Sumit's BSNL Training Report

BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009
Sumit Kumar
SPN - EL2007461/10
Govt. Polytechnic College, Kota (Raj.)
BSNL, SDOP I, NAYAPURA,

PREFACE KOTA
Practical training in an industry is an essential part of an engineering

curriculum towards making a successful engineer, as in an industry only a
student can realize the theory thought in classroom and it also gives an
exposure to modern technology.
In the field of Electronics Computer engineering there has been rapid

development to support the ever increasing volume information, so
Electronics students has an opportunity during Training period to knowledge
about the latest technologies.
The training period of 28 days is not much sufficient to take complete

knowledge of technology used but one is expected to identify components,
the process flow in an industry for high efficiency and about the knowledge
of product technology.
Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which

we read in books. For this we perform experiments and get observations.
Practical knowledge is very important in every field. One must be familiar
with the problems related to that field so that we may solve them and
became successful person.
After achieving the proper goal of life an Engineer has to enter in
professional life. According to this life he has to serve an industry, may be
public or private sector or self-own. For the efficient work in the field he must
be well aware of practical knowledge as well as theoretical knowledge.
To be a good Engineer, one must be aware of the industrial environment &
must know about management, working in industry, labor problems etc., so
we can tackle them successfully.
Due to all the above reasons & to bridge the gap between theory and
practical, our engineering curriculum provides a practical training course of
28 days. During this period a student in industry and gets all type of
experience and knowledge about the working and maintenance of various
types of machinery.
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Since time immemorial, a man has tried hard to bring the world as close
to himself as possible. His thirst for information is hard to quench so he has
continuously tried to develop new technologies, which have helped to reach
the objective.
The world we see today is a result of the continuous research in the field
of communication, which started with the invention of telephone by Graham
Bell to the current avatar as we see in the form INTERNET and mobile
phones. All these technologies have come to existence because man
continued its endeavor towards the objective.
This project report of mine, STUDY OF TRENDS TECHNOLOGIES IN

COMMUNICATION AND NETWORKING has been a small effort in reviewing
the trends technologies prevailing. For this purpose, no organization other
than BAHRAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED could have been a better choice.
I have undergone by 28 days of training (after II yr.) at BAHRAT

SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED, NAYAPURA, KOTA (Raj.). This report has
been prepared on the basis of the knowledge which I acquired during my 28
days (15-06-2005 to 13-07-2005) training at Company.
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Acknowledgement:-
Practical training has an important role in a shaping up an engineering

student for practical knowledge how a keeping him update with latest
technology. First of all, I would like to express my attitude towards Mr.
S.C.Gupta (Training cum placement officer, GPC, Kota) and towards Ms.
Rajul Goyal (H.O.D., Electronics department, GPC, Kota) for providing me a
great opportunity to undertake training at BSNL, Kota.
I would also like to thanks to Mr. Rajkishore Sharma (TTA EWSD,

Nayapura, Kota) and the co-operative management helpful staff for giving
me a knowledge of their services and helping me time to time.
Last but not least I would like to thanks to training incharge Mr.
R.P.Manthwal (SDE SDOP1, KOTA), BSNL, Kota for arranging the training
programmer for my practical training.
With extremeregards and obligations.
CONTENTS: -
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1) INTRODUCTION
2) COMPANY PROFILE
3) PROFILE OF THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS
A. GLIMPES OF MAIN SERVICE OFFERED
i. BASIC AND LIMITED MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES
ii. CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES
iii. INTERNET SERVICES
iv. INTELLIGENT NETWORK
v. IP TV SERVICES
vi. THIRD GENERATION 3G WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY
B. DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TELECOM NETWORK

i. Rural DELs
ii. Village Telephones
a) Village Public Telephones (VPTs) & RCPs
b) Public Telephones:-
C. NETWORK MANAGEMENT
D. Setting up KU Band VSAT network
E. Policy on transmission network maintenance
F. Annual Maintenance contracts for switching system & WLL
G. COMPUTERISATION
H. OBLIGATIONS
i. Towards customers and dealers
ii. Towards employees
iii. Towards the Society –Corporate Social Responsibilities
4) STRUCTURE AND ABOUT THE EXCHANGES

i. COMPUTER UNIT
ii. POWER PLANT
iii. AC Plant (CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER)
iv. MDF (MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME)
5) CONNECTING SYSTEM
6) EWSD EXCHANGE
1. GENERAL OVERVIEW
2. INTRODUCTION OF EWSD
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3. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EWSD

4. GENERAL FEATURES
5. POSITION AND FUNCTIONAL STRUCTURE
6. CAPACITY STAGES
7. FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF SN
8. SWITCHING NETWORK (B)
9. RACK ASSIGNMENT
10.MODULE FRAME LAYOT
11.INTERCONECTIONS OF SWITHING MODULE
12.FUNCTIONS
13.O&M ASPECTS
14.EXCERCISES
15.SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
7) INTERNET
8) CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES
1. WLL (WIRE LESS IN LOCAL LOOP) MOBILE
2. CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA) MOBILE
3. GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION (GSM)
4. THIRD GENERATION (3G) TECHNOLOGY
9) BSNL’S IP TV
10)CONCLUSION
11)GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
Introduction:-
Today, BSNL is the No. 1 telecommunication company and the largest
public sector undertaking of India and its responsibilities includes
improvement of the already impeccable quality of telecom services,
expansion of telecom services in all villages and instilling confidence among
its customers.
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Apart from vast network expansions, especial emphasis has given for
introducing latest technologies and new services like I-NET, INTERNET, ISDN
(INTEGRATED SERVICES DIGITAL NETWORK), IN (INTELLIGENT NETWORK),
CDMA, GSM and WLL (WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP), BROADBAND, 3G services
etc. Now BSNL has also entered in mobile communication. BSNL has all the
new services send technological advantages, which are available with any
well, developed Telecom network anywhere else in the country.
Full credit for all above achievement goes to the officers and staff of
the BSNL. The administration is fully aware of the challenges lying ahead and
quite committed to provide the latest and best telecom services by their
continued support and active co-operation.
COMPANY PROFILE
BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED
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Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is India's leading telecommunications

provider and the country's largest public-sector firm. BSNL provides local-exchange
access and domestic long-distance services through a network of more than 45
million access lines covering most of India. It also offers wireless communications,
data and Internet services, as well as business voice and data services. The
company is still controlled by the government, as is one of India's other large phone
companies, Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL). Plans to merge the two
companies have been discussed but seem to be on hold.
HIGHLIGHTS
➢ Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited has a vast reservoir of highly skilled and
Experienced work force of about 3,57,000 personnel.
➢ We believe that our staff, which is one of the best trained manpower in the
telecom sector, is our biggest asset.
➢ To meet the technological challenges, employees are trained for technology
up-gradation, modernization, computerization etc in BSNL's training Centers
spread across Country.
➢ To apex training centers of BSNL i.e. Advance level Telecom Training Center
(ALTTC) at Ghaziabad and Bharat Ratna Bhimrao Telecom Training Center
At Jabalpur are comparable to any world class Telecom Training Center.
Moreover, 43 zonal training centers and a National Academy of Telecom
Finance and Management have been running for several years now.
➢ Different curriculum run in these centers to impart technology based

training,
Training for Attitudinal change, basic educational and skill development
Program etc.
DOT: -
Till 31st December, 1984, the postal, telegraph and
telephone services were managed by the Posts and Telegraphs Department. In
January 1985, two separate Departments for the Posts and the
Telecommunications were created. The accounts of the department, initially,
were maintained by the Accountant General of the P&T. However, by April
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1972, the telecommunications accounts were separated. Simultaneously the

department also started preparing the balance sheet annually. With the
takeover of the accounts from the audit and delegation of larger financial
powers to the field units, internal Financial Advisers were posted to all the
circles and units.
DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS (DOT)

The Telecommunication Board consisted of the Secretary
Telecommunications, who was the Chairman with Member (Finance), Member
(Operations), Member (Development), Member (Personnel) and Member
(Technology). The Telecom Commission was constituted in 1989. The Commission
has the DoT Secretary as its Chairman with Member (Services), Member
(Technology) and Member (Finance) as its full time members. The Secretary
(Finance), Secretary (DoE), Secretary (Industries) and Secretary (Planning
Commission) are part time members of the Commission. The Department in 1986
reorganised the Telecommunication Circles with the Secondary Switching Areas as
basic units. This was implemented in a phased manner. Bombay and Delhi
Telephones were separated to create the new entity called Mahanagar Telephone
Nigam Ltd. (MTNL). On 1st October 2000, Department created BSNL, a new entity to
operate services in different parts of the country as a public sector unit.
PARTICULARS OF THE ORGANISATION
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Date of Incorporated on 15.9.2000, vide Registration No. 55-

incorporation 107739, dated the 15th September, 2000 and became
entitled to commence business with effect from 19th
September, 2000.
The Company (BSNL) took over the .business of providing

telecom services and network management throughout the
country except the metro cities of Delhi and Mumbai of the
erstwhile service providing departments of the Govt. of
India, i.e., the Departments of Telecom Services and
Telecom Operations i.e. 1.10.2000 pursuant to an MOU
signed between the BSNL and the Govt. of India.
Type of Government Company under Section 617 of the Companies
Company Act, 1956.
Administrative Govt. of India, Ministry of Communication and Information

Ministry Technology, Department of Telecommunications.
Details of The entire share capital of the Company is held by the

Disinvestment Govt. of India
s
Shareholding Government of India is holding 100% of the share capital of
pattern the Company
Listing with Not applicable, as the BSNL is an unlisted company

Stock
Exchanges
Share Capital Authorized Capital – Rs.17,500 crores, divided into

1,000,00,00,000[One Thousand Crores] Equity Shares of
Rs.10/- each; and 750,00,00,000 [Seven Hundred and Fifty
Crores] Preference Shares of Rs.10/- each
Paid Up Share Capital - Rs.5,000/- crores of Equity Shares

and Rs.7,500/- crores of Preference Share Capital
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VISION
To become the largest telecom Service Provider in South East Asia.
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 It is defined as an organization’s dream, which it wants to realize in

the long run say
5-10 years time frame.
 A dream which a company sincerely attempts to make a reality.
While it is not necessary to have a Vision statement, it makes sense to have

one so that all efforts, energy and resources get directed in realizing this Vision.
MISSION
- To provide world class State-of-art technology telecom services on demand
at
Affordable price.
- To provide world class telecom infrastructure to develop country’s economy.

 Mission is the path taken to realize the Vision. For example if
leading a prosperous life after graduation is the vision of parents for
their son, mission could be to get the son admitted in an
engineering college so as to realize that vision.
PROFILE OF THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS
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A.GLIMPSES OF MAIN SERVICES OFFERED

1. BASIC AND LIMITED MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES
BSNL is the leading service provider in the country in the Basic Telephone
Services. As of now more than 35 million Direct Exchange Lines & more than
2.2.Million telephones in the Limited Mobile telephone Services are existing. BSNL
has provides a number of attractive tariff packages & Plans which shall further
strengthen its subscriber base.
2. CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES

BSNL’s GSM Technology based Cellular Mobile Network has reached a long
way, covering more than 6400 towns, with a subscriber base of over 1.54 crore as
on 31st Jan. 2006 out of which 1.16 Crore cellular telephones are in the prepaid
segment.
3. INTERNET SERVICES
BSNL offers Dialup and Broad Band Internet services to the customers by
Post-paid service with the brand name ‘Net one’, and pre-paid service with the
brand name ‘Sancharnet’. The post-paid service is a CLI based access service,
currently operational in 100 cities. Sancharnet is available on local call basis
throughout India to ISDN and PSTN subscribers. The Internet Dhaba scheme of the
Company aims to further promote Internet usage in rural and semi urban areas.
To keep pace with the latest and varied value added services to its
customers, BSNL uses IP/MPLS based core to offer world class IP VPN services. MPLS
based VPNs is a very useful service for Corporate, as it reduces the cost involved as
well as the complexity in setting up VPNs for customers networking. As on
31.03.2005, your Company’s total Internet customer base was 17,98,089 and total
Internet Dhabas were 4143. A total of 708594 dial up Internet connections have
been given during 2004-2005, against a target of 7 Lakhs. BSNL plans to give
1215980 more dial up connections during the year 2005-06. As on 31.1.2006, there
were 2367404 internet subscribers working in BSNL net work.
BSNL has launched its Broadband Services under the brand name
‘DataOne’ on 14/1/2005. This offers services like High Speed Internet Access with
speed ranging from 256 Kbps to 8 Mbps. Other services like streaming video, Video
on Demand, Bandwidth on demand etc., have also been planned. As on
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31.12.2005,there were more than 356000 broad band connection provided by the
BSNL. There are plans to give 2 million and 3 million connections in 2006 and 2007
respectively.
4. INTELLIGENT NETWORK
Intelligent Network Services is a service that incorporates several value
added facilities, thoroughly designed to save time and money, and enhance
productivity. At present, your company offers Free Phone (FPH), Premium Rate
Service (PRM), India Telephone Card (ITC), Account Card Calling (ACC), Virtual
Private Network (VPN), Universal Access Number (UAN) and Tele voting IN services.
With the commissioning of five numbers of new technology IN Platforms (Four
General purpose and One Mass Calling) at Kolkata, Bangalore, Ahmadabad and
Hyderabad, the India Telephone Card facility and new value added services are
being provided throughout the country. Activation of these new IN platforms had
increased the sale of ITC Cards taking the figure to Rs.265 crores in 2004-05 alone.
5. IP TV Service
First started in Japan in 2002. Popular in France, South Korea, Germany,
Hongkong etc., France is leading in IPTV having more than 1.7 million IPTV viewers,
Global IPTV subscribers base will reach 14.5 million in 2007 and will be
approximately 63 million by 2010.
6. Third Generation (3G) Wireless Technology

Capability to support circuit and packet data at high bit rates:
 144 kilobits/second or higher in high mobility (vehicular) traffic
 384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic
 2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic
Support of multimedia services/capabilities:
 Fixed and variable rate bit traffic
 Bandwidth on demand
 Asymmetric data rates in the forward and reverse links
 Multimedia mail store and forward
 Broadband access up to 2 Megabits/second
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B. DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TELECOM NETWORK
1. Rural DELs
As on 31.03.2005, in BSNL’s network, a total of 1.356 Crorerural telephone
connections were working. As on 31.1.2006, there are 1.425 Crore rural telephones
working in BSNL network.
2. (a)Village Public Telephones (VPTs) & RCPs:-

BSNL, in its unstinted efforts to make the slogan ‘Connecting India’, a reality,
had provided VPTs in 5,18,992 villages up to 31.03.2005. The Company entered into
an agreement with USO Fund for expansion of rural telecom network by November
2007, by providing VPTs in 66,822 undisputed, undisturbed, accessible and
inhabited villages having population more than 100 as per Census, 1991 in the
country. BSNL provided VPTs in 5,28,886 villages up to 31.01.2006. There are plans
to replace all MARR VPTs in the country . As of now total 123194 MARR VPTs already
replaced in the country by BSNL. BSNL also committed to provide the Rural
Community Phones as per the USO Fund agreement. As of now around 13713 RCPs
already provided by BSNL.
2 (b)Public Telephones:-
There are more than 2 million PCOs working in the BSNL Network out of which
around 1 million PCOs are having STD/ISD.
C. NETWORK MANAGEMENT
BSNL is committed to provide a robust state of the art infrastructure that will
provide stable and superior services to its customers. Accordingly, the MLLN network
covering more than 200 cities was made operational in May 2004. Since then, about
22000 circuits have been provided on this network. This has provided high level of
stability to the leased circuits and capability to offer N X 64 Kbps circuits. Keeping in
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view the growing demand of leased circuits, the network is being expanded to cover
about 50 more locations and additional capacity at many existing locations is also
being provided.
To improve the operational efficiency of CCS 7 signaling, stand-alone signaling

transfer point (SSTP) equipment is being procured. This will also enable the Company
to measure signaling traffic of other operators, who are using its signaling network for
exchanging messages, especially with regard to cellular services. BSNL has more than
4.7 Lakhs Route Kilometers of optical fiber network in the country & has installed
capacity more than 6.4 million lines for the TAX meant for the STD/ISD network.
D.Setting up KU Band VSAT network

As regards the KU Band VSAT network equipment, the hub of this network is
being set up at Bangalore, The equipment has been installed and expected to be
commissioned shortly. This will help your Company, to become a service provider with
all types of media equipment i.e. OFC, Microwave and satellite for provision of
bandwidth, this will also enable the Company to offer composite solutions to its
customers.
What is V-SAT?
It can be defined as a class of very small aperture Intelligent Satellite Earth Station
suitable for easy on-premise installation, usually operating in conjugation with a large
size HUB earth station. Capable of supporting a wide range of two ways integrated
Telecom Services.
It has the following components:
Micro Earth Station
Mini Earth Station
Personal Earth Station
Roof Top Terminal
Customer Premises Terminal
ADVANTAGES OF V-SAT
Can be located in the user premises on roof top or backyard and hence eliminate last
mile problem.
Superior quality satellite based data services.
Quick implementation time.
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Reliable communication.
Broadcast feature on satellite communication.
Communication to different areas.
Flexibility for network and changes.
Service in distance insensitive.
Low cost.
E.Policy on transmission network maintenance

Telecom Circles have large transmission networks. To improve the maintenance
of transmission network, guidelines for route parties and vehicles have been
formalized. Telecom Territorial Circles are also being connected with computerized
network for booking of transmission system faults, with a view to improve follow up
and faster restoration of faults.
F. Annual Maintenance contracts for switching

system & WLL
Comprehensive AMC, which includes hardware and software maintenance and
upgrade, has been arranged with the respective equipment suppliers. Initial feedback
suggests that, as a result of preventive and corrective maintenance support, the
performance of switches is improving. Difficulties in entering into AMC with rural WLL
equipments suppliers have been resolved and procedures streamlined so that
adequate maintenance support becomes available. As a result, the performance of
WLL network is improving. AMC arrangements have also been made with suppliers of
FWTs and hand held terminals.
G.COMPUTERISATION
Implementation of Inter Operator Billing and Accounting system (IOBAS) has
been completed. Your Company plans to provide CDR based Customer Care and
Convergent Billing system. This will help Company in providing effective and
efficient billing & customer care solutions for its fixed line subscribers. It envisages
building of country wide intranet to reduce the cost of operation, increase
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realization, stop leakage of revenue and minimize frauds, besides providing round
the clock best customer care services to the Company’s subscribers.
Call center facility has been introduced for 71 SSAs, which is a single point
approach for addressing all customer needs cum grievances. Web based Public
grievance Management System has been implemented for speedy disposal and
monitoring of public grievances. Web based Inventory Management package has
also been introduced, through which, material management functions are being
computerized gradually in different circles. Online Mobile Bill viewing facility has
been made available to all Cell One Mobile Customers (all States) through
Company’s Portal (http://bsnl.in). Duplicate Telephone bill viewing facility for
landline telephone has also been made available at many places through Websites
of respective telecom circles.
H. OBLIGATIONS
1. Towards customers and dealers

To provide prompt, courteous and efficient service and quality of
products/services at fair and reasonable services.
2. Towards employees
✔ Develop their capability and advancement through appropriate training
and career planning
✔ Expeditious redressed of grievances
✔ Fair dealings with recognized representatives of employees in pursuance

of healthy trade union practices and sound personnel policies
3.Towards the Society –Corporate Social

Responsibilities
CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES
BSNL is committed to provide quality Telecom Services at affordable price to

the citizens of the remotest part of the Country. BSNL is making all effort to ensure
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that the main objectives of the new Telecom Policy 1999 (salient points indicated
below) are achieved:
Access to telecommunications is of utmost importance

for achievement of the country's social and economic goals. Availability of
affordable and effective communications for the citizens is at the core of
the vision and goal of the new Telecom policy 1999.
Strive to provide a balance between the provision of universal service to all
uncovered areas, including the rural areas, and the provision of high-level services
capable of meeting the needs of the country's economy encourage development of
telecommunication facilities in remote, hilly and tribal areas of the country;
Transform in a time bound manner, the telecommunications sector to
a greater competitive environment in both urban and rural areas providing
equal opportunities and level playing field for all players.
STRUCTURE AND ABOUT THE

EXCHANGES
All telephone subscribers are served by automatic exchanges, which perform

the functions the human operator. The number being dialed is stored and then
passed to the exchange’s central computer, which in turns operates the switching to
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complete the call or routes it a higher level switch for further processing. Today’s
automatic exchanges uses a pair of computers, one running the program that
provides services and the second monitoring the operation of the first, ready to take
over in a few seconds in the event of equipment failure.
Various exchanges present in BSNL are:

C-DOT
E-10B
OCB283 (Exchange & TAX)
EWSD (Exchange & TAX)
All exchange has some purposes and some basic structural units, which are:
1. subscriber’s connection unit

2. Switching network (CX)
3. Control unit
4. OMC (Operational & maintenance Control)
STRUCTURE OF THE EXCHANGE
For smooth working of an exchange following unit are very important: -
1. Computer Unit: - it deals with additional services of the exchange to the

customers with the help of computers.
2. Power Plant:- to feed proper power supply to exchange
3. AC Plant: - to maintain the continuous temperature + or – 2 degree Celsius

to the digital switch (exchange).
4. MDF: - to connect switch (exchange) with the external environment

(subscriber) i.e. it is the interface between subscribers and exchange.
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1. Computer unit: -
as the name specified it is the main part of the exchange that deals with the
all services provided by the exchange to the customers with the help of computer. It
also provides the updated data to all other part of the exchange.
The customers are using the services of the exchange by using the internet
also gets connected to the main server present this room via an internet room.
It mainly consists of the servers that are providing the different services. The
main servers of this room are:-
IVRS is used for the change number services provided by the exchange.
CERS are provided by the exchange to avoid the problems that the users are
facing the repairing of telephone. In this system when the user enters its
complained it gets directly entered to the server and user is allotted with an id
number.
LOCAL DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is another services provided by the exchange, by

using this; subscribers calls the particular number and gets the directory enquiry.
The server present in the main computer room provides this service.
INTERNET DIRECTORY ENQUIRY is the latest service by the exchange. In this

type of service makes it enquiry using the internet, which gets connected to the
main server at the internet room in the exchange and further to the main server in
the computer room.
2. POWERPLANT: -
As we know that, the power is the main source or any organization. It is
the case of E-10B exchange. That is the first requirement of any organization is
the input.
The main source of this exchange is AC supply. However, as soon as the power
supply is gone off, then what is source? No one think on this that the telephone
is always plays its role in the human life. Even if the power supply gone off. Thus
there must be adjustment source of power.
The main parts of the power room are: -

i. Batteries: - these are the instant sources of the power as soon as
power is gone off.
ii. Charging- Discharging Unit: - the batteries we are using in the

power room need timely charging. As soon as the AC power supply
is on, we make use of the charging unit present in the power room.
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The slowly charging of the batteries is known as the trickle

charging. But sometimes we need the BOOSTER charging. In this
type of charging awe take of the batteries from the load and charge
separately, until it gets fully charged.
The main work of the discharging unit is to control the discharging
of the batteries.
iii. Inverter and Converter Unit: - the main use of this system is to
change AC mains to DC and vice versa as required by the parts of
exchange.
iv. Engine Room:-we know that the batteries are the instant source of
supply but we cannot use it for much larger time, thus for this, we
have an engine to generate the power supply. They are of 885 KVA.
Thus, this room controls the supply of the engine.
UPS OPERATING MODES:

UPS system has three operating mode which can be designated as
1. Normal mode
2. Emergency mode
3. Recovery mode
I. NORMAL MODE:
The rectifier charger draws power from the ac mains & convert it into DC.
This DC power is supplied to the inverter which converts it back into AC power to
feed the critical load connected to the output of the inverter. A small amount of DC
owner is also supplied to the battery which is connected to the output of the
rectifier charger. The battery is thus kept in a fully charged condition by the rectifier
charge. In this condition the battery is said to be on float across the rectifier
charger.
In this mode the battery does not supply any power to the inverter.
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II. EMERGENCY MODE: -
Emergency mode occurs when there is an interruption in the AC input to the

rectifier charger. Interruption like voltage dips below the limit acceptable to the
rectifier charger to fall. But the input of the inverter cannot fall because the battery
is across inverter input & it maintains the voltage. AC mains is interrupted, the
source of the inverter input current gets instantaneously transferred from the
rectifier charger to the battery when the output voltage generated by the rectifier
charger falls below the battery voltage. The battery which was earlier on float
(charged) instantaneously goes into discharge & then supplies power to the inverter
till the AC mains resumes or the battery gets fully discharged. During this mode
current cannot flow back from the battery into the AC mains because the voltage
reverse biases the diodes or THYRISTORS in the rectifier charger.
III. RECOVERY MODE:
The recovery mode commences when the AC mains resumes after the
interruption. When the generated voltage of the rectifier exceed the battery
voltage. The input current of the inverter gets instantaneously transferred from the
battery to the rectifier charger. During this mode the rectifier charger not only
supplies power to the inverter but also supplies charging current to the battery to
restore the charge lost by the battery during the emergency mode. When the
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battery gets fully charged, the charging current decreases progressively and the
battery reverts to the float mode and the UPS to the normal mode.
The duration of the recovery mode depends on the extent of battery

discharged, approximately 10 to 20 hours depending on the battery specifications
and the design of the rectifier charger.
3. AC PLANT (CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONER)
for the function of electrical equipment, cooling system is basic requirement.

The basic advantages of cooling systems are following-
It provides the thermal stability so that the temperature does not reach the
tolerance limit of electronic equipment.
It saves equipment from dust so to avoid malfunction of equipment’s.
It protects equipment from excess humidity which can caused rusting of equipment.
The basic unit of measurement used in the industry is known as “ton of

refrigeration” (TR) which is equivalent to the heat extracted in 24 hours for
converting thousands kg of liquid to ice at zero degree.
The compressor is the heart of the AC system and the costliest. It increases
the pressure and temperature of the refrigerant gas coming from the evaporator
coils by compressing it.
Compressor comes in various types. The most widely used is simple reciprocal type
a cylinder and piston arrangement. For capacity more than 120 TR, centrifugal
compressors are used. The condenser liquefies the refrigerant gas by a heat
exchange process. The capillary tube or the expansion valve pressurizes liquid
refrigerant and meters it flows to the evaporator.
The refrigerant then passes through the evaporator coils, which extract heat out of
the ambience.
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4. MAIN DISTRIBUTION FRAME

The primary function of MDF is: -
The fault of telephone number is removed in the MDF; it is called as Fault
Remove Section.
For removing the fault of telephone number, we use the testing
these testing are T.T.Y. testing, Group testing, etc.
For any type of testing firstly we need the vertical no. or the live tester,
printer and computer test N.E. number of that particular telephone number.
The telephone numbers are also disconnected in the MDF because of some specific
reason.
➢ ORGANISATION OF THE MDF

PARTS OF THE MDF
Horizontal side
Vertical side
a. HORIZONTAL SIDE:
It is again subdivided in to two parts
Exchange side
Line side
Description of the horizontal side:-
RACK: - On the rack, the tags are situated. One rack is having eight
tags. The courting is done from up (0) to down (7).
TAG: - Each rack consists of eight tags.

1 tag = 4 core
1 core = 4 bunch
1 bunch = 2 line
N.E.:- The word NE stands for the ‘NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT’.

It is a 128 pair cable. The EWSD and MDF connected by NE.
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WEDGE:-If we want to disconnect any two numbers then we insert a

wedge between subscriber side and exchange side. Here wedge works
as insulator made of plastic.
a. VERTICAL SIDE:
The vertical aside connected to the underground cable. This cable is

having 100 pairs.
These pair is distributed when we allot the telephone number to the
subscriber.
Vertical side is again subdivided in two parts:
One part is connected with the horizontal side and another with the
subscriber line by using 100 pair underground cable.
This is how the present day telephone system works. Different

exchanges have different architectures of switching call routing and
other features.
FUNCTION OF MDF: -
• A fixed means of terminating the external cables.
• A means for mounting the protective devices for incoming circuits.
• A convenient point of interception for locating of faults.
• A means for cross connecting the external circuits to the appropriate
Internal circuits.
The MDF is properly earthed for the protection of the equipment. The external
pairs are area wise terminated on the line side of the frame, while connection from
the equipment is done on the exchange side in a numerical order. By
interconnections at this frame with the help of jumper wires, any subscriber in any
area can be given any exchange number. This MDF mounts Delay Fuses only.
PROTECTIVE DEVICES : -
Comprehensive protection against effects of lightning
and power line contacts, is achieved in practice by fuses, arresters and heat coils.
They are not affected by normal speech and signaling voltage and current but
operates when the foreign voltage or current on the line is excessive. The line is
then disconnected automatically from the equipment or a connection to earth is
For safety precautions fuses are used. Every subscriber line has individual fuse.
These fuses are made of GD (gas discharge) tube, which are connected in parallel.
These fuses have two sides, one is exchange side and other is subscriber side.
Connections between the different tag blocks are made using the jumper wires of
red and white colors.
GD tubes are connected in parallel while electrical fuses are connected in

series.
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In electrical fuse, when high voltage appears across it, then it will break up the
Connection and thus safeguard the system. If GD tube is connected in series, then
due to high voltage across any line, the whole exchange will be disconnected.
Thus when GD tubes are connected in parallel, it will provide the required
facility.
GASE DISCHARGE PROCTECTORS: -
In case of heavy lightning discharges,

gas discharge protectors are used and more consistent voltage is obtained. The gas
discharge protector essentially consists of two tungsten electrodes sealed in a
special glass envelope containing a mixture of inert gases, mainly neon. One of
the electrodes are for connections to the lines and the other is the earth electrode.
If the potential difference across the electrodes rises to a certain critical value
(the
Striking value) the gas is ionized and becomes conducting. This condition will
Continue till the potential difference across the electrodes falls to the extinction
voltage value. For voltages less than striking value it will not conduct. For normal
operating voltages on the lines, it offers extremely high impedance and thus does
not introduce any transmission loss.
For equipment side:
MDF has many tag blocks of 100 and that numbered from 1 to 100.
In a tag block, there are 128 pair wire theoretically. Therefore, total number of
Connecting wires are 1024 theoretically. But in practical, there are only 1000 pairs.
For equipment side:
From ground, a single pair of 400 wires originates, which is divided

In 4 pairs of 100 wires. Practically, each pair is provided with 102 wires. These
Exact 2 wires are used in case of any manufacturing defect.
For broadband connections, different colored tag blocks are provided.
Broadband is used to provide different facilities on land-line phones with high
Speed to access them. A grey colored tag block is used for line side while yellow
Colored tag block is used on equipment side. These tag blocks has 0 to 47
pairs.
In order to know the centre load point.:
Cabinet and pillar are provided with capacity as per requirement. The D.P. box is
Provided with 10 or 20 or 5 pairs. Now a days, a D.P. box of 5 pairs is used which
is wall mount instead of being mounted on pole.
To identify any telephone, we require the following two addresses:-
1. Exchange/line address
2. Equipment address
Exchange address is written in given manner:
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Vertical number-tag block number-pair number

For example 7-5-15
Here, vertical no.=7
Tag block no.=5
Pair no.=15
This gives the address of a telephone in the exchange.
Equipment address is given as:-
Rack number-tag block number-pair number
For example7-6-87
Here,rack no.=7
Tag block no.=6
Pair no.=87
This gives the information about the actual location of telephone equipment. This
address is provided to lineman for repairing, in case of any fault.
There is a section of fault repairing located in MDF section. When
subscriber’s phone is not working, then subscriber call to exchange. For this he
dial,198.
CONNECTING SYSTEM
Exchange Side Line Side
• Cables from all the Exchanges reach the MDF
• From the MDF Underground Jumper Cables go to the Cabinets

* The Capacity of the Cabinets is large around 2000 pairs
* If the number of subscribers is small then there is no need for
the Cabinets
• From the Cabinets the cables go to the Pillars

*the position of the pillars is chosen such that the length of the wires going to
the DPs is equal in all directions
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• From the Pillars the wires go to the DPs

* the capacity of each of the Pillars is about 10 or 15
• From the DPs the wires go to the subscribers’ homes
When a fault like Phone dead is reported then first check is made at the MDF
(i) a Phone Set is inserted on the Line Side, some number is dialed
and it is checked if the conversation takes place properly
(ii) if the conversation takes place properly then the fault is said to
be on the Line Side (Outdoors)
(iii) But if there is no Dial Tone then the fault is said to be on the
Exchange side (Indoors)
 The fault in the Outdoors is checked first of all at the DP

If there is dial tone at the Pillar but not in the subscribers home then
the fault is in between the DP and the subscribers phone set.
 Otherwise at the Pillar If there is dial tone at the Pillar but not at
the DP then the fault is in between the DP and the Pillar
 Otherwise the phone is checked at the Cabinet If there is dial
tone at the Cabinet but not at the Pillar then the fault is in between
the Cabinet and the Pillar
 Otherwise the only option left is that the fault is in between the
MDF and the Cabinet
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EWSD
EWSD and Office Switch

1.General Overview
EWSD (Elektronisches Wählsystem Digital in German, Electronic Digital

Switching System/Electronic World Switch Digital in English) is one of the most
widely installed telephone exchange systems in the world. EWSD can work as a
local or tandem switch or combined local/tandem, and for landline or mobile
phones. It is manufactured by Siemens AG, who claims that EWSD switches perform
switching for over 160 million subscriber lines in more than 100 countries.
DeTeWe bought its first EWSD under license in 1985 for remote switching.
Bosch built its first EWSD as a local exchange in 1986. Deutsche Telekom, formerly
Deutsche Bundespost, the largest German telephone company, uses EWSD and
System 12 (Alcatel), the former more than the latter.
In 2007, Nokia Corporation and Siemens AG formed the new company Nokia
Siemens Networks, and responsibility of further development and shipments of the
EWSD system is dependent on this new company.
Contents
• 1 Hardware
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• 2 Software
• 3 Technical data
Hardware
Main subsystems are:
• CP (Central Processor)
• MB (Message Buffer)
• CCNC (Common Channel Network Control)
• LINE (Analog Line Group)
• LTG (Line Trunk Group)
• DLU (Digital Line Unit)
• SN (Switching Network)
All system units are redundant so the inactive side can take over immediately
in case of an error.
DLU handles analog and ISDN lines and includes codec’s for analog lines, one
of the BORSCHT functions for subscriber lines. Digital signals are assigned a time
slot. DLU concentrates traffic onto a Line B unit, as well as Primary ISDN and V5.2
connections. Supervision and address signaling (dial pulse, DTMF) are also
integrated in the DLU. For PCM-30 (E-1) connections to other exchanges, Line C
Units are used, which also handle signaling including SS7, MFC R2 signaling, IKZ
(dial pulse), and E&M.
he Switching Network consists of 4 space division stages of 16x16 switches,
and a time division section with 16 stages of 4x4 switches. Control is provided by
the CP Co-ordination Processor.
There are the following kinds of Co-ordination Processors:
• CP103 with max 22,000 call attempts in the busy hour
• CP112 with max 60,000 call attempts in the busy hour
• CP113D with max one million call attempts in the busy hour
• CP113C with max six million call attempts in the busy hour
• CP113E with max ten million call attempts in the busy hour
Software
The software of EWSD is called APS (Automatic Program System). The APS is
on a hard drive and includes the operating system, developed by Siemens in
cooperation with Bosch. It is predominantly written in the CHILL language.
Application software is switch specific and serves among other things traffic
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management, path search, and call charging. Support software serves translating
programs, binding modules as well as administration of libraries for generating
data. Operating and data communication software serve for co-operation of
maintenance centers and switching centers.
Technical data
• Number of access lines: to 250,000
• Number of feeder lines: 240,000
• Traffic connection: 25,200
• Call attempts in busy hour: 10 million
• Operating voltages: -48V -60V -90V
• Rate zones: 127, for each zone of 6 tariffs
• Tariff change-over at 15 minute intervals
• Space requirement with 10,000 access lines: 35 square meters
• 15-25 *C Temperature
EWSD EXCHANGE KOTA
EQUIPPED CAPACITY 60K

DATE OF COMISSION
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MAIN (NAYAPURA) - 6K 16.12.96
IST EXP - 4K 10.02.97
IIND EXP - 4.4K 18.03.97
3RD EXP - 2K 08.06.99
RSU NGM - 5.0 K 06-.11.97
RSUJN - 5.0K 26.03.98
RSUANP - 1K 20.10.98
RSUDDB - 5.5K 16.11.98
EQUIPMENT DETAILS
DLU - 11
RSU DLU - 65
LTG B - 132
LTG C - 57
CP 113A - 1
CCNP - 1
SNB - 2
MBICCG - 1
DEVO - 1
OOF - 1
WRKING CONNECTIONS 43753
PBX LN 328
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STD PCO 1212
ISDNBRA 197
Sr.NO. Exchange Capacity Number DLU

Name Scheme
1 Main 10000 232,2330, 10,150,

(Nayapura) 2331, 160,170,
2332, 180,,190,
2333, 200,210,
2340, 220,230
2341,
2342,
2450,2451
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90-130,
2 NGM 6000 2360,2366 250
(New Grain
Mandi)
650
260
3 JN 5000 2460,2464
(Junction) 270-290,
440-460.
4 RLY colony 2000 2465-2466 900-920
(Railway
Colony)
5 E-10B (Road 700 2410-2412 300

No. 2)
380-420
6 DDB (Dadbari) 6000 2500-2505

530-540
7. KUNHARI 2500 2370-2372 350-370
800-820
8. Ballabh Bari 3000 2390-2392
730
750-770
9. Kaithuni Pole 2800 2385-2387
700
620-640
10. RAMPURA 4500 2380-2384

1150
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930-940
11 Keshv Pura 2800 2400-2403
780,710.
12. BSM 1000 2490-2492 330-340
(Bhama Shah
Mandi)
13. DCM 2000 2480-2481 590-610
470-490
14 SNP 3000 2470-2473
(Shrinath 500-510
Puram)
1050-1070
15 Mahaveer 2000 2475-2476

Nagar
140
1000-1020
16 Talwandi 2850 2405-2407

720
17 Vigyan Nagar 1000 2410-2412 1100-1110
18. Kaithun 2844 740
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19. Veer Sawarkar 456 2477 6002/456-798

Nagar
6001/00-356
20. Borkheda 912 LEVEL OF

A(1)&(2) MAINS
6001/1200-
1656
21. Kherali Phayak 456 LEVEL OF 6001/456-798

MAINS
22 Badgaon 456 LEVEL OF 6002/00-356

KUNHARI
23. Borkhandi 500 28640-28643 6008/0/0,1,2,3,

4
24. Thathed 6005/0/0,1,2,3,

4
25. Alaniya 6006/0/0,1,2,3,

4
26. Rangpur 6007/0/0,1,2,3,

4
27. Arandkheda
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6011/0/0,1,2
28126-28127 6012/0,1,2
28 Mandana
28128-28129 6015/0,1,2
28150-28151 6009/0,1,2,3
29 Dara
28152-28153 6004/0,1,2,3
30. WLL Jaipur 6000/0/0-9
CLOSED
31. Kota CORDACT 200 22010-22011 6003
2.INTROCDUCTION OF EWSD
Switching network (SN) performs the switching function for speech as well as
for messages in an EWSD exchange. For this purpose it is connected to LTGs and
CCNC for speech/data and to CP (through MB) for exchange of control information.
Switching network with ultimate capacity up to 63 LTGs is called SN DE4. For larger
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exchanges SN DE5.1 is used which can connect up to 126 LTGs. Similarly SN DE5.2
can connect up to 252 and SN DE5.4 up to 504 LTGs.
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3.BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EWSD
EWSD switching system structure chart
DLU Digital line unit

• SLM(A,D,X,I) -
subscriber line
modules
• DLUC - Digital line
unit controller
LTG Line trunk group
SN Switching network
Signaling system network

SSNC
control
Common channel network

CCNC
control
MB Message buffer
CP Coordinating processor
• BAP - base
processor
• CAP - call processor
• CMY - common
memory
• IOC- I/O controller
• AMP - ATM bridge
processor
• B:CMY0(1) -
common memory
access bus
CCG Central clock generator
Net Network management

system
Manager
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4.GENERAL FEATURES
Switching network is provided in capacity stages SN: 63LTG to SN: 504LTG,
i.e. up to 63 LTGs can be connected or, via other intermediate capacity stages, up to
504 LTGs can be connected. The modularly expandable SN has negligibly small
internal blocking andcan be used in EWSD exchanges of all types and sizes.
The self monitoring switching network uses a uniform through connection

format. Octets (8 bit speech samples) from the incoming time slots are switched to
the outgoing time slots leading to the desired destination fully transparently. This
means that each bit of all octets is transmitted to the output of the switching
network in the way that it appears at the input (bit integrity). For each connection
made via the switching network, the octets have the same sequence at the output
as at the input (digit sequence integrity). The switching network’s full availability
makes it possible for each incoming octet to be switched at any time to any
outgoing highway at the output of the switching network. The time slots used in
switching network for making through-connections make up a 64 Kbit/s connection
path.
All of the switching network’s internal highways have a bit rate of 8192 bits/s
(Secondary Digital Carriers, SDCs). 128 time slots with a transmission capacity of 64
Kbits/s each (128x64 = 8192 Kbits/s) are available on each 8192 Kbits/s highway.
Separate cables each containing several (eight or sixteen) such internal highways,
are used for each transmission direction. All externally connected highways also
have the same uniform bit rate.
The switching network combines the numerous switching network functions

in a few module types. These modules work at very high through-connection bit
rates; 8192 Kbits/s and some even at 32768 Kbit/s. For example 1024 connections
can be switched simultaneously through a space stage with 16 inputs and 16
outputs. Although these highly integrated switching network modules switch a large
number of connections with a high degree of reliability, the EWSD switching
networks are always duplicated. The amount of space needed for the switching
network in the EWSD exchange is still very low despite this duplication.
Two different switching network versions have been supplied in India:
* Switching network [SN] supplied with first 110K order.
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* Switching network B [SN (B)] supplied with subsequent

orders.
5.Position and Functional Structure

Switching network is connected to LTGs and CCNC for speech/data and to CP
(through MB) for exchange of control information. Figure 1 shows the position of
switching network in EWSD exchange with reference to other equipments.
For security reasons, entire SN is duplicated. The two sides of SN (SN0 and
SN1) are called planes. The external highways for both transmission directions i.e.
between the switching network and one LTG or between the switching network and
one Message Buffer Unit (MBU) are identified as follows as shown in figure 2.
* SDC: LTGinterface between SN and LTG: time slot 0 for message

exchange between the LTG and coordination processor (CP) as well as
between two LTGs, time slot 1 to 127 for subscriber connections.
* SDC: CCNC interface between the SN and the common channel signaling
network (CCNC): for common channel signaling.
* SDC: TSG interface between SN and a message buffer unit assigned to CP

(MBU: LTG) for message exchange between the CP and the LTGs as well as
between the LTGs.
* SDC: SGC between the SN and an MBU: SGC of the CP for setting up and
clearing connections.
Switching network in EWSD exchanges uses time and space switching and
therefore it is functionally divided into Time Stage Group (TSG) and Space Stage
Group (SSG). SN DE4 with capacity stage SN: 63LTG has a TST structure and
TSG/SSG division is not applicable in this case.
TSGs and SSGs are interconnected through internal 8 Mb/s interfaces called
SDC:SSG. TSGs of both planes are connected to SSGs of both planes, and thus these
provide further security.
Each TSG and SSG have its own Switch Group Control(SGC) that is connected
to CP via MB through interfaces SDC:SGC.
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TABLE 1: SN Capacity Stages
Capacity stages SN:63LT SN:126LT SN:252LT SN:504LT

of G G G G
switching (DE 4) (DE 5.1) (DE 5.2) (DE 5.4)
network
Switchable 3150 6300 12600 25200

traffic(E)
Local Exchanges
30000 60000 125000 250000
No. of lines
Transit
Exchanges 7500 15000 30000 60000
No. of trunks
Structure TST TSSST TSSST TSSST

Connectable no. 63 126 252 504
of or or or or
LTGs or 62+1 125+1 251+1 503+1
LTG+CCNC
6.Capacity Stages
The present version of SN is available in capacity stages SN:63LTG,

SN:126LTG, SN:252LTG and SN:504LTG. Modular structure permits partially equipped
SN. Up gradation from DE5.1 to DE5.2 and from DE5.2 to DE5.4 is possible with the
help of supplier. SN DE4 is not upgradable to DE5.1 as TSG and SSG are not
separately identified in SN DE4. The traffic handling capacity, connect ability for
various capacity stages of SN are shown in Table 1.
7.Functional Units of SN
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7.1Switching path
The switching network is subdivided into time stage groups (TSG) and space
stage groups (SSG). Due to its modular structure, the EWSD switching network can
be partially equipped as needed and expanded step by step. The switching network
uses the following switching stages:
• one time stage incoming (TSI)

• three space stages (SS) and
• One time stage outgoing (TSO).
These time and space stages (functional units), shown in figure 3, are located
in the following module types:
• Link interface module between TSM and LTG (LIL)

• time stage module (TSM)
• link interface module between TSG and SSG (LIS)
• space stage module 8|15 (SSM8|15)
• space stage module 16|16 (SSM16|16)
The switching network capacity stage SN:63LTG, however has a TST structure
with only one space stage as shown in figure 4. Module types LIS and SSM 8|15 are
not there in SN:63 LTG. Further, the modules and the TSGs/SSGs are interconnected
A list of the various modules used in SN is given in Table 2.
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7.1.1 LIL & LIS:
The receiver components of the LIL and LIS compensate for

differences in propagation times via connected highways. Thus, they produce phase
synchronization between the incoming information on the highways. These
differences in propagation times occur because an exchange’s racks are set up at
varying distances to each other. Module LIL is connected on the interface to LTGs
and has 4 inputs and 4 outputs while module LIS is connected on the interface to
SSG and has 8 inputs and 8 outputs.
7.1.2. TSM:
The number of TSMs in a switching network is always equal to the number of

LILs. Each TSM contains one time stage incoming (TSI) and one time stage
outgoing (TSO) (Figure 5). The TSI and the TSO handle the incoming or outgoing
information in the switching network. Between input and output, octets canchange
their time slot and highway via time
Stages. Octets on four incoming

highways are cyclically written into the
speech memory of a TSI or TSO (4x128
= 512 locations corresponding to 512
different time slots). The speech memory
areas 0 and 1 are used alternately in
consecutive 125- microseconds periods
for writing the octets. The connections to
be made determine the octet sequence
during read-out. The stored octets are
read-out to any one of 512 time slots and
then transferred via four outgoing
highways.
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7.1.3. SSM8|15 and SSM 16|16:
The SSM 8|15 contains two space stages as shown in figure 6. One space
stage is used for transmission direction LIS  SSM 8|15  SSM 16|16 and has 8
inlets and 15 outlets while a second space stage is used for transmission direction
SSM 16|16  SSM 8|15 LIS and has 15 inlets and 8 outlets. Via space stages,
octets can change their highways between input and output, but they retain the
same time slot. Space stages 8|15, 16|16 and 15|8 switch the received octets
synchronously with the time slots and the 125-microsecond periods. The
connections to be switched change in consecutive time slots. In this process, the
octets arriving on incoming highways are “spatially” distributed to outgoing
highways . In capacity stages with a TST structure, the SSM 16|16 Switches the
octets received from the TSIs directly to the TSOs.
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TABLE 2: List of Modules used in SN
No. of No. of No. of Remarks

cards in cards in cards
PCB
SN:63 TSG of in SSG
SN:DE5 of
LTG
SN:DE5
LIL 16 16 - One LIL can connect up to
4 LTGs. The cards LIL and
TSM
TSM 16 16 - are always used in pairs
LIS - 8 16 This PCB has 8 inlets and 8

outlets. LIS and SSM8|15
SSM8|15 - - 16 are always used in pairs
SSM16|16 4 - 15 Used to cross connect outlets

of 16 SSM8/15 to inlets of
SSM15/8
LIM 1 1 1
These two PCBs are used

SGC 1 1 1 in the SGC
DCC(B) 2 2 2 Separate shelf is provided for
the DCC(B)s in the rack
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7.2Control section:
Each TSG, each SSG, and with SN: 63LTG, each switching network side has its
own control. These controls each consist of two modules viz. switch group control
(SGC) and link interface module between SGC and MBU: SGC (LIM)
An SGC consists of a microprocessor with accompanying memory and

peripheral components. The main tasks of an SGC are to handle CP commands
(such as connection setup and clear down), message generation and routine test
execution. Apart from the interface to the message buffer unit (MBU: SGC), an LIM
has a hardware controller (HWC) and a clock generator for clock distribution.
7.3Firmware
The firmware for the switching network is permanently stored in the program
memory of each SGC. For this reason, it does not have to be loaded or initialized by
the coordination processor (CP). SN firmware is organized in the following manner:
• executive control programs

• call processing programs
• maintenance programs
• startup and safeguarding programs
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8. Switching network (B)
Switching network (B) is a special compact version of switching network

wherein a number of functional units are integrated over a single module. This
arrangement has the following advantages:
* Reduction in shelf space
* Reduction in number of PCB types
* Utilization of available space in SN rack for accommodating LTGs
Functionally SN(B) is entirely similar to SN. However, only the following five
types of modules are used in SN(B) as shown in table 3.
TSMB: Two LILs and two time stage modules TSMs are combined to
form one TSMB.
LISB: This is formed by combining two LIS functional units in a TSG.
SSM8B: Two LIS and two SSM8|15 functional units in a SSG are combined
to form one SSM8B.
SSM16B: This is formed by combining eight SSM16|16 functional units.
SGCB: Functional units LIM and SGC are combined to form one SGCB.
TABLE 3: SN(B) Modules
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No. of No. of No. of

cards in cards in cards in
PCB Equivalent modules in
SN(B) TSG of SSG of
SN
SN(B):DE SN(B):DE
:63LTG
5 5
TSMB 8 8 - 2 X TSM +
2 X LIL
LIS - 4 - 2 X LIS of TSG
SSM8B - - 8 2 X LIS of SSG +
2 X SSM8|15
SSM16B 1 - 2 8 X SSM16|16
SGCB 1 1 1 LIM +
SGC
DCCMS 1 1 1 Provided in same shelf
containing SN/TSG/SSG
9.Rack
Assignment
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Both planes of SN: 63LTG are

accommodated in two frames of a
single SN rack. In case of SN: 126
LTG, both planes of TSG or SSG
occupy one rack each. Thus there
are two racks for 2 TSGs and one
rack for one SSG. SN: 252LTG and
SN: 504LTG have rack assignment
similar to SN: 126 LTG and occupy
6 and 12 racks respectively. Rack
assignment for SN is shown in
figure 7.
In case of SN (B) both planes

of SN (B) of SN DE4 and both
planes of TSG or SSG of SN DE5 are
accommodated in two frames of a
single SN rack. However since each
such frame consists of one shelf
only, the balance space in the rack
is utilized for accommodating LTGs.
The SSG shelf can accommodate
two SSGs. The composite rack is
called rack for SN (B)/LTG. Rack
assignment for SN (B)/LTG is shown
in figure 8.
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10.Module Frame Layout
10.1SN:63LTG
One plane of SN:63LTG is accommodated in one frame consisting

of two shelves. The arrangement of modules in module frame for SN:63LTG
is shown in figure 9.
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10.2SN:126LTG and higher capacity stages
One TSG or one SSG of SN: 126LTG or above occupies one frame consisting of
two shelves. The arrangement of modules in module frame for SN: 126LTG or above
is shown in figure 10 (a) and (b).
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10.3SN (B):126LTG and higher capacity stages
One TSG or two SSGs of SN(B):DE5 (126LTG or higher capacity)

occupy one frame consisting of one shelf only. The arrangement of
modules in module frame for SN:126LTG or above is shown in figure11
(a) and (b).
10.4SN (B):63LTG: - One plane of SN(B):63LTG requires

one frame consisting of only one shelf. The arrangement of modules in
the module frame for SN(B):63LTG is shown in figure 12.
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11.Interconnection of Switching Modules
Switching modules in EWSD switching network are connected in a

manner so as to ensure nearly full availability. One module LIL, which can
handle highways coming from 4 LTGs is connected to 4 inlets of a module
TSM on one-to-one basis. Thus these 4 highways coming from 4 LTGs
undergo a T-switching function and are then connected to inlets of 4 different
LIS modules. The 8 inlets of a LIS module are connected to outlets of 8
different TSMs. Two such groups form a Time Stage Group wherein 63 LTGs
can be connected. The TSG has 64 outlets coming out of 8 LIS modules. The
interconnection arrangement is shown in figure 13.
Eight outlets of LIS modules in TSG are connected to 8 inlets of LIS

modules in SSG on one-to-one basis. One SSG consists of 16 LIS modules and
therefore two TSGs can be connected to one SSG. There is again one-to-one
connection between 8 outlets of LIS modules and 8 inlets of SSM8|15
modules. Fifteen outlets of SSM8|15 and 16 inlets of SSM16|16 are cross
Fig. Time Stage group internal
connected. Similarly 16 outlets of SSM16|16 and 15 inlets of SSM15|8 are
cross connected. The interconnection arrangement within SSG is shown in
figure 14. connections
All the TSGs of SN are connected to all the SSGs in such a manner as to
ensure nearly full availability. The interconnection of TSGs with SSGs in case
of SN:504 LTG is shown in figure 15, and that for SN:252 LTG and SN:126 LTG
are shown in figure 16.
Interconnection of the modules in SN DE4 is simpler as there are no

TSG or SSG. The TSMs are directly connected to SSM16|16 as shown in figure
17.
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12. Functions
Three essential functions of switching network namely speech path

switching, message path switching and changeover to standby are described
below: -
12.1Speech path switching

The switching network switches single channel and broadcast
connections with a bit rate of 64 Kbit/s and multichannel connection with
nx64 Kbits/s. Two connection paths are necessary per single channel
connection (e.g. from calling to called party and from called to calling party).
For a multichannel connection, nx2 connection paths are necessary. In
broadcast connections, the information is passed from one signal source to a
number of signal sinks (no opposing direction).
The coordination processor (CP) searches for free paths through the
switching network according to the busy status of connection paths stored at
that moment in the switching network’s memory. The path selection
procedure is always the same and is independent of the capacity stage of
the switching network. During path selection, the two connection paths of a
call are always chosen so that they will be switched via the same space
stage section. A space stage section is a quarter of the space stage
arrangement; with an SN: 252 LTG, for example, this corresponds to half a
space stage group SSG.
After path selection, the CP causes the same connection paths to be

switched through in both switching network sides of an SN. The SGCs are
responsible for switching the connection paths. In a capacity stage with 63
LTGs, one switch group control participates in switching a connection path;
however in a capacity stage with 504, 252, or 126 LTGs, two or three switch
group controls are involved. This depends on whether or not the subscribers
are connected to the same TSG. The CP gives every involved switch group
control setting instructions necessary for the through-connection. These
setting instructions always have the same data format.
An SGC receives the setting instruction from the CP via the message
buffer unit MBU: SGC, the secondary digital carrier SDC: SGC, n an SGC and
the CP are exchanged via an LIM. The SGC calculates the setting data using
the call processing programs and service routines. The SGC loads the data
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into registers in the hardware controller (HWC) of the LIM and, via the HWC,
controls the setting of desired connection paths in
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12.2Message path switching.
Apart from the connections determined by subscribers by inputting

dialing information, the switching network also makes connections between
the LTG and the CP. These connections are used to exchange control
information; they are setup only once, and then they are always available. For
this reason, they are called semi permanent connections. Via these same
connections, the LTGs also interchange message without having to burden
the CP’s processing unit. In this manner, a separate line network for the
exchange of messages within an exchange is not necessary. Nailed-up
connections and connections for common channel signaling are made on a
semi permanent basis as well.
12.3Changeover to standby
All connection paths are duplicated, i.e. switched through in SN0 and SN1.
This provides an alternative route for each connection in case of failure.
Figure 19 provides a simplified illustration of the various alternative routes

possible in capacity stages with 504, 252, and 126 LTGs. The connection paths are
switched in the same manner over both switching network sides (SN0 and SN1). The
LTGs accept the incoming octets of the effective connections (subscriber/ subscriber
connections) from only one switching network side. In figure 19, the effective
connections lead over SN0. Of note is the duplicated routing between the time
stage groups (TSG) and space stage group (SSG). This makes it possible for the
TSGs and SSGs to be individually switched over to standby. Switching over to
standby is implemented only if errors occur simultaneously in both switching
network sides. The effective connections are then lead over routed TSGs and SSGs
of both switching network sides 0 and 1. In the switching network capacity stage
with 63 LTGs, it is only possible to route the connections over SN0 or SN1.
If an error occurs in the switching network, the CP initiates corresponding

measures for switching over to standby and issues the corresponding messages.
Changeover to standby do not interrupt existing connections. Thanks to this
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duplication principle, all operational measures are easily carried out without
impairing traffic (e.g. adding new modules or replacing defective modules).
13.O&M Aspects
The following MML commands are used during operation and maintenance of
switching network.
Display and Modification in number of TSMs.
DISP TSG MOD TSG
Status display and Configuration commands
STAT SN CONF SN CONF TSG CONF SSG
Diagnosis and Test commands - SN DE4 and DE5
DIAG SN TEST SN
Diagnosis and Test commands - SN DE5 only
DIAG TSG DIAG SSG
TEST TSG TEST SSG
13.1Safeguarding Concept
The switching network (SN) is duplicated. Normally one SN side is active (the
SSG and both TSGs in ACT), and the other SN side is standby (the SSG and the TSGs
in STB).
In the event of a malfunction in a switch group (SSG or TSG) in the active SN,
the affected switch group is configured to UNA and the other switch groups in the
previously standby SN are configured to ACT.
N the event of a malfunction in a switch group in the standby SN, only the
affected switch group is configured to UNA.
None of these reconfigurations affect switching traffic.
13.2Fault Printouts
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An SN fault printout is the result report of the fault analysis program for the
SN or for a switch group (SSG or TSG). It complements the more general alarm
signaling with SYP etc. i.e. whenever the safeguarding system detects a malfunction
in the SN, an appropriate fault printout is formulated, typically as follows:
SN FAILURE WITH CONFIGURATION MMN:SN0xx-000
SGC DEFECT
FAULT LOCATION : TSG-side-tsg SGC
CONFIGURATION : TSG-side-tsg FROM : zzz TO : UNA
SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION :
H ‘zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz
H ‘zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz zzzzzzzz
Faults affecting the SN can be divided into two groups which are clearly
distinguishable in terms of the system response: -
* Unconditional fault
These are serious faults. The switch group in which such a fault occurs is
always reconfigured to UNA. With unconditional faults, the following codeword’s
may be output :
- SGC/SGC FAILURE
- SGC/HWC FAILURE
- PATH SET/HWC-FAILURE
- CYCLE DEFEKT
- NO CYCLE
- SGC CHANNEL ERROR
* Conditional faults
These are not serious. If such a fault occurs in a switch group with no
redundancy (i.e. where the partner switch group is in NAC, UNA or MBL), then the
affected switch group is not configured to UNA. If the switch group is duplicated,
then it is configured to UNA, even for a conditional fault. Codeword’s for conditional
faults are :
- SGC/PLLU-FAILURE
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- SN-PLL FAILURE
- PATH SET/TSM-FAILURE
- PATH SET/SSM8-FAILURE
- PATH SET/SSM16-FAILURE
- SGC-DEFECT
- All COC-FAILURE
- All MCH-FAILURE
- All MUX-FAILURE
13.3Diagnostics
Explanation: -
* DIAG TSG
This command starts a test program, to be specified under parameter TA, for
a time stage group (TSG).
* DIAG SSG
This command starts a test program, to be specified under parameter TA, for
a space stage group (SSG).
* side SN plane, either 0 or 1
* tsg Number of TSG, 0 to 7
* TA (test area = test program)
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* Area
The identifier entered for the parameter TA specifies the test program to be
called up. The following test programs are possible: CHALL, ALL, HWC, TSM, SSM,
CSM, PLL
In test program TSM, SSM and CSM, in the diagnostic command, a subunit
must also be specified.
- CHALL (check all)
- For TSG, tests central sections,
CPU with program and data memory
PLL supervision circuit
hardware controller
tests decentralize sections :
control memory of TSM modules
- For SSG, tests central sections :
CPU with program and data memory
PLL supervision circuit
hardware controller
tests decentralize sections :
control memory of SSM16|16 and SSM8|15
- ALL (check all control memories)
- For TSG, The control memories of modules TSM are tested.
Each bit in a control memory is checked for 1 and

0.
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The addressing of each Ram chip in a control

memory
is also checked.
- For SSG The control memories of modules SSM16|16 and
SSM8|15 are tested. Each bit in a control memory is
checked for 1 and 0.
The addressing of each RAM chip in a control memory is

also checked. Whereas modules SSM8|15 are only tested
according to the SN capacity stage specified in the CP
command, all 15 SSM16|16 modules are tested.
- HWC (HWC test) - for TSG and SSG
The HWC registers are checked. A good or bad message

gives the states of the HWC registers and the interface between
SGC and HWC. The HWC interface to the switching modules is
not tested.
- TSM (TSM test)
The addressing and functioning of each bit in the control

memory of a TSM module are tested.
- CSM (SSM16|16 test)

memory of an SSM16|16 module are tested.
- SSM (SSM8|15 test)
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memory of an SSM8|15 are tested.
- PLL (PLL supervision circuit test)
* SUBUNT
For diagnostic identifiers TSM, CSM & SSM, the subunit must be
specified.
Possible subunits are: TSM = functional unit TSM/LIL
SSM = functional unit LIS/SSM8|15
CSM = SSM16|16
* X TSM number (0 to 15)
SSM8|15 number (0 to 15)
SSM16|16 number (0 to 14)
13.4Test
The SN speech path test makes a cross-office check per SN side, switch group
or subunit, depending on the command.
This involves setting up connections via SN, which are then tested with a test
pattern. If the SN speech path detects a COC error in such a connection path, the
test is repeated with a new path setup attempt (with the same parameters). If the
test again detects a COC error, it is terminated with FAILURE DETECTED. The MML
command used is as follows, where symbols/parameters are same as in DIAG SN.
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14.Exercises
1. Interrogate and find out the capacity stage of SN in your exchange.

Identify its racks, frames and modules.
2. Find out the number of LTGs and TSMs in your exchange and correlate.
How many additional LTGs can be provided with the existing SN
configuration?
3. Change status of both planes of SNs, one by one, using all possible
combinations of OST and tabulate the results.
4. A fault in SN plane 0 has affected the third LTG connected to TSG1. What
functional unit in SN could be faulty? Write MML commands to configure
and diagnose the faulty unit.
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SWITCHING TECHNIQUES
• SPACE DIVISION SWITCHING
• MULTIPLE STAGE SWITCHING
• TIME DIVISION SWITCHING
• TWO-DIMENSIONAL SWITCHING
• MULTI STAGE TIME AND SPACE SWITCHING
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INTERNET
Introduction:
The Internet is not a program, not software, not hardware or a big system. It is a
group of various co-operating computers worldwide interconnected by computer
based on TCP\IP communication protocols. People use it to get information over a
standard communication link. The hundreds or thousands or millions of computer
network are connected to each other for exchanging the information which is based
on the unique identity and set of procedures. Internet is a series of interconnected
networks providing global link to information.
GIAS: BSNL launched the Gateway Internet Access Service (GAIS) through dial
up/leased/ISDN network. Users can access GAIS from 99 cities in India by this
means.
INTERNET CONNECTIVITY
INTERNET TECHNOLOGY
The basic function of Internet can be summarized as under-
Interconnecting of computers to form a network.

Interconnecting of computers to form a network of networks.
To establish a communication link between two computers within as network.
To provide alternate communication link among the networks, even if one network is
not working. These are based on TCP/IP communications protocol.
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Transfer of a file through Internet:-
Suppose a file is to be transmitted on Internet from one computer to other ones
Break the file in to small packets

Attached destination and source address in o packets
Multiplexed and transmit these packets
At destination de-multiplex the packets
Remove address bits from the packets and assemble the data in to the original file
Make source bits as destination address and send the acknowledgement in to the
source
Therefore, it is clear that network hardware sends the packets to specified

destination and network software reassembles of communications, the computer
network performs the following functions-
Addressing and routing

Fragmentation and error correction
Data error checking
Connectivity control
Multiplexing and de-multiplexing
Data flow control
End users interface etc.
The data handling
A single module cannot handle the entire process. One that adopted as a standard
is an open system interconnection (OSI) model.
COMMON TERMINOLOGY USED IN INTERNET:
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WWW:
World Wide Web (WWW) is a wide area hypermedia information retrieval
aiming to give universal access to a large universe of documents.
HTTP:
Hyper text transmission Protocol (HTTP) is the communication protocol used
to transfer documents from the server to client over the WWW (http:// www).
HTML:
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a system of marking or tagging the
various parts of web documents to tell the browser software how to display
the document text, link graphics and link media.
ISDN:
Integrated Service Digital Network (ISDN) is a digital phone connection
technology that provides both voice and data services over the same
connection.
ISP:
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an agency that provides Internet access and
other net related services.
NATIONAL INTERNET BACKBONE (NIB)
Networking is a key component of any Internet Services Provider (ISP) operations.

The networking equipments like access servers, routers and modems are critical to
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the successful functioning of ISP.

An ISP node where subscribers enter internet, consists of a set of equipments as
given below.
Access server
Router
Modem bank
LAN (Local Area Network) components
Security server
Rack, console & power supply
Network management agent.
Help desk
CELLULAR MOBILE SERVICES: -

Cellular is one of the fastest growing and most demanding telecommunication
applications. Today, it represents a continuously increasing percentage of all new
telephone subscriptions around the world. Currently there are more than 45 million
subscribers in worldwide and nearly 50% of those subscribers are located in USA. It
is forecasted that cellular system using a digital technology will become the
universal method of telecommunications. By the year 2005, forecasters predict that
there will be more than 100 million cellular subscribers worldwide.
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1. WIRELESS IN LOCAL LOOP (WLL) MOBILE
WLL is a communication system that connects customers to the Public

Switch Telephone Network (PSTN) using radio frequency signals as substitutes
of conventional wires for all part of connection between the subscribers and
the telephone exchange. It works on CDMA technique. The local loop is
access part of telecommunication network i.e. the part between PSTN switch
and subscribers. WLL network application involves uses of radio to replace of
the wire link between PSTN switch and subscriber. The radio technology is
able to provide same quality of services as that provided by the wires line.
Application of wireless loop technology has just been started in the
worldwide. There is no standard for this so far. However, a number of national
and international air interface standards for digital cellular mobile telephone
system are available.
TECHNICAL ASPECTS:
WLL is based on CDMA technique and is entirely different from GSM.

The system for WLL services can be divided in two following parts:-
BSC (Base Switching Centre):- It provides links between BTS & BSM; it
consists of different processors, in BSNL it is of SUN Polaris of LG Company. In
LG 1 BSC can have 48 BTS? In BSNL we have two types of BSC:-
I. V-5.2:- This type of BSC cannot switch by itself so it is dependent on

local exchange / PSTN for switching and keeping records of billing etc. BSNL
uses this type of BSC for rural areas.
ii. CCS-7 / R2:- These types of BSC are totally automatic it doesn’t
depend on local exchange for its functions, it is complete in itself. BSNL uses
this type of BSC for urban areas.
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BTS (Base Transreceiver System):- As it is clear from its name it

transmits as well as receive signal, it works as an amplifier (router) to
overcome the loss in signal in transmission.
BSM (Base Station Management):- It controls and manages the WLL

services. It can troubleshoot the problem; add new users as well as capable
to block service given to user. It is basically a computer system, which
manages the whole process of WLL service. In BSNL BSM are two UNIX based
computer system.
ADVANTAGES OF WLL:
Country wide induction of WLL underway of areas than are non-feasible

for the normal network
Helping relieves congestion of connections in the normal cable / wire based
network in urban areas
Limited the mobility without any airtime charges
It has improved signal and reducing the interference
Greater capacity than mobile
Provides ease of operation, administration & maintenance at lower cost.
The telecommunication is the biggest factor in influencing the speed of life in
the modern age. Today we can get connection with any corner of world
through the push button of computer; with the small mobile phone we can
send not only the messages but also the secret document. As we know that
there is positive view behind any mention that it should be helpful in the
development of society. But humans have diverted mentality some of them of
positive view and some of them of negative view. Where use any invention
for the welfare of society but some uses for the satisfaction their disturbed
mentality and to earn more and more money whether it may be harmful for
the society. They infringe the norms of society and their behavior is
condemned as antisocial, immoral and sinful.
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2. CODE DIVISION MULTIPLE ACCESS (CDMA):
CONCEPT OF MULTIPLE ACCESSES: -

Multiple access system allows a large number of users to share a common
pool of radio telephone circuits, like sharing of trunked radio facility. Multiple
access radio has similarity to the LAN in which the common channel is
available to all users. The circuits are demands assigned i.e. assigned on
demand first-cum-first-served basis. The provision of access to the radio
circuits methods of multiple accesses are:
CDMA: - Where large number of transmission are combined on the same

channel at the same time and separated by the codes.
WHAT IS CDMA?
CDMA, a cellular technology originally known as IS-95, competes with GSM

technology for dominance in the cellular world.
There are now different variations, but the original CDMA is known as
CdmaOne.
Latest CDMA global subscriber & operator’s numbers

As of December 2002, there were 120 million users worldwide, with 55 million
of these in the USA.
See other cellular technology in the world.
We now have CDMA2000 and its variant like 1X EV, 1XEV-DO and MC 3X. The
refer of variant of usage of a 1.25 MHz channel. 3X uses a 5 MHz channel.
Wide band CDMA forms that the basis of UMTS 3G networks, developed
originally by Qualcomm, high capacity and small cell radius, employing
spread-spectrum technology and special coding scheme characterized by
CDMA.
The Telecommunication Industry Association (TIA) in 1993 adopted CDMA.

May 2001 there were 35 million subscribers on cdmaOne system worldwide.
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Over 35 countries have either commercial or trial activity ongoing. There

were already 43 WLL systems in 22 countries using cdmaOne technology.
Enhancing today’s data capabilities is the 1XRTT CDMA standard this next
evolutionary step for cdmaOne operators will provide data rates up to 300
kbps, significant capacity increases as well as extended batteries life for
handsets.
Worldwide resources are being devoted to roll out third generation CDMA
technology, including multi-carrier (cdmaOne2000 1xMC and HDR in 1.25
MHz bandwidth and 3xMC in 5 MHz bandwidth) and direct spread (WCDMA in
5 MHz bandwidth).
This first phase of cdmaOne2000 variously called 1XRTT, 3G1X or just plain
1X is designed to double current voce capacity and support always on data
transmission speed 10 times faster than typically available today, some
153.6 kbps on both the forward and reverse links.
3. GLOBAL SYSTEM FOR MOBILE COMMUNICATION

(GSM): -
The GSM Association is a unique organization, with a truly global reach,

offering a full range of business and technical services to its members. Now
as the wireless family unfolds the association is deriving forward its vision of
seamless, limitless, world of wireless communication.
Throughout the evolution of cellular telecommunications, various systems
have been developed without the benefit of standardized specifications. This
presented many problems directly related to compatibility, especially with the
development of digital radio technology. The GSM standard is intended to
address these problems.
Global system for mobile communication (GSM) is a globally accepted
standard for digital cellular communication. GSM is the name of a
standardization group established in 1982 to create a common European
mobile telephone standard that would formulae the specifications for a pan-
European mobile cellular radio system operating at 900 MHz it is estimated
that many countries outside of Europe will join the GSM partnership.
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OBJECTIVES OF GSM SYSTEM:

One of the important objectives of GSM group is to evolve a unified
standard to provide seamless roaming across Europe. Another landmark
decision taken by the group is to standardize a digital radio interface for the
communication between the mobile handset and the radio transmitter /
receiver. The design objectives of the GSM system can be briefly states as
below:
• Excellent speech quality
• High security and privacy
• Low module terminal cost
• Low service and facilities cost
• Design of sleek and handled mobile terminals
• International roaming
• Wide range of services and facilities
• Ability to adopt to new and innovative features
• Narrowband ISDN compatibility
• Digital Radio
• High Spectral efficiency
GSM NETWORK ELEMENTS AND ARCHITECTURE:

1. Mobile Station (MS)
i. Mobile Terminal or Equipment (MT)
ii. Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) Card
2. Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

i. Base transceiver Station (BTS)
ii. Base Station Controller (BSC)
iii. Main Station Controller (MSC)
iv. Transcoding and Rate Adoption Unit (XCDR/TRAU)
3. Network Switching Subsystem (NSS)

i. Registration
ii. Authentication and security
iii. Location updating
iv. Handovers and
v. Routing to roaming subscribers
4. Operation and Maintenance Subsystem (OMS)

i. Operation and Maintenance Centre – Switch
ii. Operation and Maintenance Centre – Radio
5. Enhanced Services Subsystem (ESS)
6. Billing and Customer Care System (B&CCS)

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4.THIRD GENERATION 3G TECHNOLOGY : -

Introduction: -
Third generation (3G) networks were conceived from the Universal

Mobile Telecommunications Service (UMTS) concept for high speed networks
for enabling a variety of data intensive applications. 3G systems consist of
the two main standards, CDMA2000 and W-CDMA, as well as other 3G
variants such as NTT DoCoMo's Freedom of Mobile Multimedia Access (FOMA)
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and Time Division Synchronous Code Division Multiple Access (TD-SCDMA)

used primarily in China.
Data Speed
The data speed of 3G is determined based on a combination of factors
including the chip rate, channel structure, power control, and
synchronization.
An example of calculating the theoretical 3G data speed is as follows:
• W-CDMA assigned code 400-500 Kbps/code. 6 codes X 400 > 2Mbps
(UMTS target for 3G data speed in fixed location)
Actual data speeds will vary in accordance with several factors including:
• Number of users in cell/sector
• Distance of user from cell
• User is moving or stationary
• Network operator capacity and network optimization requirements
1xEV-DO is a data-only solution, supporting a theoretical data speed of
up to 2.457 Mbps
1xEV-DV is a data and voice solution, supporting a theoretical data
speed of up to 3.072 Mbps
FOMA has two operational modes, supporting a dedicated 64 Kbps
connection or a 384 Kbps downlink/64 Kbps uplink best-effort connection.
TD-SCDMA can operate in 1.6 MHz or 5 MHz mode for 2 Mbps or 6
Mbps respectively
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3G is the short form for third-generation technology. It is one of the popular

mobile phone standards. The services utilizing 3G provide the ability to transmit
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both voice data such as calls and non-voice data such as instant messaging, email
and video telephony at the same time. Japan was the first country to introduce 3G
on a wide scale commercially. In 2005, almost 40 per cent of the subscribers in
Japan used 3G services. On the technical front, 3G services are wide area cellular
telephone networks unlike IEEE 802.11 networks, which are short range networks
meant for Internet access. Now, 3G is being used to provide various services.
You have to plug in 3G Data Card into your laptop and can get the fastest
available connection, with mobile broadband speeds of up to 1.8 Mbps. It’s neat,
compact design makes it easy to use; you can easily swap it between laptops for
use at work, home or on the move. Laptops have a PC Card slot (also known as a
PCMCIA slot), or an Express Card slot. There is PCMCIA to Express Card Converter
for using 3G broadband; you need 3G Data card, network SIM card, software, user
guide.
BSNL’s IPTV
• First started in Japan in 2002.
• Popular in France, South Korea, Germany, Hongkong etc.
• France is leading in IPTV having more than 1.7 million IPTV viewers
Global IPTV subscriber’s base will reach 14.5 million in 2007 and will be
approximately 63 million by 2010.
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CONCLUSION: -
Hence in the last I can say that taking training in such an organization
proved to be very beneficial for me. I learnt quite a lot about electronic
exchange, Internet, Land line, WLL, Mobile GSM & 3G, and the basis of
processing Exchange. I also got firsthand knowledge of how a Telephone
Exchange works.
The first phase of training has proved to be quite fruitful. It provides an

opportunity to encounter with such huge machines.
The architecture of company has various units. They are linked and
working of whole plant is controlled make the student realized that
engineering is not just learning the structure description and working of
various machines. But the greater part is planning proper management.
-------×-------
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GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND

ABBREVIATIONS
ADM Add/Drop Multiplexers
ANALOGUE An electrical signal which is
analogous to changing physical
quantity measured
BSC Base Station Controller
BTS Base Tran receiver Station
C-DOT Centre for Development of
Telemetric
CD Cabinet Cable Distribution Cabinet
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access
CKM Cable conductor kilometer –
cable sheath kilometers
multiplied by the number of
conductor pairs in each cable
CLIP Calling Line Identification
Processing
COAXIAL CABLE A cable with a single wire in the
centre of cylindrical conductor
forming a pair of carrying
electrical signals
CT BOXES Cable Termination Boxes
DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless
Telecommunications
DEL Direct exchange lines, one each
for every telephone connection
DIGITAL EXCHANGE The exchange having signals
coded into binary pulses and
having little or no moving parts
DIU DECT interface unit
DLC Digital Loop Carrier
DWDM Dense Wavelength Multiplexing
Terminal
EDX Electronic Data Exchange
EPABX Electronic Private Automatic
Branch Exchange
ETRP Electronic Trunk Relay Plates
EWSD TAX Electronic Wheeler System of
Digital Trunk Automatic
Exchange
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GHz Giga Hertz

GSM Global System for Mobile
Communications
HDPE High density polyethylene
HDSL High bit rate Digital Subscriber
Line
Hertz or Hz Frequency (cycles per second),
named after Heinrich Hertz -
usually in ranges of kilo 1000 -
KHz, mega 1,000,000 - MHz or
giga 1,000,000,000 - GHz
IDR Intermediate Data Rate
ISDN Integrated Services Digital
Network
LDST Long Distance Satellite
Telephone
LOI Letter of Intent
MARR Multi Access Rural Radio
MBM Multi Base Module
Mbps Mega bits per second denoting
digital frequency
MCPC Multi Channel Per Carrier
MDF Main Distribution Frame
MUX Multiplex
NIT Notice Inviting Tender
NE Lines Non Exchange Lines
OFC Optical Fiber Cable
Optical Fiber (OF) Glass fibers using light waves
for transmission of signals
OLA Optical Line Amplifiers
OYT Own your telephone
PABX Private Automatic Branch
exchange
PBX Private branch exchange
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PCO Public Call Offices
PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy
PERT Chart Programmed Evaluation Review
Technique Chart
PIJF Cable Polyethylene Insulated Jelly
Filled Cable
PSPDN Packet Switch Public Data
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Network
PST Progressive Stock Taking
PSTN Public Switched Telephone
Network
PVC Polyvinyl chloride
PW Private Wires
RLU Remote Line Unit
RSU Remote Switching Unit
SACFA Standing Advisory Committee
on Radio Frequency Allocation
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy
SMPS Switch Mode Power Supply
SRCs Subscriber Record Cards
SSAs Secondary Switching Areas
STD Subscriber trunk dialing
STM Synchronous Transport Module
TAX Trunk automatic exchange
TDMA Time Division Multiple Access –
A transmission technique used
in digital radio transmission in
which the use of a frequency is
divided into time slots that are
shared amongst several users.
TELEX TelePrompTer exchange
TTH Triangular Tubular Hybrid
UHF Ultra high frequency (300 to
3000 MHz)
VHF Very high frequency
VPT Village Public Telephones
VSAT Very small aperture terminal
WLL Wireless-in-Local Loop
-----×-----
108

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BSNL TRAINING REPORT 2009

BSNL, SDOP I, NAYAPURA,

Practical training in an industry is an essential part of an engineering

In the field of Electronics Computer engineering there has been rapid

The training period of 28 days is not much sufficient to take complete

Practical knowledge means the visualization of the knowledge, which

This project report of mine, STUDY OF TRENDS TECHNOLOGIES IN

I have undergone by 28 days of training (after II yr.) at BAHRAT

Practical training has an important role in a shaping up an engineering

I would also like to thanks to Mr. Rajkishore Sharma (TTA EWSD,

With extremeregards and obligations.

B. DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TELECOM NETWORK

4) STRUCTURE AND ABOUT THE EXCHANGES

3. FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM OF EWSD

BHARAT SANCHAR NIGAM LIMITED

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited (BSNL) is India's leading telecommunications

Experienced work force of about 3,57,000 personnel.

telecom sector, is our biggest asset.

➢ To meet the technological challenges, employees are trained for technology

up-gradation, modernization, computerization etc in BSNL's training Centers

spread across Country.

(ALTTC) at Ghaziabad and Bharat Ratna Bhimrao Telecom Training Center

At Jabalpur are comparable to any world class Telecom Training Center.

Moreover, 43 zonal training centers and a National Academy of Telecom

➢ Different curriculum run in these centers to impart technology based

Training for Attitudinal change, basic educational and skill development

1972, the telecommunications accounts were separated. Simultaneously the

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS (DOT)

PARTICULARS OF THE ORGANISATION

Date of Incorporated on 15.9.2000, vide Registration No. 55-

The Company (BSNL) took over the .business of providing

Administrative Govt. of India, Ministry of Communication and Information

Details of The entire share capital of the Company is held by the

Listing with Not applicable, as the BSNL is an unlisted company

Share Capital Authorized Capital – Rs.17,500 crores, divided into

Paid Up Share Capital - Rs.5,000/- crores of Equity Shares

 It is defined as an organization’s dream, which it wants to realize in

5-10 years time frame.

 A dream which a company sincerely attempts to make a reality.

While it is not necessary to have a Vision statement, it makes sense to have

- To provide world class telecom infrastructure to develop country’s economy.

PROFILE OF THE COMPANY’S BUSINESS

A.GLIMPSES OF MAIN SERVICES OFFERED

2. CELLULAR MOBILE TELEPHONE SERVICES

6. Third Generation (3G) Wireless Technology

 144 kilobits/second or higher in high mobility (vehicular) traffic

 384 kilobits/second for pedestrian traffic

 2 Megabits/second or higher for indoor traffic

Support of multimedia services/capabilities:

 Fixed and variable rate bit traffic

 Asymmetric data rates in the forward and reverse links

 Multimedia mail store and forward

 Broadband access up to 2 Megabits/second

B. DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL TELECOM NETWORK

2. (a)Village Public Telephones (VPTs) & RCPs:-

To improve the operational efficiency of CCS 7 signaling, stand-alone signaling

D.Setting up KU Band VSAT network

E.Policy on transmission network maintenance

F. Annual Maintenance contracts for switching

1. Towards customers and dealers

✔ Expeditious redressed of grievances

✔ Fair dealings with recognized representatives of employees in pursuance

3.Towards the Society –Corporate Social

Sumit's BSNL Training Report

Sumit's BSNL Training Report