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hGC Se jGC AaGE Yh Y hGC jdG jS cT e ,dG GCH
.GCdG AGHGE e Y JJ HY
.jdG QtdG hGd IdG iQdG FGhO ebGE `
:kSDe iQdG ` 6
LdG RJ dch ,SQd sdG YGdG Vh LJ iQdGh
Y aJh dG Ge cGJ dG ,FGLEGh SDdG WCG dGE
J dG YhdG GOLG IFGO a Nj e gh ,UCG e
.jdG H f FSdG jH
,YdG d j iQdG SQe T J qC .H jY e qHo h
dGE eGEh ,d M jQU iQT dGE eGE dj b dG Gg Zh
.d AZ GCdG a Va
j iQdG a OdG qH QGbEG qGC Y Jj iQd OdG dGh
H GkNGCh ,e a SQH nhGC GdG a OdG LGH GdG Hj rGC
.GCQ e Y g d kde c rGE GCQ e Y J
dG J Ff qJ rGC jcCG GCH dG e OdG QdG SQdG
.QGdG PJG H OOdG dh QGdG PJGh

18

eEG Y MGC .O :H

eCG HJ OGdGh ..FdG fc e c iQdG GdH eCG Ajh

.iQdG Y
fdG hdG H hGC eh Y c a ` iQd H Ggh
d ge g M e SJ GAGLEGh SDe e ` fedGh
GCdG AGHE IM SQe fc a ggH iQdG MG e ,UdG
GOLG e FSdG gh .HQj e hGC LE UdG H dOJh
USG jh .dG Ge Y iQdG MGC YGE a YhdG
:jdG jBG e HbdGh jdG iQdG de GSG a OLG
rgonbrRnQn sephn ronrHn iQnoT rgooerGCnhn InsdG GeobnGCnhn rpHundp GHo
n nrSG njpdsGhn}
:ddG dG Y dPh ,(38 iQdG) |noprjo
dG eGC dh ,SdG dGE cdG eCG :GC ,(rgooerGCnhn) d e NDj (GC)
M iQdG e c e GE dG ,ddGh dG HdG MdG H f dG
.dEG eCG Gg J FSh
M dPh .UdGh edG H :GC ,(ronrHn) d e NDj c ()
c c HQh ,edG dG K UdG dG N e dG eGE QNG
QeCG a iQdG Y IhY SFdG HfG dG Gg a j SGC
,dG fH iQdG de QNG j e ,eCG e H edG
.OdG dG OGSG hO J HbdGh jd de gh
GEh ,LEG jdGh SFdG HfG a Njo rGC jh ()
jdG iQdG de a eCG dch .LGdGh ddG dG GCda
.]22[ "pnYrCnG OpGnsdHp rornYn" : dd jdGh
.17722.bH adG e a MGC eEG GhQ dG gdG eeGC HGC jM e ]22[
19

eEG Y MGC .O :H

iQdG e Yhe
SQ W M ,jdG IdG e iQdG dd UCdG jh
qdGE GLNGC" :a Y Ach GhQj rGC fdG dG H gGC e dG
."a H eb Y fj ,kf Y KG e
,jdG QfC iQT e a ,fhDH dG dG c :dGh
.hLdG H d K
:iQdG e MU
e gh ,YTh fGdG jQSOh ,MCGh dG YT Y HbdG `
.UNG gGCh AdG
.HbdG M SQeh Yhd kah dG LGh AGOGCh SdG `
.IdGh fhdG Y VdG Y QXGE `
.UdG e gZh SFd TdG M M `
:iQdG FXh
f SSGC FXh iQd qEa c HdG VdG e Oj c
:j a dLGE
ee j eh ,(SFdG) ic jh OdGh OdG QeGC j e QNG ` 1
.(IdG) fOGC je a
idG) jdG c Y edG HbdGh jdG e QNG ` 2
.(dG idG ,FdG idG ,edG
.(QSdG) dG dG Y jJ hGC QGbGE ` 3

20

eEG Y MGC .O :H

.Od jdG jdG a QGb dGE UdG ` 4

"edG iQd VJ HQCG QeCG gh"
.ILCG L NGO QGb dGE UdG ` 5
:AGQBG OtJ Y dG M
,cdG UCG dGE LdH eGE M j AGQBG OJ Y dGh
.]23[ "dV Y eGC J " : b ,edG GCdG USH eGEh
a kM dG BGQ e" :Oe HG Y dG c a MGC ihQh
.]24[ "M dG Y
.QGb Y Jj d dh M GCd dG VdG g iQdG `
GQGdG QGUGE Y OGSG U j e
C d SdG IOGQEG SG `
.dG
ZQ fh jGCQ AGHGE a UdGh dG H ddG HJ `
.gQhU e dG
hdGh IfCG Y GkjJh ,`d GkjJ ,dG a edG IXdG IQGOGE `
.dG Y dG GCdG SdGh
.gYh YdG cH SdGh ,eCG GdGh ,dG dGE dG `
,FdG e ,MGC eEG e ah ,2999 bQ jM 488/2 ,fdG :AdG c ]23[
.(nfpnYrCnan mdnnV nYn pesGCo nn
r jn rGCn sLnhn sYn nsdG
o drCnnS) :dh 25966 bH
e ,MGC eEG e :fGh .2214 bQ 263/2 ,AdG c :fdG :fG ]24[

p obo nrNn ms
n eo
n rbn nLnnan OpnpdrG
p obo ap nnfn nsdG sGEp) :H 3418 bH ,HdG e jdG
nrNn pHp
n rUGCn
n obo nLnnan ms
n eo
p rbn nrHn OpnpdrG
p obo ap nnfn sKo ,ppdnnSpHp onnnHran pprndp onnrUan OpnpdrG
GhrGCnQn enhn ,lnMn psdG nrYp noan knMn noprodrG iGCnQn nan ,ppjOp nYn noJpnjo pupfn AnGQnRnho ronn
n an OpnpdrG
p obo
.(lunS psdG nrYp noan kunS
21

eEG Y MGC .O :H

iQdG e jY
,GCdG AGHGE a SqdG Y ch c iQdG e jY a j rGC j
UCG UGCh QSdH fGC a ee iQdG e AYGC qGE M
Y j fGO`tdG QSdGh UN ,dJ dG T dGE MG j rGC a
.YWh d IOY dG SQj IOdG qGCh ,dJ d cdG qGC
f h eGC H a d eGC H f rGE dG SQ j :
o b" :b Y Y
.]25[ "UN GCH a GJ h jHdGh AdG a GhQhT" :b "?feCJ a
OdG dG a dG Z M
e d) IYb Y e Z bGC dG YdG a `j`J `dG `gh
`j`dG ``U gYGb SQGC dG WGdG `M a (Y e Yh d
dG YGb Y `jQ`dG a O`J e `d Q`SO hGC `gh ,IQq`dG
j Y CT c a ,WGdG Fd J iQdG b qEa Yh .MEGh
Z WGdG jj a dG WGdG Nj a ,edG dG
dG Z WGdG Nj h ,JY hDT a iQT e dG
a NOGC c e GE dG ,JY hDT a iQT e dG SQj a
.jQGOGEh a hDTh ,bNGC YGbh ,ffGE b e H cdG YGdG
,Y eSEG jdG MCG J a jCGQ j rCG dG d j Gd
,jUdG AdG H dGE gP e Ggh .dG X e H j ah
:GjR jdG Y .O j M
e bKe dLQh ShCG a fGdG GhQ ,187/1 ,FGdG eh FGhdG e :dG ]25[
.dG gGC
22

eEG Y MGC .O :H

RGL ia jd fGC TJh eCG e a e fG eqGC"

dG jJh GCdG AGHGE J eCG e a jdG qC ,kjGC dP
b e fe QeCG gh ,dP fh NdG ce VYh ed
.]26[ "a geh H edG
,WGe Hh c a J dG bCd M M SEG dhOh
gGCh .SEG j c eP gGC hGC c gGC bCG g J M S
.dG eP a fe bM fc e g dG Z e edG
gh .gdh fC Y adGh jdG jdG jH hQeCe dGh
Yhe jBG S e dJ dG c a fhAj a Y Ue eGC
njpdsG @ ljpndn rgpprfn nYn nsdG sGEphn GopXo rofsCnHp noJnnjo njpsdp nPpGCo} OdG
onrHn nSsdG psdG oarOn rdnhn osdG nHtQn Gdoojn GCn GEp xMn prnHp rgpQpjnOp ep GLopNrGCo
snondnhn Gkpcn psdG orSG nap ocnrjo oLpnenhn
l GnnnUhn lnHphn oepGnnU
r enuods mrnHp
w pndn nsdG sGEp ooojn en osdG
.(40 ` 39 dG) |ljpYn

,e gCh ,c H QdG d :j c iQd dG dP eh

dG Y YGC .HZh VQCG T a fGdG IYO j e dh
Hh Fc Yh Y PGCh ,fL MGCh ,UbGC MGC rGC beh
,H H e H j h ,feGCh eP a NOGC rGCh ,JGU Hh
a ,dG Re h LdG HCG e AT a FH e AT Nj h
.]27[ dSQ dNh dG Y f a dP a
.84 ,edG MGC :GjR jdG Y .O ]26[
QGO ,ITGdG adGh dG dG a SdG FKdG Ye :dG M e .O ]27[
.176175 U ,1983 ` `g1403 ,4/ ,FdG
23

eEG Y MGC .O :H

:SQah FGdG iQd Y Y

dYh dGeGCh fGC Y ,beh dG Y YGC fEa ,H eGC"
kHGP FGQh e cGC rGC f edGCh ,iPGC c e feGC YGCh ,dLQh
SGC j h ,iPGC c Y YGC rGCh ,cjGEh AH fjj hY c Y
h ,JGU H e H j h ,FShDQ e FQ h bSGC e
GJ h ,dG Re dGE h LdG AH dGE FH e AT Nj
iQdG e MGC j h ,dG Ibd ghY dGE dG e hdG
nep orTtdG nsnJs bn pjudG ap nGncrGEp n} :Hc a dG fGC H
k Y SEG Y
dG gC kY e MGC j qGC :Y T dh .(256 IdG) |undrG
,d GkhY dRe a GhDj h ,fY h S a dG e MGC Y
.]28[ "dGE..Jj h AGYCG e GkMGC Gdj h
jT ch ShQ dGE SEG NOGC e hGC gh (N HRGC) g Ggh
SZh edG j c SEG qY ,dGE IYdG FGOh ,d dG
ebGE a edG jdG eh dG e jYQ e ea OGDa a a
:J Kh GH QqMh ,OH a fh jH dH d Sh ,gFT
dLQ e MC hGC ,d Vj rGC MC j h ,Se SH c qGE"
.gQeCG a Nj rCG h ,Ye hCG gQY e AT Y dj rCG h ,AH
.]29[ "dG e hDGLh ,dG eGC e a Y dH Gg feGC dN eh

QdG ,ITGdG adGh dG dG a SdG FKdG Ye :dG M e .O ]28[

.488 U ,f
.1/ ,S
E d SdG jQdG ,gGHGE M .O fG ]29[
24

eEG Y MGC .O :H

:SDdG iQdG YGb eh

qoSh jdG qod kYJG dGh dG a ZCG GCH bCG GdG ` 1
.(IOdG hM a iQdGh ,MoGCo bGh a iQdG) ITGdG adG
.Y Sj FNGC Y hDe cdG qGE K ` 2
kJh kSQeh GkQSO fGOdG HJ a YGdG g qSG bh
Ggh ,iQdH FdG GdG j dG qf qGC M ,FGdh kefh kffbh
.dhDeh jh P c e j eh Fd nndG AGOGC
:dGh iQdG ` 7
iQdG ah cdG QNG j M e ,iQdG Me e dG qnJo
UdG iQdG J gh ,dGh dG gGC e UdG dG a AGS
.edG iQdG Y J gh edG dG a hGC ,H
cdG QNG j M ,d ee iQdG J rGC g Y qdGh
OGSG e j e f dG Y ah .adGh UdG e bh VQ Y
a eGC YH dPh dJ dG YH cdG j M ,OdG dG
g GO e eCG dh YH edG j c ,kYLGEh qoSh kfBGb ,dG
.dJ d kFW
N e dH dG Y Y jdG H HGC hCG dG nsYn bh
d YW a Y rEa ,a dG WGC e fWGC" :je Y dhCG
.]30[ "Y
dU QcdG J , ` Y dG VQ ` hQdGh jdG aN :ddG jdG Y ]30[
.62U ,1998 ` `g1418 dhCG dG ,hH ` eO c HG QGO ,adG
25

eEG Y MGC .O :H

gc dGh cdG M ,ddG dG Oe aQGC e Y gh

.MEGh dG e g ,IMGh (jQSO) Ld e
e HQh) dH Yh eh Y fGC ,dG Gg a dH OGdGh
.dG LGh YdG GdG Y (HdG hGC ,adG
:QU H J dG qGC a j jdG IdG a XdGh
bh ,dG a ddGh UCG gh ,dH Jh ,ddG H :dhCG
.jCG aH Ige hGC ,ae e J
a ,eb Y OV Hh ,dG c eGC dh ,dcdG H :fdGh
nnan onjnnan :nbn ,prSEpG nYn
n rjpHnGCo nnjn
p gn" :d a dG dGE AL
.]31[ "eprbn nYnhn :nbn ?
n eprbn nYnhn : psdG ooSQn
dG d ` Y dG VQ ` Y H dG Y c ,HdG H :ddGh
tbpGCo fuGEp" :Hc a a ,FHGC Hh H `d j dGE c M Ghe H
nap pdpoSQn psoShn psdG psoS nYn ,npepDrodrG pepGCn
p pndrG prYn psdG prndp pYnsdGhn prsdHp
.]32[ "
n dpnHp GhtbnGCn rbn spHn sGEphn ,
o rnnrSG
NB bh e SdG H H dG jJh gQGJ j dG g qGE K
Y SdG LGh ahdG H edG dG OfG qGC Y ,NB eh
,fGh ,GCdG Sb FSh c GSH gjJh gcCJ e j
hGC hOYG hGC SdG edG e dP c GPGE UNh ,ASGh ,QNGh
.SG
.8436 bH ,dGh IdG J H ,dG c ,e LNGC ]31[
.6665 bH ,SdG eEG jj c H ,MCG c ,QdG U ]32[
26

eEG Y MGC .O :H

dG P eEG H c ee JSeh U OJ Y dGh

dG ,eSEG jdG MC dG ,Qd SQdG ,IdGh cdGh
e M YWh ,dGh dG a YW J dG gh ,dG Ohd
. dSQ YWh dJ dG YW
dG T Jh dUGC dGE eCG OqQn LGC e eSGE Yd dG tnJoh
.idG dG H e
kdH ,JObh f YdG d ,eeGE jHoh ,dhdG eb a :Yh
idG dG g a NdG kL ed ,dhdG g b a gL H e
H JG eh idG dG Y cM fd ,Jeh eMGC GdGh
.KGdGh OdG e
Y j rGC jH d Rj h ,dH AadG dG Y jh
GroenBG njpdsG njtGCn jn}h .(34 AGSEG) |khDoren ncn nrndrG sGEp prndrHp GraohrGCnhn}
noSsdG GroWpGCnhn nqdG GroWpGCn GroenBG njpdsG njtGCn jn}h .(1 IFdG) |OpoodrHp GraohrGCn
.(59 AdG) |roep perCnG dphrGCohn
hGC LGe hO eC Gjh JYO Gj rGC Lh keb eEG SG eh
OlnLp rpdnhn ,prndrG nrHn Inn
r gp " : dd ,gZ hGC jdGdG e GSG
.]33[ "Ghopfran rJorprorSG GPnGEphn ,lsfphn
eEG Y VJ dc fEa ed cMh ee edG dG g qGC ch
dG LGH j rGC gh ,f SdG GdG e keGdG YGC g kLGh jdG
OdG e j eh dG Lh H ,rudGh OdG c ,QdG :dG LNGC ]33[
.3467 bH ,OdGh SEG Y e a H jdG H ,IQeEG c ,eh ,2613 bH dGh
27

eEG Y MGC .O :H

be dGE H AL hGC H ij dG HM dd gMh d kJ

dPh ,c eCG Y Y hDe g feGCh ,eY dhDe fEa ,dhDdG
:dJ dG feCj c HUC feCG AGOGCh ,c SdG H dG e
Groo
r Jn GCn pSsdG nrHn ornMn GPnGEphn npgrGCn dnGEp
p fnenCnG GrhOtDJo GCn rcooeoCrjn nqdG sGEp}
.(58 AdG) |GkpHn kpnS ncn nqdG sGEp pHp oopjn spfp nqdG sGEp prndrHp
e YdGh dG d j H jh a eEG Rnjo rGC jdG H Rj h
nrjnHn" :nbn
p epsdG pHr InOnnYo Y jhj a dd dSQh dJ dG WGC
ImnKnGCnhn ngpnrenhn npnrenhn fnprjohn fnprYo ap pYnsdGhn prsdG nYn psdG noSQn
nenrdn psdG ap
o
n fn ncn norMn u
n drHp nofn rGCnhn ongrGCn nerCnG
n Rpnfo rGCnhn nrnYn
.]34[ "mFp
hGC d a NBG j K h
C d jjo rCH dG a KG RJ Yh
jM a c jdG dG H b e j dGh dG qEa ,Yj
nNnBG Goobran prnnp
n dp njpHo GPnGEp" : QdG S HGC GhQ a dG
dGh dH cdH j dPh :MGC g dH NBG aa .]35[ "norep
dG FGZ H aJ e Hh ..Y SdG Uh ,VGYEGh ,LdGh ,NBG
a OQh H QdG Oe g Gg dh ..kje j e dPh ,dG Qfh
..dH eCG
.dG AGhdG NBG j K
L hGC dG dH AdG jdG a dH eCH OGdG a :Yh
.iNCG FSdG OSG b jZ
dG c a FdG LNGC dG Ggh ,dG UGC Y IY dCH jdG Gg OQh ]34[
.368/2 ,dGh eCG jQJ :dGh .99/2 ,jdG IdG :g HG :fGh .4084 bH
.3444 bH ,d jH GPGE H ,IQeEG c ,e LNGC ]35[
28

eEG Y MGC .O :H

M hdG eEc jdG GTh KdG FCG dGE gP e Ggh

.]36[ "H qGE aj d GPGE e Y e ` dH eCG GC ` Gg" :b
dGE UdG Yh ,dP dGE UdG b iNCG FSdG H :ec a
.FSdG c OSG H qGE dP
eCG :GC ` dhsGCn b H c rGEh" :fdG M HG eEG bh
Y b a HdG b Gch ,b c a Y VGYEGh dH ` dH
.kje dG HdG a .]37[ "b c LG :GC ,bG :S M a
,dG YGCh ,YdG Y LN GPGE LQdG YdG JJ fGE dGh
.dG Mh
fGC GE ,d dG AGOGC Lh H dG eCG dG h e Ue RGL eh
GkgX :GC ,kMGH Gkc dG ij rGC GE je eGE Y hdG Rj
,jhCdG j U N hGC jBG qf :GC ,gH dG e Y gY ,kjU
IOY jM a c ,jhCdG j a GO e Y hdG Rj fGC eh
nrNnOn" :nbn nsenGCo HpGCn pHr InOnnLo rnan ,fGNGE e kje OY d edG H
osdG
n onrjn
m jp
n Hp
r uMn osdG
n
n nrUGCn :nrbo ,ljpen ngohn
p epsdG pHr InOnnYo nYn
nnjnHn rGCn :nrnYn nNnGCn nap nnan ,onrjnnan tpsdG fnYnOn :nbn upsdG rep onrpnS pHp
rGCnhn ,nrnYn IknKnGCnhn ,fnprjohn fnprYohn ,ngpnrenhn npnren ap pYnsdGhn prsdG nYn
.]38[ "lgnrHo pap psdG rep rconrYp MkGnHn Gkrco GhrnJn rGCn GEp ongrGCn nerCnG
n Rpnfo
.242/12 ,e Y hdG T :fG ]36[
.156/12 ,QdG a :M HG ]37[
,fhJ GQeGC iH hS dG b H ,dG c ,QdG :dG LNGC ]38[
.3427 bH ,jJh e Z a AGeCG YW Lh H ,IQeEG c ,eh ,6532 bH
29

eEG Y MGC .O :H

oQnpN" :j dG SQ S :b TG de H Y Yh
QoGnpThn ,rprnYn ntnJohn rornYn ntnjohn ,rofnt
p john rofnt
p Jo njpdsG ropsFpGCn
psdG noSQn jn :nbp ,rofnonrjnhn rofnonrJnhn ,rofnoprjohn rofnoprJo njpdsG ropsFpGCn
krnT roJpho rep rojrGCnQn GPnGEphn ,InsdG roap GeobnGCn en :nnan ?
p rsdHp rgooHpnfo anGCn
Yh Fb GdG PGE da .]39[ "mYnWn rep Gkjn GYoprJn hn ,onnYn Ggoncran ofngonrJn
. dG SQ JGh dJ dG YW Y aW H AadG LGh Yh Ke
YGC e dGE IYdGh dG JGh ,he gh ,dG b Y H fGEh
,ddG dG d roa Gdh ,hdH SdG dnhrGCn HbCGh ,hdG
.Gkqeo Y dG JG c rGEh ,dh
d cj hGC dG b Y dG j rGC j a :Yh
kYJqGE eCG dhGC H GYRjh fCT j rGC g cGC e hGC AGOGC j
dG db kjGC H j e YdG e j dG j dGh .AGg
C d
a fCT F ed dG a j a Gdh .f Y dh jh jh
ncnhn nsdG GEp GkMnGCn nrn
r jn hn ofnrn
r jnhn psdG
p nSQp nounjo njpdsG) CT dP
.(39 GMCG) )kpMn psdHp
:jdG iQdG SDeh dG ` 8
:(dhdG SGCQ) e
E d H gh
.(dGh dG) UNGh IdG gGC e UN H (GC)
.dG eY e eY Hh ()

.3447 bH ,gQGTh FCG QN H ,IQeEG c ,e LNGC ]39[

30

eEG Y MGC .O :H

dH H HC adG J a ,dG j hTGdG AdG c bh

e dG dGJ K ,fdG dG a H eh dG j dG H e
dh .Y Uh dH GCH dG g dG H Y qGC U .AfCG
QfCGh jLdG H .eGC H fc H Oa H fc fGC j dP
.hfh hQRBGh b e SdG GjH b Gfc jdG
e FWh Y qGC Qqbo dh" :]40[ "dG e" Hc a J HG j
fGEh ,dH keeGE H HGC j d dG Y HdG FS eGh H HGC GjH
."cdGh IQdG gGC g jdG HdG QL jH keeGE QU
a H J rGC Y eCG jh dP Qj f Y eDdG eGCh
:b dG Se e JOY Y gdGC dG IdG dG ah ,QNG
.]41[ "jH dG h g d H fEa ,dG IQe Z
k LQ jH a"
.d SdG jH H ,H QNH keeGE j d Y qGE" :J HG j
eEG b .MGC H Y j dh Y H Y GjH dG Lh
Y qGC Qb d qGEh ,YLEH fc Y H e dG a c e :MGC
j d cdG gGC HdG e Z h Y jj d K jH Y H MdG
HdG Qhj H a j d kKK bGC fGC M Y HG qGE K .keeGE
jH dG Y QTCa QfCG AGeGC Qhjh MEH d HdGh dhCG
aNGC gQ Y h gjGE gYGC ZQ Y jHh Y Gebh .Y
.]42[ "H
.530/1 ,jdG dG e :J HG ]40[
.6665 U ,e ,jRdGh d HK QGO ,SEG a dhdG :dN e dN ]41[
.533`532/1 ,jdG dG e :J HG ]42[
31

eEG Y MGC .O :H

UCGh jQdG hdG H gGdG VhCG j dG OLGh

:ddG FdG j ,YdG
TJ HJ (UdG dG) :GC ,(dGh dG) gGC e eeEG H ` 1
,TdG Oe Y jj dG SdG J e ,
k e jQdG FQ
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e dG GbH jQdG FQ fG Ha edG eeEG H eGC ` 2
.dhdG a NdG eY
M gbG dG jOLG FdG a SFdG Ie jJ eGC ` 3
.jJ HH FdG fG IOYGE Jh ,bdG

USGh FdG

cQJ ,SGQdG dGE fG dG jgdG USG Uf j ah

dG J dG iQdG b H e IOGSd ke SQGdGh Ad
a dGh jdG GHEG FY J h ,Y dG M UdG
:H
,MdH Y Y , jdG d lLqe jU dGE eGC iQdG ` 1
HU H jh H JCd jdG BGdG NCH qdG a FT ch
H e fhO g e M a eCG Gg GC a T h ,MEH J eh
BG) | pqdG nnY rscnnna nrennY GnPpEna prenCG pa rogrQphnTnh} dCGh LhCG
.(159 GY

32

eEG Y MGC .O :H

a d JG d
k nen Gfc b ,dG GVQ Y ,hTGdG AdGh ` 2
.d ke ,iQdH GdG
e IcdGh IdH fb M iQdG d`e jdG BGdG aQ bh ` 3
dG eDdG Uh a dPh ,H Va ,dG SEG cQCG
,Mh H `j d a ,c geGC j fCH dJh fS dG YGd
InsdG GeobnGCnhn rpHundp GHo
n nrSG njpdsGhn} AbGE hGC M hH c H iQT
.(38 iQdG) |nopjo rgonbrRnQn sephn ronrHn iQnoT rgooerGCnhn
fGE M ,ddG dG eYO e eYO J ,K e ,iQdGh ` 4
.QGdG d QMGh GCdH OGSG dG f J
,M M P c AYGE g dG c GPEa ...dG RGd e iQdGh ` 5
.edG hDdG IQGOGE a GCdH cQdG a M WGe d J iQda
,dGdGh d ee f QWGE a fc GPGE GE gUe J iQdGh
gGC dh { :]43[ b e dP Y dG MGC bh .AdG SG dP eh
dGE GE Lj Vda ,AdG SG g fEG d jdG a eYO
dGE Y dG VQ Y eDdG eGC SQGC dG dSdG dP Y j ..jdG
IOY Y d S fGE" :a b ah jQS cM jhe dGh
GkM Y j gh ,dG b e d kVb IOY ch ,"edG
.z IdG CT a IdG Nd
d UCdG Lj IUdG JM a iQdG d jdGh ` 6
dhGC YWh ,eeEG Yh ,dG) a iQdG b NCJ H ,IQGOEGh dG
.65U ,HS Qe ,sH H dG dG H dG Y dG ]43[
33

eEG Y MGC .O :H

Y j e AGdGh AdG e dG a edG IQSGh ,eCG

J dG jdG Jde iQdG NCJ dHh (dGh dG gCH J
.GCdH cQdG a iQdG e Y aJh ,UdG fEG LM
a JGd IOe a edG GCdG USG g iQdG fc GPGEh ` 7
c e GCdH OGfG Y j e ,a eGc H fEG eGc J
.ISN hCG dS fc e d SQdG Ff fhO J h ,kM hCG kFU
N Hh H dDj GC j ,SQdG gH j gh ,iQdG fh ` 8
.]44[ MGh S a dPh ,SQdG H jo dG WGjdG dG a e
rGC f ,dG d UCdGh ,iQdG d jdG Y ah ` 9
jJ H e dPh ,iQdG Ue d GAGLEGh SDdG Qf
.jdG d FSdG
QSdG bdG ah j dG edG hDdG a iQdG eGdGEh ` 10
Y J dG ,UdG hDdG a ,iQdG jQNG e bJ ,ffdGh
e dG Gg a Mh ..dG hGC dG UNG gGC id adGh IdG
j dG FdG GCdG AeGE a ISGC jdG IdG fc UdG iQdG
.kjOa hGC kYL GCdG Gg c e ,dG GLdGh dG dG
Z gh ,UNG gC UN iQT g J GC H bJ h
jdG jdG qodG L a ,ee gh ,SdG d eY iTh ,ee
.dG c ITGdG AdG ISh
iQdG) H qGE SdG dG jM j PGE ,GO`tdG QSO dGE JG e gh ]44[
` `g1419 GO`tdG jQL QSO (26) IOdG e (2) dG :LGQ .QSdG H (WGjdGh
.dG Gg e 62 U :fGh ,1998
34

eEG Y MGC .O :H

d a YdG dG OLG dGE iQdG J rGC dnhrGCn H eh ` 11

ShGC e H dP qEa ,ddG HK hGC dG HK ,b H Mh H `j
.Yhe e dH aJ dG iQdG GHGC
kLe J rGC b YLG dG SQd e iQdGh ` 12
IdG a Y SdG j e jBG e f a ,SdG dG SQd
jdG a eGdH eCG hf b dPh ,TGdG dG SCJ HGE ,dG
.ddG dG SCJ Y
hGC edG hDdG a AGS ,iQdG SQe a cQdG Jh ` 13
IGCdG GTG H dPh ,YL hGC GkOGaGC AdG a ,UdG hDdG
H K ..edG dhDdG J ah ,dG dG dG a LdG e
GCf dP ah ,dG Y dGh hdH eCG a a Ld cQe

p horndrHp nhoeoCrjn mrHn AndphrGCn roorHn

o nepDrodrGhn noepDrodrGhn} :dJ db

n p`dnhrGCo odnoSQnhn nqdG nopjohn IncnsdG nJoDrjohn In

n sdG nopjohn pnodrG pYn nrnrjnhn
e d e g e dH jh (71 HdG) |lpMn ljpYn nqdG sGEp oqdG oooMnrnnS

.dG GCdGh idH AOEG

M WdGh jdG bH dG dhdG a dG Z j ` 14
UNh dh d jdG jdG jM LGC e deh H gj dG GE
:dJ db e OdG Yhe jBG QJ e dP a GCfh ,dG gGC e
ep GLopNrGCo njpdsG @ ljpndn rgpprfn nYn nsdG sGEphn GopXo rofsCnHp noJnnjo njpsdp nPpGCo}

r enuods mrnHp onrHn nSsdG psdG oarOn rdnhn osdG nHtQn Gdoojn GCn GEp xMn prnHp rgpQpjnOp
ooojn en osdG snondnhn Gkpcn psdG orSG nap ocnrjo oLpnenhn
l GnnnUhn lnHphn oepGnnU

35

eEG Y MGC .O :H

GhoenGCnhn IncnsdG GoJnBGhn InsdG GeobnGCn pVQrCnG ap rgosses GEp njpdsG @ ljpYn
w pndn nsdG sGEp
p horndrHp
.(41 ` 39 dG) |QpeoCoG onbpYn psdphn pnodrG pYn Grnfnhn

dGh HdG a UdG Id kLe d iQdG Jh ` 15

jjh H ,ISCG hDT a LhdG jj dG iQdG dP eh ,dG
ISCG OGaGC c AGS ...ISCG H SdG QeCG M ISCG OGaGC FS
dG H Y fdG TGdG dG Y Y a ,jUb hGC dH
J) FXdG J GCeh .Ja ed kSJ d M JQSG
SQe j ,IS
C d (eGdG) IOdG Xh hdG YGC dG (dG
cGC MGC g iQdG qGC a ...ISCG OGaGC FS eh LhdG e iQdG
Jh ,VdG ISCG ee gGC MGC dc fEa ,ddG dG cQGC
.JYe FS H dG hDT FS dGE a
,UdG IdG hDT FS a iQdH eCJ eSEG jdGh ` 16
H dG GP UE dG e AdG Noa ,JYGf d UHh
dG iQdG N e dPh ,dH ISCG f Qf kJ ,LhdG
knMn GronHran npprHn
n npT rorNp rGEphn} .dG eGY dGRE n
n
n dG jj
kpYn ncn nqdG sGEp nonrHn oqdG paunjo Mk
n rUGEp Gnjpjo GEp npgrGCn reu knMnhn ppgrGCn reu
.(35 AdG) |GkpNn

M ,dG a YG`dG FS d dc ,iQdG b Jh ` 17

a iQdG SQe YRe FW GC H UEG Y J
dG g FS a iQdG Ff qGC M dPh ..H dG
.G`dG eGY dGREH b MUEG

36

eEG Y MGC .O :H

NJ kL gh ..SQe FShh HGOBGh gYGb iQdh ` 18

GCd kUh ,GCdG OJh ,QGdG IFGO Sa ,MEG dGE Jh dG
FS J jQdG SQdG jf a gh .LGdG GCda j d rEa ,edG
GCdG Y dG Y j M ,LGdG GCdG hGC edG GCdG H GWCG
.J a dJ dG Y cdG
H iQdG J a .UdG a J iQdG bh ` 19
UNEG gh ,dG AGSGE aGO c GPGE GE ,Ff Mh ,SQe
dG dG Y J iQdG W CH dPh dH hdG dG a
jZh dG Sh jS GCQh ,Og H g H ,VdG jdGh
jQdG WGjdG SQdG j GC j iQdG fh .dG ddG
.ddG a dG
bEGh dG dG ASQE gdG fCG g ,iQdGh ` 20
iQdG J dHh ...bdG jd hGC adG d AGS ,ddGh
MS dGE ddG dGh ITGdG dhdG J ,ddG dG dGE bGC
.dhdG bdG
JdG

GhR e edG JjZ dGE Ve GQdGh eCG a dJ dG S qGE

b c jdGh jOsdG Jb e e H Hh W dG IFdG dG
enhn
p nundrHp roooSQo roJrAnLnhn GonXn sdn roprbn rep nhoodrG nrngrGCn rndnhn} :dJ
r odrG nrndrG p
r fn
n dpncn GoepDrodp Gfocn
.(13 fj) |epp
|njpNnBG ekrbn gnnrHn fnCrnfGCnhn kndpXn
r fncn mjnrbn ep nrnbn rcnhn} :dJ bh
.(11 AfCG)
37

eEG Y MGC .O :H

VQCGh ,aGdG soS b e NGdG jdG eGY H cBJ fCG gh

rndnhn} :jdG BGdG d qH c ddG OY Aj e KQj dJ d
o dpsdG
n OpnYp nKopjn nVQrCnG sGCn pcrudG prHn ep QpHosdG ap nrncn
.(105 AfCG) |n
dH fH c jdG IOb a S
E d dG GC e j Y fh
nVQrCnG ndp ihnRn nsdG sGEp" : psdG ooSQn nbn :nbn nHnrKn jM a dG

o pYrGCohn ,nrep dp
n hpRo en noreo oornnS pesGCo sGEphn nHnQpnenhn nbnQpnen
o jrGCnnan
rGCnhn mesYn mnnHp nnprjo rGCn pesCo HuQn
o drCnnS fuGEphn ,nnHrCnGhn nnMrCnG pjrnrndrG
fuGEp os
n eo jn :nbn HuQn sGEphn ronnrHn npnrnan rppofrGCn inpS rep GhvoYn rprnYn
n unjo
rGCnhn ,mesYn mnnHp ronpgrGCo rGCn
n pesCo
n ornYrGCn fuGEphn Otnjo ofsEpan Aknbn
o rnbn GPnGEp
ren rprnYn nnnLrG pdnhn ronnrHn opnrjn rppofrGCn inpS rep GhvoYn rprnYn
n unSGCo
prjnhn krHn
o prjo roorHn nojn sMn ` gnQpnbrGCn nrHn ren nbn hrGCn ` gnQpnbrCnHp
eT H dG j he Z M Yh gh ,]45[ "krHn roorHn
LGh c OJH qGE Jd S fGC HdH dG a j
H a edG e j eh ,dJ dG MJ Y Hb FGh U
UJh eSEG gGdG NBJ M UdG OGCh iQdG e ah
.dG jdG Y jdGh bdG YdG
:a ,bqJh bJ SGC e cGC eCG g IMh eGYh ? ndp
fnGCnhn IknMpGhn kesGCo rooesGCo ppgn sGEp} jdG BGdG dH AL c IMGh eGC ` 1
.(92 AfCG) |phooYran roHtQn

.5144 bH YdG GTGCh dG c a e LNGC ]45[

38

eEG Y MGC .O :H

Mkfo pHp sUhn en pjudG neu odn nnnT} IMGh JSQh ,MGh jOh ` 2
hn njudG GobpGCn rGCn nYphn nSeohn ngpGnHrGEp pHp nrsUhn enhn
n rdnGEp nrMnhrGCn pdsGhn
prndGEp prjnhn Anjn en prdnGEp pn
r jn osdG prdnGEp rgoYorJn en ncpprodrG nYn nocn pap GbosnnJn
o pjo en
.(13 iQdG) |

.IMGh b dGE Jh jdG d J ,GkMGh kdGE Jh ` 3

jdG sodGh dG dG c gQe IMGh aK J gh ` 4
..jhDdG jJh dG Md iQdG adG g QU ah ,IdG
:a c RdGh dG e dJ dG jJ j BGdG GCj dGh
pqdG
n nrfp GrhocoPrGhn GrbosnJn nhn kpLn pqdG pr
n Hp GropnYrGhn} dJ db ` 1
nnT nnYn rocohn fkGnNrGEp ppnrpHp o
r nrUCnan roHpobo nrHn
n dsCnan AGnYrGCn roco PrGEp rornYn
n dpncn nreu connfCnan QpsdG neu ImnrMo
BG) |honrJn rosndn pJpjnBG rodn oqdG ounjo

.(103 GY
nfsGEp AmrnT ap rorep
n rds knpT Grfocnhn ronjOp Grbosan njpdsG sGEp} dJ dbh ` 2
.(159 fCG) |onrjn Grfocn nHp oounjo sKo pqdG dnGEp rgooerGCn
ncpprodrG nep GfooJn hn InsdG GobpGCnhn ooJsGhn prdnGEp nppeo} dJ dbh ` 3
| noMpna rprjnnd npH mrpM toc knpT Gofncnh ronjpO Gobsna njpsdG npe

.(32 ` 31 hdG)
GC jdG YdG Gg H e eSEG e
C d Vj dG dP bY
q Ca
a iQdGh ,G`dG JCGh GMG GH J hCG dG Ig dEG QJ
.Ue hGC FZ JYe H

39

eEG Y MGC .O :H

H MJ qC e bh GC e cGC IYe dG eSEG eCG qGE

.Wd kHGEh d kbMGEh jd If MdG jGQ J gGe
fGC dG H eSEG QGd iQdG AMGE iOsDe g dP ch
ebEH NGhO f GC fGMGC a .jNBG e U a H e QGdG d
.iQdH YdGh gGdG H QGdG IQGOGEh ,iQdG M
dG GC fGYO NBGh .fhDT FS a iQdG SQd H igh dG fGg
.ddG Q d

40