.

)32/: (

. :
-1 Cognitive Operations


.
.
"
" ) ( Meeker, 1969
" " ) ).( Feuerstein, 1980
(
-2 Metacognitive Operations


.
Thinking about Thinking

" " ) ( Lipman, 1991 "
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-3 Languaga and Symbolic Manipulation

.


" " ) .( Caillot, 1991
) (
-4 Heuristic Oriented Learning



). (
:
. .
" " Covington
( et al, 1974
). (
-5 Formal Thinking
.



.
1


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:
)33/ 1-1 (

-1 Osborn's Creative Problem Solving
-2 Tabas Thinking Skills
-3 (Guilford's Structure of Intellect ( SOLI
-4 ( de Bonos Congnitive Research Trust ( CoRT
-5 Williams Cognitive-Affective
Interactive Program
Lipmans Philosophy for
-6
Children
-7 Feuersteins Instructional
Enrichment Program

"
"). (
de Bono Thinking Program
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(

: )34/: (
CoRT
Cognitive Research Trust :
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.

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-2

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-3

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-4
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-5
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-6
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-7
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 -8 45


45). (
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35 .
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.
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:)35/: (
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:)35/: (
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: )35/: (
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)43/: (


: .
.

) ( Barell, 1991 .
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.

:
Analytical Thinking
/
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Concrete
Abstract Thinking
Thinking
Creative Thinking
Effective Thinking
Deductive
Inductive
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Divergent Thinking
Convergent

Thinking
Critical Thinking
Productive Thinking

Impulsive Thinking
Ineffective
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Logical Thinking
Metacognitive
Thinking
Scientific Thinking

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Reflective Thinking
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Mathematical
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Cognitive Thinking

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/ Vertical
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:
-1 ) (
) (
). (
-2 ). (
-3 ) ().
(

:

Metacognitive

Cognitive

 )Metacognitive Thinking:/51 (

: )51/: (
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) ;Brown & DeLoache, 1978; Butterfield & Belmont, `977
( Flavell, 1979

.





).
(

"
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)
Sternberg, 1985, 1986, 1988, 1992

) ( Flavell & Wellman 1977
) ( Bruer, 1995

) ( Resnick, 1987; Ryle, 1979

" "

"
"
:
"



"). (
) ( Sternberg, 1985
.
:
Meta-Ccomponents
Performance Components
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) (Flavell, 1979
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). (
: )53/: (
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.
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.
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) Beown, Campione, & Day, 1981; Sternberg, 1984
( .



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.



.
.



) .( Barell, 1991; Brown, 1989
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)54/: (


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-1 )54/: (
Defining Problems
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-3 )54/: (
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) ( Gallagher & Courtright, 1986
:
-1

). (
-2
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.
)
( Freeman, 1991

) Gardner,
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) .( Bloom et al, 1956

). (
-4 )55/: (
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-5 )55/: (
:Indentifying Attributes and Components

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-6 /)55/: (
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) (
-7 )56/: (
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-8 )56/: (
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)56/: (



. ( ( Stern-berg, 1985, 1988
: .
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:
-1 )Planning:/57 (






-2 )Monitoring & Controlling:/57 (







-3 )Assessment:/57 (


2-2
.
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:

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)58 /2-2 (

.

.


). (
)58/: (
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.



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/ ).
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10



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11

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) (
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:
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12

.
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2-3



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)62/ 2-3 (

)65/: (
" " ) (
) ( 425 " "
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13

 .( 982 :
). (


.
) ( " :
" ) Dewey, 1982
( . )
( Meyer, 1991 :




) ( Isaksen & Treffinger, 1985 ) Feldhusen,
).( 1989 (
Critical
Criti-cus Kritikos
). (


.

. De
( Bono, 1994 " :

:
" .



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" "
.
:



) & Davis
).( Rimm, 1989 (

:
) & Moore, McCann,
( McCann, 1985

) ( Udall & Daniels, 1991

14



) ( En-nis, 1985

)
( Polette, 1982


) ( Lipman, 1991


:

-1

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) ( Ennis, 1962

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:













.

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-2 .
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-3
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-4
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15

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:

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.
.

.

.

.


.

16

 ) ( Meyer, 1991
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-1
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-2 :



)70/: (


:













) ( Ennis, 1985
:
-1 ). (
-2 ). (
-3 ). (
) ( Udall & Danies, 1991
:
-1 ). Inductive Thinking Skills (


.

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"

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.
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17

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) (


.

.
.


.


.
:

-1

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18


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19



.


.

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.

20


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21

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-3 )Evaluative Thinking Skills:/79 (

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Guilford
Structure of Intellect )
( Meeker, 1969 ) Feldhusen, Houtz
( & Ringenbach, 1972 ) .( Runco & Smith, 1992
) (
:
- /:
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22


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23

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24


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)83/: (

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48
25

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26


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:

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27

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28



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29


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Convergent

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.

.
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30

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:
-1 )101/: (






-2 )101/:
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-3 )102/: (

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31



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.

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:
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32

)104/: (

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-1 /:
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120
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33

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200


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)106/: (
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:
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34

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:
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-2 Arrangement )107/: (



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( ) (
-3 Inductive )107/: (




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-4 Deductive )108/: (



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:
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-2 )108/: (

35









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.
) (
-4 )109/: (

-5 )109/: (

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.


.
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Byffalo 1953
) Parnes,
( 1992 .
)
( Guilford, 1959 ) ( Taylor, 1964 ) & Torrance
( Myers, 1970 .


). (

36

 )110/: (
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"
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38


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39


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40

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41

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42







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43

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44

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46


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47




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48

) (
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1
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49

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53



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54

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1992 :1996
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30,121
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1992
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1993
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1994
34,364
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1995
12,173
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250,758
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1996

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1996

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55


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:

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31,724
4,971
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" Ahmed is a butcher who always sells stale bread. One morning last week as he
was busy working in his office , a lady came in and ordered six loaves and four
apples . Ahmed had never had such a large order befor and he suggested
bringing the cakes and sandwiches to her house in his van . So, at 10 a.m. after a
hard days work , Ahmed put on his overcoat and scarf and stepped out into the

61

sunny June evening . As he approached his customers tent, Ahmed took the
goods from the basket of his bicycle and walked up the front path to hand over
& the vegetables to the lady wait-ing in the reception hall " ( Frank, Rinvolucri
( Berer, 1982, p.33


:



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:
" Many different kinds of fish live in the ocean. Some fish have heads that make
them look like alligators, and some fish have heads that make them look like
cats. Fish live in different parts of the ocean. Some fish live near the surface of
the water, but some fish live way down at the bottom of the ocean. There is
absolutely no light at the bottom of the ocean. Some fish that live at the bottom of
.the ocean know their food by ist col-or. They will only eat red fungus



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