1

)(Ceramic & Glass Science

/
/
:.. .
sheahabaljboori@yahoo.com

.P/T

: ) (

) (
.

)
( .
.

)
) (( )
(

) (
.

-1

.

-2 :
- .
.
-3 :
.
-4 : )

(
.

-5 :
.

:
.

[1] W. Bolton, "Engineering Materials Technology", 3'ed. , ButterworthHeinemann, Oxford, (1998)

[2] W.Rayan and C.Radford," White Wares Production Testing and
Quality Control", Pergamon Press, U.K (1987)
[3] W.Gerhartz, "Ullmann's Encyclopedia Of Industrial Chemistry",
Verlagsgesellschaft , Germany,(1987),Vol.A7 & Vol.A6.
[4] K. Othmer, "Encyclopedia Of Chemical Technology", 3'ed.,Vol.5, John
wiley , U.S.A (1979)
[5] J.H. She, J. of Materials Science, Vol.37,(2002)
[6] M.W. Barsoum,"Fundamentals of Ceramics", Mc Graw hill ,Singapore
,(1997)
[7] W. D. Kingery and H. R. Bowen and D. R. Uhlmann, "Introduction to
Ceramics", 2nd ed. (1976)
[8] I. J. McColm,"Ceramic Science for Materials Technologists " , Leonard
Hill , New York , (1983)
[9] F. H. Norton , "Elements of Ceramics", 2nd ed. , Addison Wesley ,
Philippines,(1974)
[10] W. D. Callister , " Materials Science and Engineering", 5th ed. , John
Wiley , U.S.A , (2000)
[11] G. Y. Onoda , L. L. Hench , "Ceramic Processing Before Firing", John
Wiley and Sons ,U.S.A, (1978)
[12] W. E. Worrall, "Ceramic Raw Materials", 2nd ed. ,Instiute of Ceramics ,
London,(1982).

)) (( Introduction

.
) (Inorganic
. )(Mineral Materials
.
) (P/T) (Powder Technology

) C

2000 (

.
:

-1

-1 .

.Al2O3
-2

-2

.
-3

-3

. .

-4 ) (Ductility

-4 .

) (Brittle
) (Plastic Deformation .
-5

-5

-6

-6

. .

-7

-7 .

.
-8

-8 .

-9

-9.

) (.
.

: P/T

P/T

-1

-1

).(Finishing

-2 .

-2 .

-3 .

-3 .

-4

-4 .

-5

-5 0.75

-6

-6

-7

-7 .

-8

-8

-9 .

-9

-10

-10

-11

-11

.
.

).(Ceramic-Metal

.
.

)(Crystal & Amorphous Materials
:

Materials

Materials

Functional

Structural

Composite

Ceramic

Metal

Polymer

Materials
Crystal

Amorphous
Polycrystalline

Single Crystal

) (Functional


) (Structural .
:

) ( )(Reactive

)(Unreactive

)(Very reactive

)(Ductile

)(Brittle

):(Crystalline
) (Pattern
) (Symmetry
) (Unit Cell .
) (Long-Range Order ) (Perfect Crystal
.

):(Amorphous

) (
. SiO2
) (Silicate Glass ) (Quartz

) (Tridymite ) (Cristobalite
:

:
-1

. 0.01oC

-2

) (Spots .
-3 ) (Anisotropic
(Crystal

) axes ) (Isotropic
.
):Glass Transition Temperature (Tg


) (Shrinkage

) (A) (1

) (Liquid Glass

) (A

-

) (Tm

).(2
.
) (Tg )(2

) (Super cooled liquid

) ( ) (oC/sec

10

) (Tg2 ) (Tg1
.

).(2

.
:



) (

) (Nuclei

.
) (

.
) (
.
): (Crystal Growth
:

11

-1 )(

.

-2
.
-3
.
) (
. :

-1 ):(Czochralski technique

)(Crystal Pulling Technique

) (Melt

(Supper

) Heating Melt
.
) (Rod

) (Seed Holder

.

) (Surface Tension

) (
.

12

)
( :
Speed of Rotating
Speed of Pulling

Volume of crystal

:
.
.
-2 ):(Bridgman Technique

) (

) (T1 > Tm

)(

:
Melting
Point

>

T1

Melting

<

T2

Point

) (T1>Tm

) (T2<Tm

. .
-3 ):(The Float Zone Process
.
) (Refining
:
T1,T3 < Tm
T2 >> Tm

13

) (Boat
.

) (T1

) (T2

) (T3


) (Seed

) (T2

.

.

: .

-4 ):(Vapor Deposition Method

) (Barrel

) (Whiskers
.

14

)(Ceramic & Glass Classification
:

-1 ) :(Traditional Ceramics

) (Clays %20 %100 :

) :(Pottery

) (Structural ) (Technical ).(Refractory

) :(Whiteware )(Ivory

. :
)(Earthenware, Stoneware, Chinaware, Porcelain and Technical Ceramics
) :(Earthenware ) (Glazed

) (Artware






(
)
) (Kitchenware ) (Ovenware ) (Tableware ).(Tile

) :(Stoneware ) (Vitreous

) (Semivitreous ) (Nonrefractory fire clay

) (Fluxes
.

) (Chemicalware ) (Cookware ) (Drainpipe

) (Kitchenware .

) :(Chinaware

) (Sanitaryware .

) :(Porcelain ) (Glazed

) (China Clay ) (Quartz Sand ) .(Feldspar

) (Ball Mill
.

) :(Technical Ceramics

)( .

15

-2 ) :(Engineering Ceramics
) (Pores ) (Cracks
) (Glassy Phases
.

) (Advanced Ceramics

.
:

:
-1

) : (Gas Turbine Components

) (Shroud Ring

.Si3N4
-2

):(Wear resisting components

(Pump face

) seals
.SiC

16

-3
(Hip joint balls)
.ZrO2

:





:
(CaO) ( Cement & Concrete)
.( Hydrate) ( Al2O3) ( SiO2)
:
:

: :(Raw Materials) -1
(Amblygonite, Dolomite, Andalusite, Feldspar, Anhydrite, Fluorspar, Apatite,
Halloysite, Baddeleyite, Nepheline, Ball Clay, Nepheline Syenite, Baryte, Potash,
Bauxite, Pyrophyllite, Bentonite, Rutile, Beryl, Sillimanite, Clay, Talc, Kaolin,
Wollastonite, Diatomite, Zeolite,).
: :(Simple Oxides) -2
(Alumina, Aluminum Titanate, Antimony Oxide, Barium Ferrite, Barium Titanate,
Beryllium Oxide, Bismuth Oxide, Calcium Titanate, Calcium Oxide (Lime),
Chromium Oxide, Germanium Oxide, Hafnium Oxide, Iron Oxide, Lead Oxide, Lead
Titanate, Lithium Oxide, Magnesium Oxide, Silicon Oxide, Thorium Oxide, Tin
Oxide, Titanium Oxide,).
: :(Complex Oxides and Silicates) -3
(Cordierite, Calcium Aluminate Cement, Forsterite, Hydroxyapatite, Magnesium
Phosphate, Mullite, Sodium Phosphate, Sodium Silicate, Spinel, Spodumene,
Strontium Titanate, Superconducting Ceramics,.).
:(Non-Oxides (Nitrides,Borides,Intermetallics, Other)) -4
:
(Boron Carbide, Chromium Carbide, Silicon Carbide, Titanium Carbide, Aluminum
Nitride, Boron Nitride, Silicon Nitride, Sialon, Titanium Boride,..).
: :(Additives) -5
(Antimony Sulfide, Arsenic Oxide, Binders, Cerium Oxide, Citric Acid, Cobalt
Oxide, Copper Carbonate, Copper Oxide, Deflocculants, Lubricants, Manganese
Oxide, Polyethylene Glycol, Sodium Carbonate,).

17

-6 :
(Barium Carbonate, Barium Aluminate, Bone Ash, Cryolite, Flint, Flux, Frit, Glass
Enamel, Glazes, Grog, Gypsum, Lead Carbonate, Lithium Carbonate, Magnesium
Carbonate,.).
):(Clays
) (Igneous Rocks )(Granite

) (K2O.3Al2O3.6SiO2.2H2O) (Potash Mica ) (SiO2

) (K2O.Al2O3.6SiO2) (Potash Feldspar

) (K2O
:
2O
K 2 O.Al 2 O 3 .6SiO 2 2H

Al 2 O 3 .2SiO 2 .2H 2 O + K 2 O + 4SiO 2

)Kaolinite (Clay Mineral

Feldspar

) (Clay Minerals :
-1 ) (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O) :(Kaolinite }{Al2Si2O5(OH)4
-2 )(Na, Ca)x(Al, Mg)2(Si4O10)(OH)2 . nH2O :(Montmorillonite

-3 )Al2(Si3.2Al0.8)O10(OH)2K0.8 :(Illite

): (Kaolinite Structure

) (Al2O3.2SiO2.2H2O
(Fe2O3, MgO, TiO2, K2O,
) Na2O, CaO,:
)(39.5 % Al2O3, 46.5 % SiO2, 14 % H2O

) (OH
).(Lattice Water

) (Silica Tetrahedral Sheet

) (2Si

18

) (Si2O3
) (Alumina Octahedral Sheet
(OH)4

. Al2(OH)4O2 :


.

.


.

) (Triclinic :
)(a = 5.15 , b = 8.95 , c = 7.39 Ao and = 91.8o , = 104.5o , = 90o
5102 Ao 6103 Ao ) ( 2 m
) .( 200 m :
-1 :

-2 :
.
. ) (Plinth Separator

.
.1:1
:

.

19

-1 ) : (China Clay

. :
Na2O L.O.I
0.1
12.4

K2O
1.6

CaO
0.1

MgO
0.3

Fe2O3
0.6

TiO2
0.03

Al2O3
37

SiO2
48

Oxide

% wt

)) loss on ignition (L.O.I (

TiO2 Fe2O3 .
.

-2 ) : (Ball Clays

) (Black Ball Clay

) .(Blue Ball Clay

. ) (Siliceous
60% )(
).(Plasticity
L.O.I
%
15
9.5
5

Na2O
%
0.3
0.4
0.3

K2O
%
1.8
3.1
1.6

CaO
%
0.2
0.3
0.1

MgO
%
0.3
0.5
0.3

Fe2O3
%
1
1.5
0.8

Al2O3
%
33
31
15

TiO2
%
0.8
0.9
1.5

SiO2
%
48
52
74

Ball
Clay
Black
Blue
Siliceous

-3 ) : (Fire Clays

).(Refractories
:

) (Alumina Octahedral
(Silica

) Tetrahedral 2:1
Mg+2 Ca+2 Na+1 Al+3

20

) (
)(Cations

)(Swelling

.

) (Bentonite

)(3-4%

1300oC
.

): (Illite Structure
Al+3 Mg+2
Fe+3 . K+1
.

): (Alumina Al2O3
) (Bauxite

Al(OH)3 ) (Bayer Process

) .(Sapphire

(3.95 g/cm3 -Al2O3

) (Corundum ) (Structural Applications

.
) 1925oC (2050oC
1700 oC 2000

. oC ) (Wet Fluorine

21

) (HF
.
Cr2O3 MgO

) (Spinel
MgO Al2O3 ) (MgAl2O4 .
:
) (Tube furnace

) (Spark plug ) (Crucibles ......

):(Silica SiO2
)(Quartzite
) (Quartz :

). (tridymite, cristobalite, vitreous silica, crypto crystalline, hydrated Silica, diatomite

) (Fused silica

22

) (0.5510-6 oC-1 .
) (2.65 g/cm3 , 1710oC
) (3Al2O3.2SiO2

) (Optical fibers .....

SiO2 ) (
SiO2

900oC . ) (Flint

(Silica

) Sand 99% SiO2 Fe2O3

.TiO2
):(Calcination
900oC

55 % ) 10 m (.
):(The conversion & inversion of silica
) (Quartz Tridymite Cristobalite
) (Specific gravity :
Specific Gravity
2.65
2.53
2.26
2.22
2.32
2.2

Structure
Trigonal
Hexagonal
Monoclinic
Hexagonal
Tetragonal
Isometric

Phases
Quartz
- Quartz
Tridymite
- Tridymite
Cristobalie
- Cristobalie

) (Conversion

) (Conversion

23

):(Plaster of Paris
)(Calcium Sulphate (CaSO4.1/2 H2O

) Hemihydrate :

CaSO4 .2H 2 O CaSO4 1/2H 2 O + 3/2H 2 O

Water

Plaster

Gypsum

) (Plaster .
128oC 163oC

.
) (Gypsum
.
) (Plaster moulds
) (Slip Casting

.

.

:Refractory

24

:
-1 .

-2 ) (.
-3 .

)(
:

-1 -2 -3 .



)(

1710

) 1770 (

2050

1810

3700

2430

2720

2800

2570

1920

: Oxide Refractories
-1 )( : Magnesite MgCO3
CaMg(CO3)2 Dolomite )

(MgO :

25

) MgCO 3 MgO + CO 2 ( 800 oC

MgO Mg(OH)2 Brucite

.
800oC
1500oC .

.

-2 :Chromite

. FeO.Cr2O3 :
) (M"O.M"'2O3 " M '" M .
.
- .

-3 ) :(Zirconia ZrO2
ZrSiO4 2700oC

-4 ) :(Beryllium Oxide BeO

3BeO.Al2O3.6SiO2

.
:

-1 :Silicon carbide SiC

:

)(s) + 3C (s) SiC (s) + 2CO (g

:

SiO

26

-SiC Band
gap 2.2 eV -SiC .

.-SiC

27

SiC SiC
.... SiC

:

)SiO2(s) + CO(g

)SiC(s) + 3/2O2(g

Heat element

) .(1400oC

-2 : Boron carbide B4C SiC

B2O3

.

-3 :Boron nitride BN

.
.
.
.

-4 :Silicon nitride Si3N4

SiC

.
Ce2O3,ZrO2,Y2O3,MgO :
.

:Graphite

CO2
.

:

.

28

:Cermets

( ) )
(

(
)
:
SiC + Al
WC,TiC + (Fe,Co,Ni)
Al2O3 + Cu

:(Typical Glasses and Applications)

- Soda-lime Glass
70% SiO2, 10% CaO, 15%Na2O, 5% MgO / Al2O3:
Windows, bottles etc.
Low melting/softening point, easily formed
- Borosilicate Glass (Pyrex)
80% SiO2, 13% B2O3, 4% Na2O, 3% Al2O3:
Cooking and chemical glassware.
High temperature strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), good thermal
shock resistance
- LAS Glass-Ceramic
60% SiO2, 20% Al2O3, 20% Li2O, + TiO2 (nucleating agent): cooker tops, ceramic
composites.
Heat treatment causes glass to crystallize to form crystal/amorphous composite with
greater creep resistance and very low CTE hence excellent thermal shock
resistance.