Metabolic Pathways Almost all metabolic reactions in organisms are catalyzed by enzymes Many of these reactions occur in specific

sequences, and are called metabolic or biochemical pathways generalized metaobolic pathway: substrate A--> substrate B---> final product. arrows represent specific enzyme that causes one substrate to be changed to another til final product of pathway is formed. some metabolic pathways consist of cycles of reactions instead of chains of reactions others involve otoh cycles and cians cell respiration and photosynthesis are complex pathways with chains and cycles of reactions metabolic pathways are usually carried out ini designated compartments of the cell where necessary enzymes are clustered and isolated enzymes required to catalyze every reaction in these pathways are determined by cells genetic makeup Induced-Fit model of enzyme action enzyme specificity is made possible by enzyme structure. enzymes are very complex protein molecules with high molecular weights the higher levels of protein structure allow enzymes to form unique areas such as the active site. ACTIVE SITE: region on enzyme that binds to a particular substrate or substrates.- binding results in reaction occurring faster . 1890s- emil fisher- propse lock-and-key model of enzyme action. substrate molecules fit like key into rigid section of enzyme "lock".- explain specificity of enzyme action at the time.- model modified as knowledge act enzyme action increase. ENZYMES UNDERGO SINGIFICANT CHANGES IN THEIR CONFORMATION WHEN SUBSTRATES COMBINE WITH THEIR ACTIVE SITES NEW MODEL- INDUCED-FIT MODEL.: vision hand and glove., had substrate, glove enzyme. glove looks somewhat like hand, but when hand is placed in, theres an interaction results in conformational change of glove, providing an induced fit. CONFORMATIONAL CHANGES AND INDUCED FIT ARE DUE TO CHANGES IN TEH R-GROUPS OF TEH AMINO ACIDS AT THE ACTIVE SITE OF ENZYME AS THEY INTERACT WITH THE SUBSTRATE OF SUBSTRATES.