................................................................... ............................

4
1. 85.

............................................................................. ............................5
2. 88.
............................. ..........................13
3. 89.

............................. ..........................22
4. 101.
.............. ..........................32
5. 102.

............................................................... ..........................37
6. 110.

........................................................... ..........................42
............................... ..........................50

3
3

. -
,
.


. ,
. ,
.
,
, ,
, .
,

.
- .


. , ,
, ,
,
.
6 .

,
.

,
.

 85


: .
: , ,
, ,
, .
1

1.1
,
. .
, Al, Zn, Sn, Pb, Hg, Fe, Cu, Ag,
Au, Pt, Pd ,
.
. .
:
1.

.
2.


,
.


1 2 ,
( ).
1 < 2, 1 , 2(. 85.1). ,
1
2. 1 5 , 2

.
: 1, , 2,
.
,
,

85.1
(. 1).
, 1 2
, (.
85.1) ,

A2 1
(85.1)
' =
,

. '
.

EF1 EF2
,
,

EF 1
EF 2

" =

(85.2)

,

,
:

n1

" =
ln

n2

(85.3)

; n 1 n2 1
2 .
:

A2
1

'+

" =
+

(85.4)

1.2
. ,
,
0,
. ,
,

0,

. ( ),

.
. ,

,
() .7 ,

 ,
.
.
.
,
,
.
,
,
.

.
. (), ,
,
() ,
.
.
, ,
,
, .
, ,
,
,
.

. .
1 2 (85.2)

8 85.2

 ,
, ,
,
, (85.4)
= = 2 1 = 0 .
(85.5)
1 2 (. 85.2),
2 > 1
= 2 1 .
(85.6)
1 2 (85.4)
(85.6), :

n1
(85.7)
=
ln
( 2 1) .

n2

,
:

n1
(85.8)
= =
ln
,

n2

= 2 - 1.

n1
(85.9)
ln

n2
.

. (85.9) (85.8) :
(85.10)
= ,

(85.11)
=
,

= 1.

, .
,
.

(. 85.3).

 85.3

.
.
, ,
. , ,
.

, .
( 1900) .
.
, .
( 700)
- -
.

10

2
1.
1. (. 85.3).
2. 0
.
3.
.
4. 5
=-0
.
5. .
85.1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
..
T,
,

=f(T)

T
.
7. .

6.

2.
1. =f(T),
. ,

,

2 1
,
T2 T1

(85.12)

(T1; 1) (T2; 2) 1 2
=f(T).

11

2. (85.9)

.
3. .

1.
?
2.
?
3.
?
4.
?
5.
.
6. ?
7. ?
?
8. ?
9.
?
10.
?
11. ?
12. ?
13.
?
14. ?
15.
?
16.
.
12

 88

:

,

.
:
, , , ,
, ,
, .
1

1.1

, ,
,
.
, ,
, .
.

88.1

13

 .
,
(. 88.1).

. ,
,
.
.

88.2
,
D
, (. 88.2).
.
,
D
. , ,
.
,
, ,
.
n-. , ,
,
. , ,

14

 ,


, ()(. 88.3).
,

88.3
. ,
,
.


,
(. 88.4).

.

, ,
,
.

88.4

15

, .
(p-). ,
,
,
.
,
,
n- , p-
.
,
.

1.2 p-n-
-

.
n-
. n-
. ( 88.5)
p- n-

- .
,

.
.

n- p- p- n-.
p-n-
. 0
n- p- (. 88.5).

.

16

 88.5

88.6
p-n- ,
n- , p .

0 . >>0,
p n-, .
(. 88.6).
p-n-
(
p-, n-),

0 ,
(. 88.7).
p-n-

17

,
, .

88.7
p-n-,
.
, .

.
.
(

).

-
p-n- . 88.8.

1888.8

 p-n-
,
. p-n-
.

,
I I (U =
=const):
I
=
.
(88.1)
I
,
.

,
. 88.9.

2
1. . 88.9.
2. ,
.
3. ,
1-2, 5.
4. ,
0,5 ,
.
5. -
3-4,
,
.

19

 88.9
6. ,
0,5 ,
.
7. (.. 2-6)
, 6.
8. .
88.1

U,

U,

U,

U,

9. -
.
,
.
,
.
10. (88.1)

.
11.
.

20


1.

?
2. ?
.
3.

? .

4.
n-.
5.
p-.
6.
?
7. ? ?
8.
.
9.
.
10.
?
11.
-

.
12. ?
13.
, ?

21

 89

: ,

.
: , , ,
, ,
.
1

1.1
.
,
.

.
,
, .
N ,
, N . ,
,
N ,
.

. ,
() .
. , ,
,
,
. . 89.1


22

 r
. , ,
, .
,
.

89.1


. ,
.
3
: , ( )
.
() .
( ) ,

. I

23

 II III
(.89. 2).

89.2
.
, ,
.
. (
) ,
.

, ,


.
,
T = 0K ,
.

: (>1),
(<1).


r1 ( ),
r2 (
24

) (. 89.1). r1
. r2
,
.

,
.

1.2

.
(Ge, Si, Se)
(InSb, GaAs, CdS) .
,
,

.
. 3, ,
.
T = 0K ,
, ,
. (
)
,
.
, ( . 89.3
),
. (),
, .

.
,
, () ,

25

 89.3
.
, ,
( n-).

(),
( p-). ,
.
.
,
(,
, ..).
EF
(.89.2).
. ,
T = 0K .
.
(T > 0K)
50%.

26


,
E (.89.2).
. ,
,
. ,
,
.
.
,
.

R0 :

R = R 0e

E
2 kT ,

(89.1)

R0 , k
, .

:
,

.

,
. 89.4. 2 6.
1,
.
5.

4. 3,
.

27


(89.1).
:

89.4

ln R = ln R 0 +

E 1
2k T

(2) (

(89.2)
1
, ln R )
T

(. . 89.5),
tg =

. 89.5 ,

28

E
.
2k

(89.3)

ln R 2 ln R1
1
1
.

T 2 T1
(3) (4), :
tg =

E ln R 2 ln R1
=
1
1
,
2k

T 2 T1

(89.4)

(89.5)

89.5

A = E = 2k

ln R 2 ln R1
1
1
,

T 2 T1

(89.6)

A = 2kT 1T 2

ln R 2 ln R1
.
T 1 T 229

(89.7)


A T (T 1 +T 2)
2T
R ( R1 + R 2)
=
+
+
.
A
T 1T 2
T 1 T 2 R1R 2(ln R 2 ln R1)

(89.8)
, , .89.5,

T 2 T 1 .
2
1. ,

.
2.
70, 5.
3. R = f1(T)
.
4. lnR = f2(1/T) ,
, (89.7)
.
, .
5. (89.8),
.
6. .
7. .
89.1
.

T,

R,

1
T

-1

lnR

T, K

30

R, ,

A
A


1.
.
2. , ,
?
3. ,
?
4.
.
5. ?
6.
.
7.
.
8.
.
9. ,
,
?
10. ?
11. ?
12.

?
13. ?
14.

31

 101

: -

.
: ,
, , ,
, , .
1

1.1
, ,
. ,

.
,
,
(
).
. ,
,

32

 ,
.
,
.
. 101.1.
1 2
3 .
,
4. ,
3, .
, R ,

101.1
.
(10 4107) .
.


( ) .

. , ,

, .

.
,

.

33

 = (10 2103) .
.

1.2
i
U
- .

, . 101.2.
R .
R U .

101.2

V. i R
.
- .
,
i
, U:
i
=
.
(101.1)
U
i
i i:

34

i = i + i ,
:

(101.2)

i = i i .

(101.3)
:
= ES ,
(101.4)
, S
. :
I
E= 2 ,
(101.5)
r
I , r
. (89.5),
(89.4) :
IS
= 2 .
(101.6)
r
(101.3) (101.6) (101.1), :
i i
=
.
(101.7)
ISU
2
1.

1. (. 101.2).
2.
i U.
3. r
i.
4. (101.7)
.
5. 3-
.
2. -

1.

U.35

2.
i = f(U) = 0.
3. r
. (101.3)
i = const
U, .1.
4.
r2 , .3.
5.
r3 , .3.
6. 3 -
,
, (i = f(U) =
=const).
7. .

1. ?
2. .
3. ?
4. ?
5.
?
6. ?
7. ?
8.

.
9. - ?
10. ?
.
11. ?
12. ?
13.
.
14. ,

?
36

 102


:
.
: , , , .
1

1.1
.
,
.
, n-p-
( )
. ,
n-p-, .
, n- p-, , ,
,
.
. , ,
p-, .
n- p-.
, , p-,
.
37

 , p-,
n-. n- p-

, .
...
.

.
. ...
0.5.
,
... .

, ,
.
.

1.2

, :
i
= .
(102.1)

S:
= ES .
(102.2)
,
, :

,
l2

(102.3)

I ; l
. (102.3) (102.2), :

IS
.
l 2 38

(102.4)

 (102.4), (102.1) :
il 2
.
(102.5)
=
IS
,
(/).

, .

.
,
, - .
(n-p-
) (.102.1).
n-p-
,
( ,
, n-p-
(.1).
, .

, (
).

102.1

39

/.
, .

.

.
2
1.

1. i0,
.
2.
, ,
.
3. i'
.
4. 3- ,

.
5. (102.5)
, , i = i' i0.

2.

1. l
, .
, 10 l.
2. (102.4)
l.
3. .
102.1
.. ,

S, 2

l,

i0,
i',
40

i,

4. i = f().
5. .

1. ?
2. ?
3.
.
4.

?
5.
.
6. ?
7.
, ?
8.
?
9. ,
?
10. ?
11. ,
?

41

 110


:

.
: , , ,
.
1

1.1 ()
p-n-
,
.
p-n-
,
. ,
,

1949 .
. , . . ,
1956 . (TRANSFER RESISTOR
) ,
.

, 42

 ,
.
.
, ,
(

50-80C).
.
n-p-n-
(. 110.1). ,
( )
(,
, ),
.

110.1

,
.
n-p-

43

 ( ), pn- (
).
,
.
U R ,
U R .

-
. ,
p- .
( ), ,

,
.
,
.
U,
, R U.

(.110. 2). p-n .

. ,
.
,

.
, ,
- ,
(n-p-n p-n-p-).
,
. 110.3.
-
, , ,
.

44

 ,
, . ,
,
.
, ,
, .

110.2

45

 110.3

. , , ...
.
,
.
,
().
: ,

- .
, .

1.2

n-p-n
(.110.4). n-p-
,
.
.

46

 110.4

U = I R -

(110.1)

R- -. ,
.
, (p-).
.
( 10100 ).
0.30.5 .
0.01 .
, ,
-.
. , -.

47



. -

U = I R ,

(110.2)

; R -
-.

I < I
R >> R ,

(110.3)

(110.1) (110.2)

U > U ,

(110.4)

U
.
U

48

(110.5)

 110.5

1. ,
-.
2. U U 1.
3. U = f(U),
U , U .
4. U, U
- - .
5. (110.5)
.
49

6. /
.
7. .
110.1
. U, U,

U,

U,

1.
()?
2. .
3.
.
4.
.
5.
.
6.
.
7.
, U = f(U)?
8. ?
9.
?
10.
?

50

1. .., .., .., ..,

.. . . :
, 2002. 376.
2. .., .., ..
. 2. . : , 2001.
452.
3. .., . . 3.
. . : , 1999. 520.
4. .. . : ,
1990. 478.
5. .., .. . :
, 1989. 608.

51