Chemical Reaction

The process by which a chemical change occurs Atoms are rearranged, and chemical bonds are broken and reformed One or more substances change to produce one or more different substances Types
Synthesis (creating) Decomposition (separating) Combustion (burning) Displacement/Replacement (switching)
What does H2 & O2 gas create?

Out of the four types of reactions, which would describe the chemical reaction taking place to the right?

H2

O2

Physical Change
a change in shape, size, color, or state a change without a change in chemical composition a change that is reversible The Mixtures Lab Examples tearing paper cutting your hair change in state

Physical changes are not indicative of a chemical reaction

Chemical Change
a change in which a substance becomes another substance having different properties a change that is not reversible using ordinary physical means Changes that usually cause, heat, sound, light, odor, fizzing/foaming, color changes
You usually need more than one of the above characteristics to be considered a chemical change!
Examples mixing vinegar & baking soda burning a piece of wood soured milk
A chemical analysis is the only 100% way to know a chemical change has occurred.

Chemical Equation
Shorthand form for writing what reactants are used and what products are formed in a chemical reaction Sometimes shows whether energy is produced or absorbed Examples: 2H2 + O2 2H2O CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy

Components of a Chemical Equation

Chemical Formulas Chemical Formula

2H2 + O2
Coefficient Subscripts

2H2O
Subscript Coefficient

(Reactants)

(Yield)

(Products)

Sometimes you will see a yields sign that looks like this. What do you think it means?

Energy and Chemical Reactions

Exothermic Reaction A chemical reaction in which energy is released. The products have greater bond energy than the reactants
C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (respiration)

Endothermic Reaction A chemical reaction in which energy is absorbed. The products have lower bond energies than the reactants
6CO2 + 6H2O + energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 (photosynthesis)

Chemistry Comes Alive! Sample Movies TeacherTube - Videos Chemistry Demonstration Videos

Can you think of other reactions where energy is gained or released?

Rates of Chemical Reactions

The rates at which chemical reactions can take place are based on the interaction (collisions) between the different particles. These rates can be impacted by the following:
Temperature a measure of the average kinetic energy of
the particles in a sample of matter Ex. Increasing the temperature when cooking

Surface area amount of material that comes into contact with the reactants Concentration amount of substance per volume
concentration of methane molecules
Ex. Turning the valve on a gas stove to increase the

Ex. Cutting a potato into smaller pieces when cooking

Catalysts (enzymes) organic substances that help speed up chemical reactions, but are not consumed in the reaction

Law of Conservation of Mass

Proposed by Antoine Lavoisier In a chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor destroyed All atoms present in the reactants are also present in the products Chemical equations must account for/show the conservation of mass balancing equations
In its present form, does this chemical equation show a conservation of mass?

Reactants

2 H2 + O2 2 H2O
How would you balance this equation to show the conservation of mass?

Products

H 2 4 2 O 2

H 2 4 2 O 1

Hints For Balancing Equations

Count the atoms List the number of atoms of each element to see which

elements must be balanced

Use a coefficient to add atoms to one side of the equation Start with the reactant or product that has the

greatest number of different elements

Add a coefficient to another reactant or product Make sure that the coefficients in your balanced

equation are the smallest whole numbers possible (they should have no common factor other than one)
Tutorial on Balancing Equations