-

___________________________________________________________________

2-1
2-2

2-2-1
2-2-2

2-3
2-4
2-5

2-5-1
2-5-2

)Soil Properties for

(Construction Purposes
2-1 )(Introduction

) (Physical properties ) (Mechanical properties
) .(Chemical properties

39

 -
___________________________________________________________________

.


) (Natural moisture content )(Liquid limit
) (Plastic limit )(Specific gravity
) (Density ) (Voids ratio
) (Degree of saturation.

)
(Shear strength ) (Cohesion
) (Angle of internal friction
) (Compressive strength ) (Compaction
) (Consolidation.


) (Sulphate content
) (Chloride content )Organic
(impurities )(Total soluble salts
)(Acidity or alkalinity of environment
) (PH value.

) (Undisturbed )
(Disturbed

.
2-2 )Physical properties of
(soil

40

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (Solid particles
) (Voids
) .(1-1
) (Dry
)(Partially saturated
)Fully
(saturated .
) (N.Gersevanov
) (Three phase soil
)
(Two phase soil
) (.
) (1-2

.
2-2-1
)(Weight volume relationships
-1

) (Water or moisture content

:
)(%

w
(2-1) W = M x100
s

) (Drying oven
110-105

41

 -
___________________________________________________________________

24
.

) (1-2

-1 ) (
-2 ) (
- ) (
(A Air, S- Solids, W- Water, V- Volume, M Mass).

-2

) (Degree of saturation

:

)(%

Vw
x100
Vv

(2-2) S r

) (Sr = 0 % 100
).(% Sr = 100

42

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (Voids ratio

) (:

-3

Vv

(2-3) e = V

.
0.2 1.5
) (Mineral soils 2 12
) ./Mineral organic soils) /4
) (e < 1 )e
(>1 ) (Loose ).(Unconsolidated

.
) (Porosity
:

-4

Vv
V

= (2-4) n

) (n ) (e :
n

(2-5) e = 1 n

-5

e
1+e

)(6-2

=n

) (Air Content
:

43

 -
___________________________________________________________________

VA
V

-6

)(2-7

=A

) (Bulk density
:
M
V

)(2-8

/ ) (Kg/m
/ ) = (g/cm / ) .(t/m
) (w 1 / = 3
1000 / .3
-7

) (Unit weight
)( :
M.g
V

(2-9) = V

) (M ) (W

F=M.a
M a.
) (a ) (g
) ( F = W :

W=M.g

) ( ) (:

(2-10) = . g
-8

)Specific gravity of
(solid particles

44

 -
___________________________________________________________________

Ms
Vs w

(2-11) G s

) (e
)(e
) .(3-2
)) (Gs.w .(11-2
)) (W.Gs.w (1-2
).(WGs
) 1-2(
:

W.G s
e

(2-12) S r

) (Sr = 1
:

)(2-13

e = W.G s

:
) G s (1 + W
w
1+ e

= (2-14)

):(12-2

)(G s + S r .e
w
1+ e

) (Sr = 1 :
)(G s + e
w
1+ e

45

sat

(2-16)

)(2-15

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (Sr = 0 :
Gs
w
1+ e

= d

)(2-17

:
) G s (1 + W
w
1+ e

)(2-14/

)G s (1 + S r .e
w
1+ e

)(2-15/

= sat

)(2-16/

)( G s + e
w
1+ e

Gs
w
1+e

= d

)(2-17/

w ) w = 9.8 / .(3

) (In-situ )Buoyant
(unit weight :
= sat w

:
)(G s 1
w
1+ e

= (2-18)

46

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (1-2
)( ./3/
) (1-2

)(e

)(W
)(%

0.46

0.85

32

1.43

1.89

0.34

0.51

19

1.75

2.09

0.40

0.67

25

1.59

1.99

0.30

0.43

16

1.86

2.16

0.50

0.99

21

1.36

1.86

0.66

1.90

70

0.93

1.58

0.75

3.0

110

0.68

1.43

)(n

)( )
(Loess

)/ (3

) (1 2290
0.00115 .3
2035 . ) (
) ( ) (W )(e
) (n ) (Sr )(A
).Gs) = 2.68
/ ./5
:

47

 -
___________________________________________________________________

2.290
M
=
= 1990 kg/m = 1.99 g/cm
W 1.15x10 3

M
g = 1990 x 9.8 = 19500 N/m = 19.5 KN/ m
V

Mw
2290 2035
=
= 0.125 or 12.5 %.
Ms
2035

) (e )(14-2

=W

) G s (1 + W
w
1+ e

)2.68(1 + 0.125
1000
1+e

= 1990

1000
) 1 = 0.52
1990

e = (2.68x1.25x

e
0.52
=
= 0.34 = 34%
1 + e 1 + 0.52
WG s
0.125x 2.68
=
= 0.645 = 64.5%
e
0.52

=n

= Sr

A = n (1 S r ) = 0.34(1 0.645) = 0.121 = 12.1%

48

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (2 ) (W
% 27 ) ) 1.97/ .3
) (d ) (e
) .(Gs ) (

/ % 90
./16
:
) Soil
(phase diagram ).(2-2
Mw

Ms

Vw=Vv

V=1m
Vs

)(2-2
Mw
= 0.27 or 27 %
Ms

=W

Mw = 0.27 Ms

= Mw + Ms = 1970 kg/m

49

 -
___________________________________________________________________

0.27 Ms + Ms = 1970 Ms = 1550 kg.

d = 1550 kg/m

Mw = 0.27 x 1550 = 420 kg

Mw
420
=
= 0.420 m
w
1000

= Vw

Vs = 1 0.420 = 0.580 m
Vv
0.420
=
= 0.724
Vs
0.580

=e

) (11-2 :
Ms
1550
=
= 2.68
Vs w
0.580 x1000

= Gs

% 90
Mw = 420 x 0.9 = 378 kg,
Ms = 1550 kg,
MA = 0
Mw + Ms +MA = 378 + 1550 + 0 = 1928 kg/m
). ( = 1928 kg/m

2-2-2 )(Index properties

50

 -
___________________________________________________________________

.


.
.

:
-1 ) (Grain properties


.
.

) (Particle size distribution
) (Standard sieves
) (Hydrometer analysis
) (Silt ) (Clay
.
-2 ) (Consistency properties
) (Atterberg limits

1911 :
) (Liquid Limit - LL

) (Plastic Limit - PL


) (Shrinkage Limit - SL
)Semi-solid
(state )(Solid state

51

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (Plasticity Index - PI
:

)(2-19

PI = LL PL

) (Liquidity Index LI
:
W PL
PI

)(2-20

= LI

) (Consistency Index Ic :
LL W
PI

(2-21) I

) (LI ) (Ic :
=1 LI

(2-22) I

) (3-2
.

) (LI )
(2-2 ./4/
)(2-2

)(Sandy loams

)and Loams

(Clays

Hard
Semi-hard
Stiff-plastic
Soft plastic
Liquid-plastic
Liquid

)LI<0 (W<PL
LI=0.0-0.25
LI=0.25-0.50
LI=0.50-0.75
LI=0.75-1.0
LI>1

52

Hard
Plastic

LI<1
0LI1

Liquid

LI>1

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (3-2

) (Index properties
)( )( :

)(LL
)(PL
)(W
)
(Gs
)(Sr

:

-1
-2
-3

53

)(
0.62
0.26
% 38

)(
0.34
0.19
% 25

2.72

2.67

1.00

1.00

 -
___________________________________________________________________

-4
./16

(1) : ) (PI
) .(19-2

) .(3-2 )
LL (PL .
)(
PI = LL PL = 0.62 0.26 = 0.36

)(
PI = 0.34 0.19 = 0.15

)( .
) (2
= 1 .

).(2-2

)(
Mw
=W
= 0.25 or 25 %
Ms

)(
Mw
=W
= 0.38 or 38 %
Ms

Mw = 0.25 Ms

Mw = 0.38 Ms

Vw w = 0.25 w Gs Vs

Vw w = 0.38 w Gs Vs

Vw = 0.25 x 2.67 x Vs = 0.67 Vs

Vw = 0.38 x 2.72 x Vs = 1.03 Vs

Vw +Vs = 1

Vw +Vs = 1

1.67 Vs =1

2.03 Vs = 1

54

 -
___________________________________________________________________

Vs = 0.6 , Vw = 0.4

Vs = 0.5 , Vw = 0.5

Ms = 0.6 x 1000 x 2.67 = 1600 kg

Mw = 0.4 x 1000 = 400 kg
= 1600 + 400 = 2000 kg/m

Ms = 0.5 x 1000 x 2.72 = 1360 kg

Mw = 0.5 x 1000 = 500 kg
= 1360 + 500 = 1860 kg/m

)( .
) (3
) (Ms .
) (Ms )(
.
) (4 :
Vv 0.5
=
) ) = 1.0
Vs
0.5

=e

Vv 0.4
=
) ) = 0.67
Vs
0.6

=e

)( .
2-3
)(Mechanical properties of soil


.
)
(Superstructure

).(Consolidation

55

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) .(Shear
).(Failure
) (4-2
) (Vertical stress )
.(Deformation



.


)(Cohesion
) (Angle of internal friction

) (Lateral earth pressure
) (Slope stability analysis.



.

56

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (4-2

2-4
)(Chemical properties of soil

.

.
-1 ):(Sulphate content

)(Sodium sulphate Na2SO4
) .(Magnesium sulphate MgSO4
) (Calcium sulphate CaSO4
) (Gypsum .

) (Sulphur trioxide SO3.

.
)Aluminate
(compounds

.

57

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (Corrosion
).(Leakage


)Sulphate
(resisting cement
.


)/Building Research Establishment) /14
. )
(M.Tomlinson

) (3-2 ./5/
) (3-2

)Normal Portland

(Cement

) .(Water cement ratio W/C

.
-2 ):(Organic matter content

.
.

:/6/

58

 -
___________________________________________________________________

) (Swelling )
(Shrinkage

) (Immediate settlement
) (Consolidation coefficients




) (PH

.

.
-3 ):(Chloride content


.

) (NaCl


./126/


)(Steel reinforcement

.

59

 -
___________________________________________________________________

.
.
.
) (BS 8110
) (% 0.4
) (% 0.2 .
-4

)Acidity or alkalinity PH
:(value

.

.
) (PH

.
4.3
).(H2SO4
) (3-2

)(SO3

)(SO3

)(%

1:2
)

)/
100000
(
(
3
2
1
< 30

<0.2

)(Recommended precautions

)
)(cap

000(
4

60

-




-

-





310/ 3
W/C
0.55

-




330/ 3
W/C
0.55
-

 -
___________________________________________________________________

310/ 3
W/C
0.55

30-120

0.2-0.5

-
**




310/ 3
W/C
0.50
-

350/ 3
W/C
0.50

310/ 3
W/C
0.50

-





330/ 3
W/C
0.50
-





350/ 3
W/C
0.50

310/ 3
W/C
0.50

120-250

0.5-1.0

1.9-3.1

-





380/ 3
W/C
0.50

340/ 3
W/C
0.50
-

350/ 3
W/C

-





350/ 3
W/C
0.50

340/ 3
W/C
0.50
-





350/ 3
W/C
0.50

61

370/ 3
W/C
0.55

-





370/ 3
W/C
0.50
-

380/ 3
W/C
0.50

340/ 3
W/C
0.50

-





400/ 3
W/C
0.50

350/ 3
W/C
0.50
-





380/ 3
W/C
0.50

370/ 3
W/C
0.55

-




370/ 3
W/C
0.50
-

380/ 3
W/C
0.50

340/ 3
W/C
0.50
-




400/ 3
W/C
0.50

350/ 3
W/C
0.50
-





390/ 3
W/C
) 0.50
(***

 -
___________________________________________________________________

0.50
250-500

1.0-2.0

3.1-5.6

-





380/ 3
W/C
0.45
-








390/ 3
W/C
0.40

-





400/ 3
W/C
0.45

350/ 3
W/C
0.45
-

-






400/ 3
W/C
0.45

350/ 3
W/C
0.45
-

> 2.0

> 5.6

390/
3 W/C

0.40
-

-





400/ 3
W/C
0.40

350/ 3
W/C
0.40
-





390/ 3
W/C
0.40

-






400/ 3
W/C
0.45

350/ 3
W/C
0.45
-





390/ 3
W/C
0.40

-






400/ 3
W/C
0.45

350/ 3
W/C
0.45
-

300
100000
.

62

-






400/ 3
W/C
0.45

350/ 3
W/C
0.45
-

300
100000
.

 -
___________________________________________________________________

390/
3 W/C

0.40

): (3-2
)*(
) (Workability:
) Slump -10 24(
) 75-50( ) 100(.)**(
).(PH 6
)***( -
) (PH 3.5
.

2-5
)(Soil Testing for Construction Purposes


.

63

 -
___________________________________________________________________

.
)BS 1377) /
/10 )ASTM) /
/11

) /AASHTO) /12
.
2-5-1 )(Laboratory tests
:
-1 ) (Soil classification tests:
-1

Moisture content

-2

)Liquid Limit (LL

-3

)Plastic Limit (PL

-4

Shrinkage Limit
)(SL

-5

Specific gravity

-6

Sieve analysis

-7
-8
-9

75

Percent finer
sieve 75 micron
)(sieve # 200
Dry preparation
of samples
Wet preparation
of samples

BS 1377 Test No. 1

ASTM D-2216
BS 1377 Test No. 2
ASTM D-423
AASHTO T-89
BS 1377 Test No. 3
ASTM D-424
AASHTO T-90
BS 1377 Test No. 5
ASTM D-427
BS 1377 Test No. 6
ASTM D-854
BS 1377 Test No. 7
ASTM D-422
ASTM D-1140
BS 1377 , ASTM D-421
BS 1377, ASTM D2217

)( ) (Soil strength tests:

-1

Direct shear
64

ASTM D-3080

 -
___________________________________________________________________

BS 1377 Test No. 21

ASTM D-2850

Triaxial
compression

BS 1377, ASTM D2166

BS 1377 Test No. 17
ASTM D-2435
BS 1377 Test No. 16
ASTM D-1883
AASHTO T-193

Unconfied
compression
One-dimensional
consolidation
California
Bearing Ratio CBR

-2

-3

-4

-5

:( Compaction tests) )(
BS 1377 Test No. 12
ASTM D-698
AASHTO T-90
BS 1377 Test No.13
ASTM D-1557
AASHTO T-180

Standard Proctor
test

()

-1

Modified
compaction

-2

:(Permeability tests) )(
ASTM D-2325, D-2434

:( Chemical tests) )(
BS 1377 Test No.8
BS 1377 Test No. 9
BS 1377 Test No.10

Organic matter
content
Sulphate content
Sulphate content
in groundwater

BS 1377 Test No. 11

PH value

BS 812

Chloride content

-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

(Field tests) 2-5-2

:
:( Field density tests) )(
65

 -
___________________________________________________________________

-1
-2
-3

Field density by sand

replacement method

BS 1377 Test No. 15

ASTM D-1556
AASHTO T-191

Field density by rubber

balloon method

ASTM D-2167
AASHTO T-205

Field density by nuclear

methods

ASTM D-2922
AASHTO T-238

)( )(Vane shear test

BS 1377 Test No. 18 , ASTM D-2573

)( )(Standard Penetration Test - SPT

BS 1377 Test No. 19 , ASTM D-1568
)( )Field permeability test) BS 5930
)( )(Load bearing test
BS 5930 , ASTM D-1194, 1195

66

 -
___________________________________________________________________

67