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.
.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Na =23
.
C =12
N =14
: 0.5
O =16
0.5 : [(H2O = 0.5 [16+ (21
H =1
= 18 0.5
S =32
K =39
= 9
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ca =40
61,2
Al =27
= 23 10 6.02
Cu =63.5
Zn =65
: :
Ag =108
23
10 6, 02
Cl =35.5
:1 0.2 CO2
Si = 28
Pb =207
:
Ba=137
=
23
= 10 6.02 0.2
= 23 10 1.204
: 2 16
:
1 SO2 = (216 ) + 32 = 64
=
= 61
46
= 25,0
=
23
= 10 6.02 25,0
= 23 10 1.505
------------------------------------------------------------- : 3 20 10 3
23
10 6.02.
23 ][
20
10.
3
18
20
0.01110= 3 23
23
10 6.02
2
C [C
[H 8 O 6
0 ,25
1,0
][C9H13NO3
--------------------------------------------------------------
)(
) (
22.4
* )..( : 760
273
* :
0 0 22.4
* = 22.4
: 1 CO2 0.5 ..
= 22.4
:
0.1
= 22.4 0.5
= 11.2
CO2
------------------------------------------------------------- : 2 NH3 72
..
O2
:
44.8
3.2 = 27
=
=
..
4.22
4.22
------------------------------------------------------------- : 3
42.6
:
2 NaClO3
2NaCl + 3O2
O2 3
NaClO3
2
[23 + 35.5 + (163)] 2
213
42.6
3 42.6
= 0.6
=
[ ]
213
, = 22.4
= 13.44 = 22.4 0.6
: = 22.4
) ( ) (
12.25
19
)2H2(g) + O2(g
2H2O(g
:
.
:
1 ) ( 22.4
1 23 10 6.02
-1 NH3 2,1
3 ) NH4)2SO4 :
2NH3 + H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4
-2 6.54
) ( HCl :
Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2+ H2
23
-3 10 6.02
:
2H2O(g
)(2H2(g) + O2(g
)(
)
= ---------------------
(
22.4
: 1
O2 = 2 16 = 32/
20
22.4
22.4
32
= 1.43/
------------------------------------------------------------------
: 2 1.25/
= ) ( 22.4
= 22.4 1.25
= 28 /
-1 28 /
-2 Cl2
-3 F2
1.696/
)(
=
)/(
: 1 )/(
10 250
: 80
250
= 0.25
= 1000
2
1 NaOH = 1 + 16 + 23 = 40
10 = NaOH
01
= 0.25
04
HOaN
=
=
52.0
52.0
=
= 1/
: .
:2 500
2/.
005
0.5 =0001
1 KOH = 1 + 16 + 39 = 56
=
21
=
56
0.5
2
=
56
: ) (
.
+
0 Na
-Cl NaCl +Na -Cl
.
+
Na (aq.) + Cl (aq
)(.NaCl(s) + H2O(L
:
=
: 1 39
Na+(aq.) + Cl-(aq
1 1
)NaCl(s) + H2O(L
(.
NaCl Cl-(aq
(.
23 + 35.5
58.5
39
: 1
93
= 0.66
[ ] =
58.5
, =
23
= 10 6.02 0.66
= 23 10 4
7,8
:2
7.1
22
.
.
: N2H4 .
20
N2 + 2H2O
1 1
)(142) + (14
32
N2H4 + O2
N2H4 N2
14 2
28
20 N2H4
N2
28
] [ =
23
02
= 17.5
SiO2 + 3C
SiC + 2CO
SiC 15
:
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
20
:
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
5,3 CO2
23
: :
: :
23
6.02 10 0000000000000000
) 4,22 224 - 4,11 - (
320 0000000000000000
23
) 2310 60.2 23 10 2 .60 - 10 6.02 - (
12 0000000000000000
) 4,22 4,134 2,67 - (
0000000000000000
) 32 4,22 / 43,1 / (
3,5 500
0000000
)0 ,1 / 2,0 - / 0 ,5 - /(
7,8
0000000000000000
:
:
: .
.
:
.
24
: .
: .
: CO SO2
. .
)( :
.
: -1 -2 -3
:
) [ ( 100 ]
: 5
: 100 5
.
)/( [
]
: 0.1/
: 0.1 )
3.65( .
): (P.P.m
: P.P.m 5 .
: 1000000 5
: 5
.
-1
25
-2
.
:
. )(
.
.
.
.
.
.
: .
:
.
:
.
End point
) (0
indicators
-1
-2
-3
26
25 .
) (.
1,0.
.
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O
.
=
M2V2
Mb
:
)/( M2
M1
V2
)(
V1
Ma
Mb
M1V1
Ma
: 20
0.05 25 .
)/(
2HCl + Ca(OH)2
CaCl2 + 2H2O
mol. / L
=
= 0.0312
M2
M1V1
= M2V2
Ma
M
0.05 25
M2b20
2
1
27
) 0.1( 20
0.5
25
15 0.1.
0.1
10 0.1
.
:
) (
:
: 2.6903
2.2923 . .
) ( 0
:
= 0.398 = 2.2923 2.6903
=
0.398
2.6903
14.79 = 100
28
CuSO4.XH2O 2.495
1.595 0
-1 -2
III :
= 6.75 III = 9.56 III = 8.75 25
15 0.1.
0.1
10 0.1
.
1.47
1.11
0
:
. 0
:
)
( .
.
:
. 2
.
:
29
BaCl2 + Na2SO4
2NaCl + BaSO4
BaSO
1 1
BaCl2 4
)137 + (35.52
= 208
) ( =
)137 + 32 + (164
= 233
BaCl BaSO4
2
1.785 = .
2
233
802
: /
:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
/ :
-2
-1 ppm 5
-4
-3 1,0
5
=========================================
=========================
:
ZnSO4 54,6
Zn + H2SO4
:
ZnSO4 + H2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
C6H12O6 + 6O2
:
6CO2 + 6H2O
2,14
----------------------------------------------------------------- 200
2
628,4 0
------------------------------------------------------------------
30
10 1,0 2,0
0
CaCO3 + H2SO4
CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
----------------------------------------------------------------- 411,0 Fe2O3
Fe3O4 0
----------------------------------------------------------------- 30 Fe2O3
-----------------------------------------------------------------
78,2
: :
-1 4,22 70
) 0 (2010
0000000000
( 4,50
( 2,25
( 8,23
( 6,47
-2 5 10
00000000
( 5,0 / ( 50 /
( 05,0 / ( 5 /
) (2011
-3
00000000
) 0 (2011
( 4
23 10
( 10 6.02 2
23
( 10 6.02 4
23
( 6.02
: :
-1
( 2011
31
) (2011
-2
: :
-1
) ( 2011
-2 0 0
) 0
(2011
-3 2 32
) (2011
0 0
:
) (2008
: :
) ( 2009
) 0 (2008
) 0 (2009
32
) (
: ) (
:
:
) (
:
:
:
33
0
:
: ) (
.
)
NaNO +
AgCl
(
.
3
AgNO3 + NaCl
MgCl2 + H2
Mg + 2HCl
: ) (
) (
CH3COOH
+ C2H5OH
H2O +CH3COOC2H5
} .
) (
)
(
| .
.
{ .
.
~ ) (
34
00
..
:
:
" :
:
) (1 )(
: :
) (2
:
) (3
)(
35
? ? ?
?
:
:
) (.
.
:
:
)(
:
.
.
:
-1
-2
.
:
.
:
.
:
36
)( )(
00 :
)
(
:
} III
III
FeCl3 + 3NH4SCN
Fe(SCN)3 + 3NH4Cl
| III
:
)
) III
:
r1 [ FeCl3] [ NH4SCN]3
[ r2 [ Fe(SCN)3] [ NH4Cl 3
:
r1 = k1 [ FeCl3] [ NH4SCN]3
r2 = k2 [ Fe(SCN)3] [ NH4Cl ] 3
:
= r1 r2 000
:
k1 [ FeCl3] [ NH4SCN]3 = k2 [ Fe(SCN)3] [ NH4Cl ] 3
HN ] [ [ lC
[
= Kc
---------------3
37
(NCS)eF
AH
]
[
lCeFHN ]3[ [NCS
4
k1
k2
--- k Kc
k
1
: H2 + I2:
2HI
221,0 221,0 563,1
/
:
365.1
(( 2
Kc = ------ = -------------- = 50
122.0
( (
122.0
( (
[
[
2
[IH
[]H]I
2
} ) (
:
* *
*
:
Ag+ (aq) + Cl-(aq
)(AgCl (s
Kc = [Ag+] [ Cl-] = 1.7 10-10
|
:
* *
*
:
)H2 (g) + Cl2(g
2HCl (g) Kc = 4.4 x1032
38
{
) (
)(
.
*
)
)(
*
)
(
:
:
:
:
39
| .
: ) (
N2O4
{ .
: ) (
.
~
: )
(
NO2
:
) ( - -
2NO2
N2O4 + Heat
[[ H
] ]A
:
) (
:
N2 + 3 H2
2NH3 , H= -92 KJ
4 : ] [ N2 + 3H2
][2NH3
40
:
.
:
Kp
:
)P (NH
---------- = Kp
2
3
)N) )P p2( H
:
Kp
2NO2 (g
)(N2 (g) + 2O2 (g
NO2 O2 N2
2,0
2 1
:
20
--------------
)
= Kp = 2(------------
1( ) 2.0
)o 2
)ON
)P
(N) P) p 2
) (
H = -ve
H2O + CO,
41
H2 + CO2
00 :
}
|
{ )(
~
) (
)
(
0
:
00
}
0
|
42
Ag+ + eAg
:
:
:
)(
:
)
(
)
(
:
: .
: )
(
: )
(
43
-1
-2
:
:
| )
1,0 (
: 0
:
{
: 0
:
)
(
:
H + Cl
CH3COO- + H+
HCl
CH3COOH
} ) (
)( )
(
) (
[H3O]+ + Cl
HCl + H2O
| :
* *
{
0 )(
44
~ [ ] C
HA
:
H+ + A
HA
:
----------------- = Ka
][ -H+] [ A
V
=
= -1
:
:
][HA
] FeCl3] [ NH4SCN]3
][HA
---------------------------------------------------
--------------------------
-1 = 1 :
----------- = Ka
2
V
1
45
--- = C /
:V
00
Ka = 2 C
C 0
Ka
) (
aK
=
C
1,0
HCN 25 0
Ka = 20,7 10-10
Ka
=
C
= 01 - 7.2
1.001
=10-5 8.5
C 0
) Kb (
K
b
=
C
NH3 01,0 0 = Kb
8,1 10-5 25
=
=10-2 2.24
K b
C
01 5- 8.1
10.0
} = 33
2,0 / 0 Ka
| Ka 2-10 2
1 25,0
46
:
-
CH3COO + H3O
][ -1
CH3COOH
][
][
:
[
=Ka
O
3
+
HC
] OOC
3
HC
HOOC
]
3
[]
H
] H 3O
[= ] [+CH3COO
[
= Ka:
[2
HO
3
HC
HOOC
]
3
0 =
:
C
:
= Ka
C-
=
[
[2
HO
3
:
] Ka C
= ]H3O+
=====&=======================
==========&=====
: 1,0
25 8,
510 1
] Ka C
= ]H3O+
0.1 10-5 1.8
mol /L
10-3 1.342
47
:
-
NH4+ + OH
][ -1
NH3 +H2O
][
][
+
HN
]
HO
[]
4
[ HN] 3
=Kb
]NH4
[ = ] [+OH
] OH-]2
][ NH3
= Kb:
:
C
:
= Kb
C-
=
[
-2
HO
= ]OH-
Kb C ] :
: 001,0/
5 25 10 8,1
] Kb C
]OH-
10-8 1.8
48
mol /L
=
=
:
-
H3O+ + OH
H2 O + H 2 O
:
+ OH-
H2O
10-14
= Kc
]H+][ OH
][H2 O
)10
0
0 :
Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 10-14
14-
( 0
H+] = [OH-]10-7] = :
:
*
. 14-10 /
] Kw = [H+] [OH
]= [10-7] [10-7
=10-14
14 -10 /
:
-7
+
: ] = [ H] OH ] =10/
: ] [+H 7-10 /
: ] [+H 7-10 /
: " "
) ( 10
49
pOH
) ( 10
:
P H + pOH = 14
" ..
PH = 7
PH > 7
PH < 7
:
) ( PH
) ( PH
5 9
}:
PH 1
5-
:
+
[ PH = - Log [H3O
= Log 10-5 -
= 5
|:
) (
0,5
-
H3O+ + CH3COO
CH3COOH + H2O
5-
10 8,1
-
50
:
-
:
-
0.006
-
]
Mol/L
= 0.0013
=
5Ka
C
8.1
-
1.0
]PH = - Log [H3O+
= - Log 0.0013 = 2.9
01 5- 1.8
5.0
H3O+] = 01
-
P H + pOH = 14
2.9 +
pOH = 11.1
pOH = 14
: ) (
:
: .
" )
(
Na2CO
3
NH4Cl
CH3COO
NH4
NaCl
* :
51
Ka
C
.
) (.
:
+
2OH + 2H2O
2H
--
2Na + + CO3
Na2CO3
=
H2CO3 + 2Na+ + 2OH
:
Na2CO3 + 2H2O
? )
( ) (
?
) (
:
:
.
.
7
) (.
:
:
+
OH+ H2 O
H
NH4+ + Cl
NH4Cl
=
NH4OH + H + + Cl
:
NH4Cl + H2O
? )
( ) (.
? : )
( . .
:
:
.
:
7
.
52
)
(
:
+
OH+ H2 O
H
+
CH3COONH4
CH3COO + NH4
CH3COONH4 + H2O = CH3COOH + NH4OH
:
? .
.
. ) (
) (.
7
.
) (.
:
+
OH+ H2 O
H
-
Na + + Cl
-
NaCl
-
?
.
)
( 0 .
bP
[]] rB
[
------------------ = Kc
]rBbP
[
2
PbBr2 ) (
= Ksp
:
][-Pb++][Br
Ksp
:
[ /]
)
(
53
: 10
-
:
= 10
10
=
Ag Cl
Ag + + Cl
] = Ag ] [ Cl - ] Ksp
510-
10 -5
II
? ) NO2 O2
Cu (NO3 )2
2 CuO + 4NO2 + O2 2
?
) (
?
0
?
) (
54
? N2O4
?
0
?
? )
(
HCl + H2O
[H3O]+ + Cl
) (
= 7
? = =10
7-
? ) (
) (
=Na2CO3 + 2H2O
2H2CO3 + 2Na+ + 2OH
? ) (
) (
CH3COONH4 + H2O = CH3COOH + NH4OH
55