:

.




.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Na =23
.
C =12
N =14

: 0.5
O =16

0.5 : [(H2O = 0.5 [16+ (21
H =1
= 18 0.5

S =32
K =39
= 9

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Ca =40
61,2
Al =27
= 23 10 6.02
Cu =63.5

Zn =65
: :
Ag =108
23
10 6, 02
Cl =35.5
:1 0.2 CO2
Si = 28
Pb =207
:
Ba=137
=
23

= 10 6.02 0.2
= 23 10 1.204
: 2 16
:
1 SO2 = (216 ) + 32 = 64
=

= 61

46

= 25,0

=
23
= 10 6.02 25,0
= 23 10 1.505
------------------------------------------------------------- : 3 20 10 3

23
10 6.02.
23 ][
20
10.
3

18

20

0.01110= 3 23
23
10 6.02

2



C [C
[H 8 O 6
0 ,25

1,0


][C9H13NO3

--------------------------------------------------------------

)(

) (
22.4

* )..( : 760
273
* :
0 0 22.4

* = 22.4
: 1 CO2 0.5 ..
= 22.4
:
0.1
= 22.4 0.5
= 11.2
CO2

------------------------------------------------------------- : 2 NH3 72

..
O2
:
44.8
3.2 = 27
=
=
..
4.22
4.22
------------------------------------------------------------- : 3
42.6
:
2 NaClO3
2NaCl + 3O2
O2 3
NaClO3
2
[23 + 35.5 + (163)] 2

213

42.6

3 42.6
= 0.6
=
[ ]
213
, = 22.4

= 13.44 = 22.4 0.6

: = 22.4
) ( ) (
12.25

19

)2H2(g) + O2(g
2H2O(g
:

.
:
1 ) ( 22.4
1 23 10 6.02

-1 NH3 2,1
3 ) NH4)2SO4 :
2NH3 + H2SO4
(NH4)2SO4
-2 6.54
) ( HCl :
Zn + 2HCl
ZnCl2+ H2
23
-3 10 6.02
:
2H2O(g
)(2H2(g) + O2(g

)(

)
= ---------------------
(
22.4

: 1

O2 = 2 16 = 32/

20

22.4

22.4

32
= 1.43/

------------------------------------------------------------------

: 2 1.25/

= ) ( 22.4
= 22.4 1.25
= 28 /

-1 28 /
-2 Cl2
-3 F2
1.696/

)(

=
)/(

: 1 )/(
10 250
: 80
250
= 0.25
= 1000

2
1 NaOH = 1 + 16 + 23 = 40

10 = NaOH

01
= 0.25
04

HOaN
=

=
52.0
52.0

=
= 1/

: .
:2 500
2/.
005
0.5 =0001

1 KOH = 1 + 16 + 39 = 56
=

21

 =
56
0.5
2
=

56

: ) (

.
+
0 Na
-Cl NaCl +Na -Cl
.
+
Na (aq.) + Cl (aq
)(.NaCl(s) + H2O(L
:

=
: 1 39

Na+(aq.) + Cl-(aq
1 1

)NaCl(s) + H2O(L

(.

NaCl Cl-(aq

(.

23 + 35.5
58.5
39

: 1

93
= 0.66
[ ] =
58.5
, =
23
= 10 6.02 0.66
= 23 10 4

7,8

:2


7.1

22


.
.
: N2H4 .
20
N2 + 2H2O
1 1

)(142) + (14
32

N2H4 + O2

N2H4 N2

14 2

28

20 N2H4

N2

28
] [ =
23

02

= 17.5

SiO2 + 3C
SiC + 2CO
SiC 15
:
6CO2 + 6H2O
C6H12O6 + 6O2
20
:
CH4 + 2O2
CO2 + 2H2O
5,3 CO2

23

 : :



: :
23
6.02 10 0000000000000000
) 4,22 224 - 4,11 - (
320 0000000000000000
23
) 2310 60.2 23 10 2 .60 - 10 6.02 - (
12 0000000000000000
) 4,22 4,134 2,67 - (
0000000000000000
) 32 4,22 / 43,1 / (
3,5 500
0000000
)0 ,1 / 2,0 - / 0 ,5 - /(
7,8
0000000000000000

)( 23 10 0.903 -23 10 1.204 - 23 10 0.602

:
1,0

8,1 C6H12O6
C6H12O6 + 6O2
:
6CO2 + 6H2O
13,2 Al(NO3)3
0

:


:
: .
.
:
.

24

 : .
: .
: CO SO2
. .

)( :
.
: -1 -2 -3

:

) [ ( 100 ]
: 5
: 100 5
.
)/( [
]
: 0.1/
: 0.1 )
3.65( .
): (P.P.m
: P.P.m 5 .
: 1000000 5

: 5
.

-1

25

-2

 .
:
. )(
.

.

.

.


.

.

: .
:
.
:
.
End point
) (0
indicators

-1

-2
-3

26

25 .
) (.
1,0.
.
HCl + NaOH
NaCl + H2O

.
=
M2V2
Mb
:
)/( M2
M1
V2
)(
V1
Ma

Mb

M1V1
Ma

: 20
0.05 25 .
)/(
2HCl + Ca(OH)2
CaCl2 + 2H2O

mol. / L

=
= 0.0312

M2

M1V1
= M2V2
Ma
M
0.05 25
M2b20
2
1

27

 ) 0.1( 20

0.5
25
15 0.1.
0.1
10 0.1
.

:
) (

:


: 2.6903
2.2923 . .
) ( 0

:
= 0.398 = 2.2923 2.6903
=

0.398

2.6903

14.79 = 100

1 BaCl2 = (235.5) + 137 = 208

BaCl2
2.2923 0.398

208 BaCl2

0.398208
= 36.114
] [ =
H2O ) = 16 +2.2923
1 ) (21) = 18
2.006
=
=
36.11
18 BaCl2.2H2O

28



CuSO4.XH2O 2.495
1.595 0
-1 -2

III :
= 6.75 III = 9.56 III = 8.75 25
15 0.1.
0.1
10 0.1
.
1.47
1.11
0

:
. 0

:

)
( .

.
:
. 2
.
:

29

BaCl2 + Na2SO4
2NaCl + BaSO4
BaSO
1 1
BaCl2 4

)137 + (35.52
= 208

) ( =

)137 + 32 + (164
= 233

BaCl BaSO4
2
1.785 = .

2
233

802

: /
:
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5

/ :
-2
-1 ppm 5
-4
-3 1,0
5
=========================================
=========================
:
ZnSO4 54,6
Zn + H2SO4
:
ZnSO4 + H2
-----------------------------------------------------------------
C6H12O6 + 6O2
:

6CO2 + 6H2O
2,14
----------------------------------------------------------------- 200
2
628,4 0
------------------------------------------------------------------

30

 10 1,0 2,0
0

CaCO3 + H2SO4
CaSO4 + CO2 + H2O
----------------------------------------------------------------- 411,0 Fe2O3
Fe3O4 0
----------------------------------------------------------------- 30 Fe2O3

-----------------------------------------------------------------
78,2

: :
-1 4,22 70

) 0 (2010
0000000000
( 4,50
( 2,25
( 8,23
( 6,47
-2 5 10
00000000
( 5,0 / ( 50 /
( 05,0 / ( 5 /
) (2011

-3

00000000

) 0 (2011

( 4
23 10

( 10 6.02 2

23

( 10 6.02 4

23

( 6.02

: :
-1
( 2011

31

) (2011

-2

 : :
-1
) ( 2011

-2 0 0

) 0

(2011

-3 2 32
) (2011
0 0

:

) (2008

: :
) ( 2009

) 0 (2008

) 0 (2009

32

) (
: ) (

:

:
) (
:


:
:

33

0
:


: ) (
.
)
NaNO +
AgCl
(
.
3

AgNO3 + NaCl

MgCl2 + H2

Mg + 2HCl

: ) (


) (
CH3COOH

+ C2H5OH

H2O +CH3COOC2H5

} .
) (
)
(
| .
.
{ .
.
~ ) (

34

 00

..

:

:

" :
:
) (1 )(

: :
) (2

:
) (3
)(

35

? ? ?

?

:

:
) (.
.
:
:
)(
:
.

.
:
-1

-2
.
:
.
:
.
:

36

 )( )(




00 :


)
(
:
} III

III
FeCl3 + 3NH4SCN
Fe(SCN)3 + 3NH4Cl
| III
:
)
) III

:
r1 [ FeCl3] [ NH4SCN]3
[ r2 [ Fe(SCN)3] [ NH4Cl 3
:
r1 = k1 [ FeCl3] [ NH4SCN]3
r2 = k2 [ Fe(SCN)3] [ NH4Cl ] 3
:
= r1 r2 000
:
k1 [ FeCl3] [ NH4SCN]3 = k2 [ Fe(SCN)3] [ NH4Cl ] 3
HN ] [ [ lC
[
= Kc
---------------3

37

(NCS)eF

AH
]
[
lCeFHN ]3[ [NCS
4

k1
k2

 --- k Kc
k

1

: H2 + I2:
2HI

221,0 221,0 563,1
/
:
365.1
(( 2

Kc = ------ = -------------- = 50
122.0
( (

122.0
( (

[
[
2

[IH
[]H]I
2

} ) (
:
* *

*
:
Ag+ (aq) + Cl-(aq
)(AgCl (s
Kc = [Ag+] [ Cl-] = 1.7 10-10


|
:
* *

*
:
)H2 (g) + Cl2(g
2HCl (g) Kc = 4.4 x1032

38

{
) (

)(
.


*
)
)(


*
)
(
:


:
:

:

39

| .
: ) (
N2O4

{ .
: ) (
.
~
: )
(
NO2
:

) ( - -

2NO2

N2O4 + Heat

[[ H
] ]A

:
) (
:
N2 + 3 H2
2NH3 , H= -92 KJ
4 : ] [ N2 + 3H2
][2NH3

40

 :
.

:


Kp
:
)P (NH
---------- = Kp
2

3
)N) )P p2( H

:
Kp
2NO2 (g
)(N2 (g) + 2O2 (g
NO2 O2 N2
2,0

2 1

:
20
--------------

)
= Kp = 2(------------

1( ) 2.0

)o 2

)ON
)P
(N) P) p 2

) (



H = -ve

H2O + CO,

41

H2 + CO2

00 :

}
|
{ )(

~


) (

)
(
0
:

00
}
0
|

42

Ag+ + eAg

:


:




:

)(
:
)
(
)
(

:
: .
: )
(
: )
(

43

-1

-2

:
:
| )
1,0 (
: 0

:

{
: 0

:
)
(
:

H + Cl

CH3COO- + H+

HCl
CH3COOH

} ) (
)( )
(
) (
[H3O]+ + Cl

HCl + H2O

| :
* *

{
0 )(

44

~ [ ] C

HA
:
H+ + A

HA

:
----------------- = Ka

][ -H+] [ A

V
=
= -1
:
:

][HA
] FeCl3] [ NH4SCN]3
][HA

---------------------------------------------------
--------------------------

-1 = 1 :
----------- = Ka

2
V
1

45

 --- = C /

:V
00

Ka = 2 C

C 0
Ka
) (
aK
=
C

1,0
HCN 25 0
Ka = 20,7 10-10
Ka
=
C
= 01 - 7.2
1.001
=10-5 8.5
C 0
) Kb (
K
b
=
C

NH3 01,0 0 = Kb
8,1 10-5 25
=
=10-2 2.24

K b
C
01 5- 8.1

10.0

} = 33
2,0 / 0 Ka

| Ka 2-10 2
1 25,0

46



:
-

CH3COO + H3O
][ -1

CH3COOH
][

][

:
[

=Ka

O
3

+
HC
] OOC
3
HC
HOOC
]
3

[]
H

] H 3O

[= ] [+CH3COO
[

= Ka:

[2

HO
3
HC
HOOC
]
3

0 =

:
C
:
= Ka

C-

=
[

[2

HO
3

:
] Ka C

= ]H3O+

=====&=======================
==========&=====
: 1,0
25 8,
510 1

] Ka C

= ]H3O+
0.1 10-5 1.8

mol /L

10-3 1.342

47



:
-

NH4+ + OH
][ -1

NH3 +H2O

][

][
+

HN
]
HO
[]
4
[ HN] 3

=Kb
]NH4

[ = ] [+OH

] OH-]2
][ NH3

= Kb:

:
C
:
= Kb

C-

=
[

-2

HO

= ]OH-

Kb C ] :

: 001,0/
5 25 10 8,1

] Kb C

]OH-

0.001 10-5 1.8

10-8 1.8

48

mol /L

=
=

:
-

H3O+ + OH

H2 O + H 2 O

:
+ OH-

H2O

10-14

= Kc

]H+][ OH
][H2 O

)10

0
0 :
Kw = [H+] [OH-] = 10-14
14-

( 0

H+] = [OH-]10-7] = :
:
*
. 14-10 /

] Kw = [H+] [OH
]= [10-7] [10-7
=10-14

14 -10 /
:
-7
+
: ] = [ H] OH ] =10/
: ] [+H 7-10 /
: ] [+H 7-10 /

: " "
) ( 10

49

[+PH = - Log [H3O

:

14

pOH
) ( 10

[ POH = - Log [OH

:
P H + pOH = 14

" ..
PH = 7
PH > 7
PH < 7
:
) ( PH
) ( PH
5 9

}:
PH 1

5-

:
+

[ PH = - Log [H3O
= Log 10-5 -
= 5

|:
) (
0,5
-

H3O+ + CH3COO

CH3COOH + H2O
5-

10 8,1
-

50

:
-

:
-
0.006

-
]

Mol/L

= 0.0013

=
5Ka
C
8.1

-
1.0
]PH = - Log [H3O+
= - Log 0.0013 = 2.9

01 5- 1.8
5.0

H3O+] = 01

-
P H + pOH = 14
2.9 +
pOH = 11.1

pOH = 14

: ) (
:

: .
" )

(

Na2CO

3

NH4Cl

CH3COO


NH4

NaCl

* :

51

Ka
C

 .
) (.
:
+
2OH + 2H2O
2H
--

2Na + + CO3

Na2CO3

=
H2CO3 + 2Na+ + 2OH
:

Na2CO3 + 2H2O

? )
( ) (

?
) (
:

:
.
.

7

) (.
:
:

+
OH+ H2 O
H

NH4+ + Cl

NH4Cl

=
NH4OH + H + + Cl
:

NH4Cl + H2O

? )
( ) (.

? : )
( . .
:

:
.
:

7
.

52


)
(
:
+
OH+ H2 O
H
+
CH3COONH4
CH3COO + NH4
CH3COONH4 + H2O = CH3COOH + NH4OH
:

? .
.
. ) (
) (.
7
.

) (.
:
+
OH+ H2 O
H
-

Na + + Cl
-

NaCl
-

NaCl + H2O = H+ + Cl + Na+ + OH

:

?
.
)
( 0 .

: )Ksp ) Solubility product

) (
:
Pb Br2
Pb++ + 2Br
:
- ++

bP
[]] rB
[
------------------ = Kc
]rBbP
[
2
PbBr2 ) (
= Ksp
:
][-Pb++][Br
Ksp

:
[ /]

)
(

53

 : 10

-

:
= 10
10
=

Ag Cl
Ag + + Cl
] = Ag ] [ Cl - ] Ksp
510-

10 -5

II

? ) NO2 O2
Cu (NO3 )2
2 CuO + 4NO2 + O2 2


?
) (

?
0

?
) (

54


? N2O4

?
0


?




? )
(
HCl + H2O
[H3O]+ + Cl
) (
= 7
? = =10

7-

? ) (
) (

=Na2CO3 + 2H2O
2H2CO3 + 2Na+ + 2OH
? ) (
) (

CH3COONH4 + H2O = CH3COOH + NH4OH

55