Protection

in Electrical System

Pr
ot
ec
tio
n

.
:

.
)( .

n
Pr
ot
ec
tio

3
2

5
6


R
Y
B

Trip Coil

Main Protective Relay

IPCT

Timer

Auxiliary
Trip Relay

CT
IPVT

AC Contact

VT
Alarm System

50V DC Supply bus wire

110V DC Supply bus wire



Quick response

Reliability

Simplicity

Selectivity

Sensitivity

Economy

Speed

0s
Operating time
Of Relay

Operating time of
auxiliary Relay

closing time of
Circuit breaker

Total operating time of protection circuit

time
[s]

Simplicity

Reliability

Sensitivity

Ks > 1.4

Ks = If min / Io

Selectivity

CB2
X

A
CB4
X

CB1
X
F2

:
. . . .CB3
X X

G1

F1
X

G2

Economics

.

) (

.
:
. :
. ....

:

Protective relays

)(Fuses, MCBs - )(Protec. Relays

- : )(.
)(.
-

- : .

......

 Current Relays

)Over Current Relays (OCR

Deferential Relays

Unbalance Relays

Current Relays

DC P/S CTs VTs - .

Current Relays


I
a

1
2

d
1
I

1
e

2
f

b
2

Stopper


Sec.

Sec.

X In

X In

Sec.

X In

Sec.

X In

R
S
T

B
N


T
2

L
1

>I0
k

3i0=iR+iS+iT
l

IS IT

IR

Voltage Relays

OVR

R
+
Sig

UVR

Deferential Relays

Why?

If

U
Uph
= % of coil length

0.5

 Deferential Relays
L
2

I2 K
i2

i2

I1 L

i1

i1
3

id=i1- i2

Sig.

)(

 Deferential Relays
K

L
2

:
I1 = I2 , i1 = i2 & id = i1 i2

i2

I2

id = 0

i1 k

i1

i2
3

Sig.

then

If i1 = i2

:
, i1 i2 & id = i1 i2 0

I1 I2

id=i1- i2

I1
1

Deferential Relays
I1
1

i1 k

i1
id=i1- i2

i2

I2

i2

Relay (3) isn't instantaneous relay

Actually i1 i2 :

Sig.

- Vector group of protected Tr.

- n1 n2
- Outside S/C.
- Prim. Curr. of Protected Tr. Sec. Curr.
- Protected Tr. Have ON Load Tap Changer.

.( 40% - 10% )

IPVT1
CT1

MT

CT2
IPVT2

Yy0

CT1

U1

I1

CT2

U2
Y

Y
d

U3

I2

Yd5

CT3

i1
Yd5

i1

i2

Yy0

i3

IPVT1

Yd5
IPVT3

i3

i2

IPVT2

CTs Characteristics

i
Unbalance Current

n=20

2
n=10
n=5 1

Point of
saturation

I
0

5In 10In 20In

L
l

i2

K
k

L
i1

+
2

i2
)is=1/2 (i1+ i2
Stabilizing Coil

i1

id = i1- i2=0
5

Differential Coil

Operating Characteristics

iop
MMF
F in spring

I2

i2op = i2op min + K2s i2s

idl

Unbalance current

A
iop min

is

iS = 0

Ks = tg

Ks

L
l

i2

I2

K
k

+
2

i2
)0= (i1+ i2

i1

2i = i1- i2
5

L
i1

I1



i1

i2

I2

TS

Td

)is=1/2(i1+i2

I1

Opening

+
Closing

Principal of electrical Balance Relay

id= i1 - i2

iop = iop min + Ks is

Moment I

Ks = tg

iop

KS & = f(N2 of TS or R)

Not applicable
characteristics

Non linear resistance or EMF

In stabilizing circuit

A
idl

iop min

Unbalance current

In

Operating Characteristics

xIn

is

Magnetic Balance Relay

I1

I2
Protec. Element

i1

i2

i1 i2

Ns

I>
N2

d
Nd

Ni

i2

id = i1 i2
s
Ns

i2
N2

Directional Protection Relays

Why?
Supply

0.6 s

0.4 s

0.8 s

If
0.6 s

If

If

0.8 s

0.4 s

0.2 s

If
0.4 s

0.2 s

If

0.2 s

P = KU I Cos
P<0

Else

90 0
or
0 270

P > 0 if

u
2

ur

Mr = K Ur ir Cos(r + ) - Mm

iu

Mr :
r .
.
K .
Mm ) .... .

)Mr = 0 or >0 or <0 Depends on (r +

K Ur ir Cos(r + ) Mm

To be Operate

ir

 ) (
u

2
3
i

ur
4

iu

ir

ir

u
2

iu

ur

Iu

i I

u U

M = k iusin

i = u

u = 90 -
If P = IU cos ( + )

M = k1 IU sin(u - )
M = k1 IU cos( + )
M = k1 P

P = IU cos ( + ) + (U/2)2 + (I/2)2 - (U/2)2 + (I/2)2

P = (U/2)2 + (UI cos( +

))/2 + (I/2)2 (U/2)2 - (U/2)2 cos( + ))/2 + (I/2)2

P = U/2 + I/2 2 - U/2 - I/2

U
I

|U + I|2

|U - I|2

|U + I|

|U - I|
|U + I|

|U - I|

Electrical Balance Relays

:
Tr2

ii

Tr1

iu
iu + ii

iu - ii
ir

ii
U

iu + ii

iu
ir
R

iu - ii


ii
U

iu
iu - ii

| ir = | iu + ii | - | iu - ii

)IDC (iu - ii

iu + ii
ir

)IDC (iu + ii

<

iu + ii
| iu + ii | - | iu - ii |

iu

If the P. Direc. Be changed

The polarity of ir changed
M will change its direction

Lagging iu by

iu - ii

<

ii

iu

iu - ii
Power Direction as
same as Bus Direction

| iu + ii | - | iu - ii |

iu + ii
180

ii

Power Direction in the

opposite Bus Direction

u
2

ur

Mr = K Ur ir Cos(r + ) - Mm

iu

Mr :
r .
.
K .
Mm ) .... .

)Mr = 0 or >0 or <0 Depends on (r +

K Ur ir Cos(r + ) Mm

To be Operate

ir

Total Operating Power : U i = S [VA]

r r
r

Sop = Mm / K Cos(r + )

The relay will be very Sensitive

If r + = 0 because of Sop = Sop min

To be operate with max. sensitivity Should

- Angle between Ir & Ur During Fault time

Above conditions obtained by Changing

r + =
&
Mm = min
using reconnections

In this case : r = +

- New angle obtained by reconnections on the Relay terminals

Reconnections can be made by connecting the current circuit on

One phase wile the voltage circuit on the other phase, also by mixing
phase & line voltages & currents together.

Ur

Ir

Ir

=0
>0 , Lagging

30

Ur

0
= - 30

Ir

0
90

= - 90

Ur

<0 , Leading

+ = 0 (W)
+ = 90 (VAR)
+ = 30 - 180 (VA)
+ = 180

P - relays
Q - relays
S - relays

Reverse Power relays

Depending on its construction these relays can be divided into :

- Induction relays,

- Electro dynamic Relays,

- Electrical Balance Relays.


:
) ( )(0, 30, 45, 60, 80, 90, 180

) ( )(0 or 90

) (1 or 5 A )(110 Or 1103 V

jQ

te
ra
pe

Never Operate

Actual char. Little bet

deff. From ideal one.
O

Always Operate

Theoretical Characteristic

jQ

(P - j Q)

Not
Operate

=45o

=0o

Min. op. Power

Error Boundary when U=K1% Un K1<100%

Error Boundary when U=100% Un

Error Boundary when U=K2% Un K2< K1

Theoretical characteristic

jQ

Actual oper.Char.
of Direc. P Relay

Never
Operate

= 0
Always
Operate

Nominal value relay.

Error Boundary when U=K1% Un K1<100%

Theoretical setting value

Error Boundary when U=100% Un

Error Boundary when U=K2% Un K2< K1

Operating Characteristics of Directional relay as Iop = f(U)

Iop

= const.

Operating
Current

Operate

Not Operate
Voltage

Oper. Char. of Direc. relay in polar system = 30

120

90

60
Theoretical
Characteristic

30

150
Never Operate

180

Reference
Phase

Always Operate

30

150

120

90

Error Boundary when 100% Reference value

Direction of
non reference
value

60
Error Boundary when K1% reference value

Operating Characteristics of Directional relay as Uop = f(I)

Uop

Operate

Not Operate

Time Characteristics of Directional relay

t (s)

P
Nom.
power

Set
point

Time Characteristics of Directional relay

t
s or min.

Operating
Time

Top.

Distance Relays
LTL >>

No of TL Supplies >>

Complex form Of TL >>

Geographical & Natural Conditions become more Difficult

Probability of Faults becomes more & more
request the protective relays to have a high speed to eliminate the
faults as quick as possible.
1.2

0.2

0.8

0.4 0.6

Solution: top<<

0.6 0.4

as

0.8 0.2

1 1.2

Lfault <<

Distance Relays
top U

Old Criteria :

- U = f(ZL, If) top>> as If >>

Disadvantages:
- Zfault >> so U >> top >>

Uf

Uop

Uf

Uop


Lu

Li
i

u = cu1 USC

i = ci1 ISC

Fu Lu= Fi Li

cu u2 = ci i2

u/I = cu1 USC/ci1 ISC= c Z

Fu = cu2 u2

Fi = ci2 i2

(u/i)2 = ci/cu = k12

Z = k1/c = K

R2 + X2 = K

Z = k1/c = K
Z0 = K
K

Rarc
SC


i
U
ki

Its a vector has ohm character

u ki

= i2

z = u/i

If the angle between k & z is then :

zk

=1

z2 2zk cos + k2 = 1

z2 2zk cos + k2 = 1

Z2 2ZkK cos + (kK)2 = K2

Z = Kz
K

sc

kK

sc

Z2 2ZK cos + K2 = K2

For k = 1

MOH Relay

K
sc

K=0

U-ki

Sig.

||i

||u-ki

Distance Relays
New Criteria : top (U, 1/If)
top = K U/If = K Zline
Zline = Z1 * L & U = I * Z1 * L
Impedance of
length unit

Voltage where the

Relay build in

These Relays called : Impedance

or

Distance
R - F

Distance

Relays

S
+


)t (s

t4

t3

)L (Km

t2
L3

L2

t1
L1


Zline < Zset

Distance Relays
Operating Conditions

>> Utr >> & Ltr

>> Protective Distance

Ptr >> Znor. Cond. or ZO/L Zop


.

Distance Relays
jX
Rarc + Rf.point
ZL between A & B

At ideal cases relay

Should operate, if the
measured impedance
Less than A-B & s
s : S/C angle of faulty line.

ZS
Zn
S

But when S/C accurse there is

an additional ohm resistance
Added to the line impedance.
Because of S/C arc.

At normal cases 0
R

To be relay operated correctly for any fault happened

a long A - B it should has the characteristics above.

Distance Relays

Us/Is = Zs

Impedance

Us/Is Coss = Zs Coss = Rs

Resistive

Us/Is Sins = Zs Sins = Xs

Reactance

Is/Us= 1/Zs = Ys

Admitance

Is/Us Coss =Ys Coss = G

Conductance

Is/Us Sins =Ys Sins = B

Suseptance

jX

Distance Relays

(Impedance Relays)

.
Zop = const.

Line

Zop

If Z < Zop Relay will Operate

Because of Z not f() so

This type of relay need
Directional unit, D - D
D
Making new reconnections on the relay terminals,
the circle can Be moved left, up, right or down.

Distance Relays

According to internal angle in the relay () Which

determine Zop.min we can draw the following char.

jX

Line

Zo = Zop min
Zo = Zop Cos(s - )

Zop
D

Zo
s

= f()

This type of relay need

Directional unit, D - D

Distance Relays

Changing internal angle ()

We'll obtained deferent
Kinds Of Characteristics

Line

jX
Rop
D
s

For = 0

Zo = Zop Coss = Rop = const

R0

Distance Relays

= 90

Zo = Zop Sin s = Xop = const

jX

Line

D
Xop

Zop
R

MHO Relays

))1/Zop * ( Cos (s -

jX

Line

).(
= 45
No need directional unit
for this type of relays
This Relay Called MHO
Relay as an Opposite of
OHM Relays.

Zop

=45
R

Relay will operate when Z < Zop

MHO Relays

=0

jX

Line

Conductance Characteristics

MHO Relays

=90

jX
Line

Reactance Characteristics

S
R

MHO Relays

jX
Zop
jX

R
ZS
Zop
R

Ra = 28700/(I1.4) /m

(0.5 - 5)

(5 50)


.

)For MHO Relays (R

For Impedance Relays

jX

Ra
R

jX
Ra

ZS

Zm

Zm

ZS

For MHO Relays (X)

jX
Ra
ZS
Zm

Impedance Relays
jX

ZS

Ra
Zm

Resistance Relays
jX
ZS

Ra
Zm

Inductance Relays

jX
Ra
ZS
Zm