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3

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4

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5

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ronrHn iQnoT rgooerGCnhn In

n sdG GeobnGCnhn rpHundp GHo
n nrSG njpdsGhn} QhJ gGC fCH
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fEa T Y dP qO GEh ,SEG cQGC e gh fEGh IdG bGE H

.keg hGC kjfK kT dfGCh SEG e beh gGC Y j
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SdG SG bh ,gGO GPGE hdG GJjh jdG a Gj GC HdG
e MGC a M e Mh ,e dh Qc gh Nh jcCG GCd jdG
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a adG eGC e c e VSG GC H da ,HUGC e QhdG jj
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p rndrG
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p jo nqdG sGEp pqdG nYn rcsnnan
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Y dd YLEG IdG a iQdG UDd IdG jBG AL :ddG

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o GndpGndrGhn} :dJ b GdGh adGh
lrnf osnoJ n phornrdpH sooJnrpcnh soobrRpQ ond pOodrnrdG nYnh nnYnVsdG spoj nCG nOGnQnCG
rEpan
n dpPn orep
p QpGndrG nYnhn ppdnnHp ods Oldoren nhn gnpdnnHp IlndpGhn QsBnJo n nnrSho sGEp
n nLo
n an QmhonJnhn noreu mVGnJn Yn knap GOnGQnGCn
(233 IdG) |nprnYn

IhM M dG :H

a ,eh AfCG jO fc iQdG GC jdG BGdG M c

pnndrG ap iQnGCn fuGEp snHo jn} jhDQ a YSGE HG Qhj gh MdG N Y
n
o HnPrGCn fuGCn
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fpo
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l ncp sdnGEp npdrGCo fuGEp
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nCo ndG njtGCn jn

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o co en perGCn ap fpoarGCn
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r dnbn @ njpeoCrJn GPnen pofan
p rdnGEp oerCnGhn mjpnT mSCrHn
IlnXpnan mjspnHp prdnGEp lnpSreo fuGEphn @ nonrjn
n dpncnhn kdsPpGCn npgrGCn InsYpGCn GonLnhn gnhonarGCn
seu lrNn osdG nfpJnBG nan mnHp pfnhtpJoGCn nbn nnrnoS AnLn snan @ nonSrodrG oLprjn nHp
(36 ` 29 dG) |nMonrJn ropjspnHp ofGCn rHn coJnBG

iQdG dGE eCG TJ dG jOMCG e dG dGh ddG dG ah

jDe fC SdG IQe Y Z a c dG SQ GC eh H dG dGE gYJh
Ijg HGC dG HdG Y ihQ c fGC GE H eh MdH dJ dG e
SQ QSG :b Y HG GhQ e dP eh HUC IQe SdG cGC c
QSa ,S pa JYh eb :a iQSCG a H HGC dG
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InnNpBG ojpjo oqdGhn nfrtdG nVnYn nhojpJo pVQrCnG ap n
p rjo sMn inrSGCn odn nojn GCn

l GnYn rJorNnGCn nap rosndn nnnS pqdG neu

l ncp nrds @ lpMn ljpYn oqdGhn
n Mn rorpZn sep Grooan @ lpYn
dG a :b (69 ` 67 fCG) |kuWn k
7

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Y J K Y VYCa H HCG a b ,S HCG bEG H M dG
H f dGh dG SQ j jJ fjGE :a Pe H S a ,Y VYCa
H dGE ]8[ gOcGC f GC JeGC dh ]7[ gN dG f GC JeGC d
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j Ich Ic bGe j jdG SdG Id VdGh
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dG SQdG S dG HdG eh HUGC SdG QSG
. jGCH dG SQ Yh jdG M dG H Y QTGC
dG edG QeCG a jdG SdG Y IQdG eGC bj d bGCh
FdG JM a JUN NGC a gj c H dG J
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gQSG e ch aEG KOH ` ej ` jEG V Hh adG
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.]11[ bJ jQdG Sh c gGS AdGh Y
fCG IQS J ,dG c :cdG LNGC ]6[
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8

IhM M dG :H

JLJ NBG fc dh ,iQdG Y HUC kjQJ c dP c

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a hGC dG T IQGOGE a JM e iQdG fc dGh jdG
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QSG jdG BGdG L ah ,IOdG gGCh IcdG fe b a ,dGh dG
cDjh JS a dG H Y eDdG eGC QS Gg Yh . HdG
H a dG IQe Z Y jH eh "iQT adG" : dH Gg
a" :j iQdG Fa a Lh dG c Y e
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Y Nh jf Sh dhGC IS IQdG" :iQdG Y HdG H H HGC eEG
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9

IhM M dG :H

iQdG FN :ddG dG
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:FdG
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k Yh kb SdG
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.(159 GY BG) |perCnG ap rgoQrhpnThn} :db a H f dJ dG eCHh
a GC ,MhdG dG a f Lj M J fGE iQdG .3
UdG a a hGC hVdG Sj QcdG edG gS c dG e
dG GE" : dd a iQd e a dG b ddG b eGC ,dG
,gJ a ATGC Mh ,gJ a ATGC Vah ,ghJ a GkOhM M
jM a dh ,]16[ "Y GJ a f Z H MQ ATGC Y Sh
a M eh ,M a Hc a dG MGC e ":b dG SQ GC e S
d j d dG Ea aY dG e Gba ,Y a Y S eh ,GM
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dG cCG eEG j .GhdG Y dU j e Gg dh ,JdBG Yh
fC UN f d Vj CG Z e fdG g J fEGh" :dG MQ T
a c h jJ cj d e H ,jdG c :dG LNGC ]16[
.OSG U bh 375U 2 cdG GhQ ]17[
10

IhM M dG :H

Vh a ,dG dGh GMCG H dG Lh a J dG dG e

dP a jh ,gH j e Y j
k UGC J dG dP a f
jh .]18[ "iQdG f a gZ GhRhj GC Y dG c dG
J ch ,iQdG g IQU e dh" :hVdG Sj QcdG PSCG
a J dh UdG cJ e Gg ?dGh cdG H bdG a UNh
dP a hda ,M H dh ,ahX bGh dh ,HSGC eR d C
,dG hX Z dG hXh ,eCG H Z dG Hh ,dG Z
jj dGh ,Jh Jh Y a gdG eGC iQd eL MGh T GdGEh
.]19[ "dG H jj h dG Od
kYT Rj Se YT Va iQdG f a LGdGh dG .5
c e kFc MGC e g hGC e d fGC c ,UfGh Y dG
.kee hGC kcM
T IQGOGE a eCG Y Gf g cdG hGC dG SGCQ Yh edG .6
b GPGE dY d c ,gJ hGC edG S SJ GC e
C dh ,WdG
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hGC dGh dG gGCh ,e edG dch ,ahe eeh Xh d cda
.441U jTh IY SEG ]18[
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11

IhM M dG :H

,b e cP e QWGE a Y d "ddG" UdG dH j e

kH H SdG H AdG e dG a dSQ d FdG dGh
dSQ d dGh jgdG dGh ,ddGh cdG Hh Hh
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eDdG OdG Uhh ,"iQdG" SH BGdG a IQS OQh GC qM dGE H
HL
E dh ,iQd YdG dG Y hDdG Qj "H iQT geGC" qC`H
SGh dG IM a iQdG e GC cf GC H Qj GDdG Gg Y
dc edG a ,c ffEG IdG eGC YJ H IOeh
f h QSG e N " Gkc SdG OOj dP Z ah GhdG ah AGdGh
dG fGEh e fGC dG gGC H N g iQdGh "QSG e
dGEh ?e GC LGh g g iQdG gC eCG dh hGC cdG IQe M
a VSh .hNBG gP fdG dGEh ,dG gGC e YL gP hCG GCdG
.e QdG f K jGCdG d dG Gg
d dh cdG Y LGh iQdG GC GCdG Gg UGC ij :hCG GCdG
edG j e ahGC jdG jdG a UN jGCH OGfGh cJ
ddG gP Gg dEGh ,dP Zh fGdG Sh GgdGh dGh dc
e QLh HdG gP dGEh ,adG db e QdG gh ,dGh
:ddG dOCH GCdG Gg UGC SGh ]20[ jUdGh ebCG

.598U 4 WdG ]20[

12

IhM M dG :H

p rndrG
n pZn van
n co rdnhn rodn
n dp pqdG neu mnMrQn npan} :dJ db .1

n ernYn GPnEpan perCnG ap rgoQrhpnThn rodn rprnrSGhn rorYn

o Yran
n dprMn rep Grtnfn
t
p jo nqdG sGEp pqdG nYn rcsnnan
a SG Lhh (159 GY BG) |npcunnodrG

Oj dh ,Z dEG LdG Y aJ jb OJ d e LdG j eCG CG jBG

,LdG cDJ IdGh UdG H LdG Y eCG j e dG e
j zgQhTh{ da Ld eCG gX" :J a RGdG dG j
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GeobnGCnhn rpHundp GHo
n nrSG njpdsGhn} :eDdG OY Uh a dJ db .2
n sdG
Lhh ,(38 iQdG) |nopjo rgonbrRnQn sephn ronrHn iQnoT rgooerGCnhn In
iQT geGC} CH eDdG Uh b dJ dG GC jBG a SG
GC Y dP qa ,ja gh ,IcdG FjGh Id ebEH |H

cDj dG H UdG eh .IcdGh Idc iQdH hQeCe eDdG

zH iQT geGCh{ dG eh :]22[ VQ TQ e PSCG j ,dP
dSCG a dP f Y c kM kVa fc cDj dG H cdG a
nKn
n Kn sppofCnHp nrHsnnjn
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MdH dJ dG e jDdG gh iQdG Y jdG SdG XGe .3
c HUGC a QhT d Ic bGe IdG c OQhGC a ,dGh
ah QH iSGC ah cdG VQCH dhf Yh LhN Y QH IhZ a M
.bGdG e dP Zh dGh MGC
.67U 9 RGdG J ]21[
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13

IhM M dG :H

a QdG eEG b ,iQdG Y jTGdG AdG XGe .4

QeCG a dG gGC e AeCG hj dG H FCG fch" :U
dG NGCh" :QdG a a M HG b .]23[ "SCH GhNCd MdG
a f eGC Y OQh GPGE H HGC c b Ge H e Y U H
,H b dG SQ S e Y GEh ,H b a Lh Ea dG c
dG ShhDQ YO dP YGC Ea ,dG Y dG Ca N j d GEh
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e ,MCG FGYh jdG YGb e iQdGh" :Y HG j .5
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KCSGh Y Y iQdG J GPGE kLGh cdG Y c d LGh iQdG
GCeh SEG a dG Y b IYb J fC dG c fGEh ,dH
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dG f a GCdG Gg SEG Qj (159 GY BG) |perCnG ap rgoQrhpnThn}
dG e
C d j Wb f gh ,dj dG g dG SQ eh M
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14

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15

IhM M dG :H

fGE H j} dJ db a dG Y gGHGE IQSG Y eCG Sb eGCh

j d dG Y gGHGE da |iJ GPe fa HPGC fGC dG a iQGC
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Y YSGE fS QOGC bh ,(102 adG) |

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p nnS oenDrJo en rnarG
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d kdCJh HUGC d kJ iQdH eGCo SdG CH db eGC .2

AL iQdH eCG j GC dG e d H LdG aj dP Ea
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16

IhM M dG :H

U a SdG cJ d LGh iQdG fc d :db eGC .3

e CH OhOe dP Ea ,J IhZ a dch jb H IhZ ah jdG
U a c dEG eCG c cP dG eCG ah ,a f a iQdG
a e H Y Y VYG M jdG SdG j PGE jdG
YGC dh dG SQ fGE" : b dH kaLGE gBGQ OH e dG
eCG jL AL a jb H d dH f dGh .]31[ "j dh
dGE FS fGEh jb H dGE J GC eCj dG GE" :d bh dG SQ dGE
dG cMGC j " :bh SdG a Oj e eCa ,]32[ "H da
bJ M j d PGE d dH eCG c dch ,]33[ "jb H a GE
. d kche
YGC b c eSGC L Ea jdG H HGC d dH eGC .4
j dh jdG SdG aJ K Jah b H jdG SdG
. SdG eGC J g jdG a e a H dG
GQGdH OGfGh cdG OGSG dGE ODj Hhe iQdG CH dG .5
QY a ge Ggh ,QedGh jdG eCG Y j e gZh jdG
J QGdG PJG a QJ M eG GC M a ,OdG dGh OGSG
CH cdG j c Whh eC FfHa Oa c jh de
feGC a b dh Sj e g GCh jGCH j GC d dh ce ddG
a dG f Oj SEGh" :dG MQ IOY QOdG Y PSCG j ,d
.237U 6 QdG a ]31[
.328U 6 QdG a ]32[
.HdG LdG ]33[
17

IhM M dG :H

eCH d ddG dG QJ GC YdG d iQdG dGE YdG

Y GhOM hGC JLGh AGOGC Y GhY c dJ GC dh YdG a dG
H QSG Hh dG H j iQdG f GC c jdG jdG
SEG AL bh ,JQNG jdG dG Y bQ YdG j PGE ,YdG
Y kfb Y MCH HdG hdG aJ GC b dG Wh iQdG H
(38 iQdG) |ronrHn iQnoT rgooerGCnhn} :dJ dH dG Gg Va bh bCG
.]34[ (159 GY BG) |perCnG ap rgoQrhpnThn} :dHh
iQdG f :edG dG
j e hGC cdG g H ,e GC ee dG g IQhdG J GC H
dGE dBG H NCj CH e g g eSEG dhdG FGhO e IFGO GC a ee
NCG H e g GC jGCQ dN GEh ZCG GCH NCG GC iQdG f
Lf K gcf ,dO dh eSEG dG a jGCQ K .dGE eCGh dGh
.H NCH QLCGh JH dhCG fGC d j e
hGC ZCG GCH NCj GC cdh ,e iQdG CH ij :hCG GCdG
:ddG dOCH GCdG Gg UGC SGh NCj
BG) |pqdG nYn rcsnnan
n ernYn GPnEpan perCnG ap rgoQrhpnThn} :dJ db .1
kaQh ,Sd kJ HUGC Qhj GC f dJ dG eGC a (159 GY
K ,MH jGCQ Y ZGC b dJ dG c GEh ,jO Y kdCJh ,gQGbC
Y dG Y cjh a j GC eGC Y Y GPGE:IOb b c eGC
rcsnnan
n ernYn GPnEpan} :dJ dd J a RdG gP Gg dGEh ,JQhe
.123 ,122U ffdG YVhGCh SEG ]34[
18

IhM M dG :H

ca IQhdG Y eY GPEa j :j PGE (159 GY BG) |pqdG nYn

Y OYG d j GC OdGh ,c QeGC a dH SGC GC dG Y
.]35[ "cdG aJ IQhdG GCh QeGC L a dJ dG Y GE T
a M c HUGC GCQ jdG SdG a dN bGe K .2
GC GWh ,MdG MdG dG H Hc cdG aQ M jdG U
Gj GC SdG eCa ,e jdG dGE AL e dGE dG Oj
.]36[ jb dGE ke jdG dGE AL e OQ Y aGhh ,dG SH
IcdG fe b a jGCH jdG H HGC TGdG dG SG .3
:IdG db dbh dG H Y eh HdG e c VQe ZQ
bdG fh ,"Y Jd dG Sd fhODj Gfc kY fe d dGh"
.PfEH J M eSGC L J e c
khGC e g SdG Qhj dG dG hGC cdG hGC dhdG FQ .4
a ,(38 KdG) |lngpQn
r nncn nHp mrfn tco} jOa de Y Y GkNGCh
.dG a he M K iQdG gGC GCH NGC
Y kFGO
k dO d dG GC c GU Y kFGO d IdG .5
nncrGCn rpJo GEphn} :dJ dG j Gg ah IdG e CdG j b H ,EdG
.(116 fCG) |pqdG ppnS Yn ntpjo pVQrCnG ap en
j h ,ee iQdG GC hj GCdG Gg UGCh :fdG GCdG
:ddG dOCH djh ,de
.296U1 RdG J ]35[
.WdGh dGd IdG ah g H jdG IdG ]36[
19

IhM M dG :H

jBG a eCa (159 GY BG) |perCnG ap rgoQrhpnThn} :dJ db .1

H GE LGdG j eh ,d e a GEh ,FH GdEG j gh Ld
.LGh a
:dJ dH "iQdG" SH S IQS a eDdG dJ dG Uh .2
Uh H UdG Gg AL bh (38 iQdG) |ronrHn iQnoT rgooerGCnhn}
(38 iQdG) |opjo rgonbrRnQn sephn}h (38 iQdG) |In
n sdG GeobnGCnhn}
UdG JCj GC j h ,SEG cQGC e ja IcdG AjGEh IdG ebGEh
.HLh cDj LGdG H cP fGEh af H
GCQ Y VYGCh HUGC QhT dG GC j d PGE :dG dG .3
,jGCQ dN GEh HUGC GCH NCG Y kjM c fGEh ]37[ ZCG
dG ah ,jb d LhN a QH j HU JQhe dP eh
j hdH Y GhQTGC M dc jGCH NGC bh ,QH iQSGC ah df dG
dZ GCQ Y f dh jGCd kde dP ch ,jb Ibd MGC
.bGdG e gZh GMCG a Gg e Mh ,HUGC
GEh T a ce dj GC dcdG eh ,eCG Y ch cdG .4
KOM cP eH dG MQ T dG cCG eEG j ,e dG SG
M H Y de iGCQ M dG j HUC dG IQhe
Y GLj GC Y jdG QK K Y Z GFb Y H QdGh
gh j ,jGCQ jGCQ dN M HUGC GCQ Y dhfh d gQM
GC Y j kee kSQ c dh cdG GC gh ,eg GkQSO J KOdG
J Ige j GC h ,g CT a GCH j GC h ,dG eCH j
.106U eSEG dG f X a iQdG ]37[
20

IhM M dG :H

c AdGE M e
C d c a Ea ,FGQBG NGCh JQe hO GdG CH dG
.]38[ GCQ a d j d Ige c jJh ,fhO e H SG e
Lf GC dOGCh jGCdG d SGQO N e f :QdG GCdG
:ddG GQYd iQdG hH FdG GCdG
.Y dG GVQ HdG ah dGh BGdG e GCdG Gg dOGC Ib .1
jdG g e IOSG j h SEG FGa e ja iQdG .2
a jfK jdG g H GEh FH dG hH GE cCG Lh Y
IYb GE" :eSEG edG Hc a OhOdG PSG j ,dG dBG
eN ...QeGC N JGH J (38 iQdG) |ronrHn iQnoT rgooerGCnhn}
AGQBG dGE eCG dh j GC eGC ,jcGC hGC iQdG gGC Y j H dG
ddG g a iQdG Ea ,eJ jH H g Qj K iQdG gGC L
b fGEh zgeGC a JQeh ghDGQBG NDJ{ j d da bh ge J
a gQhH gQeGC J GC j ,(38 iQdG) |ronrHn iQnoT rgooerGCnhn}
QhdG e fGEh a GCdG NCH j dEG dG Gg Jh ,H
.]39[ "jcCG hGC LEH Qj e ah QeCG J GC Jh d
a j cM H qj CG e eCd Y ZCG CGH cdG GdEG .3
kSQ c dh cdG GE" :dG MQ T dG b H qe bh ,ge
h g CT a GCH j GC h dG eCH j GC Y j kee
a Ea FBGQGC NGCh JQe hO GdG CH dG J Ige j GC
.522U SEG LJ e ` T dG ]38[
.144U iQdG M :SQa HGC e c Y f 94U eSEG edG ]39[
21

IhM M dG :H

d j d Ige c jJh fhO e H SG e c AdGE M e

C d c
.]40[ "GCQ a
dh jJh gG e jGCQ GC j M QdG GC a T e .4
AGSGE a L jh Sh S fEa eCG a QGdG Qe jJ a fRh
dG AH a JGQd QXGEh eCG bd J Gg ah ,jdG GCdG
e IFa jM Oe jGCQ GC QdG j M j dGh ,dhdGh
J GHh ,e IOSG j AGQBG RGHE dG Y j fEa ,FGQh
.eGCo e a cQdG Y ddG dGE SdG Cjh GHEG qjh bdG
WGjdG :fdG dG

jdG :hCG dG
Jh (Demos) J d e e gh ,HY Z c WGjdG
g d adG dG Ea dP Yh ,dG Jh (Kratos)h dG
.dG S
:UG a WGjdG
g dG GC QYH ]41[ IOdGh dG dG LH dj M f
dG dG a WGjdG GC bGdGh ,dG Qe gh IOdG MU
a M f J GC e TGCh ShGC gGf kef gJ dG OdG NGO
e YLG IdG Me c a Ze g fGEh ,HGf hGC dG j
.SdG IdG fL dGE jObGh adGh
.522U SEG LJ e ]40[
.251U SdG dGh dhdG ]41[
22

IhM M dG :H

gQJh WGjdG ICf :fdG dG

Gg OQh bh ,H eR dEG d c WGjdG QX Lj
N bh ,jQdG Hc a WaGC fhO dG SQGC dJ a UG
KGC IQdG fe a dd kJ f PGE ,dG a dG Gd jZEG
edG ZCG j c ZCG M GC g Mj dG dh ,WQSGEh
dPh ,]42[ gGS hO QGMCG WGdG dZ fGEh ,Wb dG OGaC
j dh .ej ffdG dG a IFS fc dG dG dGE LGQ
g a MdG ZCG fc PGE ,fa hGC GfG hGC ehQ a Y ffdG bGdG
jO YH kee ej OdG ch ,cdG bCG X J J OdG
dh ,jJj dG dG d J H JhK Y fS J CG J dG dhdG
e kdZ dGh ,dhdG gQJ dG eGhCG QWGE a GE f
E d jM K J
cGC HhQhGC j bG X dh ,AZCG dG W M YJ fc
dG J dh ,fehdG fdGh fehdG jQWheG X a Y dGC e
J YLGh jObGh SdG VhCG cJ H ,bGdG Gg e kT
X PGE ,dG a dh dG a a J K c GEh Y g e Y
a dG X gQYH SdG dEG dG H j he
.]43[ Se geGCh eGC ea VQCG
Y SOdG dG a eb dG jdG hdG X a AS eCG OGORGh
Y hQj SdG Lh GQdG TGC e fShdGh dKdG dG H
a QdG dGE jL e WGjdG Ia OY gh ,dGh dG LQ
.253U HdG LdG f ]42[
H 79U IUe ja gGe ]43[
23

IhM M dG :H

dG QX KGC dG (1649 ` 1642) Y jfG IQdG YGC

dQJ dG jH f jYh SSh fdH Qe H jQSdG
fe) :eGC Y edG dG Sa MG bh ,eGYGEh ceh
dGE iOGC e jdG jYdH ghYh IdG g gZh (SQ L Lh
dG M dGE jdG Ia e WGjdH LN dG fdG IQdG fG
Vh dG d kSSGC Lh WGjdG GCdG YCa ,dGh
C hGC g jC dh eCG a Ice c IOdG GC Qbh ,dG YGE
.]44[ gQe eCG J d e S SG T
fEG M a YGCh fdG QSdG a fGdG g Vh bh
f WGjdG fa ,LGdGh dG a IGhdG GCe fa Qbh
g eh ,jeGCh HhQhGC hO dP a fa Jh ,dG OLdG dGE Ic
,SdG dEG dG S jdG Ld j a HhQhGC a GMCG J
jJ S a ,dG a Jh ,dG Hbd edG Nh
edG Xh UGCh ,e Fb S gh ,HGf hGC dG gj
dGE LdG hO jV VJ hGC kffb J GC M e a ,H jJ
a QJ be adG NGCh ,dGh adG jM Cfh ,dG
fh WGjdG QU fc Gg e dh ,jdG WGjdG YU
.jh dGE jh e MGdG dG NGO H H dGE H e J J
WGjdG QU :ddG dG
NBG dGE eR eh iNGC dGE dhO e IOe GkQU WGjdG JG
:K QU Y SG M Jh
.44U jdG dhO a iQdG ]44[
24

IhM M dG :H

ITdG WGjdG .1
dG hGj IQdG g a PGE ,ddG dGE WGjdG QU bGC gh
a J IQdG g fch ,Y J e g fhO H dG
jQdG Y a W c "WSGCh KGC" :e jdG ffdG dG
L fc M SdG QdG a djEG jQdG dch fehdG
fH J dG gh ,H J fhO dG OGaGC L J dG
NEG Y Seh bGH J ddHh fGC edG LQ
,fGdGh YhdG OYGh Seh fGdG H J c dYCH
IGhdG SSGC Y J fGC WGjdG QU e IQdG g jGe gGC eh
,eM IQGOGEh fT be a jM Jh ,kL dG AHGC H
:e GQY idG hdG a UN kdM dG e dP e dh
.kHS j c c MGh e a c dG L HU `
ah AGN dGE J j Jh eCG J dG jdG J `
.AdGh jdG e a UN
HdG WGjdG .2
ITdG WGjdG J dS f IQhc IQdG g AL bh
Y fGEh H dG a SQj dG C Hf Sh ,bGdG a
GS S hGC GS S hGC N c Ie QNEH j Hf e jW
IQGOGEh dG SQe a dG Y Hf dG Gg jh ,JSdG M
OdG H a c e hGC e e ddG J AGSh ,OdG T
dG b e HfG j jJ e Y IQY ddG j M

25

IhM M dG :H

a dGh ,ddG AYGC gQNG OH jQSdG e J dG

IFGO j c GEh H IFGO Y c eCG Y j fGE HdG dG
dG H dG Y J fCH HdG WGjdG RJh ,ddG NGO
jd kfU j e IMGh j a dG cJ hO j dG eCG
:KK TCH HdG WGjdG a dG jh ,OGSd keh
.fddG HdG dG `
.SGCdG HdG dG `
.dG HdG dG `
ITdG T WGjdG .3
Y j ,HdG WGjdGh ITdG WGjdG H j f gh
MU QYH d LdG e dG e e dH OLh SSGC
d S NdG j GC dG Gg Y Jjh dG Qeh IOdG
Y Sh M dG SQjh iNBG dG fL dGE feh Ya
Y dc jh kSS hGC c kjJ QeCG e eGC a dG ASG jW
ddG jh QGb he NdG e OY j CH dG GbG jW
a NdG H dPh dG VGYG jW Y j c bH
T dG H ah e Ie N a ddG e QOU fb Y VGYCG
FQ Y Mh H ddG M hGC FdG Y NdG M e j ITdG
eCG Vj K NdG e OY W jW Y IOY jh jQdG
.dG AS
E d
GkJ Ie J QJ dG GQGdG GC WGjdG e dG Gg j eh
j fGC c e fb Y Vj d GPGE VGYG M e PGE dG Y kM
26

IhM M dG :H

j GHh HfG a IOY J dG GeCG ShAQh GMCG IS e

T WGjdG GH jS Jh .dG a M cQe kcQe dG
gge H fa NGCh jeG jdG H H NGC c ITdG
.e H
WGjdG FN :HGdG dG
ghVdG fG Y Z Y WGjdG dG J FN K
j bh N eR e H NC H e dG MdG e hJ FdG
.dG dGE jdG Rhj H
:g FdG g RHGCh
SLGCh bGYGC NGC Y kL dG OGaGC H IGhdG .1
edG LGdGh dG ah SdG bM SQe a dTGCh fGdGCh
.AGS fdG eGC kL SdG GC c
de Y adG H GE J dGh d dG jdG .2
QNGh H f M a dG jM e dGh dG M hGC dhdG
.jdG TGC e dP Z dGE GCdG AGHGEh dG jMh eM
Y dG a c bM IYGeh ,eOBG GMGh ,OdH gG .3
JLM ac aJh ,YLGh dG eCdGh dG a Mh ,jc
.fEc H j ie a j J dG Jdch
a dG dh jdG Qe g H dG Qe a ,d IOdG .4
.JS GSGASGC GPGE hDe GC hGC cdG Y dG M hGC Y

27

IhM M dG :H

FQ hGC cM j a e dG a ,dG H dG .5
OdG hdG QGH GE iNCG a NJ h JGH J S c fGEh
:g dG gh
GJ e AdGE hGC jJh fGdGh MCG QGUGE eh :jdG dG `
.gJ bGe e e
Y QJ dG jdGh fGdG J eh :jdG dG `
eGCh WGdG LM aJ Y dG e GC c jdG dG
.QGSGh
AGS jb e Y Vj e c a dH Jh :FdG dG `
.cdG dGh dG H hGC kH H dG AHGC H fc
fGC GC ,dhdG fY fj e NBG H hGC ,dhdG Y jdG a .6
dG GdG Y Jf dPh ,JjJ a jdG Nj h jH jJ dhO
Y SG dGh ,dhdG LQh dG LQ H SdG QdG a QGO
Ggh dGh adGh YLG H SdG dG Y dG J
.H j dG jdG dG OGaGC e Oa c QNG jM e j
iQdGh WGjdG H :ddG dG

Hb ieh WGjdG dGE SEG AY If a jJh AGQBG NG

iQdGh g GH lc WGjdG GC ij e a ,iQdG e gH hGC
bh ,H a iQdGh WGjdG GC ij e eh ,j f
ch ,Y Jh iQdG Y J WGjdG GC dGE ADg H gj
H aGdGh GdG LhGC VGSG a dh ,T f Lh e jGCdG
28

IhM M dG :H

,QeGC a bj bh QeGC a j b fGC d j iQdGh WGjdG

.WGdGh iQdG H GdG LhCH GCHCSh
.WGjdGh iQdG H GdG LhGC :hCG dG
perCnG ap rgoQrhpnThn} dJh fS H eGC M fHQ e iQdG .1
n ernYn GPnEpan
geGCh} OY H Uhh (159 GY BG) |pqdG nYn rcsnnan
dG jj H Vh a WGjdG eGC .(138 iQdG) |H iQT

.dGh
pGEp} :dJ b c dJh fS d a cdGh iQdG Le .2
n pSsdG nncrGCn spdnhn oundrG ojudG
n dpPn ojsGEp sGEp GrhoorJn sGCn nenGCn pqdp sGEp or
o drG
ep pap rornnNrG enhn} :fS j iQdG IQS ah (40 Sj) |nonrjn
o an AmrnT
AmrnT ap roYrRnnJn Epan} AdG IQS ah (10 iQdG) |psdG dnGEp oor
eGC .(59 AdG) |pNpBG prndrGhn pqdHp noepDrJo roco GEp poSsdGhn pqdG dnGEp ohOtoan

.JSdGh fGdG J eh ,dG La WGjdG

b ddG b UdG Z a hGC a f a J fGE iQdG .3
GkY S fGEh ,dG dG e dG e a J fGC H ,dG
,M a Hc a dG MGC e" S GhQ dG jdG jdG e GkNGC
d dG Ea aY dG e Gba ,Y a Y S eh ,GM a dG M eh
a Ea g eh (64 je) |vpfn
n HtQn ncn enhn} J K ]45[ "kT d j
da ,TdG Ve Vh hGC H SdG Rj Se GkQeGC iQdG
b c K dLQh QGdG GhQ jdGh ,eSEG jdG a fhdGh dG eGY ]45[
.gdG aGhh OSEG U bh ,375/2 QdG a cdGh 55/7FGhdG e a dG
29

IhM M dG :H

RCGh fCGh dGh dG fEG" Wb H dG QdG eM ke

onRrCnGhn
o nfCnGhn oprndrGhn or
n drG nfsGEp} La dG Y e LQ
GC" `H SdG gS bh (90 IFdG) |oopnLran pnrsdG pnYn reu lLrQp
dhW Y jJ hGC dG J Vj GC SEG a j a "FdG
:dJ b M dJ dG M H d fC ? GC efGC iQdGh TdG
rep Ionn
p drG oodn nojn GCn GkerGCn odooSQnhn osdG nbn GPnGEp mnepDreo nhn mepDrodp ncn enhn}
he T c ,Ad SGb a WGjdG a eGC (36 GMCG) |rgpperGCn
,H GCQh e YT f H a ,Td dj c dhdG Y
,OhM H T c J e jdG a eCG Sh ,jdG g dGh
e J dG gh QSdG J dG g eCG Ea QSdG OhM a b GEh
.ZCG ij M AJ
VaGC bh ,JgDeh JU d dGh dG gGC g iQdG gGC .4
WGjdG eGC .Y Gfj GC j eh iQdG gGC U cP a AdG
Qj a dWh dU eGCh FQb gLh dY AGS Sda
.fGd dGh SH dGh d dG g j keGC c dh dG
OdG HJ a eh SEG YGb Y j fjGE f iQdG .5
Ua dG a fjEG GdG fL YGj ddh ;dG UGEh
j dG Ggh .fjGE UhGC IH Uh H AL iQdH eDdG
da fjOGCh bGYGCh fGdGCh SLGC NG Y kL dG eeGC
WGjdG dG eCG .]46[ "dG SCc SGS SdG" b c SGS
dH jh "fY" f j c a ,a jd e L a
LNGC ]46[
30

IhM M dG :H

Qe c GPGEh ,Ggh YLGh jObGh SdG IdG Y jdG a

LQ Hh ,dGh dG H SdG hdG a M dG GdG g dP
dP e kT j d fhb OGeG Y SEG Y Ea ,dhdG LQh jdG
e dG d FN e jdG Gg a dJh fS dG OhGC d
hj GdG e c a WGjd dG dG if dch .J
ch ,dH dG e RH ddh ,QeCG e WdG a Gkc kJhJ
a d M e AJ e QJ GC dG M a ,WGjdG GJ
e eSEG dG QJ GC WGjdG hO e d dP j d dG
.dP Y gT cGC ]47[ ah FGdGh jh j
AGdG Y eCG OGaGC d de jdGh dG iQdG QWGE a .6
dGh jdG M e AGdG jdG UH Je jO LGh fGC H
W fhO YdGh OdG e H FGJ gh ,dGh dGh dGh
jNBG dd IYGe gY J HGVh OhM Kh ,NBG Y gMGC
Se jdGh dG Ea WGjdG a eGC ,dG d hGC bMh
AJ b j e e gh ,Ifeh c H eCG Y M
.gYe J hGC jNBd
dH J dG ddG Y Fb SEG a SS c iQdG .7
kesGCo nSsdG nn
n dn
n HtQn AnnT rdnhn} Mh dG e ah dG H NGh
n dpndphn
n HtQn nMpQs en sGEp ppn
r eo ndoGnjn nhn IknMpGhn
(119 ` 118 Og) |ronnNn
dG fch dG SOh j dh dG b PfG L FGdG dG QNG a ]47[
Y Vah UM SM dG dG QNG M a ah .BG b dG gG
.Yj e c Og H GYdG Y bJh OdG
31

IhM M dG :H

pVQrCnGhn
p GhnnsdG orNn pJpjnBG rephn} dGh dGh dGh dG J
m jnB
n dpPn ap sGEp rofpGndrGCnhn ropnpdrGCn
o
n pNrGhn
bGC H .(22 hdG) |npdpnrdu
GcEH J IYdGh (6 hadG) |pjOp ndphn roojOp rodn} jO Y NBG
fGEh (256 IdG) |undrG nep orTtdG nsnJs bn pjudG ap nGncrGEp n} j dJ da
pnr
p drHp
n HuQn ppnS dpGEp oOrG} jdG BGdG cP c dG HSGC d
n drG pnYprndrGhn
jGCQ ddh ;(125 dG) |onMrGCn ngp pdsHp odrOpLnhn pnn

h IQM h kjQJ d dGC a kfhb a Mh Ic GkOH NO SEG

ej dGE e aGYGCh gdJh JGOYh jRh dG d H H kb
AdGE dGE J fGE M ddG FN NGC Ea WGjdG eGC .]48[ Gg
d QdG QEGh ddGh GOdGh GYCGh dGh adG c
iJ a ddh ;IMGh JH a c ddG Uh ,]49[ dG dGh
GC Jh ,Mh HdG QdG gh ,MUh jdG Qd MGh Qe iS
h QJ j a QdG Gg QWGE a OJ GC j c dG bGe
.N kJe QdG Gg Y c GPGE GE H e J
.WGjdGh iQdG H adG LhGC :fdG dG
a ,Jhe H dh SEG e WGjdG a bJ QeGC K
dGC GC hMCSh ,SG GE dG M e d d Hh bGC Hh jb
.iQdGh WGjdG H bdG f H Y AdG
fhfGh jde dP Y eh SEG dJ e Jh jdG dJ d e Gg ]48[
.dGh dGh
dG SSGC Y IS
C d jL jJ e dGE Yj eh H JDH j a dP jh ]49[
dG QGgGE e dP Z dGE AJ e f a J GC a IGCdG Mh dG PhdH QGbGh
.jhdG jOCG dGE YJ dG NCGh
32

IhM M dG :H

fEG M .1
N d hGC e dJ dG ecGC ,MhQ e fh H dG U fEG
:Fd HN kLe dJ b c ASCG Yh Fe d SCa a
d Mh (29 dG) |njpLpnS odn Gronan MphQt ep pap
o
r nfnhn oojrsnS GPnEpan}
:d a d Y fGCh MQ e dJh fS OW OB HGE j
| pjudG prnj ndpEG nnrsdG nrnnY spEGnh lpLnQ nsfpEna nrpe rorNna nnb}
E d jJ GkcDe fS bh ,(35 ` 34 dG)
nOnBG pHn nerscn rndnhn} :f
nrnNn rseu mpcn nYn rgonrsanhn
p nusdG neu gonbrRnQnhn p
r ndrGhn undrG ap rgonrnMnhn
k prJn
hP gLah gH Wb gL GC" SdCG b (70 AGSEG) |

QU dG fEG d ddG YEG c GPGEh ,"Seh T GC c

dhdG J id kdhO dG SdG g ]50[ 1948 Y IdG eCG Y
YdG cfd f SCH ddG a c iU Qhd c bh bQh
Ea IdG M gh bM HGC e Sh ,ddG a fEG dW dG
M L M edG e kfb IY KK Y jj H SCH ddG S SEG
dSdG g L H jdG YT dG LGdGh FGdG e kYf fEG
Gg e T Y AGYG Lh ,VdGh dGh dGh dGh jdG M g
f
E d j e jdG e T dG Gg ah dJ dG Qe Y AGYG
:dG J qgGC eh dG g
IdG M ` GC
,Y AGYG MC Rj kSe kM f
E d IdG M SEG L
SdG Y AGYG g YT M H IMGh f Y AGYG SEG YG bh
e dP MU eh dG dG M ZG a J dG Gg a GC dG e ]50[
.jQdG Y jh e QRe
33

IhM M dG :H

nnbn nfsCnnan pVQrCnG ap Omnan hrGCn mrfn prnHp krfn nnbn en} :dJ b c kL
e H j d kL dG g fc d M ,(32 IFdG) |kpLn nSsdG
rodnhn} :dJ a dG dG a UdG SEG T bh .]51[ CG MQ
p ndrCnG rdphGCo rjn IlnMn pUnpdrG ap
Y MGC hDj M dPh ,(179 IdG) |

a dG IM Y AGYH ke Gg dh ,Z IM Y j GC
a M Y Rj GC d a ,f Y fEG AGYG d YdG j H
SdG j dH dP c d M hdG e X GC J IdG
dG a H c Ea ,HUGC d dG cMGC j " : jdG
dG Ge ah "d kGN dG c e eCGh d kGN IdG fc e MCG
ppnS ap GroJpbnhn} :dJ j j h Jb e GE Jj GC dG Uj
cDjh) (190 IdG) | n j p n r o r d G u p o j n n q d G s p E G r G h o n r n J n n h r o n f o p J n o j n j p s d G p q d G
:dH Od GLN GPGE HdG Uj a jdG SdG dG Gg
GkU
k W h kfa kT GJ h dG SQ e Yh dHh dG SH GfG"
a gdG e Njh ,dG Y hH ADg C ,]52[ "ICGeG h
fGC GYR keb Sh" :dH jj H HGC dG Uh a ,eGU
dch ,]53[ "d fGC GM fGC GYR eh gQa d fGC GM
a ,d Vj CH SdG Uh a MdGh AGLCG gh AdG
j a ddG H dH dG" :d b dG SQ GC HdG H HQ jM
.]54[ "kY h jQP
.e W QGbEH CG IM Y e IQN g fc GPGE GE VLG SEG M ]51[
cdG AYO a H ,OdG c hGC c :OhGO HGC LNGC ]52[
.719U 2 WdG J ]53[
OdG c :cdG LNG ]54[
34

IhM M dG :H

d ddh ;LJ Oe J dh bGdG a de LdG g fch

dG Ggh "Jd g fc e" :bh GkjT kZ Z de IGCeG iGCQ
dG c ddh jO hGC bY hGC L hGC fd Y GkH fEc f
E d e
.dG g fc kjGC (32 IFdG) |mrfn prnHp krfn nnbn en} kVGh fBGdG
dc f
E d IdG M J fGbh JHOGC GC Za WGjdG eGC
dG dG a Qb jd WGjdG YJ dG hdG e Gkc if fGC GE
GdG jh gGC bGPGC iNGC hO MH eb e hdG g e a
e YdG dG c H kje h kU h IGCeG h Gkc kT MJ a
QGgGE Gj h ,fdGh dhCG ddG HdG a M c dG e c
GdGh a a j c dG dGE Fb IjL h fP H SdG IM
J a,dG H jJ g H ,GdG e gZh faGh dGh
hCG ddG e ddG dG J Mh ,H HDj ddG ddG e f
e gGC Y RdG a ,ddG e eh iGCe Y J h fdG J
Jh WGdG Yh GSCG a AjHCG jh dGh dGh AdG
Jj dG je ,J h WGjdG J h dG Y LdG
eH keW h Ce hj SBG a hOe eh jaGC a kYL
GQeh OTh b e bh JH fdGh RdG eg
Uj dch dGh dG a eh SCG fGE Y J GQhdG
OLh d hGC AGhdG Gd WCG e GdG jh dG dG
HfG Lh WGjdG jW QNG dG dG GC dGh dG
fa WGjdG hdG J h dG gVj eM RaGC IM
dG a PGE Ida ,WGjdG Qd bj GC H dG GC dG
.dH a dGh L hO d e WGjdG
35

IhM M dG :H

eGdG M `
FS J c a IdG qM g fEG M j GC SEG Cj d
dd kbGe d dG jJ SJ dG jdG IdG d OGQGC fGEh ,FdG

p nusdG neu gonbrRnQnhn p

r ndrGhn undrG ap rgonrnMnhn nOnBG pHn nerscn rndnhn} :dJ
MC Cj d ddh ;(70 AGSEG) |prJn nrnNn rseu mpcn nYn rgonrsanhn
SEG Ge a SdGh Qb e jh eGc e j GC c e kFc
rconrnLnhn nfGCohn mcnPn eu conrnNn fsGEp oSsdG njtGCn jn} AGM eGCh OBG gHGC ,AGS
Y GC jh (13 GdG) |rconJrGCn psdG nYp roenncrGCn sGEp GaoQnnndp nFpnbnhn HkooT
?eCH JYGC" :jGE GkLGR SdG d b AGOdG HG j d bh kH QP HGC
H dG UdG H hY HG V Mh ,]55[ "gL a hDeG fGE
Y SQGC jdH eDdG eGC dG H Y dGE j dG ALh
hY HG H dG Y eGC GM eYh ,HGh UdG H hY W a
Y GCJ fEa HGC U Y gQOGC d b K ,kUb UdG H
fEG M JSd kfGY QU dG db Y bh ,HGC H
.]56[ "GkQGMGC JeGC Jdh bh SdG JSG e"
e H fEG jJh dG ebGEh dG MGE a Y j dh
fGEh ,SEG a feh HGh UdG H hY jQd j dh ,bh
J GC SEG d V fEc fEG eGd GkNGCh khGC JGf fc
GoNorJn n GoenBG njpdsG njtGCn jn} Lh f eGc Y a eh H eGc
rosndn rods lrNn rodpPn npgrGCn nYn GounJohn GofpCrnrJn sMn roJpoHo nrZn JkoHo
UdG H ,jCG c :QdG LNGC ]55[
.Od Y jY ]56[
36

IhM M dG :H

oodn nbp GEphn rodn nPnDrjo sMn gnoNorJn

n an GkMnGCn nap Gho
p Jn rds Epan @ nhocsnJn
a UCGh ,(21 QdG) |lpYn nonrJn nHp osdGhn rodn cnRrGCn ngo GoLpQran GoLpQrG
GoenBG njpdsG njtGCn jn} Y j h GkN GE H j a MS IAGH fEG
n Jn nhn lKrGEp usdG nrHn sGEp usdG neu Gkpcn GopnLrG
.(12 GdG) |Gos

a GYG Y GcEG eGC ,fGOGE J M H SEG f a dGh

dGh dGh jdGh dG GC a AdG H N h ,H FL
kU dG QGbGE SEG f a j h ]57[ GcEG a c NGO
.]58[ "Y GgSG eh dGh CdG eGC Y RhJ dG GE" : dd
V Xe fEG eGc GC a T a WGjdG a eGC
FN gGC e g H ,WGjdG OdG J dG JSdGh HOCG
cj GC fEG j e f dG d dG Y dh ;WGjdG
b e GdG a jZ HGC S a M a fEG eGd cfG e
H AdG jJh Vd fG e AdG H jeG OdG
ah FGSCG MG S ah efGL S a j eh GdG
eGC e IM a fEG J eGch fEG eOB cfG e gZ
ddG Z NBG dY e g cfG Y j jdG GC j M UN
.ddG dP Oj dG jdG Z NBG jO JGC HCG
IGhdG ` `L
Y H C h YGC Y Hd a dG SCc SGS SdG
SdG dGE SEG If g g ,GJ e OBGh OB c ,idH GE OSGC
.240U IUe ja gGe ]57[
SdGh dG W H ,dG c:Le HG LNGC ]58[
37

IhM M dG :H

mrfs eu onnNn pdsG ooHsQn GroJsG oSsdG njtGCn jn} MGh gCeh UGC kL
ndoAnJn pdsG nqdG GroJsGhn Anfphn Gkpcn kLnQp norep
s Hnhn nLnhrRn nrep nnNnhn ImnMpGhn
njtGCn jn} :fS jh ,(2 ` 1 AdG) |kbpQn rornYn ncn nqdG sGEp nMnQrCnGhn pHp
nYp roenncrGCn sGEp GaoQnnndp nFpnbnhn HkooT rconrnLnhn nfGCohn mcnPn eu conrnNn fsGEp oSsdG
.(13 GdG) |rconJrGCn psdG

:AGf a iOa GkYh GkQGMGC W SdG c SEG AL GC jh

nqdG sGEp} :dJ b AGS dGdG eGC Lh "GJ e OBGh OB c"
| prnrdpH rGoornJ nCG pSsdG nrnH ornnM GnPpEGnh nprgnCG ndpEG pnfnenCG rGhtODoJ nCG rocooerCnj
pqdp AGnnoT
p rpdrHp nepGsbn Grfoco GroenBG njpdsG njtGCn jn} :dJ bh ,(58 AdG)

n an npHp dnhrGCn oqdan Gknan hrGCn vpZn rojn GEp nHpnbrCnGhn pjrndpGndrG hpGCn ropofGCn nYn rdnhn
|GkpNn nonrJn nHp ncn nqdG sEpan GroVprJo hrGCn GrhorJn GEphn GrdoprJn GCn inndrG GropsJn

dG SQ Y a he H e IGCeG bS GC jh ,(135 AdG)

M HGh dG SQ M jR H eSGC SQGC qdG Y b Nh
e gGC fGE ,dG OhM e M a JGC" : SdG a H j
GebGC dG a S GPGEh ,cJ jdG a S GPGE Gfc ,b c
.]59[ "gj d bS e H Wa GC d dG jGCh ,dG Y
NG GC M a ,dGdG eGC eh cM H SEG j dh
Y jT a ,jT eGC SdG GY e LQ e eDdG eGC gh Y
dGE NGh d QO Y Oj e RJ Y eDdG eGCh , Y
Od QdH VdG a ,ebGE Y a H Y dCa jT VdG
ch ,"Y d j eDdG eGC Vb" :db bh dP OdG Sa
dG T e H ,RdG c:QdG LNGC ]59[
38

IhM M dG :H

,SdG H JGheh SEG Y e iGCQ d eSGE YGE a kS dP

dG H IGhdH dG SQ eGC a ,dP e HGC SEG gPh
L dN fGNGE" :ehdG kWe dG Y a ,ehdGh
j e jh cCj e a j J NGC c a ,jjGC J dG
: fGC jh .]60[ "gYCa gc Ea ,j e gJ h
d Ad d b h b aGC d b e dGh S Y dG SQ eN"
.]61[ "Gc a gh Gc a
,H RQ GPGE HGC Y GkQY fc H ,fe IGCdG fc SEG AL GC jh
ooLrhn sXn nfCoHp rgooMnGCn nuHo GPnGEphn} :a dG Gg jdG BGdG Qjh
otSojn rGCn mgo nYn ooprjoGCn pHp nuHo en ApoS ep prndrG nep iQnGnnjn @ lpcn ngohn GOvnreo
r jn en AnnS nGCn
p GntdG ap
iSh ,gQb e SEG aa ,(58 dG) |noo

keGC de YGCh ,dGh GdGh LGdGh dG a LdG Hh H

k dpnU npYn ren} :dJ db a dP jdG BGdG Qbh ,LhRh kHh kNGCh
Grofcn en pnMrCnHp gonLrGCn rosjnp
r ndnhn knuWn IknMn osnp
r onan lepDreo ngohn nfGCo hrGCn mcnPn eu
npepDrodrGhn
p nprodrGhn npprodrG sGEp} :fS bh (97 dG) |nonrjn

p GnHpsdGhn njpHpsdGhn
p bnOpsdGhn nbpOpsdGhn
p nfpndrGhn npfpndrGhn
p nepDrodrGhn
pnpFsdGnh nppFsdGnh pnbunnordGnh npbunnordGnh pnpTnrdGnh nppTnrdGnh
odn osdG sYnGCn
p GncpGsdGhn Gkpcn nsdG njpcpGsdGhn
p nap
n drGhn roLnhoao npap
n drGhn
a bGdG Y UdG g J dh ,(35 GMCG) |kpYn GkLrGCnhn Iknpres

Y ajh jGdG jW Y dG j M GE dG dG IM
.dG a dG hj M eSG
de H fGC e :MGC LNGC ]60[
SdG MGC dG SQ c H ,FdG c :e LNGC ]61[
39

IhM M dG :H

H IGhdG M ffEG dG Gg a SEG e WGjdG J Mh

J e dP Y OCG h ,dGh jdG H kba dc f fEa dG H
h ,gCG CG gJ hO a ,IdG eCG g Y QJ dG GQGdG
bj M a ,Y dG j dhdG dG Ea dP eh ,H J
Y QdG hdG OdG dP eh ,GQGdG H J M iNGC khO
,dG VGZ
C d c dh hdG dG J GC gd M h H hO
T H dhdG fGdG JbGC dG IGhdG GEe NG Y Ic eCGh
.ddG
SdG dG ` O
e hDT IQGOGE a cQdG e fEG qJ dG dG gh
Y (1 Ia) 21 IOdG a fEG d ddG YEG f a ,SdG
e SGH eGEh ITe eGE d edG hDdG IQGOGE a OdG cQe M
SCJ ij dG SEG a iQdG f e j e gh ,jM a hQj
dG Y a dG e
C dh ,QdG GCQh eCG VQ Y dGh dG
Gg jdG H HCG hCG dG Qb bh ,LGH Gej d GPEG jJh
a dG Y Ea a dG WGC e fWGC" :adG dh M a GCdG
jGC" :a SdG j Y bhh "ddG e a d YW
a ,YW h Y d S :SQdG S d a ,GWCGh GSG SdG
eCj dh ,S e ddG d eDdG eGC TdG HdG Y j
Gg d jGC e d J M :S b ?dh d b fGE ,dYGh Y dH
c df dG OdG j GW LQ fGCh H QFG dG OdG
dG OdG Gg dG JTf :d bh dG Y HG Y iOa ,dG

40

IhM M dG :H

dG OdG j HGC GE :dG Y j K ,f a ?OH gGC H QFG

f e BG :S b FY ,H QJCd OH YCa ,dG c df
,fea CSGC GPGEh fYCa MGC GPGE :b fGEh ,Y j dh ,fh
Y a ,dG H ed kLLYG a fLh d dGh :S d a
Ggh ,]62[ "dG H ej e Y YQ a L dG d dG :kVGQ
J a OGaCG e ddG cQdGh dGh cdG H dhDdG bJ
jdG dGE iJ fGEh ,TdGh QNG Oe Y J a ,dG aO
dG H e dG AHGC d cQdG M iQdG V bh ,UEGh
.bY hGC fd hGC L dGE dG hO cQdG e j Y d ch
YLG dG ` `g
IdG dG de f WGjdG a dG M AL :dG M `
dG e eJh dSGCdG W GC H H j
k Y Ghj GC a H
YdG dG e kaNh ,LGh Yh M d AGLCc Gdh c
GC d WGjdG fGb AL dSGCdG W Y a IOc AL dG
.dG M WGd
H a qj GC d j IOY dG j fEa eSEG dG a eGC
p npbo GPnEpan} je dGE Ggj GC JU e GZa GPGE SdG YO a ,QY

| IdG b GPEa sdG prna pe GonrHGnh pVrQnCG pa Ghopnfna oInsdG

:fS b H ZT T a SdGh dG Se a M ,(10 dG)
c Sd Ihbh .(198 IdG) |roHuQs eu
k ran GronrJn GCn
l nLo rornYn nrdn}
dG f a ,e Jj e UGC Y eSh dG GU AfCG
.243U H IUe ja gGe ]62[
41

IhM M dG :H

cCj" b c OhhGO fS ch ,H M dG dG U GkQf f

odn sdnGCnhn} jdG BGdG M c jdG e hQdG j "j Y e
m nHpnS rnYrG pGCn @ njp
n drG
j S fS ch ,(11 ` 10 CS) |
Se dG f ch |prpdrG nrYn odn nrnSGCnhn} :dJ b c SdG YH
,dG YQ a dG SQ Y Ggh ,je a dG Yj dG Y
ed j e HGdGh jdG e SEG Vh bh ,IQdH TGh
c H a he c dPh ,Y dG hGC SG e jh M
.dG
j d V fGC WGjdG dG j e :YLEG adG `
dG jOU bCa ,jc IM j GC
k Y j hGC dG
dG GC dGh ,dGh dGh fYEG d Jh ADg YJ YLG
H S fCH j fdG Gg a WGjdG e j M eSEG
Th ,ADg jYQ JdhDe dhGC e fch ,dG H fGC M dG
:a d aQe GkjJ jdG BGdG cPh ,JLMG d IcdG SEG
aphn roHoobo pndsDnodrGhn nrnYn npepndrGhn pcpnndrGhn AGnnordp
o bnnsdG nfsGEp}
p bnudG
|lpMn lpYn oqdGhn pqdG neu knjpan ppsdG pHrGhn pqdG ppnS aphn nepQpndrGhn
a kM d Lh ,af dh ja dJh fS dG a (60 HdG)
pdphn poSsdphn pspan inodrG pgrGCn rep pdpoSQn nYn osdG AnanGCn es} dGh AdG
:hDK L bh ,(7 dG) |ppsdG pHrGhn pcpnndrGhn ennndrGhn HnrodrG
ennndrGhn HnrodrG pdphn poSsdphn onoNo pqdp sCnan AmrnT eu orpZn nfsGCn GronYrGhn}
d SEG f a ADg Mh ,(41 fCG) |ppsdG pHrGhn pcpnndrGhn
a AL a ,dP e HGC dGE j fGEh Ach GTh W Y GkQe
:db `g224 Y adG S H SdG Y HGC ad GeCG c
42

IhM M dG :H

jdG Y H Y c j S H dG S b H H j KM
d LdG f fGE" :gMGC dGE a ,"eQdG Y GbG GC" dY dGE
e dG Ad H fGE"Y a ,"KCGh SdGh OdGh dG
KGC d j GC eh hY Y gj Sah e j ONh j e
f Y Qj d kM L H .]63[ "QZ fEa Y Gba f ,dG a
.hjo GC dG H a GhdG
jdG .2
eGC b dGE dGC jc IM IdG a fEG M Y jdG a
Jdh bh SdG JSG e" UdG H hd dG H Y eDdG
d kM L fEd dJ dG e e g dG jdG gh "kGQGMCG JeG
H ,QGV h QV HH e dhDe jM g cfG Rj
e Hf bNGC H e jdG GC c ,Z h f fEG PDj
GEh jdG dGE YJ fc a WGjdG e IM c SEG jh ,jdG
GC WGjdG dG a UCG GE M Vh dG HGdG a e NG
.Ie Z e jdG
OYG jM ` GC
nYp njudG sGEp} :fS b PGE jOCG e S e d AL SEG GC e
n rSEpG pqdG
a a NdG Y GkMGC j GC Cj d fGC GE (19 GY BG ) |o
pbohn} hQj e jM Sd Jh (256 IdG) |pjudG ap nGncrGEp n} :dJ
n drG
fS bh ,(29 dG) |rornran AnnT enhn epDroran AnnT nan roHuQs ep t
dG S e S NG GC YGh ,(6 hadG) |jO dh jO d}
.738U GeCG c ]63[
43

IhM M dG :H

ndoGnjn nhn IknMpGhn kesGCo nSsdG nn

n dn
n HtQn AnnT rdnhn} :dJ a dG a dJ
n dpndphn
n HtQn nMpQs en sGEp @ nppn
r eo
S ah ,(119 ` 118 Og) |ronnNn
ppnS dpGEp oOrG} aGCh dSCG QCH IYdG J GC eGC SEG dGE IYdG
n drG pnYprndrGhn pnr
p drHp
n HuQn
bh (125 dG) |onMrGCn ngp pdsHp odrOpLnhn pnn
.(46 dG) |onMrGCn ngp pdsHp sGEp
p npdrG ngrGCn GdoOp
n Jo nhn} :fS

GC H ,hj e jM Sd J fc WGjdG e j SEGh

jObGh SdG SdG IM Y c kjCG jdG J WGjdG
e J dG M jCGQ c ,SEG dJh j e gh YLGh
gOJh ihCdGh AGhdGh dG dGE SdG LM Jh WGjdG hdG Y
.dGE J dG edG He dSQEG jO dGE jO Y
dGh GCdG jM `
SbGC e dP Lh dGh GCdG jM f
E d WGjdG V
dP Y f c SCG e S C Y dG Rj h ,jdG
a kHS H c kGOb hCG kGOhM eeCG J CG CJ dh ,fEG M KGe
dG M j d SEG Ea iQdG f a eGC ,jdG Y jdG
jdG a dJh fS d SdG Y kLGh dP L H a GCdG jMh
FCh dSdh d b dG SQ j d b dG jdG" b dG
a HjGE Gfj GC OGaGC e SEG j Ggh "eYh dG
g S e dG Y dGh hdH eCG L ddh ,Je
nrnrJnhn
p horndrHp nhoeoCrJn pSsdp
r LnpNrGCo mesGCo nrNn roco} :dJ b c eG
GC SdG dG SQ fh ,(110 GY BG) |pqdHp noepDrJohn pnodrG pYn
GfJ " : b bGdG IGQe iS GCQ h Ib h d M eqGE Gfj
GE fGC GWh dh X GX GEh MGC SdG MGC GE dJ eGE
44

IhM M dG :H

jdG SdG cjh ,]64[ "GJ a GhhDSGC GEh GJ GC SdG MGC

H a kM BGQ GCQ LC SG e AGdG H de SdG YGC e sGC
.]65[ "a FL S Y M c b LQh IM AGdG S" a
AGYH dG Gg GSG IASGE WGjdG dG a jGCQ c GPGEh
c LGR fhO fgEGh dGh dGh dH SdGh jOCG Y
gNBGh FdGh YdG YGPEGh dGh dG a j c a j
IYGH We GCdG jM j SEG Ea .]66[ SdG dGE IASEG c
bh ,FdG e VGYCG jJ L H VGYGC GMGh jNBG M
j d c .]67[ YT HY dO h gH Z e d qM HY Vh
C jdG SdG hGC dEG GdG Y AGYG dG hGC GCdG jM e
bdG a WGjdG OH a eGC .AGYGh IASEG J NGO c dP
S eGC fgEGh dH SdGh jOCG Y j e a j dG
dH c AGS cddG HGd Vj e cj fEa Zh TQ
Y j e cd dhdG fGdG Jh ,dG ad dH M hGC
.dGE fG Yeh HUC hj H edG
dGh MEG a AL e H ,dG SQ Y dGh dG c :edG LNGC ]64[
.edGh OhhGO HGC LNGC ]65[
jdG SdG d e SQ Yh cQfdG dG LN M dPh ]66[
e dGC FKKh Qe Ye dGE IASEG e SdG g KMGC eh IdG LMG ZQh
f IjdG g GC H iNCG FGdG e OY cQ a QS H QJ GC CJ d IjdG GC GE
Y fh bdG Gg jDf T fh ,dG Y dG d J QU f b e aQ
.dP Y e Ggh je d WGjdG bGdG a GCdG jM GC dG dh
fK ghLa AGT HQCH GJCj d K dG ej jdGh} dJ db dGE IQTG ]67[
.6 jBG QdG IQS |IL
45

IhM M dG :H

dG jM ` `L
LGh dG Ea SEG a eGC ,WGd M WGjdG dG a dG
eh "e c Y ja dG W" : b c fGE c Y Va H
pdsG
n HuQn prSHp GCrnbrG} dG SQ Y f e hGC c dH SEG gG
nnfpEG nsnY @ pnnrdpH nsnY psdG onrcnCG ntHnQnh rCGnrbG @ mnnY rpe nnfpEG nnnN @ nnNn
} :dJ dH adG GhOGC e gh dH bGh (5 ` 1 dG) |rnrjn rdn en
osdG panrjn} :dJ a AdG Qb aQh ,(1 dG) |nhoorjn enhn pnndrGhn
m LnQnOn nrpdrG GJohGCo njpdsGhn roep GoenBG njpdsG
:dJ bh ,(11 dOdG) |
Y eCG j dh (9 edG) |nonrjn n njpdsGhn nonrjn njpdsG pnrjn rgn}

:dJ b dGh dGh dG FS Y SEG M fGEh YdG dG

jh (43 dG) |nodpndrG sGEp noprjn enhn pSsdp nHoprfn onerCnG
n rJphn}
|AmrnT ep oqdG nnNn enhn pVQrCnGhn
p GhnnsdG
p onen ap Grhoojn rdnhnGCn} :fS
dG U e c a GYH SEG AY jGCQ g eh ,(185 GYCG)
dG HGh RGdc H GNGh cG a dG T d ch
eSEG ddG MQ a edG jGCQ c ,gZh HGQdGh TQ HGh
.eGO X a j HdG ddG c M a c ddG Y gQf j
dG jM ` O
aO Yh AJ e j GC dhdG a OdG M e WGjdG dG a
HGV V dh Aj e j GC M e fEa SEG a eGC .FGdG
,WdH GeCG cGCh ITdGh PdG SG M SEG GC e ,YTh bNGC
kjpan GrocoCrndp ps
o drG dnGEp nHp GrdorJohn pWpndrHp onrHn odnGnerGCn GrocoCrJn nhn} :dJ b
JdGh TGdG" bh .(188 IdG) |nonrJn rofGCnhn pKrEpHp pSsdG pGnerGCn reu
|HnudG nsMnhn nrndrG oqdG sMnGCnhn} :dJ a ,HdG M c .]68[ "QdG a
.ITdG gGc a H ,bCG c :OhGO HGC LNGC ]68[
46

IhM M dG :H

,jJ h GSGE Z e dJ dG bRQ eh dH j fEdh ,(275 IdG)

,cdGh HdG hd f W Y Lj dJ d M de a Y c
sGEp @ GkjprJn QrunJo nhn ppsdG nHrGhn nprpdrGhn osMn HnrodrG GPn
p BGhn} :fS j
,(27 ` 26 AGSEG) |GQkocn pHundp onrsdG ncnhn pWpnsdG nGnNrGEp Grfocn njQpunodrG
.(103 HdG) |nHp pcunJohn rgoounJo kbnnnU rpdpGnerGCn rep rNo} :fS bh
J c ,ObG d SSGC HdG da ,WGjdG a eGC
e Ggh ,L SdG e eh iGCe eGC d Nj fGEh QdG jfGC
ShhDQ UCa ,WdH SdG GeGC cGC e AH He dG M j
a J if ddh eCG jf a dG e a dG g GeCG
.eSEG dG j e gh iNGC OH a dG e Jeh OH
WGjdG QUh iQdG .3
Th HdGh ITdG dG WGjdG QU Y S a KJ
Of dGh ,WGjdG QU e iQdG be Y BG jdGh ,ITdG
ef YTh iQdH eGC SEG GC gh GC ,HS cP e Y cDf GC
M J QUh dBGh FSdG a NdG Y bJ d Id eSGE
H SEG a AdG QN IOe GQU jGCQ ddh ;dGh edG FJ
hCG dG QNG jCGQ a ,SdG H JG QJh j eh ahX Fj
a edG dG fc K hGC dG LG a j jdG H HGC
HUGC Rhj OY iS ej jdH dG L gTh ,dG
dG H Y jdG H HGC hCG dG qTQ H ,IMGdG dG
Ggh ,eSEG dG e d dG ALh ,dH jH K ,ad
.b e VhGC c Lh dG c Y Y Y QNG SGC NG
H c GEh WGjdG QU OJ iQdG GC LGE if g eh
e J ITdG WGjdG GC QYH ,iQdG hQ e aGdG dGE bGC
47

IhM M dG :H

a dG gMh dh ,dG QNG a ITdGh SSCG dG dG

H ,MC HfEG hCG WSh hO FdGh jdGh jdG dG SQe
dP ;iQdG dGE WGjdG QU bGC g HdG WGjdG GC hNBG ij
jdGh HdG WGjdG a ddG j SEG a dGh dG gGC C
GC M a ,dG Seh dG QNG a eCG Y Hf dG d
T WGjdG g iQd HbGC GC j WGjdG QU a bdG
QYH d LdG e e dH OLh Y J fC ITdG
GC QYG iQdG a eCG j dch ,dG Qeh IOdG MU
f bdG ah ,dhDdG Seh He a dGh IOdG MU eCG
QNG a eCG Y Hf dG dh ,dG a fe dGh dG gC Ea
a c IdG gCH fSG dG Gg a jh ,dhdG IQGOE j e
QU H HdG Ggh ,dhdG bQ JG dG Gg Fj c ,J
e WGbjdG e QdG J J GC iQdG J iQdGh WGjdG
.Y d dH iQdG a dG jdG HGV
e WGjdG a e Y f GC f dG a dG f eNh
S J HhP Z e dG efGh jdG Id Sh fh N
FKdG J dG adGh YLGh SdGh jdG bCG M
dGE dP N e fh VQGC Y f dG hdG JSOh dhdG KGdGh
eGC cH f d a f dG Whh idG eGCh jO J dSQ AGOGC
nYn AGnnoT Grfoondu knShn kesGCo rconrnLn
n dpncnhn} :Y dJ b dG IOdG
d dG GC fGYO NBGh (143 IdG) |GkpnT rornYn ooSsdG nojnhn pSsdG
.ddG Q

48