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= = Z
V
S
Z
Z
Z
old
B
old
B
old
B
old
pu
2
( )
O
O
-
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= = Z
V
S
Z
Z
Z
new
B
new
B
new
B
new
pu
2
new
B
new
B
V base voltage new &
S base power new on the impedance unit per new the be
new
pu
Z
old
B
old
B
V base voltage &
S base power on the impedance unit per the be
old
pu
Z
1
2
Change of Base
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new
B
old
B
old
B
new
B
old
pu
new
pu
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V
S
S
Z Z
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old
B
new
B
old
pu
new
pu
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Z Z
From (1) and (2), the relationship between the
old and the new per unit value
If the voltage base are the same,
Change of Base
General Relations Between Circuit
Quantities
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3
2
3
3
3
2
3
30 3 3
* 30 3
30 3
3
30
3
30
30 3
*
3
30
S
V
S
V
V
I
V
I
V
Z
V
S
Z
V I
I
Connection
S
V
S
V V
I
V
Z
Connection Y
o
LL LL o
LL
L
o
LL
D
LL
D
LL
o
D
LL
o
L
D
o
LL LL
o
LL
L
LN
Y
Z
= Z =
Z
= =
Z
= =
Z
=
A
Z
=
Z
= =
Base Conversion
2
) (
2
) (
) (
) (
) ( ) (
* *
new base
old base
old base
new base
old pu new pu
KV
KV
MVA
MVA
Z Z =
Example One: Base Conversion
A 50-MVA, 34.5:161 kV transformer with 10%
reactance is connected to a power system where all
the other impedance values are on a 100 MVA, 34.5
or 161 kV base. The reactance of the transformer
under new base is:
2 . 0 *
50
100
* 1 . 0
2
) (
2
) (
) (
= =
new base
old base
new pu
KV
KV
Z
Example Two: Base Conversion
A generator and transformer, as shown below, are to
be combined into a single equivalent reactance on a
100 MVA, 110 kV (high voltage side) base.
Advantages
More meaningful when comparing different voltage
levels
The per unit equivalent impedance of the transformer
remains the same when referred to either the primary
or the secondary side
The per unit impedance of a transformer in a three-
phase system is the same, regardless the winding
connection
The per unit method is independent of voltage
changes and phase shifts through transformers
Advantages
Manufacturers usually specify the impedance of the
equipment in per unit or percent on the base of its
nameplate ratings
The per unit impedance values of various ratings of
equipment lie in a narrow range
Advantages
Transformer equivalent circuit can be
simplified by properly specifying base
quantities.
Give a clear idea of relative magnitudes of
various quantities such as voltage, current, power
and impedance.
Avoid possibility of making serious calculation
error when referring quantities from one side of
transformer to the other.
Advantages
Per-unit impedances of electrical equipment of
similar type usually lie within a narrow
numerical range when the equipment ratings
are used as base values.
Manufacturers usually specify the impedances of
machines and transformers in per-unit or percent
in nameplate rating.
Advantages
The circuit laws are valid in per unit systems,
and the power and voltage equation are
simplified since the factor 3 and 3 are
eliminated in the per-unit systems.
Ideal for the computerized analysis and
simulation of complex power system problems.