫א‬‫א‬
Pulses
Q٠ Q١ Q٢ Q٣
٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠ Four flip-flops will have
٢ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ Four output states.
٣ ٠ ٠ ٠ ١
Repeat Sequence
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤F
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١٠٠٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(١)
 KE٩J ٤F
 Johnson Counter‫א‬٥J ٢J ٩J ٤
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬EF٣١J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(D٠)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E Q 3 F
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q٣،١٠٠٠،E١٠J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬EF٣١J ٤‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(High)‫א‬ Q 3 ،‫א‬‫א‬(Low)‫א‬
‫א‬ (High inputs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،D٠‫א‬
K(High)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(Low)‫א‬ Q 3 ،E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(High)‫א‬Q٣
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(Low) D٠
K(Low)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Low inputs)‫א‬
‫א‬ Q 3 ،E‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F(Low)‫א‬Q٣
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(High)D٠(High)

-١٣١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3
PRE PRE PRE PRE

D Q D Q D Q D Q
0 0 1 1 2 2 3 3
CK CK CK CK
Q
CLR CLR CLR CLR
3
FF٠ FF١ FF٢ FF٣
Clock
EF
٠ ١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٠ ١ ٢ ٣
Clock
START
Q
0
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
Q
3
EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣١J ٤F
-١٣٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Clock ‫א‬‫א‬
Pulses
Q٠ Q١ Q٢ Q٣ Q3
٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ٠ ١
١ ١ ١ ٠ ٠ ١
٢ ١ ١ ١ ٠ ١
٣ ١ ١ ١ ١ ٠ Four flip-flops will have
٤ ٠ ١ ١ ١ ٠ eight output states.
٥ ٠ ٠ ١ ١ ٠
٦ ٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠
٧ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ١

Repeat Sequence
 K‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٤F

،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEE٩J ٤F
EF٣١J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 KE١٠J ٤F(٢ × ٤ flip-flops = ٨)
-١٣٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬J ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
 Counters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٤
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،(binary bits)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(clock input)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Synchronous Counters )  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Asynchronous Counters)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K(Master Clock)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬

 ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Asynchronous Binary-Up Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ٤
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬J-K
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ،(High)‫א‬J,K‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬(Negative edge)(Toggle)
‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(٤-bit word)‫א‬‫א‬Q٣,Q٢,Q١,Q٠‫א‬KEF٣٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٠٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬
FF٠‫א‬‫א‬KE١١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(MSB)‫א‬(Q٣)FF٣‫א‬‫א‬(LSB)(Q٠)

- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
FF٠ FF١ FF٢ FF٣

J Q J Q J Q J Q
0 1 2 3
Clock
Input CK CK CK CK
K K K K
Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3
EF
١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠ ١١ ١٢ ١٣ ١٤ ١٥ ١٦ ١٧
٠
Q٠
Q١ ٠
Q٢ ٠
Q٣ ٠
 EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٢J ٤F
،(Clock input)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(FF٠)‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Toggle)Q٠‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬KEF٣٢J ٤Q٠‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬"٠""١"‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ "١""٠"Q٠
Q٠،FF١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q٠‫א‬
Q٢‫א‬Q١
  K(Toggle)Q١‫א‬
 KQ٣‫א‬Q٢،

-١٣٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Q٣ Q٢ Q١ Q٠
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ٢
٠ ٠ ١ ١ ٣
٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ٤
٠ ١ ٠ ١ ٥
٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٦
٠ ١ ١ ١ ٧ Cycle Repeats
١ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٨
١ ٠ ٠ ١ ٩
١ ٠ ١ ٠ ١٠
١ ٠ ١ ١ ١١
١ ١ ٠ ٠ ١٢
١ ١ ٠ ١ ١٣
١ ١ ١ ٠ ١٤
١ ١ ١ ١ ١٥

Binary Count
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٤F
 The Maximum Count (N) of a Counter ‫א‬•

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١١J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،[‫א‬‫א‬(١)‫א‬]٠٠٠١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٢)‫]א‬٠٠١٠‫א‬
]٠٠١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،[
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬،[
 ‫א‬‫א‬(٣)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 N = 2 n − 1 
  W
(N = maximum count before cycle repeats) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = N
 (n = number of flip-flops in the counter circuit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ = n


-١٣٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 W‫א‬EF٣٢J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
N = 2n − 1
= 24 − 1
= 16 − 1
= 1510 (11112 )
The Modulus (MOD) of a counter‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬•
‫א‬(MOD)(Modulus of a counter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
MODEF٣٢J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬١١١١٠٠٠٠(١٦)‫א‬‫א‬(١٦)
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬MODKE١١J ٤F

MOD = ٢n
MOD = modulus of the counter
n = number of flip-flops in the counter circuit

 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٢J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

MOD = 2 n
= 24
= 16
The Frequency Division of a counter ‫א‬‫א‬•
EF٣٢J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(frequency divider)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
، ‫א‬٢‫א‬K٢‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬٢‫א‬٢‫א‬
٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٢J ٤
-١٣٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
،٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،KQ١  ‫א‬
‫א‬،٨‫א‬،٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬١٦

Division Factor = ٢n E‫א‬F
N = number of flip-flops in the counter circuit
 The Propagation Delay Time (tp) of a counter‫א‬‫א‬•

‫א‬‫א‬،(Ripple counter)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 E ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، 
‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٠٠٠١١١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٠١١١‫א‬‫א‬ (٤ Flip-Flops × ١٠ns) 40ns  10ns (tp)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(counting speed)‫א‬K١٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1 × 10 9
f=
n× tp
 W
f = upper clock pulse frequency limit
n = number of flip-flops in the counter circuit
tp= propagation delay time of each flip-flop in nanoseconds
Asynchronous Binary Down Counters‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠J ٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K"١"
‫א‬EF٣٣J ٤‫א‬K ‫א‬"١"‫א‬
-١٣٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 Q ‫א‬KJ-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬KEF٣٣J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q٣,Q٢,Q١,Q٠
 (RESET)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 Q ‫א‬LowQ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K٠٠٠٠
FF٣,FF٢,FF١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١١١١
‫א‬High‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬J,K‫א‬‫א‬KHigh
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Toggle)

 Q
0
Q
1
Q
2
Q
3
HIGH
 FF٠ FF١ FF٢ FF٣
J Q J Q J Q J Q
0 1 2 3
 Clock
Input CK CK CK CK
K Q K Q K Q K Q
 0 1 2 3
E F

١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩ ١٠ ١١ ١٢ ١٣ ١٤ ١٥ ١٦
١٧
 Clock
Input
٠
 Q٠
٠
 Q١
Q٢ ٠

Q٣ ٠
 EF
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٣J ٤F
"٠"Q٠‫א‬،FF٠‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬"٠""١" Q 0 ‫א‬‫א‬،"١"
-١٣٨-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬"٠""١"Q١‫א‬،FF١‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬"٠""١" Q1 ‫א‬‫א‬K"٠""١" Q1
 K‫א‬،FF٢

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Q٣ Q٢ Q١ Q٠
١ ١ ١ ١ ١٥
١ ١ ١ ٠ ١٤
١ ١ ٠ ١ ١٣
١ ١ ٠ ٠ ١٢
١ ٠ ١ ١ ١١
١ ٠ ١ ٠ ١٠
١ ٠ ٠ ١ ٩
١ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٨ Cycle Repeats
٠ ١ ١ ١ ٧
٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٦
٠ ١ ٠ ١ ٥
٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ٤
٠ ٠ ١ ١ ٣
٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ٢
٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠

Binary Count
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٢J ٤F
(١٥)١٠ = ١١١١Q٣,Q٢,Q١,Q٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٢J ٤F‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 FF٠‫א‬‫א‬،EF٣٣J ٤‫א‬
Q٣,Q٢,Q١‫א‬،‫א‬Q٠‫א‬
 ،‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
-١٣٩-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠J ٤
Asynchronous Binary Up/Down Counters
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
Q‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K Q ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
L‫א‬E٣٤J ٤F
 K UP / DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬AND-OR

Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3
HIGH
FF٠ FF١ FF٢ FF٣

Q Q Q Q
J 0 J 1 J 2 J 3
Clock
CK CK CK CK
Input
K Q K Q K Q K Q
0 1 2 3
UP/DOWN control
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٤J ٤F

‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬،High‫א‬ UP / DOWN ‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q،(Enabled)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،Low‫א‬ UP / DOWN
(Enabled)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Disabled)‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ Q 
 K‫א‬
-١٤٠-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Asynchronous Decade (MOD ١٠) Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٥J ٤
 K(MOD-١٠)‫א‬‫א‬
 
HIGH 
FF٠ FF١ FF٢ FF٣
J Q
0
J Q
1
J Q
2
J Q
3 
Clock
Input CK CK CK CK

K K K K
CLR CLR CLR CLR

Q Q Q Q

0 1 2 3
E F

١ ٢ ٣ ٤ ٥ ٦ ٧ ٨ ٩
١٠
Clock
Input

٠
Q٠ 
٠
Q١

Q٢ ٠

Q٣ ٠

CLR
EF

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٥J ٤F
-١٤١-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬E٩F١٠٠١E٠F٠٠٠٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٥J ٤‫א‬‫א‬
 KE١٣J ٤F
‫א‬‫א‬١٠F١١١١ ١٠١٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E CLR F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬NAND ‫א‬E١٥
‫א‬‫א‬KQ٣‫א‬‫א‬Q١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
،High‫א‬Q٣,Q١E
 ‫א‬‫א‬١٠F١٠١٠‫א‬
‫א‬K‫א‬ (CLEAR)Low NAND‫א‬
‫א‬(inactive) CLR ‫א‬EF٣٥J ٤‫א‬
‫א‬KHigh‫א‬Q٣,Q١‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K١٠٠١٠٠٠٠
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(CLEAR)،Q٣،Q١‫א‬
E١٣J ٤F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K CLR ‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬٩‫א‬٠‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬
Q٣ Q٢ Q١ Q٠
٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠
٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ١
٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ٢
٠ ٠ ١ ١ ٣
٠ ١ ٠ ٠ ٤
٠ ١ ٠ ١ ٥
٠ ١ ١ ٠ ٦ Cycle Repeats
٠ ١ ١ ١ ٧
١ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٨
١ ٠ ٠ ١ ٩
Binary Count 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٣J ٤F
-١٤٢-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
(MOD-١٠)٩٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
1
( )Q٣‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
10
 .(Clock input)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬(Digital Voltmeter)‫א‬‫א‬ ،(Digital clocks)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K(Frequency Counter)‫א‬
Synchronous Binary Counters ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٠J ٤
AND‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٦J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬(MOD-١٦) (٤-bit)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Triggered)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

Q Q Q Q
0 1 2 3
HIGH
A B
FF٠ FF١ FF٢ FF٣
J Q J Q J Q J Q
0 1 2 3
CK CK CK CK
Clock K K K K
Input

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣٦J ٤F
FF٠‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(Toggle)‫א‬ ،High‫א‬
Low‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬LowHighHigh
-١٤٣-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬٢‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ FF١‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬
FF١‫א‬‫א‬Q١‫א‬،Low‫א‬Q٠ ‫א‬‫א‬KFF٠
Q١‫א‬،High‫א‬Q٠‫א‬(No change)
K(Toggle)
AND(A)‫א‬‫א‬ FF٢‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬
،High  AND(A)‫א‬Q٠ = Q١ = High‫א‬KQ٠,Q١
 K‫א‬‫א‬FF٢‫א‬‫א‬(Enable)‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬AND(B)‫א‬‫א‬FF٣‫א‬‫א‬J,K‫א‬
AND(B)‫א‬High‫א‬Q٢,Q١,Q٠‫א‬KQ٢,Q١,Q٠
 K‫א‬FF٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬High
Synchronous Counters Advantages ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ١٠J ٤
(Ripple counters)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
 KEF٣٣J ٤‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF٣٢J ٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬K  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ (Propagation-delay time)
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K E
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
-١٤٤-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬ K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

tp = Single (flip-flop) tp + Single (AND-gate) tp

















-١٤٥-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 

‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬E١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(negative edge trigger)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Q=٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
CK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬E٢
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(positive edge trigger)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Q=٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

CK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬JK‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬E٣
‫א‬K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(negative edge trigger)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Q=٠‫א‬‫א‬

-١٤٦-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
CK


J


K 

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬T‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬E٤
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(negative edge trigger)‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬Q=٠‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K
CK
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬(f)‫א‬‫א‬ E٥
 KC = ٠{١µf‫א‬،RB = ٣kΩ‫א‬RA = ١٠kΩ
‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬ E٦
KC = ٠{٠١µf‫א‬،ΩRA = ١٢kΩ‫א‬
-١٤٧-
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٣٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 W‫א‬‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ •
- ١٤٨ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Introduction١J ٥
‫א‬K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬(fuse–programmable) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(Customer)‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(fusible links)‫א‬
K ‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 W‫א‬‫א‬
(The Programmable Logic Array (PLA))‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
(The Programmable Array Logic (PAL))‫א‬‫א‬ •
 (The Programmable Logic Sequencer (PLS))‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫• א‬
(Erasable Programmable Logic Device (EPLD))
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬ (F)
(FPLA, FPAL, ….)
 K(Field Programmable Logic Devices)
 Basic Programmable Logic Devices ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
PLDJ  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥F‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K(٢-input/٤-output)
(noninverting Buffer)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
K(Inverting Buffer)‫א‬
A,B  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬High   AND‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٥F‫א‬
‫א‬،
 ‫א‬،(Product Lines)
‫א‬K‫( א‬A B, AB, AB and AB) 
(fusible link)OR‫א‬‫א‬
.PLDJ ‫א‬‫א‬(×)‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٥F

- ١٤٩ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Inputs 

A B

 Fusible
Link

A A B B 
٠  × × × × AB
١  × × × × AB
٢  × × × × AB

٣ × × × × AB



 Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0

Outputs

 KPLD‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥F


A B High Out
٠ ٠ AND ٠
٠ ١ AND ١
١ ٠ AND ٢
١ ١ AND ٣

 KE١J ٥F‫א‬AND‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥F

- ١٥٠ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PLDs J  ‫א‬K‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬E١J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥FK ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬
Inputs 

A B



A A B B 
٠ × × × × AB
١ × × × × AB
× × × × AB

٢

٣ × × × × AB


I٣

Q3 Q2 Q1 Q0 

Outputs

 KPLD‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 AND  ‫א‬
 ‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 OR  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬
K(fusible link)‫א‬(×’s)‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥١ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 ×’s‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،OR, AND‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬
K‫א‬‫א‬PLD ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
(Q٠,Q١,Q٢,Q٣)A,B‫א‬E٣J ٥F
 KE٢J ٥F‫א‬،PLD‫א‬
 
Inputs 

A B



A A B B 
٠ × × AB 
١ × × AB 
٢ × AB 

٣ × AB


٣ ٢ ١ ٠



Q 0 = A B + AB
Q1 = AB 
Q 2 = AB + AB 
Q 3 = AB 

KPLD‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٥F 
- ١٥٢ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
Q٣  ‫א‬،٣OR  ‫א‬١،٣،٤(blowing fuses)‫א‬‫א‬

،٢ OR  ‫א‬١،٣‫א‬‫א‬KAB = ٠١  High 
٢،٣،٤‫א‬‫א‬KAB = ١١ AB = ٠١ High Q٢ ‫א‬
‫א‬KAB = ٠٠ HighQ١‫א‬،١OR‫א‬
 High  Q٠‫א‬،٠‫א‬٢،٤‫א‬‫א‬
 KAB = ١٠AB = ٠٠


‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B Q٣ Q٢ Q١ Q٠
AB ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ١
AB ٠ ١ ١ ١ ٠ ٠
AB ١ ٠ ٠ ٠ ٠ ١
AB ١ ١ ٠ ١ ٠ ٠

 KE٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬PLD  ‫א‬
 XOR ‫א‬(Programmable Output Polarity fuse)
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،E٤J ٥F
 K(blown)(Intact)‫א‬
Low XOR  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬
XOR  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬، ‫א‬‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ High
 KE٣J ٥F‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٣ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 


×

×




Polarity 
Fuse

Output 

KPLD‫א‬‫א‬E٤J ٥F


Polarity FuseE‫א‬F XOR's Operation
Intact E‫א‬F Will not invert E‫א‬F

Blown E‫א‬F Will invert E‫א‬F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٥F

 The Programmable Logic Array (PLA) ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬
(٢-bit outputs)(٨-bit inputs) PLD
 K (٢٥٦) ‫א‬‫א‬(١٢)
K(PLA)‫א‬‫א‬،‫א‬
 PLA  ‫א‬‫א‬E٥J ٥F‫א‬PLA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OR  AND 
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٤ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

I٣ I٢ I١ I٠ 


× ×× × × ×× ×  × × × ×
× × × × × ×× × × × × ×
× ×× × × ×× ×  × × × ×
× × × × × ×× × × × × ×

× × × × × ×× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×× ×  × × × ×
× × × × × ×× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×× ×  × ×
× ×
× × × × × ×× ×  × × × ×
× × × × × ×× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×× ×  × × × ×
× ×× × × ×× ×  × × × ×
× × × × × ×× × × × × ×
× × × × × ×× ×  × × × ×
× × × × × ×× ×  × × × ×
× × × × × ×× × × × × ×


 O٣ O٢ O١ O٠

 KPLA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 E٥J ٥F

 The Programmable Array Logic (PAL)‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٥
ANDEPLAF‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 PLA 
 ‫א‬‫א‬K ‫א‬‫א‬OR 
K ‫א‬‫א‬،،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
OR AND،PAL ‫א‬
 KE٦J ٥FE‫א‬F
- ١٥٥ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 

I٣ I٢ I١ I٠
  OR 

× ×× × × ×××
× ×× × × × × ×
× × × × × × ××
× ×× × × ×××
× ×× × × × × ×
× ×× × × ×××
× ×× × × ×××
× ×× × × ×× ×
× ×× × × ×××
× ×× × × × × ×
× ×× × × ×××
× ×× × × ×××
× ×× × × × × ×
× ×× × × ×××
× ×× × × ×××
× ×× × × ×× ×


AND
O٣ O٢ O١ O٠ 

KPAL‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٦J ٥F

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PLA‫א‬
 K،‫א‬


- ١٥٦ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 The Programmable Logic Sequencer (PLS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(PLS)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬،‫א‬‫א‬K‫א‬
 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬،(Input and output registers)
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥
Erasable Programmable Logic Device (EPLD)
‫א‬(PLDs)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
،‫א‬K(blowing their internal fuses)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬
 ،‫א‬
‫א‬K
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬PLD‫א‬
K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬(erase)‫א‬
 K،‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
- ١٥٧ -
 ‫א‬‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
‫א‬‫א‬  ‫א‬ 
 
Q٠,Q١,Q٢,Q٣A, B‫א‬PLD‫א‬‫א‬ E١
 K‫א‬
‫א‬ ‫א‬
A B Q٣ Q٢ Q١ Q٠
٠ ٠ ٠ ١ ١ ١
٠ ١ ١ ١ ٠ ٠
١ ٠ ٠ ١ ٠ ١
١ ١ ١ ٠ ٠ ٠
‫א‬‫א‬Q٠,Q٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٢
 K‫א‬

 KPLA‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ E٣



 


- ١٥٨ -
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
 ‫א‬
‫א‬  ‫א‬
  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ٢ ١J ١
٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١
٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١
٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١
٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ١
٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ١
٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١
١٠ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١
١١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ١
١٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١
١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ١
١٣ ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ١
١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨J ١
١٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٩J ١
١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ١
١٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ١
١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠J ١
١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١٠J ١
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
١٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١٠J ١
١٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١٠J ١
١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠J ١
١٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥J ١٠J ١
٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ١٠J ١
٢٠ ‫א‬‫א‬١J ٦J ١٠J ١
٢٢ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٦J ١٠J ١
٢٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ١
٢٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١١J ١
٢٣ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١١J ١
‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ١١J ١
٢٣
‫א‬‫א‬
٢٤ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ١١J ١
٢٥ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١١J ١
٢٦ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ١١J ١
٢٧ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥J ١١J ١
٢٨ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ١١J ١
٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٧J ١١J ١
٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٨J ١١J ١
٢٩ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ١١J ١
٣٠ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ١١J ١
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
٣١ 
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٣٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٣٦  ١J ٢
٣٦  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢
٣٧   AND‫א‬٣J ٢
٤٠   OR‫א‬ ٤J ٢
٤٢   E‫א‬F NOT ‫א‬٥J ٢
٤٢   NAND ‫א‬٦J ٢
٤٤   NOR ‫א‬٧J ٢
٤٥  E‫א‬F‫ א‬OR ‫א‬٨J ٢
٤٧  E‫א‬F‫ א‬NOR ‫א‬٩J ٢
٤٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٢
٥٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١١J ٢
٥١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٢J ٢
٥٢  ‫א‬‫א‬١٣J ٢
٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٤J ٢
٥٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٥J ٢
٥٨  
 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
٦١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٦٢  ١J ٣
٦٢  ٣J ٢
٦٤  NOR , NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٣
٦٥  NAND‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٣
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
٦٦  NOR‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٣
،NAND
 ‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٣
٦٧
 NOR
٦٧  NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٤J ٣
٦٩  NOR‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٤J ٣
٧٢  ٥J ٣
٧٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٣
٨١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٧J ٣
٨١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٧J ٣
٨٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٧J ٣
٨٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٧J ٣
٨٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧J ٣
٩٠  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٢  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
٩٣  ١J ٤
٩٣  ‫א‬٢J ٤
٩٨  ‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬٣J ٤
١٠١  D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤
١٠٣  ‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬٥J ٤
١٠٥  T ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٤
١٠٦  ‫א‬–‫א‬٧J ٤
١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٨J ٤
١١٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٨J ٤
١١٥  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ٤
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
١١٦  ٥٥٥‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٨J ٤
١١٦  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥٥٥‫א‬١J ٣J ٨J ٤
١١٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٨J ٤
١٢١  ‫א‬‫א‬٩J ٤
١٢٢  ‫א‬١J ٩J ٤
١٢٤  ‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٩J ٤
١٢٥  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ٢J ٩J ٤
١٢٧  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٢J ٩J ٤
١٢٨  ‫א‬‫א‬–‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٢J ٩J ٤
١٢٩  E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٢J ٩J ٤
١٣١  ‫א‬٥J ٢J ٩J ٤
١٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١٠J ٤
١٣٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬١J ١٠J ٤
١٣٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ١٠J ٤
١٤٠  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬L‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ١٠J ٤
١٤١  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠J ٤
١٤٣  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١٠J ٤
١٤٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ١٠J ٤
١٤٦  
 ‫א‬‫א‬W‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٨  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
١٤٩  ١J ٥
١٤٩  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٥
١٥٤  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٣J ٥
١٥٥  ‫א‬‫א‬ ٤J ٥
 ‫א‬  ‫ א‬١٤٧ ‫א‬
 ‫א‬ 
١٥٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ٥
١٥٧  ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٦J ٥
١٥٨  

 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬
 ‫א‬E‫א‬F‫א‬‫א‬
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 ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 Binary-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٥J ١

(Bits ) ‫ﺧﺎﻧ ﺎت‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

∴(٠٫١٠١١)٢ = ١ × ٢-١ + ١ × ٢-٣ + ١ × ٢-٤ = ٠٫٥ + ٠٫١٢٥ + ٠٫٠٦٢٥ = (٠٫٦٨٧٥)١٠

∴ (٣٢٤)٨ = (٣ × ٨٢) + (٢ × ٨١) + (٤ × ٨٠)

∴ (٥٦٧٫١٤)٨ = (٥ × ٨٢) + (٦ × ٨١) + (٧ × ٨٠) + (١ × ٨-١) + (٤ × ٨-٢)

 Octal-to-Binary Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١٠J ١

٠١١ ١٠١ ١١١

٠٠١ ٠١٠ ١١١ ١١٠ • ١٠١ ١٠٠ ٠١١

∴(٣٤)٨ + (٤٢)٨ = (٧٦)٨

∴(٦٥٧)٨ – (٣٤٦)٨ = (٣١١)٨

∴(٧٣٢)٨ – (٦٣٤)٨ = (٧٦)٨

∴ (٥٢٢٫٣٩)١٦ = (٥ × ١٦٢) + (٢ × ١٦١) + (٢ × ١٦٠) + (٣ × ١٦-١) + (٩ × ١٦-٢)

٠٫٥٢ × ١٦ = ٨٫٣٢ ٨ (MSD)

Hexadecimal-to-Decimal Conversion ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٣J ١١J ١

= (١٥ × ٢٥٦) + (٩ × ١٦) + (١١ × ١)

∴ (A١٥.C٣)١٦ = (A × ١٦٢) + (١ × ١٦١) + (٥ × ١٦٠) + (C × ١٦-١) + (٣ × ١٦-٢)

Hexadecimal-to-Binary Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ١١J ١

٠٠١١ ١٠١٠ ٠١٠١

١٠١١ ٠٠١١ ٠١٠١ • ١١٠١ ٠٠٠١

Binary-to-Hexadecimal Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫ א‬٥J ١١J ١

Hexadecimal-to-Octal Conversion‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ٦J ١١J ١

∴(٣٥AB٢)١٦ + (١A٦٧٥)١٦ = (٥٠١٢٧)١٦

Hexadecimal Subtraction‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٨J ١١J ١

 AND Gate AND‫א‬٣J ٢

 NOR Gate  NOR ‫א‬٧J ٢

 Exclusive-NOR Gate E‫א‬F‫ א‬NOR ‫א‬٩J ٢

،‫א‬A, B‫א‬XNOR‫א‬E١٧J ٢F

 K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٢J ٢F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٢F

Y = A B (CD + EF) 

 NAND gate as a Universal Logic Element NAND‫א‬‫א‬١J ٣J ٣

NOR Gate as a Universal Logic Element NOR‫א‬‫א‬٢J ٣J ٣

KE٥J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬AND-AND-OR  E٦J ٣F 

‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ NAND‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬J OR‫א‬‫א‬

 K‫א‬J AND‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١١J ٣F

 K ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

 KE٢٢ = ٤FE١٦J ٣F

،EF‫א‬EF١٧J ٣،EF١٧J ٣

Y = AB C D + ABC D + ABC D + ABCD

EF٢١J ٣‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ ‫א‬W٦J ٣

 K٦J ٣‫א‬EF٢١J ٣

 The Full-Subtractor Circuit ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٧J ٣

‫א‬ 0's,1's ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬

(١ or ٠)‫א‬‫א‬،E٢٦J ٣F‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٨

Q =١,  Q =٠(Set Condition)‫א‬‫א‬

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬‫א‬ R = ٠‫א‬، S = ١ ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬ -٣

 Clocked S-R Flip–Flop ‫א‬‫א‬S-R‫א‬٣J ٤

 D-Type Flip-FlopD ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬٤J ٤

 K‫א‬‫א‬D ‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E٣J ٤F

 KD‫א‬‫א‬E٩J ٤FKNAND‫א‬D‫א‬‫א‬E١٠J ٤F

 J-K Flip Flop‫א‬‫א‬J-K‫א‬٥J ٤

‫א‬E١٢J ٤F‫א‬J-K‫א‬ ‫א‬(Q)‫א‬‫א‬W٤J ٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

‫א‬E١٤J ٤F‫א‬(T)‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬Q‫א‬‫א‬W٥J ٤

 Master Master Master Master

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٤

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

K (Master) ‫أﺷﻜﺎل ﻧﺒﻀﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﺑﻊ‬

 K‫א‬J ‫א‬J-K‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬EF١٨J ٤

(٠)‫א‬Q‫א‬ (CLR ) ‫א‬

 K CLR ، PRE S-R‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬‫א‬E١٩J ٤F

‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬

 KS-R‫א‬‫א‬ CLR ، PRE ‫א‬E٧J ٤F