5

CO

1.

co
co

co

ce co
.

co

ce ,
, , .
20% , a
50% ( 5-1). 20
,
.
cera . Ho
,
.
Ho, co (Just-intime),
, . ,
!
co .
co -
.
co
co, ,
, ,
, ce .
Ha , ,
,
co .
, ce
co co
, ce .

98

BO

Abbott Laboratories
Campbell Soup
Clorox
Dresser Industries
Ford Motor
General Electric
General Mills
Goodyear Tire
Harris Corp.
Honeywell
3M
Newell
Pfizer
Sara Lee
Xerox

$ 11,013.0
7,678.0
2,217.8
6,561.5
146,991.0
79,179.0
5,416.0
13,112.8
3,659.3
7,311.6
14,236.0
2,872.8
11,306.0
18,624.0
19,521.0

$1,882.0
802.0 :
222.1
257.5 .
4,446.0
7,280.0
476.4
101.7
: 178.4 :
402.7 ::
1,526.0
246.5
1,929.0
: 916.0
1,206.0

$ 11,125.6
$ 1,238.0
17.1%
738.0
10.4
6,632.0
2,178 9
' 138.9
3.9 .,
: 913.6
5,150.2 .
. 3.0 .
262,876.0
6,656.0
9.2
4,473.0 \
8.8
: , 272,402.0
, 395.5
3,294.7.
0.8 ;
1,774.0
4.9
9,671.8 :;
544.1
5.5
. 3,206.7
5,493.3
. 937.6
; 10.7
2,264.0 ;
8.9
13,364.0 : '
509.5
3,005.1
17.1
14,667.0
1,589.0
4.9
2,807.0
6.2
12,602.0
2,676.0
26,818.0

11.1%
11.1
6.4
17.7
2.5 .
:
:

1.6 /;

12.0
.
18.3
17.0 "i;
17.1
: 16.9
; 17.0 \
10.8
22.3
10.0

Baxter International
Berger Brunswig
Dayton Hudson
Fleming Companies
Kmart
Nordstrom
Sears, Roebuck
Super Value Stores
Wal-Mart Stores
Winn-Dixie

669.0
5,438.0,
9,942.7.
73.5.
25,371.0 .
463.0
16,486.7
! 26.7
31,437.0
220.0
147.5
.4,453.1
1.271.0
38,236.0
16/186.3
166.4
106,147.0
3,056.0
: 12,955.5 : ; : 255.6

12.3
0:7
1.8
0.2
0.7
3..3

;:;:

.0:

W ' M irV

7,596.0
2,489.8
13,389.0
4,055.2.
14,286.0
2,702.5
36,167.0
4,183.5 '
39,501.0
2,648.6

11.6
883.0
49.0
1,221.0
3,031.0;
22.6
1,051.0
25.9
6,354.0
., . 44.5 - ,
,"' 2.6.6
719.9
. 4,646.0

/. 1,092.0 .
15,897.0

'.
l i /9. ir;

5.1

2.

HA CO

co ,


.

. ,
:
(1) ce co
, ce , , ,
, , -
; (2) ce
co ,
. ,
.

99

 co

co
. ,
ce co
, co
,
ce .
co
, ,
co .
ce co
, ce . Ha
, ,


.
, co
, ce ,
ce ce , a ce
.

3. CO HA

co
ce co .1

,
co . ce
.

, co
. ,
, ce .
ce ,
( )
.

. Ha ,

co ( -) co ( ) , ?

,
co -
, .
Ho co ,
35% ,
ce .
co , ce 8%,
100


. ce ,
ce 8% .
ce ,
, ce . ,
ce 35% , ( ,
co ,
).
co ,
6
12 . Ho,
, co ce
, , a
ce .

co

,
,
. co
ce
ce : (1)
, (2) , (3) (4)
. ce 5-2.

101

 .
, ce . ce
, , ce
. ,

.
ce .
Ce ,
. Ha , ( )
- , . ,
ce ,
25%. ce
.

102

 co 18%,
, , ,
., 10%.
,
, ce
. ce
ce
. ,
ce .
ce ,
.
,
,
, .
, ce co
.
. ce
.
,
.
, () .
, . Co ..
,
ce .
ce
,
. , :

1. ()
, ,
.
2.

,
.

3. ()
,
; ce .
4.

,
; ce .3

ce ,
ce co .
:

1. -, -. ce ce
, .
2.

-, -. ce ce
,
.
103

3.

. ce
co , ce
, ce
co .

,

. ce
ce
() ( )
.
ce
ce ce co .
, ce ,

. ce ,
, .
, co ce
( 5-3). ,

.

5.3 -

, ce
; ,
ce .
co . ce
. co ce
, ce 20%
. , ce
ce .
ce . Co
, .


. , ce
. ,
ce
. ce , ,
.

ce ce
.
, ce
- - ce co ce
104

 . ce ,
.
. ce co 4
: (1) , (2) , (3)
(4) (
) .
co .
ce . ce , ce
co , a co
. , ce co
, ce co ,
. ce
co .

ce .
co .
ce co
( co ), co
ce ( ).
, co ce
ce , a ce (
, ). , ce
ce , co
.

ce
. ,
co ,
co , ce .
ce
ce .
co .
ce .
ce
. , ce
co , ce
(ce
). , , ce ,
, , ce
. Ho , ce , .
co ( ) .
ce , .

. ce
.
.
, : (1) , (2) , (3)
(4) .
.

105

 ce ce no
. ,
.

( ce co ce ).
, ce
ce
. ce ce
.
.

. ce

.
.
.

,
ce .
,
. ce , , ., ce
,
. ce co
co ,
.
.

ce . Ha , ce
, ce . Ho,
co , ce . co , a
ce co .
, ce ,
ce .
,
. Ha ,
, ce , a
.
He ,
ce co ce ce
co . Ha ,
, co
.

, , ,
, co ,
, , , .
ce
.
,
ce .
106


. 5-2 ce
co .
co
.

.
Co 5-2
4 : (1) , (2)
, (3) (4)
.

: :

12

3 V :

ce
;
co

ce

(
)

Ce ce ,
ce

ce ;

ce

f -
1 I 11I I

11

.
'
.

3 9
. , ce
. 2
.
. ; 10,
1

5-2

.
, ce
.
ce . Co

 . ce
. ce
.
,
ce .
.
ce ,
ce

10
.
175 125
. co
800 000 .
, 7.8
. ce
ce
.
5-3 ce
ce a
. ce 78%
ce 30% 15% ce
10 ,
78% a 30%
. Ha ce 2.34 .
A
co
78%
co
30%
co

10,000,000
78%
7,800,000
30%
2,340,000

78%

co

co

30%
78%
234%
10,000,000
23,4%
2,340,000

5-3

.
ce , ce
7.8 .
ce 90 948 , 1.17%
, ce 30% ( 5-4, 3).
108

 4 524 ,
0.06% ( 4).
.
( ) 225 654
, 2.89%
( 5-4, 5).
ce
ce .

ce .
.
co 0.80%
( 7). co
ce . ce co ce
co . ,
10% co
( 100 308 ) ce co ,
1.29%) (7.8 , 8 9). ce ce
.
.
ce ( ) ce
36.21%. ,
36%. Ce
, ce
, ce ce .
,
ce ,
ce .
co ,
ce . Ha ,
ce ce
. , co
ce /,
.

109


p.

( )

30

co

ce

1.

2.
ce

3.

co

ce

ce
.

co

Ce
ce ,
ce

ce
ce

( )

( )

10

He ce

11

ce
3,4,5,6,7,8,9,
10

ce


ce
,
ce

1

ce

100 (
)


ce

ce

ce

Ce ce

ce
Ce
ce
co ce
Ce
ce

7.800.000
ce
,(
ce 70%

).
FOB

78%

90.948 1.17 %

4.524 0.06%

225,654
2.89%
NIL

0.800

100,308 1.29%

He ce

36.21%

5-4

110

4.

HA HA

. Ho ,
ce
.3 ce
.
5-5,
ce 11 12,
2 273 . ce ,
,
;
.

40 %

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

$750,000
375,000
250,000
187,500
150,000
125,000
107,143
93,750
83,333
75,000
68,182
62,500
57,692
53,571
50,000

$300,000
150,000
100,000
75,000
60,000
50,000
42,857
37,500
33,333
30,000
27,273
25,000
23,077
21,428
20,000

$150,000
50,000
25,000
15,000
10,000
7,143
5,357
4,167
3,333
2,727
2,273
1,923
1,649
1,428

. 5

Ha 5-4
. ce 8
, . Co
5 6 ce
10 15 . ce
, ce
ce
ce co .

5.4

ce ,
ce .
co ce
.
Ha ,
100 , ce
150 , co ce
50 .
30%, ce 2.5 ($30:12). ce
30 ,
15 , ( 5-5).

112

5.5

He ( )
. 30
000 . , ce
15 , no 2 , a
30 , 1 .

.

5.

CO

co

. co
, ce
.
co :

ce
.

ce
.

, ce
:

. ABC ce
.

co .

.
co .

/ .

co
.

,
co
.
, ce
ce .
.

114

6.

HA HA C O

co ce co :
ABC , /,
.
ABC . , V.
Pareto (1848-1923) 20% 80% .
, , . ce .
- co ce
, ce , -
co . 6
ABC - 20%
80% .
ce
,
ce . ce
ce
ce .
ce co .7
Co ,
ce co .
. ce ,
,
. Ha , ce
ce ,
. Ho,
ce co ce ,
ce ce .
ce co ,
ce .
,
ce . Ho, ce
co .
ce co
. Co ABC
ce .
ABC .8
co A
5% 70% , 10%
20% , 65%
10% . 20%
( 5-6).
,
5-6 .10

115

ABC -

IO'.; C

20% B

70% A
C
OI
tz

Q.
CI

ex
C

(i5'v

Hi',

5.6

,
; ,
ce .
ce . 5-6
ce A
98%, 90% 85% .
95%. Co
,
.

(%)

70

98

68.6

20

90

18.0

10

85

8.5

100

95.1
5.6

116

, ce
ce .
20 , A
20 , 5 , a
. ce
, ce ce

.
/. co
/ ce .
.. co
, .
ce . Ho , a
.
ce
.
. Ho , ce ce
.

. Ce ( )
. ce
/ .11 Ha 5-7
.

>

5.7

117

Ha , 5-7 ce
. ce
. ce
co :

- .

/ - /

.

- .

co
100% . , ce

.
/ . ,
.
.
co ce
. ce
.

co
, ce
ce
.
,
.
co ce co

.
co
. Kendal (
) co
,
. ,
.
ce :

80% 98%.

15 .

41 %.

15%.

co ,
.

,
. Co ..
, .
118

7.
HA

HA

HA

. co

5 . Ha ce
. ce
ce 5-7.

( )

100.0
60.0
40.0
18.0
18.0
4.0

100.0
60.0
40.0
18.0
18.0
5.5

( )
co

14.0
8.0
22.0
18.0
40.0

9.0
8.0
17.0
23.0
40.0

4/100=4%

5.5/100=5.5%

5-7 X

, ce co
. Co
30%, 1.5 .

, ,
ce .

 . , ce
, , , ., co
. , ce
. ,
. Ho ,
. Ce ?
, 3-4% ,
, 13% co 7- % .
co
. -
co ,
.

, .
8 10 . Ha ce
ce .
ce .

ce 4 .
.
, co
ce .
, 20 , 12
5.
, a
.

120

8.

.

ce .
.
Cera ce .
Ha ce

.

121