النظرية النسبية الخاصة

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2004
drshahoot@yahoo.com
P. O. Box 40099 Khoms-Libya
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%# ! ,2 () ,!# 2 4' *# # 5#+ 5 19 #
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. G * ! UB " N
7
r
υ %9
,2 ;# m0 + =#+ 6 "
r
: +2 P %9 6 6 BA
r r
P = m 0υ (1-1)
= > 4
+ +
# 7 =1 + " BA 9
" !#8 " ." B @7 " %# Q 6 %!
.6
6 ) %! "# ,#+ BA Z2 4J C 5) ! E

r
: + " %# @ Q @! , F + <Z2
r
r dP
F= (2-1)
dt
r d r
r dυ r
F = (m 0 υ) = m 0 = m 0a (3-1)
dt dt
r
:,N + "# +
7 * ." 0" a E
p2
ε = 1 m0 υ2 = (4-1)
2 2 m0
r r
Z2 l %9 D " =
A9 + " %# F @7 <9
= ,2 8 01
<9 +
=7 * ,2 8 > =# A" 08
r r
+2 υ2 %9 υ1
rr 1 1
F .l = m 0 υ 22 − m 0 υ12 (5-1)
2 2
: ‫ א א א‬2-1

r
" Z2 " %# F @7 <9 =
)[ F
,2 + +
" <Z2 A C " @1 AM <B
: + t = 0 A
#
r r
dυ
F = m0 (6-1)
dt
F F
∴ υ= ∫
m0
dt =
m0
t (7-1)
.A C 8 M #+ J
8
@! =# '+ " 0" <9 +
\ ;< + 052 .A #* @
=# 01
+ " B 5 5#" + B " 9
D< 0 0" C* 5* , N " N .+-
B , /"
(1L1) 0+ .6" KS %9 "
. " D< 0"
#" !*
+^ E

A-
+
E
4 +- F/* A $ 7 A 5" ,**B :(1L1) 0+
.5" F2 * 0" ,+ E +M F#*
5" F2 * 0" 41 q 5 0+

, +- F#*
#* D " +- D< A2 V ]0 ,G 5+
.& 0B 5 !M A @ 2 5
+
!* ( 5 +9 0+ X 7 *
7
:,N + G 5+ + 7 * ! 5
+ 0"
1
qV = m0υ2 (8-1)
2
: .=#+ m0 +- 5+ , υ E
q = 1.6 × 10−19 C
m 0 = 9.11× 10−13 kg
:> ' " X

9 ,2 *#S V 5" F2
1Mv=106 v
9
:%9 7 +- + <
2 qV 2 x 1.6 x 10 −19 C
υ2 = = − 31
= 3.6 x 1017 m 2 /s 2
m0 9 x 10
∴υ = 6.0 x 10 8 m/s
; 01
0
M ! %# D<
9
C F M ,52 " D< ,2 ! # ?G .
( *B
:,N + " (! +
l = 8.4 m :& 0*
t=3.08×10-8 s : 0 !M @2
:%9 +^ ! + <9
l 8.4 m
υ= = −8
= 2.7 x 108 m/s
t 3.08 x 10 s
7 ;# 81 , 6 # ! @B& "
/
5 ' " ## ("9 6
) +
1 @1 6
5" @ A
,2 =
! .#B #" 5" 52 B ,
. ,2 ##7 @ A ? #"
υ 2 x 1016 m 2 /s 2
2q
υ2 = V
m0
10
9
8
6
0
1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 V(Mv)
'7 :) . +- 7 * + υ2– " ?G :(2L1) 0+

(` ,2 () ) c υ
10
7 %9 01 + M G 5 ; (2L1) 0+ ,2
/
, G 5 ! F * D< 9 . #" 5" B 5
: %9 υ2 +
υ 2 = 9.0 x 1016 m 2 /s 2
υ = 3 x 10 8 m/s
6 5 6 '# " + , 5 () , D<
. " +
,2 6 ) + = () UB 2 *!2 $
(! ; +) 52 :1 M , !* F#

F* ! ; + 2 () %9 01 KS +
"#
'
> 5+ + G* KS +
"
,2 *!2
: 7/
2q
υ2 = V (9-1)
m0
+ 6 ! 6 *B 0 (9L1) 7/ 4#

/ ' " C 6 !
D< ,2 @ " 9 .01& *! >< (2L1) 0+ ,2 :)
6 +
7 * 81 #+ 7 * 0
+9 0+ , "
KS < , 7 " + <9 4 q V %9
1
qV > m0 υ2
2
>#! + 9 () 57 '! , υ
81 7 * 5+
( 0
7 +- :
1 . ε = 2 m o υ 2
1
.6 !
M ;< :) 2 +
81 . XB
11
−: ‫ א‬3-1
%# ; 02 4A+ 0 ( # 5 7 , ' " !

0B !# , + " * = ()
@ () 0+ =9 01 ;< + A 4' *!M
.* 85+ "
U 1M # ,2 !B D< " 9
@ & " K Z+ @ () 01
, E M
C K - 0 !# 0+ + G)5+
." * ()# + + M . D<.@
+ <9 BV + V 5 7 , ' " ;< + ( "
. D<
1
c ` ,2 7 5 ν %# @ . () 9
07 7 * 5 0! A
0+ %# () . 3 ×108 m/s %9
4;/ h E
hν > G) A
,2 0
+ 7 *
P 6 BA ;<+ = 0
. 7 * , + A
D<
:, 7/ =7 * *
ε = hν = cp (10-1)
@A5" 2 <9 =
+ () A
D >< BA < 9
% 5# *! , * %# 6 *8) *# ()
E
!7
.K - *8) @
" G) A
,2 /BM 9
J8 c 6 G , 2 . Z = M +- +
7 * +2 07 ! 7 * +
" C C)B A
,2 " *
+

A +- [ 7 +- %# " , ' " .
.c D< '7 7 * =# A 07 +
12
, 1eV +
=7 * >< 2 0 0 %#2

,2 .() = 6 ) 1MeV +
=7 * >< ()
>< +- 07 1eV +
=7 * >< +- "
+- #+ " ? /BM < 41MeV +
=7 *
.# 5 .
: 4-1

=B @+ # < >1 A 5" #+ 0B $ !
.= 0
#+ ,G A 07
+ 5" A" %9 G) A
GA" %# @! = A 5"
=M ()# ," 0* $ ! A 5" B .0B a<
6 ! J2 * & % F#* `2 0/B J& +

( ) 0/B () 6 ) ;<V D" + (, 0+ 0#B
* %9 a
1 " 0 () " ! + E
.`
. M >

" !
M2
R
"

C υ

1
" "A

!
P
s
" "A
1
2 1 M1
T

., #+ A 5" ,**B :(3L1) 0+
13
%# s 1 () *! E
4A 5" < (A" (3L1) 0+ :)
M1 %9 01
9 G) A
%9 A"2 2 1 " "A
1
M2 %9 01 P 5 + XB& A
$+
.$+ c " "A
1
K< D< ,2 () 0" >)
1 D< " 9
.!2& K< ,2 () =*! >< ;< 6 6 " "A 6 + C*!
P *! 0B 5 01
V + G) A

.G) ,2 /B/ "
V 5 *! M2 S 6 > P M1 S + <9
+ .M2 %# F* R , M1 @1 Z2 5) %# 6
M1 P l 2 M2 > M l 1 M1 :1 <9
.T 0B Q 0 " ) 0B ' M2 %# 6
! 8 ,G) F2 Z2 > 2 M1 @V ;

λ
2
'5 0
0
0B a< ) 6 G) 6 01
(6 9 6 <) λ
.0B a< +
M1 @V ;
.= " BN
Q 0 " ,2 *! , '& D< * <Z2
: E
M1 @V 5+
, @81 2 '
+
2(l 2 −l 1 ) = mλ (11-1)
'M m E
Z2 υ > M1 %9 P =" ;

A 5" )2 <9
,2 :) + A 5"# 5 $+ D "M ;
&
c− υ %9 + M1 @V D " () <9 .(3L1) 0+
%9 () 01 ,+ . c+ υ %9 + P D " =" =

. A
,G) K # ,8 P *! M2 @V
XB& 5" ,2 = # ! *! %9 %9 5 D<
14
01# %# '#8 4A > D " : =#2 5
() #1
+ $ & < %# .*! ;# %9
.(4L1) 0+
M 4 c 2 − υ 2 %9
υ
c
c2 − υ2
01 () 9 :) ,**B :(4L1) 0+

,G) K # M # ! *! %9
. A

6 9 6 < PM1 2 C*! () =78 >< A t1 J N
l1 l 2l 1 /c 2l1 υ2
∴ t1 = + 1 = ≈ (1 + ) (11-1)
c− υ c+ υ 1 − υ 2 /c 2 c c2
.6 9 6 < PM2 2 C*! ()# A/ A t2 6 ) J
2l 2 2l 2 /c 2l 2  υ2 
∴ t2 = =  1 + 2  (12-1)
(c 2 − υ 2 ) (1 − υ 2 /c 2 ) c  2c 
:%9 6 G) A

∆t A ,2 F + =#
2 2l υ 2 l υ 2
∆t = t 1− t 2 = (l 1 − l 2 ) + 1 3 − 2 3 (13-1)
c c c
D " PM2 K< + E
90o ! A =# + N A 5" <9
: E
∆t ′ A ,2 " F2 ? +

15
2 l υ 2 2l υ 2
∆t ′ = t 1′ − t ′2 = (l 1 − l 2 ) + 1 3 − 2 3 (14-1)
c c c
= ? ∆t − ∆t ′ >
,A F ,2 01
>< 8 9
: E
'& δ > ! 0B a< ,2
A9
c(∆t − ∆t ′)
δ= (15-1)
λ
( l1 + l 2 ) υ 2
δ= (16-1)
λc 2
:N 81 " D< + 2 l1 = l 2 = l + <9
2(υ/c )2
δ= (17-1)
λ/ l
#+ :) \ υ 7 + 2 c l λ 0+ 7 9
. 3 × 104 m/s
,2 J& %9 D< +
:N # ?G N
υ = 3 × 104 m/s J&
c = 3 ×108 m/s ()
λ = 6 x 10 −7 m B ()# ," 0*
l = 1.2 m A 5" K< 0*
:%# 01
?G D<
υ
= 10 − 4
c
λ
= 5 × 10−7
l
: " 17L1 7/ F*
δ = 0.04
. .0B a< ,2 01
,
A- ! " D< 0

>< #+ A 5" B $ !# 0 7 = M9 6" 81 <
.D/ ! + 07
A9 $ !

A9 360o 0/B A 5" #+
5 1/B + , D #+ 07 @ "
16
. & %S * " @+2 a M # ?G %# 01

, G # " D< 9 . 5+ ,8

1
.1 B 5# A+
: !‫ "א‬5-1
/1
5Z2 +

,2 " $ !
9 .Bb ;

+ <9 #B ?G %#
. % 5 > 07 !
+ ; x ,
M D " υ ;
6 *7 N
. u > *! +
D " ;
BN $ "
=#B
;
BN '+ ;< =Z2 *! ' " ! 6 1B )2 <9
;< + <9 #B + D< " .x ,
M D " u+υ >
#+ <9 <9 . *! +
$+ D "M ;
BN '+
" ( *9 + = >< 6M #
6A5" + <9 > .=7
BV ;#
<+ . -
= * =Z2 A
A^ $ 7
7 =2 X"T + ,2
9 = -

. ;< ) " +
#B
s s′
υ
xo′ x ′p P
xp
O O' x,x'
5 s,s` -
:(5L1) 0+
.υ X
17
s A *! ' " ! >< UB 9
N A
0+ ,2 :) + s ′ A υ ;
*! 9

,2 +

,2 '+ C7 0 P *! J .(5L1)
! s -
*! ;# C7 , xp
/ . s ′ -
*! ! s ′ -
57 x ′p O 01& *!
,2 x o′ > O 01& *! O′ 01& *! + <9 . O′ 01&
:Z2
x ′p = x p − x o′ (18-1)
: " t = t ′ A# ,2* 0) # ("Z
u ′x = u x − υ (19-1)
,2 '+ 0 u ′x s

,2 '+ 0 u x <9
D + *! ,2 $ " '+ %9 @ - " . s ′

< *!# 61 > = <9 s ′ -
,2 6
a B 7 UB 4 *! 0B '+
><
> = <9 s -
,2 6 D + *!
%9
< ,2 *!
>< J& %9 61
.J&
: %#$" 6-1

*! >< "
*7 "O = 0/B # . " !
6 ) " 5 7 5 ') 1 7 @
@1
?2 ;
+ + ( 5 , " D<
18
"& C" . 7 ;< ,2 + 9 + M J&
"
*! <9 .! *B ,2 0& %9 6 *! @
@1 *7
.# +

*) 1 + M 1 @ 7
s, s ′ s s′
υ
y y′
υt x` P
x, x ′ x
O, O ′
O O′ x, x ′
t = t′ = 0 t = t′ ≠ 0
z, z′ z z′
(a) (b)
t = t`= 0 A ,2 5) ,# !* (a) s`,s -

:(6L1) 0+
.t = t` ≠0 A x ,
M D " 5) /1 (b)
; E
#B 9 >
,2 "
*!
N $
,2 07
"
*! J 5
*! "
X %&
,2 .J& %# 07 ;<+
C*7 0+ %# 6 6<B *! = X
,2 @1
*! . = + + 5" .(,2 +
0" ! F# 2 G2 + %! ?G +
,2 #B "

,2 8 M , + %! ; + 7 > 0"# @!
. -
C"
#B 9
,2
/ , + " +
!# ! 9
M D< 9 .# . /
% 1 B M 5 +
9
,2 " 0" A C) F# 7 *
19
5 A XB 9
,2 5 ! * 7 C s A 5 A
+ s -
x ,
M D "Z υ ;
s` A
:,N + 0
M + N + (6L1) 0+ ,2
/
x ′ = x − υt , x = x ′+ υt 
y′ = y 

z′ = z 

t′ = t  (20-1)
u ′x = u x − υ , u x = u ′x + υ 

a ′x = a x 
01
+ 1 B 0
M D/ /
,2
/
> 8 %! >< A# 0) # ("9 5#
:+2 t = t ′
dx ′ dx dt
= −υ (21-1)
dt ′ dt ′ dt ′
:Z2 dt = dt′
u ′x = u x − υ (22-1)
7/ Z2 =# 4
D< 0 ,2 8 %! 0" 6 )
/
<9 #B 9
,2 @1 5 0" 7
.A %9 2 )9 %& E/ M *
20

#
#"$
:(1) "
=2*
E M =#+ L =* +
,2 0A F1
#+ + F1 BN *
( 0) K 9

! 6 4[(7L1) 0+
M] ε =7 * m > K -
. ε = mc ?9 BA 7 *
2
:
M ε K - 7 * *
7/ '
=BA
L
c <9 p =ε /c
.()
∆x
F1# ,#+ BA
52 )2 " – F1 :(7L1) 0+
K - ( 07 =2
,#1& =7 F1 :)
.K - *8) " ,G 5 =7 %9 =BA Z2 61 >
−ε / c %9 6 +
:Z2 F1 9 υ + <9 46@ K - ( 59
∆t F8 A Z2 L 2 K - C*7 . υ = −ε / Mc
. ∆t = L/c :>
D "Z F1# 6 2 6 * * ') K - 2 ;<
,*c >< C2 ;< D "^ $+ ! > C2 < K -
.F1# 6M
D<5 " +
%9 01 F1 0"2 , C2
: E
∆x > 2 F1 ;
#
∆x = υ∆t = −
εL
Mc 2
21
=
C F1 #+ A+ Z2 6MA + ="
.m > #+ = 0! 7 K - > 4,#1& =7 A
:%# 01
BA
7 F*
L ∆x
m +M = 0
∆t ∆t
mL + M∆ x = 0
∴ − M∆ x = mL
: " D/ 7/ -
εL = mL
c2
∴ ε = mc 2
(2) "

,2 = + <Z2 ." B @7
;
m =#+ "
ε #+ =7 * #! ; + 7 ?9 .υ %9
:7/ %*
ε =
ε0
1 − υ 2 
 2 
 c 
." UG 1B + ε 0 E
:
=7 * " #+ 7/ ; (1) 0 ,2
) F
:7/ " BA ; + ,2 4 ε = mc 2 4#+
p = mυ
p
m=
υ
:,N > 4=BA M ε " 7 * <9
ε = p c2 (1)
υ
22
8 Z2 " %# F " B @7 <9 4>#! ; + 7
:@! D< * 0< 08 > #+ =7 * ,2
d ε = Fdx
dP
∴dε = dx = υdP (2)
dt
:%# 01
J 5) C (2) (1) ')
ε d ε = c 2 pdp
:? @B& ,2* 0 + # ("Z
ε 2 = c 2 P 2 + ε02 (3)
." UG 1B + ε0 E
:%# 01
(3) ,2 P = mυ J
ε2 = c 2 (m υ )2 + ε 02
 υ2 
2
=  mc 2    + ε 02
   c2 
 
 υ2 
=  2  ε 2 + ε 02
 c 
 
ε0
∴ ε =
 1 − υ 2 /c 2 
 
:(3) "
#+ 0B $ ! ,2 @V 5+
'" , 2 '
9
=" 0* () Q 0 " (,) ' 2000 ;

.606 nm
:
2(l 2 − l1 ) = mλ : 7/ B
2 ∆ l = mλ
23
2 ∆ l = 2000 x 606 x 10 −9 m
∆ l = 606 x 10 −6 m
∴ ∆ l ≅ 0.61 mm
(4) "
100V D! 5" F2 0/B =#" 9.11×10-31kg =#+ +9
.!2 =" 0* '
9 υ=5.93 ×106 m/s G 5 '+Z2
:
:+2 P " BA 6M B
P = mυ = 9.11 × 10 −31 × 5.93 × 10 6 = 5.40 × 10 −24 kg . ms −1
:!2 " 0* " + , 7/

h 6.626 × 10 −34
λ= = − 24
= 1.23 × 10 −10 m
p 5.40 × 10
= 0.123 nm
(5) "
400m/s > x-y X ,2 s M
,2 ;
"

,2 = " .x ,
M C 60o ! A C1 D "
.80 ms-1 M >
6 # s` M
:
:+ # . /
F*
u ′x = u x − υ = u c os 60 − υ = 200 − 80 = 120 ms −1
3
u ′y = u y = u sin60 = x 400 = 200 3 ms −1
2
u ′z = u z = 0
24
(u ′ ) (120)2 + (200 )
2 2
∴u′ = x + u ′y2 = 3
= 366.6ms −1
u ′y 200 3
∴ tanθ ′ = =
u ′x 120
∴ θ ′ ≅ 71o
:(6) "
=#" +M (Ao) "M @
, " 0*
: V > 5" F2 0/B +
λ = 12.27
V
:
:, 7/
h h h 1
λ= = = . =
p 2 m e eV 2 me e V
λ=
( 6.626 ×10 J.s ) −34
.
1
2 ( 9.11× 10 kg )(1.6 × 10
−31 −19
C ) V
6.626 × 10−34 1 1 12.27

λ= −25
. = 1.227 × 10−9. m= Ao
5.4 × 10 V V V
(7) "
% 6 0" 5" + +M /" ' " X
,2
D< 7 \>#! ; + B +M .0.255MV
. 07 7 ;# C "
25
:
() '! = >< "# #+ 7 * !
: < ε >
ε = mc2
m0
m= :> , 4+

,2 " #+ m E
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
,7 * K" + #+ =7 * 2 4+

,2 "
:> +
7 * 2 ;< 4+
+
T = ε − m0 c 2
= mc2 − m0 c2
 −1/ 2 
∴ T = m0 c2  1 − υ2 /c2

( ) − 1

D/ 7/ '" %* 1 B ,2 +
7 * <9
+
7 * F (8-1) 0+ :) ,
:TR +
7 * TC #!
T  −1/2 
TR = m0c2  1−υ2/c2

( ) −1

Tc =
1
2
m0υ2
c υ
#!

,2 C +
7 * %
:(8L1) 0+
" '! T ! C /B ; <

T M υ2 % a
?G D< 7 .()
:+2
26
m0c2
T + m 0 c 2 = mc 2 =
(1 − υ /c )
2 2
 
 
 1 
∴ υ 2 = c2 1 − 2

  T  
 1 + 2  
  m0 c  
G 5+ + 7 * ,2 8 > T +
7 *
: 2 4 T = qV
 
 
 1 
υ2 = c 2 1 − 2

  qV  
 1 + 2  
  m0 c  
! + 4V 5" υ2 C 7/ ,

" 7 < 6 ! :) + (8-1) ,
C ,
:(9-1) 0+
/2 > ,
.
υ2
υ2=c2
c2
2 T 2 qV
υ2 = =  
m0 m0  
 1 
υ2 = c 2 1 − 2

  qV  
  1 + 2  
  m 0 c  
5 .=# *# 5" "# C ,

:(9L1) 0+
.6+ 5" + 5 c υ '7 1 B ,

:+ >#! ; +# <
27
2 qV 2 x 1.6 x 10 −19 x 0.255 x 10 6
υ2 = =
m0 9.11 x 10 −31
≅ 9 x 1016 ms −1
∴ υ = 3 x 10 8 ms −1 = c
: 2 1 B 7 B
 
 
 1 
∴ υ 2 = c 2 1 − 
  
2

 1 + qV  
  m 0 c 2  
 
qV 0.255 MeV 1
∴ 2
= =
m0c 0.51 MeV 2
   
    2
∴ υ 2 = c 2 1 −  = c 2 1 − 1  = 5 c
1
2   9  9
  1 + 1    
  2     4 
5c
∴υ =
3
:(8) "
0+ +
7 * + < 4+M # ," 0* '

.10MeV 5
:
Tp=10MeV # +
7 * 0 F!
'" :6M •
:ε0 + =7 * C +
=7 * ! ;< .

7 * < Tp<<ε0 < 938.3 MeV >

# ε0
B + ;< + =7 * ! M
: . 7/
28
h h
λ= =
p 2 m 0 Tp

7 * 0
'"2 4$ !
@ '" :6 •
: J % MeV
10 MeV = (10 ×106 eV)(1.6 × 10−19 J/eV) = 1.6 × 10−12 J
(6.626 × 10−34 j.s)
∴λ = = 9 × 10−15 m
2 × (1.673 ×10−27 kg)(1.6 × 10−12 J)
+M 7 * @ C 4+O *B $ F*

B '" ;< 4 Te>>ε0 > 0.511 MeV > ε0 +
: 7/
h h hc
λ= = =
p Te /c Te
(6.626 × 10−34 )(3 × 108 )
∴λ =
1.6 × 10 −12
λ = 12.4 × 10 −15 m
(9) "
+ ;
2 F ! @7 =# m0 + =#+ "
0/B " 5*7 , x 2 " .t=0 A ,2 x ,
M D "
.t > A @2
:
=# @ Q @! > "# ,*B BA ,2 ,A 8 0
:, 7 '
dp
F=
dt
∴ p = Ft + A
29
t=0
# ,2 p=0 #
* . + A <
: 2 ;< .A=0 :<
m0u
Ft = P =
 u2  (1)
1 − 
 c2 
 
.t > A " u E
: " @B& 7/

F 
 m t
u=  0
2 (2)
1 +  Ft 

 m c
0 
< >#! '" 0 * 7/ D<

/
X + M u 0" , ! XB 5" .c>>(F/m0)t
. u → c 2 t →∞ > 4()
:+2 (2) 7/# 0 + # >" x "M
t
F tdt
x=
m0 ∫
0 1 + ( Ft m 0 c )
2
m0c2  2 
∴x =  1 + ( Ft m 0 c ) − 1 (3)
F  
x=
1
2
( F/m0 ) t 2 >#! d2 + C*! 6 ) = ! ?
.(10-1) 0+ ,2 :) + GA C*7 N
x
#! +

+

(d2 + C*7)
(GA C*7)
ct
" +
#! +
,
:(10L1) 0+
. @7

30
E
.GA C*! +
% @7
+
2 <+
0 " ,2
" C) 40 0 %# @ +
D<
. ,G 5+
31
& '
. @ 0/
2.135x10-13J > 7 * 2 F#* .1
\,* 85+ K M < " 0*
(3.222x1020 Hz):a
(9.31x10-13 m)
! D< M '

:6M .mυ =BA υ = m =#+ " .2
6M* ;# >< 7 * :6 ."# , " 0*
;
< :6 \"# ," 0* % 6 6 "
0* % ] ," 0* = >< 7 * 5x104ms-1
.2 +M $ 7 @
; " \# ,"
#+ 0B A 5" 0 " ,2 5 0+ .3

) 6 986 = 6 @V ;
=#
"2
BN ( " 633nm ," 0* A A 5" B Q 0 "
0 " ) 6 986 D
@V ;
N =# "2
=" 0* >< 1 () B
D< ,2 + Q
:6 .
,2 @V 5+
, 2 :6M '
.589nm
. 5+
@2 0/B @V#
A& #1

x-y X ,2 60 ms-1 ;

s M
,2 " .4
s` M
.x ,
M C 37o A C1
%#& % 6 ;
s` ,2 " ,+ s &

\
< ,2 "
0.5nm =) F %# *! +& A

.5
2 + < 2 .F 20cm A"
%#
a< +2
32
+M BA '
2.1cm > " # >
.+
57 * *7
>< 1 () 1 ,2 .6

\ 589.3 nm > ()# ," 0* 6 # 100 W =7
33

( )
.
1.2
. 2.2
. –
3.2
. ! 4.2
."# $ $ 5.2
.& – – $ % "#
6.2
.
' () *+ , 7.2
." () - 8.2

.'
.(. /0

:
1−2
1
2/' 2 .3 4 *(, 5 6 & ) ' ' 7
2/# 2
829 () * : ; / & . <= 4; 6 : 6
?829 62 2, 2 6 8 , > ' .(
:9 : +) 4 6 6 6 ' #6' 6)
' B' .62A 2
2 =) * 0 $ ' :
2 ! 1 (9 4 9 C $ . * 0 /#
. B' () ()
' B' .6A
() c B &6
D0 () *+ :
2 2
2 ' 42 6 1 69, . *+
.69, ' 6/
2
F) *+ E 8;
H

2/ C <= ( :' G
6) H1
?89 . () I/ 1 C
. 2, > ( +) 4 J6
?89 4 6 #6 *)
6; B
() 69,
K &8# ' L$
38
E2 ' E2 (υ B2 : ' N
)H s ′, s 0#
:! /
x = ax ′+ bt ′ (1-2)
x ′ = ax − bt (2-2)
.:) (! b , a ' N
() :+ 4 s ′, s 6A B

' P Q0
(2) =+ &,; 6/ G
?89 () t = t' = 0 () , /'
.(a 1%2) , () I+ H R
y,y` y y`
υ
s,s` s s`
=+ &,;
x,x` o o` x x`
o,o` `
t≠ t ≠0
t = t` = 0
z,z` (a) z z` (b)
t = t`= 0 () :$

() (a) s`,s 6A
:( 1%2 ) ,
.t ≠ t`≠0 6 x (.6
1 ? :/0
() (b)
+ 4; 6$ s`
t ≠ t` ≠ 0 &) 6
&,A &0 R # H(b 1%2) , () x (.6
1 ? 6 6
:4; x (.6
1 ? ) s () $ 6$ 43 =+
x = ct (3-2)
:4; ) Hs` 6A
() Hx` (.6
1 ? $
x` = ct` (4-2)
2 c 42; 2 (29 *+ ' 4; &,A 6
S (9 o` /3 .( . , > +)) 6A B

39
(2%2) 26 (2) x`=0 2+ : /
s () 69,
2/
2 s` () 69, S (9 o /3
: ) (1%2) 6 () x=0 + :
x x` b
=- = = υ (5-2)
t t` a
x +1 (1%2) 6 () (4%2) 6 x` $ Q P
:' < (3%2) () : (1%2) ()
ct = at`(c-υ)
:' /
(2%2) 6 .
ct` = at (c+υ)
:' < :+ () #3 6 E+

c2=a2(c2-υ2)
.E+ ( 6 () () tt` 6 # " N
:4 /
& #3 $
1
a =
1 − υ 2 
 
 c2 
υ
∴b =
(1 − υ 2
c2 )
: γ 9 #T a 6
1 1
γ= = (6-2)
1 − υ 2



(1 − β )
2
 c2 
υ
H β = c ' 8;
:(P (2 – 2) (1 – 2)
(6
x = γ (x`+ υt` ) (7-2)
40
x`= γ (x − υt ) (8-2)
s 42; s` 2 N6
$
A (.6
;
(7 % 2) 6 . N
.s` 4; s
A (.6
;
(8 – 2) .
F2) x (.6
1 ? .
: 6A B
'
:' B' H
# ! 1 #P .6
A
y = y` , y` = y
 (9-2)
z = z` , z`= z 
62 2
(6 4 /
t` t
P 6 (
.(8 – 2) (7 – 2) 6 1
: ) (7 – 2) 6 () : (8 – 2) 6 () x Q
x` = γ [γ (x` + υt` ) − υt ]
= γ 2 x` + γ 2 υt` − γυt
( )
∴ γυt = γ 2 − 1 x`+ γ 2 υt`= γ 2 β 2 x`+ γ 2 υt`
 υ 
∴ t = γ t`+ 2 x` (10-2)
 c 
:' .; .
 υ 
t`= γ t − 2 x (11-2)
 c 
Hs 42; s` 62A 2

N6

(10 – 2) 6 .

P E .s` 4; s
(11 – 2) 6 .
:(P
41
x = γ ( x`+ υt`) , x`= γ ( x − υt ) 

y = y` , y`= y 

z = z` , z`= z 
 (12-2)
 υ   υ 
t = γ  t`+ 2 x` , t`= γ  t − 2 x 
 c   c  
:‫אא‬2–2

:
s s`
t`1 t`2
t1 t2
o x o` x`1
x`2
(a) (b)
69, (b) H 0# () 6
$ () .6
/
(a) :(2 – 2) ,
. C () 0# $ () .6
G

2 () x 9 6
$ () s 6A
() .6
/
6$ U' Q0
s`() 69, ' .[(a 2 – 2) , G
1] Hs () 69, t2 H t1
2 t`1 , t`2 0# () x`1 , x`2 0# $ () :.6
G
)
:' 6
"6# .(b 2 – 2) , ()
 υ 
t`1 = γ  t 1 − 2 x 
 c 
 υ 
t`2 = γ  t 2 − 2 x 
 c 
9 I
/ C . .6
&0 (9 t = t2 – t1 9 (0 )
.s` () .6
&0 (9 t` = t`2 – t`1
:' < #3 6 L *F
42
t
t`= γt = (13-2)
1 − υ 2 
 
 c2 
() 69, S .6

&0 ' & #3 $ <
(2) 69, $ : &0 /$' (9 s ()
' B' .s 62A 2

υ . R
B8 s` 6A

() 8; .6
' ) $ &:'
. L/1 * 8 9 H
() U (9
: !" :
s s`
υ
(x1,t) (x2,t) (x`1,t`1) (x`2,t`2)
o o`
(a) (b)
(b) H6
() " () .6
; $ U s () 69, (a) :(3 – 2) ,
. 0# () " () .6
; $ U 69,
(2) s (2) 69, $ s` () R

" .6
; $
42 U2 72 s` 62A
() J +$ ' Q0 .t 9 6

U2 ) 6
' $ ' Q0 (b 3 – 2) , () G
9 x` (.6
1
692, $ t`2 () " 6$ x`2 #P U) $ t`1 () " 6$ x`1
t 29 62
() x2 x1 9 U0 E + () $ 8F) .s` ()
162 21 62 H(a 3%2) , () Hs () 69, $
:'
x`1 = γ (x1 − υt )
x`2 = γ(x 2 − υt )
∴ x`2 − x`1 = γ(x 2 − x1 )
43
:8; HL=x2-x1 9 (0 C L`=x`2-x`1 9 (0 " P
L
L`= γL = (14-2)
1 − υ 2 
 
 c2 
(2) 692,

() 8; E + ) R8 1 < γ '
.U
? E + 6 F)
.
‫
א–א‬3−2
:#$% :
r
H 2 ?2 u` R
s` 6A
() ' Q0
r
2 V s 6A
() u U E
E
2
":0 ( .υ B x (.6
1 ? 6A B

.62
A ?2 2: 4; H
B' ()
' (!
: ) x,y,z &6
r r r r
u = i ux + j uy + k uz
r r r r
u`= i u`x + j u`y + k u`z
dx dx` dx dx dt
∴ux = , u`x = , = .
dt dt` dt` dt dt`
:4 /

"6#
 υ 
x = γ(x`+ υt`) , t = γ t`+ 2 x`
 c 
dx dt  υ 
∴ = γ(u`x + υ ) , = γ1 + 2 u`x 
dt` dt`  c 
 υ 
∴ γu x 1 + 2 u`x  = γ(u`x + υ )
 c 
44
u`x + υ
∴ux = (15-2)
υ
1 + 2 u`x
c
:' .; .
ux − υ
u`x = (16-2)
υ
1− 2 ux
c
:E 0
dy dy/dt`
uy = =
dt d t/dt`
dy`/dt`
=
 υ 
γ1 + 2 u`x 
 c 
u`y /γ
∴uy = (17-2)
υ
1 + 2 u`x
c
:' 6 X#' & :0 WF
u`z /γ
uz = (18-2)
υ
1 + 2 u`x
c
21 62 u` 16 u u 2 = u 2x + u 2y + u 2z :'
: ) ?'
16
2 (u`x + υ )2 + (u`2 − u`2x )/γ 2
u =
 υ 
2 (19-2)
1 + 2 u`x 
 c 
:&' :
r
?2 s` 6A
() a` 9 "G R
" 8;
r
2
() a U 6 A
16 "6# ) H
.s 6A
45
: P $ P E
   
du x du x dt` d  u`x + υ  d  
 υ  
ax = = . =  . γ t − 2 x  
υ
1 + 2 u`x    c  
dt dt` dt dt`  dt
 c   
2 42; 2/ 662

E H #1 +0 *; 6
: =:
a`x /γ 3
ax =
 υ 
3 (20-2)
1 + 2 u`x 
 c 
r
a y :,
16 4 /
0
r r r
:4 /
(19 – 2) $ . a` 16 a E
". a z
 u`x υ 
2
 u`2 u`2x  2
 +  + 2 − 2  γ
 c c c c 
1 − u 2 /c 2 = 1 − 
2
 υ 
1 + 2 u`x 
 c 
: P
6 4; / & #3 $ ?89
 u2
1 −

=
(
1 − u`2 c 2 )
 c2  (21-2)
  γ1 + υ u` 
x
 c2 
"2 (2 2$

() "6# 8; H: & #3 $ ?89
.7
1 6 () :,$
46
:‫!
א א‬4–2
u`y
y` y`
s` s`
u`x u`x
-u`y u`y
-u`x
-u`x
-u`y
o` x` o` x`
"6/ 6 "6/ $
"6/ 6 $ WS 69, N
s` 6A
:(4 – 2) ,
." "6/ ; Q0
u1 y
y υ1 y
s s
u 1x u 1x
υ1 u2 y
-u1y
υ2
-u2x -u2x
υ2
-u2y
X X
o o
"6/ 6 "6/ $
"6/ 6 $ WS 69, N
s 6A
:(5 – 2) ,
." "6/ ' Q0
2
.V 0 (9 3 V 6 ' P 61
. X 8; "
$ 4
N2
2 " "6/ ' Q0 H . "6/ 6
2
(2) J69, ' Q0 .( :$ () ! 6 6
2 2 42 2#P 96
' E G
s` 6A
47
N6
' $ (4 – 2) , () H
.: "6/ B'
$2 Y/ 6$ .x`,y` X () J
N6

42 (-u`x,u`y) (u`x,-u`y) 22 "62/ $ =61 :
(2 ?2 (2) J2 "6/ 6 ( .E
6 2 ) x` (.62
1 ? 9 ' Hy` (.6
1 ? :
(u`x,u`y) 29 "62/ 62 : =: 8; . !
.(4 – 2) , () I+ 9 (-u`x,-u`y)
62A
() 69, $ G
9 "6/ 0 ( Y/
(u1x,-u1y) 42; 2 "62/ 2$ 3 " ) Hs
2 ( "6/ 6 .(-u2x, u2y) (. "
2 42 2 y (.6
1 ? () : ( ? () J
2, (2) G2
29 x (.6
1 ? ! 6 :
6 J) .(-u2x,-u2y) (u1x,u1y) 8; =: " ) .(5 – 2)
:"6/ 6 3 " 4 /

u1x − υ u1 y γ
u`x = , u`y =
υ υ
1 − 2 u1x 1 − 2 u1 x
c c
:"6/ 6 (. " 4 /
.
− u2 x − υ − u2y γ
− u`x = , − u`y =
υ υ
1 + 2 u2 x 1 + 2 u2 x
c c
:' < $ ?89 u`y u`x Y8
6
υ
1− u1x
u1y u −υ c2
= 1x =
u2y u 2x + υ υ
1+ u2x
c2
2 Q2 *2; 62 /
& #3 16 ?89 υ )8
8;
: P $ 4 H
48
u1y u2y
= (22-2)
(1 − υ 2
1 c2 ) (1 − υ 2
2 c2 )
:' N
υ12 = u 12x + u 12y

υ 22 = u 22 x + u 22 y
G
$ &69, (9 u2y B 1 u1y ' & #3 $ <
.υ2 υ1 Y#1 R8 "6/ 6 s 6A
()
2# u2y u1y ) H S Z 8; H8;
2' R82 .G20
(2# "# 6 Y B' H C
2 ' Q20 ' 2 ' (# "# G0
$ 8 ' ; H #
82 J16 . 69, "
4 6 "
.#P 6 # (# "# $

() S (9 υ1 U B8 3 " ' P Q0
89 () S (9 υ2 U B8 (. " m1 4; s 6A
2
(2) "# G0
$ 7 .m2 4;

:y (.6
1 ? ) s 6A
− m1u 1 y + m 2 u 2 y = − m 2 u 2 y + m1u 1 y
m
∴ 1 =
u2y
=
(1 − υ 2
2 c2 )
(23-2)
m 2 u1y (1 − υ 2
1 c2 )
' H 2 62 " 2 Hυ2=0 6 m2 = m0 ' P Q0
.u B R
" Hυ1= u 6 m1 = m
m 1
∴ =
m0 (1 − u 2
c2 )
m0
m= (24-2)
(1 − u 2
c2 )
2 ! 2 42
. 4 " ' +) U' 8 6
.JG0
4 1 "# G0
$ F) HU
49
( ) (
∴ m − u1y + u 2 y = m − u 2 y + u1y )
H2: ; 2/ ( & #3 $ Q$ 89 u1y= u2y :' < 89
2 ! ' ' 61 8; .(12 % 2) $ B' u1y≠ u2y ' : ) .
.G0
"# G0
$ ' J
:‫מ‬#‫א‬$‫
א‬$ ‫א‬5–2
r
2
A 2 8F) . f &$ U .' Hm0 U J ' Q0
r
:4; J dw !, F) l (9 & ?
d
r r
dw = f . d l = fd l
:F) dT
$ 4;
6$ !, 89 ' 8;
d
dT = fd l = (mu )d l = d(mu ) d l
dt dt
∴ dT = u d (mu )
∴ dT = u 2 dm + mudu (25-2)
.
A ? " u ' 8;
:'
m0
m=
(1 − u 2
c2 )
∴ m 2 c 2 = m 2 u 2 + m 02 c 2
:4 /
$ ?89
c 2 dm = u 2 dm+ mudu (26-2)
:' < (26%2) (25%2) $
dT = c 2 dm
:' /
& #3 $ ?89 () *V
m
∫c dm = c 2 (m − m 0 )
2
T=
m0
∴ T + m 0 c 2 = mc 2 (27-2)
50
" 2 $ 4 m0c2 ' " $ 4 mc2 ' N
: P $ E U
ε = T+ m 0 c 2
m 0c2
ε = mc 2 = (28-2)
(1 − u 2
c2 )
T = ε − m0c2
r
: " "# 9 p ' +) 8;
r
r r m 0u
p = mu = (29-2)
(1 − u 2
c2 )
: /
< (; m 02 c 2 )+; "Z. & #3 6 ()
m 02 u 2
p 2 + m 02 c 2 = 2 2
+ m 02 c 2
1− u c
:< c2 & #3 6 ?89 () E+
m 02 c 2 u 2
2 2
c p + m 0c ( )
2 2
=
1 − u /c 2 2
+ m 02 c 4
m 02 c 4
= 2 2
=ε 2
1 − u /c
∴ε = c (P 2
+ m 02 c 2 ) (30-2)
2 2$ * 0 + () 8; J6 : $ ?89
. ' U# Y 6 " $ E

:4 /
"# (30 – 2) 6 () +0 *F
dε pc pc 2 pc 2
= = =
dp (p 2 + m 02 c 2 ) c (p 2 + m 02 c 2 ) ε
r r
:' < p=mu ' ε = mc2 '
dε
=u (31-2)
dp
51
:%‫א‬− ‫א‬−$‫א‬−‫מ‬#‫
א‬6–2
:)*
:(P s 6A
() " "# E
:B x (.6
1 ? "#
m0ux
Px = mux =
(1− u /c ) 2 2
:! / s` 6A

() "# 89 E
m 0 u`x
p`x = mù`x =
(1 − u` /c ) 2 2
 υ 
γ1 − 2 u x 
=  
ux − υ 1 c
Q u`x = ,
υ
1− 2 ux (1 − u` /c )
2 2
(
1 − u 2 /c 2)
c
γm 0
∴ p`x = .(u x − υ) = γ(mu x − υm)
(1 − u 2
/c 2
)
:4 /
Px = mu x ε = mc2 '
υ
p` x = γ(p x − ε) (32-2)
c2
:' .' .
p` y = p y
p` z = p z
:#+ :
(2) px U2# ε B s 6A

() U$ J ' Q0
p`x B U# ' ε` B s` 6A

 υ 
2 γm0 c 2 1 − 2 u x 
∴ε `= m`c2 =
m0c
=  c 
(1 − u` /c ) 2 2
(
1 − u 2 /c 2 )
 
υ
= γmc2 1 − 2 u x  = γ mc2 − υmu x ( )
 c 
52
∴ ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x ) (33-2)
: P $ .; 0
 υ
p x = γ  p `x + 2 ε ′  
 c 
p y = p `y 

p z = p `z  (34-2)

ε = γ (ε `+ υ p ` ) x 

:E ' (30 – 2) $
ε 2
− p 2 = m 02 c 2
2
c
:E ' s` 6A
() .
ε `2 − p` 2 = m 02 c 2
2
c
:' < 89
ε2 − p2 =
ε `2 − p`2 = m 02 c 2
2 2 (35-5)
c c
ε 2
2
! 6 4 2 − P 2 ' "6 <
c
.m0 U " 6A
:#" , :

r
U2 u B2 R
s 6A
() J ' Q0
U 6 m` (; U s` 6A
() .m B
r
:F) " 8: . m0 8F) . u` (;
m0
m=
(1 − u 2
/c 2 )
m0
m`=
(1 − u` 2
/c 2 )
:4 /
(21%2) $ 1
53
m′ = m
(1 − u c ) =
2 2
(1 − u` c )2 2
 υ 
∴ m`= γm 1 − 2 u x  
 c 
 (36-2)
 υ 
m = γm` 1 + 2 u`x 
 c  
.- : '

r
s` 62A 2
() S (9 " 4 &. f ` & '
r
: p ` " "# () /
B8 ! 6 B
r d pr `
f `=
dt`
:'
6 (32%2) 6 <
 dp υ dε 
γ x − 2 
f `x =
dp`x dp`x dt
= =  dt c dt 
dt` dt` dt  υ dx 
γ1 − 2 
 c dt 
fx − 2
υ d ε
∴ f `x = c dt
υ
1− 2 ux
c
2
() " $ () ! 6 . ddtε ' N
:' 6 ( R () .s 6A

ε 2 = c 2 p 2 + m 02 c 4
r r
= c 2 p . p+ m 02 c 4
r
dε 2 dp r
∴ε =c .p
dt dt
ε = mc2 '
r
dε r  p  r r
∴ = f .  = f . u
dt m
(&6) &6
() & ? B8 !, 6 . $ ?89
54
υ r r
fx −
2
u .f
∴ f `x = c
υ (37-2)
1− 2 ux
c
:4 /
0 WF
fy γ
f `y =
υ (38-2)
1− 2 ux
c
fz γ
f `z =
υ (39-2)
1− 2 ux
c
&2$ ' $ ' I+ :; 9 (37 – 2) 6 7 ) G

&2 R &6 &6 $ ( s`
6;
()
' H( R () 96 ' 1 0/ ?89 #> 6;
()
2
2 &
. ?' 16 ' 4; &,A 6 .B6
' 2 s (; s` 6A
&
' 6' 8; s` (; s 6A
. ) υ &,;
. &'()*‫א‬+‫א‬7–2
S S` υ
% #$% c
u u`=
n
/0 #$% /0 #$%
O O`
(a) (b)
! (b) .u x (.6
1 ? R
*+ (a) :(6 – 2) ,
.s` () 69, [$ S (9 u` 4; *+
55
962
; 2 HW2S 0 ( () J 6
(2) *2+ 2, V () ?89 7 . D0 () *+
.
'
B2 . R
* ' \ J)0, J
6 ' Q0
2 ' Q20 .(b 6-2) , () I+ s` 6A
U. υ
8F) .u` B
89 () 69, [$ S (9 *+
:F) n 9
c
u`=
n
s (2) 69, $ S (9 u *+

:4;
c/n + υ
u =
1 + υ/nc
R ". υ/c 6/ X 6 89 R) c >> υ '
: 3 6
4' (9 ( 66

−1
c  υ  1 υ 
∴ u =  1+ n   1+
n  c  n c 
c  n υ  υ 
= 1 + 1 − + ... 
n  c  nc 
c  nυ υ 
≅ 1 + − 
n  c nc 
c  1 
∴ u = + 1 − 2  υ (40-2)
n  n 
 1 
.*+ E
) 1 −  6 (
 n 2 
7 ( (; /' WS ' Y X 8 9

' ": 2 2 8; .3 W+ () /# #> ) : /
'
56
2 2 U ; Y +' J* ' R *+ V J 0
( R :G $ .(40-2) $ U
+ U ) , B8 B6
2 .2 C 9 0 ' &
: &9G ?89 , P
2 G D 4 6 J J6 R F) , P
./#
:‫('אמ‬,
‫א‬8–2
(2) J ! G
1 6) 1728 (6 ( 0 $ - &9G 0,
4; 89 X' 6$ . 0# ) # " B9G +
0 ' 6$ .,
96 () R
(9 Q5 &66

2)
"6# " G &9G ?89
2 ! B' (2) R2, 1 .3 ' 4 G R8
., (; Q3 ? () /

s " s` r
υ "
t
ux=-c cosα
() u`x

()
uy=-c sinα u`y

r r
u ? u` ?
*+ *+
G
r
O α υ O`
α`1

() Q3 x x`

() Q3

(b) (a)
(b) .s` () 69,
() Q3

() " (a) :(7 – 2) ,
.s () 69, 9 () R
Q3
() "
57
r
s " s`
υ
ux=-c cosα
() "
u`x

()
:,' 6+t
uy=-c sinα u`y
r r
u ? u` ?
*+
*+ G :,' 6 6
r α O`
υ O
α`2

() Q3 x x`

() Q3

(b) (a)

() " (b) . Q3 H:, 6 "
(a) :(8 – 2) ,
.
Q3 H:, . ' 6
Q0 . , " U ) B8 s 6A

'
I2+ x (.6
1 ? s 6A
() υ R
Q3 '
Q20 . 2 8; Q3 s` 6A
() H(b 7 – 2) , ()
42 s`,s (2) α`1,α E x (.6
1 *+ ' J+ '
2 ' 62 s 6A
() .(a 7 – 2) , () I+ (
: P : *+
u x = − c cosα , u y = − c sinα , u z = 0
:G
s` 4; s WS
16
ux− υ − c cos α − υ υ
u` x = = , β =
υ 1 + β cos α c
1− 2 ux
c
u y /γ − c sin α/γ
u` y = =
υ 1 + β cos α
1− 2 ux
c
:(P 4 /
:+ 4 6
u`y tan α / γ
tan α 1′ = = (41-2)
u`x 1 + β sec α
58
2G #6 *+ 80 ( x` (.6
1 G α`1 .
. 2, (2) ?1

() Q3 6 ?
?
.α`1< α ' G

2
2
() Q3 :,' B &) 6
() ! 89 .(b8 – 2) , () , 4; ?1
2 B82 62A

() G ' 6 ?1
2 -υ 2 R
#> 6;
(; s 4; +υ J

x` (.62
1 " "6 *+ ) :,' 6 .s 4;
:' 8; H(a 8 – 2) , () I+ 9 Hα`2 B 0#
tan α/γ
tan α`2 = (42-2)
1 − β sec α
Q3 42 9 B8 G
) α`1 B 1 α`2 '
. () " * 6 ' :,' &) # ! ' E
:
υ = 3 x 10 4 ms −1 , c = 3 x 108 ms −1
υ2
γ ≅1 ' B' H:9; + 66
)
c2
∴ tan α 1′ = tan α (1 + βsecα )− 1
β tan α
∴ tan α 1′ = tan α −
cos α
− β tan α
∴ tan α 1′ − tan α = (43-2)
cos α
tan α1′ = tan(α+ ∆α) , ∆α << α :P
Q tan (α + ∆α ) ≅ tan α + ∆α sec 2 α
∴ tan (α + ∆α ) − tan α = ∆α sec 2 α (44-2)
:' 6 (44–2) (43–2) 6
β tan α
∆α sec 2 α = −
cos α
υ
∴ ∆α = − sin α (45-2)
c
59
α $' ' E G) U α $' α`1 ' ( 89
I+ ?1

() Q3 6 s` 6A
() 7)3
:F) :,' 6 . (b 7–2) , ()
υ
∆α = sinα (46-2)
c
2 s` 6A
() 7)3 G

?89 ()
.α
(2) (6 $ ,$ ( - G
' "6 <
"6#2 U ; /
(9 G :G $ $ R8
.6A

60
:1" #"

(1)

() S (9 x`-y` B ()
() l0 : 7
s 62A 2
() .x` (.6
1 3
sin −1   / s` 6A
5
2 (29 : .x (.6

1 45o / 7 ' G

^ s () 7 :
^6A B

S S` :
υ
l
l0
45o
θ
O X X`
O`
(a) (b)
() 7 (b) .x (.6
1 ? R
7(a) :( 9 – 2 ) ,
.x` (.6
1 θ /
(2) 7 ' υ : s`,s 6; B

I+ (9 – 2) ,
υ

() 69, HI
/ 9 l0 : s`
2 Hl B2 2
89 () : ' Q0 s () x (.6
1 ?
2 96 4
? 96 7 ' 6 (14 – 2) $
.:
( B6 ? (9
∴ l 0 cosθ = γ l cos 45 (1) :
l 0 sin θ = l sin 45 (2)
:' /
(2) 4 (1)
61
4
γcot 45 = cotθ =
3
υ2 9 υ2 7
∴1 − = ⇒ 2 =
c2 16 c 16
υ 7
∴ =
c 4
:< : ". (2) (1) 6 () :
 16  2
l 20 =
1
(
1+ γ2 l2 =
1
) 1 + l =
25 2
l
2 2  9  18
2 18 2
∴ l = l 0
25
3 2
∴ l = l 0
5
(2)

2$ s 6A
() t=0 () 6
> () .6
69,
.(x,0,0) 2 () (. N6
$ (0,0,0) () 3 N6

(29 .6
&0 ' G
1 s` 6A
() #' 69,S
6A B
' .'
"6# .T
. υ = c(1 + x 2 c2T2 )
−1 / 2
(9
:
:
K
J1' E
 υ 
x ′ = γ(x − υt) , t′ = γ t− 2 x 
 c 
:' 6 s 6A
()
t1 = t 2 = 0 , t 2 − t1 = 0
x1 = 0 , x 2 = x , x 2 − x1 = x
:' 6 s` 6A
()
62
t` 2 − t`1 = − T
 υ   υ 
= γ  t 2 − 2 x 2  − γ  t1 − 2 x 1 
 c   c 
υ υ
∴ −T = − γ 2 x ⇒ ∴ T = γ 2 x
c c
(
Q γ = 1 − υ 2 /c 2
−1 / 2
⇒ ) γ
1
2
= 1 − υ 2 /c 2
c4
∴
T
1
2
= 2
υ x 2
(1 − υ 2
/c 2
)
:4 /
& #3 $ ?89
(
υ = c 1 + x 2 /T 2 c 2 )−1 / 2
:(3)

B2 =) :' 6 B X#' A 6 =+)
A 2 Q3 4 69, $ S (9 0.7c
2 2 B (9 .U0 ?1 0.9c B
Â
:
S S`
υ=0.9c
υA=0.9c υB=0.7c υÀ=0

A B υ`B=?
O O
Q3 A
.s () 69,
() Q3 (a) :(10 – 2) ,
69,
() A (b) .6
?
.

() B .s` ()
63
s` 6A
' Q3 . s 6A
' X (10 – 2) , ()

(; x (.6
1 ? υ = 0.9c R
B8 A .
2 8; .s` ()
() A ' N
Hs 6A
.A : (9 s` () B
: ) s` (; s WS
16 P 7
υB − υ 0.7 c − 0.9 c
υ` B = =
υ 0.9 c
1 − 2 υB 1− .0.7 c
c c2
∴ υ`B = − 0.54 c
:(4)

2 60o 962 2 / ? s 6A
() R
"
c ' 8; 3GeV/c U2# 62 5GeV U$ x (.6
1
62 ."#2 $
16 J6# .D0 () *+
2 ' 8; s` 6A
() U# U$
0.8c 6A B

:
1 1 5
γ = = =
(1 − υ 2
/c2 ) (1 − 0.64 ) 3
: s` 4; s $

16 7
ε `= γ (ε − υp X )
5 3 
∴ ε `=  5 − (0.8 c) cos 60  
3 c 
5
∴ ε `= (5 − 1.2 ) = 6.33 GeV
3
:' 6 (25 – 2) $ .s` 6A
() " $ (9
64
ε `2 − (cp`) 2 = ε 2 − (cp) 2
2 2 2
∴ ( 6.33 ) − (cp`) 2 = ( 5 ) − ( 3 )
∴ p`= 24.11GeV/c
(5) :

2 ?2 2# / s 6A
() R
ε U$ )
62 ."#2 $
16 J6# .y (.6
1 θ 96
43
R
0 69, N
s` 6A
() 0 $
G
1] ^6A B
(9 .y (.6
1 4 J
.[(11 – 2) ,
:
s s`
ε υ
? ε`
c 0 c
?
0
θ
O O` X`
X
R
s` () y θ Y
s () 0 :(11 – 2) ,
.y ?
:' B' y (.6

1 ? ! 6 ( "#
p y = p` y
∴
ε cos θ =
ε`
c c
∴ ε `= ε cos θ
65
: ) s`(; s x (.6
1 ? "#
6 P 7
 υ 
∴ p`x = γ  Px − 2 ε 
 c 
p`x = 0 F) s` 6A

() y (.6
1 ? R
0 '
υ
∴ px = ε
c2
ε sin θ =
υ
ε
c c2
∴ υ = c sin θ
:(6)

u B2 &62
, 6
> () 7
2 α / ? #P x (.6
1 ? R
96
'
u2
2
2: 2
2 2
2 ' 2
2.' . cosα = ' N2
2
x (.62
2
1
c2
u (2 + u 2
/c 2
)
(1 + u 2
/c 2
) :B
S S`
ε,p u u=υ
ε`,p`
u`

α
u

, %
O O`
X X`
, &6
7 :(12 – 2) ,
.
() s` () 6
' .s ()
:
.(12 – 2) , () I+ s 6A
' Q0
2
x (.6
1 ? u=υ R
B8 s` 6A
()
66
2 R
" '
() " ' G
.s 6A
s (2) " 2 "# $ pHε ' Q0 . , () I+ ?1 u`
.s` () " "# $ p`H ε` '
∴ ε = mc2 = γm 0c 2
x (.6
1 α U9 / B8 " m0 ' 8;
:'
1 u
γ= , β=
(1 − β )2 c
ε ′ = γ( ε − υp x )
(
= γ γm 0 c 2 − u 2 γm 0 cos α )
 u2 
= γ m 0 c 2  1 − 2 cos α 
2 
 c 
ε′ = 1 2
 u4
= γ 1 − 4



m0c2 (
1 − u ′ 2 /c 2)  c ) 
1  u2 
∴ =  1 + 2 
(1 − u ′ /c )
2 2
 c 
:' 6 & #3 $ ?89
u′ =
u (2 + u 2
/c 2 )
(1 + u 2
/c 2 )
. (9 u` ' N
:(7)

2#> x (.62
1 ?2 2 200 MeV U$ J) ' 8;
8: ( "# $ ) y (.6
1 ? 100MeVU$
"#2 89 $ ?89 R J60 J ' +) 8; ^"G
Û (9 R
? BV U (9 ) (
67
:
42 y (.62
1 ?2 x (.6
1 ? 0 $ ε2Hε1 ' Q0
."G ( "# p "G $ ε (
ε = ε 1 + ε 2 = 200 + 100 = 300 MeV
 ε1  ε2 
2 2
2 (200) 2 + (100) 2
p =  +  =
 c   c  c2
∴ p = 224 MeV/c
:' 6 (30 – 2) $
(M c ) = ε
0
2 2 2
− (cp) 2
.p U# ε U$ B8 " M0 ' N
(
∴ M 0c 2 )2
= (300) 2 − (224) 2 = (200) 2
∴ M 0 = 200 MeV/c 2
x (.6
1 " 8: "# :/ ( (9 θ ' P Q0
py 100
∴ tan θ = = = 0.5
px 200
−1
∴ θ = tan 0 . 5 = 26 . 5 o
:P
M = γM 0 , ε = Mc 2
Mc 2 300 3 1
∴γ = = = =
M 0c 2 200 2 (1 − β )
2
1 4 5
∴β2 = 1− 2
= 1− =
γ 9 9
5
∴υ = c = 0.745 c
3
:(8)

2 9 B , A =+)
2$ 9 100 m : :+
68
2 &:' ,' X#3 96
; 6 .:0 #6 69,
2 2 B 6 " ' 4; A () $6
2 2 2 (29 : 5x10-6s B A
J2 &6
B 6 () _ :
^
29 6 U B8 .A 6 9 *.'
.A &#
:
s s`
υ = -u
A
u
.A
u B
B u`
O O`
() 9 &6
:(13 – 2) ,
.
() s` () X6
; .s
2 u B2 s 62A

() ' Q0 :
?2 (2) R2
B82 s` 6A
() .(13 – 2) , () I+
' A ' 6 s 6A
υ = -u x (.6
1
2 (29 2 ?89 . , () I+ ?1 u` R
B
:B
100
u′ = −6
= 2 × 10 7 m s − 1
5 × 10
69
u′ = 2 ×107 m s−1 R
B 6 () . ' :
$ "6# .A () 69, /$' ) :F)
:' 6 (13 – 2)
1
t A = γt B ⇒ t B= tA
γ
 4 ×1014 
2 2 −6
∴ tB = (1− u′ /c ).(5×10 ) = 1−
 9 ×1016  (
5×10−6 = 4.99 ×10−6 s)
 
4.99x10-6 s + &6
: 8;
:(9)

.s 6A
() ux=±0.9c 9

^#5 6
' (9
:
62
2 2 s 62A
() ' Q0 ' E V ?89

B s 4; s` 6A
I/ 96 .ux=-0.9c
2 s 62A
() ux=-0.9c U B8 " ) R8 .υ =0.9c
:4; s` 6A
() U
ux − υ −1.80 c −1.80
u ′x = 2
= c = −0.994 c
υ 1 + ( 0.9 ) 1.81
1− 2 ux
c
.c *+ $ ' 9 G

6A
() +c R
) 6 U H9 8 6
2 2 96 H+c s 4; s` 6A
R
s`
; .+2c 2 +c 2) B2 s 6A
() E$ E
0

() $ \ 6
4 6 89 6
.J 0 U ) 6;
6 1 U G
.
70
:(10)

R2
x (.62
1 4 U 7 l0=5m (/3 U E +$
B' 62 .x (.62
E ?1 () s 6A
() u
[(15%2) , G] .l=3m U I/ s 6A
() u
:
: $ E
s
Q l = l 0 1 − u 2 c2
4
∴ u = c 1 − (l l 0 )2 = c
0 1 2 3 4 5m 5
u
0 1 2 3m
.x (.6
1 ?

() E +$ :(15%2) ,
:(11)

s 62A 2
() B E +$ E u R
A E +$
&0 6' . l0 (/3 0 + [(16%2) , G]
42S XS : () + ( : 7 G
∆t
.s 6A
()
A u
B
96
' H /3 91 +$ :(16%2) ,
.

() #P
()
71
:
:B s 6A
() R
A E +
l = l 0 1 − (u c )2
:B &0 ' ) : ?' , #
∆t = (l 0 − l ) /u = 1 − 1 − (u c )2 l u
 0
 
:(12)

4
2
(2) u = 5 c 2 0 ?1 0 ()

2 . ∆t = 5 x 10 −9 s ( 70
4; + 6 s 6A
(2) 69, N
s` 6A
() ) (9
^
:
(9 ∆t ' .l B s 6A
() ) ' Q0
R8 H[(a17-2) , G
1]
89 () 69, $ &0
:)
l=u∆t
4
υ= c
s` 5
s
l
l0
R

"6/1 G

(a) (b)
.

6
?
:(17%2) ,
72
4
?2 υ = 5 c 2 R2
B82 s` 6A
4; P N6

89 () 69, .(b17-2) , () G
9 E x (.6
1
R2
)
' .l0 B : ) '
() :'

2 7 ) .x (.6
E ?1 4
5
c B
:$ 1
l
l0 = γl =
(1 − υ 2
c2 )
4 c× 5 × 10 −9
u∆ t
∴l0 = = 5
(1 − υ 2
c2 ) 1 − (4 5)2
4 x 10 −9 x 3 x 10 8
∴l0 = = 2m
35
73

R2
X2#3 2 962
; 2 '6 A 69, %1
2 R2
B 2#> 69, . 0 :' 6) 0.995c
2S & (9 .

() ( &
^B 69, $ S & (; A 69, $
(0.088) :\
?2 2
2
(2) (9 2 m : s 6A
() 7 %2
:J1' 6' .x 30 o 96 / 0.96c x (.6
3
:J2 . H 2 2
() 7 69,Z N
s 6A
() :
.s` () x` (.6
3 7 :/ (
t=0 () (0,0,0) () 3 s 6A

() .6
69, %3
6A
E
' .t=4s () (5c,0,0) () (.
.6
$ () .6
69,S N
s`
2 s 62A
() t = 0 () 6
> () .6
69, %4
2 (2) (2. N6
$ /3 () 3 N6
$
2 2 &0 ' G
1 s` 6A
() #> 69, .(x,0,0)
2 )2 ' <
"6# .t B .6

. (x 2 + c 2 t 2 ) B s` 6A
() .6

12
:+ M0 : B,A . %5

βc B2 R : R, 6
" # () Q
2 2$ 62 .s 6A
() 69, $ S (9
74
U ) 69, N
6;
() 69, $ (9 B "
.
() A "
?2 20# 2. 2

b a $ %6
2: 6 G
&/ :+ 4 x (.6
3
J$ a ) &) 6 .J0/ B J$
J2$ ( b $ Z =+ + : . Ta B
962
; ' . . =+ + : G
() Tb B
. c (T b2 − T a2 ) (T b2 + T a2 ) :B X#3 4;
92 2 1.6x10-27kg 2: 2 2 %7

E
: .0.6c : 6 ,

J6# :
H , 4; : B' "# $
.#P 4; : B' "# $ E
'
62 . 12 ε
$ ε $ s 6A
() R
" %8
(2) 2 U2$ :

H U# :
H" 8: :
p "#2 8; : ' H ε 2c B U# 8; s` 6A

2 p` :2/ (2 2 6) x (.6
3 30o /
.0.8c B 6A B
V J x` (.6
3
2
J#/ ' Q5 & R
=+) %9
42 &62$ () E$ . =+0 0.84c Q3
B2 962) Q3 2 E `/ $ Q3
?829 ' 29 Q52 2 =+0 (9 .0.36c
^ Q3 "' &6 R

75
2 E2 x (.6
3 ? s 6A
() %10
4 3

s` 6A
υ 6 . 5 c (. 5
c 3
62 2 2 2 69, N
s 6A
.?1
5
( c ) :\
7
2 s 62A 2

() /3 ? ε U$ ) %11
: 6 .(18 %2) , () I+ y (.6
3 α 96

J R
0 69, N
s` 6A
() 0 $
B
υ 6 :
HE y (.6
3 ? 03
.6A
( c sinα , ε cosα ):\
y 2 &
O X
/3
R
) :(18 – 2) ,
.y (.6
1 α Y

J# 5GeV B $ U ' 6;

() " 69, %12
: .x (.6
3 30o (; / ? 3GeV/c B
J J# U ' " 69,S N
#> 6;
() U$
2S 2 U2 (29 :
^"# 89 ? ^4GeV/c 4;
76
2 : 3

^ 1amu=1.66x10-27kg V J H(amu) 8 6

^6A B
(9
157.24 0 H 4 2 GeV (1) : \
0.876c (3) H 403 amu (2)
I2+ p 6 / o . =+ + %13

l B2 op s 6A
() (19 – 2) , ()
: 62 s` 62A
() .x (.6
3 θ 96 /
*2+ N2 2G
2 l` /0 ) :
Ht` &0
.U// G

P
l
θ
O X
o /3 6/ =+ + :(19 – 2) ,

.P 6 :// " x θ
77
‫الفصل الثالث‬
‫)نظرية التصادم(‬
‫

‪.‬‬ ‫‪1.3‬‬
‫
‪.‬‬ ‫‪2.3‬‬
‫
‪.‬‬ ‫‪3.3‬‬
‫
‪.‬‬ ‫‪4.3‬‬
‫
‪.‬‬ ‫‪5.3‬‬
‫

‪.‬‬
‫
‪.‬‬

‫אא
א‬1–3

" # $"%

"!
&' '(%
)*

. $" &"
'
)' '",
)* )+
"#
)+

"-
)&+

.s`
&
( ` )
'
)'-

.s
./ &
.0

r
s s` V1′
r
r υc
m1 υ1′ m1
r
m2 ϕ1
r r
m1 υ1 m1 V1 c.m. θ V2
m2
2ϕ2 θ 2
(1" "# 2&
m22
2 m2
r
r V2′
υ′2
o x o` x`
(a) (b)
.

(b) 8

(a) :(153) 3
79
r
υ 1 / '" = ' m1 < ;
"# 9: (a 1-3) 3
'
)+ B* .m2 < " 2 A @#
x ) > ?#
); <*# / "# 2 .xy C"
)+ s

. 3 )+ 9:

ϕ2 2 "# 2 ϕ1
' y,x '

*'#E " 1( 1 D(
:F/
x ) E " 1
m1 υ1 = m1 υ1′ cos ϕ1 + m 2 υ′2 cos ϕ 2 (1-3)
y ) E " 1

o = m 1 υ1′ sin ϕ 1 − m 2 υ ′2 sin ϕ 2 (2-3)
1( 1
p 12 p 1′ 2 p ′22
= + + Q (3-3)
2 m1 2 m1 2m2
' H ' '

/ 1 G $% * E
J 'I"+ 0'"; B* F/ .)" H% =
1 F/
/
'

8 c >> υ "# / " H L: / " %
K(
r
' '
p1 8G J I" $>
D( B-
2 '"# ' p′2 "# p1′ 8 1 "#
' F'- E
# . # 1( )+ % Q
'
'
F- 3
B
.% > )+ $> ?B* F- D (" .

80
r r
1 v 2 , v1
*

)+
"# )/ " A M
r r
F'/ " J I" 2
v′2 , v1′
*
&/ "
: s`

)+ " F%
/
r r r
v1 = υ1 − υ c (4-3)
r r r
v 2 = υ2 − υc (5-3)
r r r
'
)+ ) F/

"# J I" )* υc , υ 2 , υ1
:+ : + @" N" F% 2&
.

r
υ2 = 0
r r
∴ v 2 = − υc

/ " * %
)+ "
/ " " = 2& H
.( b1-3) 3 )+ 9:

)+
:+
/ " 2

r r r
r m 1 υ1 + m 2 υ 2 m 1 υ1
υc = =
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
:O (553) (453) )+

% ?B* M /
r
r m 2 υ1
v1 = (6-3)
m1+ m 2
r
r m 1 υ1
v2 = − (7-3)
m1+ m 2
m2 (753)

)+ ( m1 (653)
)+ ( @ :
:
81
r m 1m 2 r
m 1 v1 = υ1
m1+ m 2
r  m 1m 2  r
m 2 v 2 = −   υ 1
 m1+ m 2 
r r r r
∴ m1 v1 + m 2 v 2 = P1 + P2 = 0 (8-3)
' '1
.N H" 1

) H
.: N

)
r r r r
∴ m1 v1′ + m 2 v′2 = P1′ + P2′ = 0 (9-3)

%
"# %
O"
((1'" '"#) m1 '*
"# "
*# </
'
(+ 1(

. 1 ); ? "
/ 2
:
P12 P22 P1′ 2 P2′ 2
+ = + +Q (10-3)
2 m1 2 m 2 2 m1 2 m 2
: (953) 8 (853)

r r r r
P1′ = − P2′ , P1 = − P2
P1′2 = P2′2 , P12 = P22 :B-
r r
:9 (1053)
)+ P2′ , P2 2B
1E * "
P12 P1′ 2
= +Q (11-3)
2µ 2µ
m m
.
F
" µ = m + m
1 2
1 2
'3 )'+ 9:

(1" "# J I"
" A

r
(453) '1E ' > 8 V1′ = υ1′ − υ c ' '
/ # (253)
r r
.

/ 1 (1" "# & &3

82
r
r
υc
V1′
r
υ1′
θ ϕ1
.

/ (1" "# J I"
:(253) 3
r r r
:F/

*# v 1 , υ 1′ , υ ′c J " $&#

r
υ 1′ sin ϕ 1 = v 1′ sin θ
r
υ 1′ cos ϕ 1 = v 1′ cos θ + υ c
:F/ 1E *

sin θ
tan ϕ 1 = (12-3)
λ 1 + cos θ
υc
λ1 =
v 1′
:
:+ ) "# B-
sinθ
tan ϕ 2 =
λ 2 − cos θ
(13-3)
υ
λ2 = c
v ′2
:
J '" P'
# 0" F/ $" ?B*
/ B #

.' E N % P
# F% B* L: / " %
K(
1( )+ %+ # > 8Q=0
)+
∴P1 = P1′ , v1 = v1′
:A
% λ1 F( B*
m1
λ1 =
m 2
:Q+ (1" "# %

2& H m2 >> m1 $ B-

83
λ1 ≅ 0
: # (1253) 1E

tan ϕ1 = tanθ
∴ ϕ1 = θ
.

)+ (1" "# C" H
:Q+ m1 = m 2 :$ B-
λ1 = 1
sin θ θ
∴ tan ϕ 1 = = tan
1 + cos θ 2
θ
ϕ1 =
2
H'"

)+ (1" "# 2 H
.

)+ 2 ; 2
.(π-θ) H'"

)+ 2& 2 Q+

:F- "
ϕ2

)+ 2& 2 /
ϕ 2 = (π − θ) / 2
π
∴ ϕ1 + ϕ 2 =
2
)'+ '

*# "

/
"# H
.

:‫ א
מא‬2−3
' P'# ] 8 '

&/ ) $"%
C" & # =

"# N# N )( (" 8[(452)
/'" B'* ."# / " u " m0 m0 (1− u /c )
2 2
' '%
P: <
" .% R 2 L(/ F/
." L: F/
"#
84
2 ' .
'"# '
" A H #"
)'* $'1( P'
# 8" 1( / MG 8

)'( ' ' ?B* )+ M . 1 8 $1(

'"# M !+ BQ+ . L 1
1(
8' )+
"# " Q+ L
& G >

ε = T+ m 0 c 2 1( $ BQ+ . 1 G F%
/
F%"
"# B& 1( J
#
Q+ 8 E
.
r
' <1( 8 P1 <
m01 )* " < N N
"# M
r
P2 <'
m02 '" <' ' R "#
(% )+ ε 1
r
P3 '
&
'I %
"# ε 2 <1(
r
.) F/ ε 4 ε 3
&1( P4
' s ",
)+
1( )(
NE * M
'
)+ 1E F/ 1 D( .
:s ",
r r r r r
P1 + P2 = P3 + P4 = P (14-3)
r
' .s '", '
)'+
"# B&
J
#
P
:F/ $
> (1453)

P1 x + P2 x = P3 x + P4 x = Px 

P1 y + P2 y = P3 y + P4 y = Py  (15-3)

P1 z + P2 z = P3 z + P4 z = Pz 
:F/ 1( 1

ε1 + ε 2 = ε 3 + ε 4 = ε (16-3)
ε4 , ε3 '
NE' 1 "# 1(
&

ε2 , ε1
)'% ε , PZ , PY , PX <' E
'#
. "# 1(

B' 8 ε = mc 2 : C "# " .s ",
)+ &
#
:F- K+
(1653) 1E
85
m1 + m 2 = m 3 + m 4 (17-3)
m4, m3 ' '1 (2),(1)
"# " m 2 , m1
' ' 1 . ; 1E ?B* .) F/
*
:
."
 υ 
p ′x = γ  p x − 2 ε 
 c 
: . F/ s` )- s ",

px

 υ   υ 
Px′ = P1′x + P2′ x = γ P1x − 2 ε1  + γ P2 x − 2 ε 2 
 c   c 
 υ 
∴ P x′ = γ  P1 x + P 2 x − 2 (ε 1 + ε 2 )
 c 
 υ 
∴ P x′ = γ  P x − 2 ε 
 c 
r
s` ",
)+
"# )
J
#
H"
<#
p ′
r r r
p ′4 x , p ′3 x '/ :">

. p ′ = p 1′ + p ′2 : H 8 1
: + %" $E ">

 υ 
′ = γ P3x + P4x − 2 (ε3 + ε 4 )
′ + P4x
P3x
 c 
 υ 
= γ  px − 2 ε 
 c 
 υ 
∴p1′ x + p′2x = p′3x + p′4 x = γ px − 2 ε  = p′x (18-3)
 c 
.s` ",
)+
x ) > ?#
E B*
p ′y = p y
p ′z = p z
:

H s` s ",
)+ G F% "# y8z ?#
+
S ....... ′ = p1y
p1y :
:F/ B*
p1′ y + p′2 y = p′3 y + p′4 y = p′y = p y 
 (19-3)
p1′ z + p′2 z = p′3 z + p′4 z = p′z = pz 
86
'" s` '", '
)'+ N'
)% ) # </
8s` F'- s

"# 1( )* ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x ) :1E
: $1E

ε1′+ ε2′ = γ(ε1 − υp1x ) + γ(ε2 − υp2 x )
= γ[(ε1 + ε 2 ) − υ(p1x + p2 x )]
∴ ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x ) (20-3)
'
)'+ E
)*

"# 1( J
#
ε`

: #
. 1 s` ",
ε 3′ + ε 4′ = γ[(ε 3 + ε 4 ) − υ(p3x + p4 x )]
∴ε ′ = γ(ε − υpx )
:F/ </
ε ′ = ε1′+ε2′ = ε3′ +ε4′ = γ(ε − υpx ) (21-3)
' ' '1( $'% B- s` )+
1( C B*
:
.s )+
S ... ε 1′ = m1′ c 2

:) . ; 1E @
m 1′ + m ′2 = m ′3 + m ′4 (22-3)
' ' 1 s` )+
"# " )* m′4 , m′3 , m′2 , m1′
. 1 (2253)

) F/
)+
"# 1( J
#
J
#
%
O"
' 1( &+ ) % ( 0 s` F- s

' '% ( $: ( ) 1( 1 - .
"#

OK D% % ?B* $ - " P
D
. #
&/ #, )G %/ K"; M F%
87
'
&+
L)3 &" "
&
"
A "
'& %

) OK M F/ " N
1(
' J I" %
" $ /> B" . # OK
.
"#
/ $
B-
@#
x ) > ?# = * m0
"# " M
r r
8m0 '" <' R "# ( ε1 1( P1 u 1 / "
r
P2 = 0 <'
8(353) '3 )+ E
*
s

)+ "
' s` '",
)+ =B B* . ε 2 = m 0 c 2 <1(
r r
?'# υ / "
B* = .N
"# P ′ )
' '

8s` ",
F/ D() .s ",
" x ) >
.(

8N%"
: s

r
:H" P F (1
r
r r r r m 0 u1 r
p = p1 + p 2 = p1 = = px (23-2)
(1 − u 2 2
1 /c )
:H" ε 1( (2
m 0c 2
ε = ε1 + ε 2 = + m 0c 2
(1 − u 12 /c 2
)
 
1
∴ε = 1 +  m 0c 2
(24-2)

 (1 − u 2 2
1 /c ) 

: s`

r
:H" P ′ ) (1
r r r
p ′ = p 1′ + p ′2 = 0 (25-3)
x 8 y8 z
?# <
) B&+ N H" )

: H8: N H"
88
p ′x = p ′y = p ′z = 0
:F/ s` F- s

$>
" (2
p ′y = p y = 0
p ′z = p z = 0
 υ 
p ′x = γ p x − 2 ε  = 0
 c 
c2p x
∴ υ = (26-3)
ε
'
/ " )( (2653) 1E . 1( ε = ε 1 + ε 2

)+ ) s ",
" s` ",
.N N"
:H" ε ′ 1( (3

ε ′ = ε 1′ + ε 2′
( )
∴ε ′ = c p1′2 + m02c2 + c p′22 + m02c 2( ) (27-3)
:

r r
p 1′ = − p ′2
r r
∴ p 1′ 2 = p ′2 2
'
O' 8"
)+
"# "

: (2753) 1E
ε 1′ = ε 2′
∴ ε ′ = 2ε 1′ = 2ε 2′
' > 8N" 1 s ",

)+ ) "#
(4
",
)+ u ′2 / " ) B&+ u 2 = 0 H 8(a3-3) 3
r r
r r
u ′2 = − υ :H" 1 s`
2 m0c2 2 m0c2
∴ε ′ = 2ε1′ = 2ε 2′ = =
(1− u′ /c ) (1− υ /c )
2
2 2 2 2 (28-3)
89
m 0c2
∴ ε 1′ = ε 2′ = = γm 0 c 2 (29-3)
(1 − υ 2
/c 2
)
: O (2853) 1E
F( ε 1′
(5
u1′ = − u′2 = υ
'
% 1 s` ",
)+
"# O" B*
*
8?#> "
%
"
/ " M
&:
.(b 353) 3 )+ E
s s r
u3
m0
ε3 , pr 3
m0 r
u1
"
m0 θ
r 2r ϕ
ε1 , p1 ε2 , p 2 = 0 r
r
u2 m02 ε 4 , p 4
r
u4
o o
1

(a)
s` s` r
r
u ′3
r
υ υ m 0 , ε 3′ , p 3′

r r r
υ = u 1′ u ′2 = − υ
α
2 α
m 0 , ε1′, p1′ m 0 , ε ′2 , p ′2
2
r m 0 , ε ′4 , p ′4
u ′4
o` o`
1

(b)
(b) .
1 (s ",
)

(a) :(3-3)‫الشكل‬
.
1 (s` ",
)

90
: s`
r
H ' ' N H" N
F% p ′ ) (1
:
r r r
p ′ = p ′3 + p ′4 = 0
r r
∴ p ′3 = − p ′4 , p ′32 = p ′42
' %

*# 1 υ / "
&

"# H
. 1
&*#
:+
A
F% ε` 1( (2
2 m0c 2
ε ′ = ε 3′ = ε 4′ = (30-3)
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
' '"

"#
" p ′32 = p ′42

:

2 m0c2
∴ε ′ = 2ε 3′ = 2ε 4′ =
(1 − υ /c ) 2 2
m 0c 2
∴ ε 3′ = ε 4′ = (31-3)
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
: D" )+
O" B*

r
u ′3 = − u ′4 = υ
'/ ' s` ",

)+
"# C B*
3 )+ 9:

?#> "
%
)+ "

&:
.(b 3-3)
' x )' > P
P ?# $3 ; "# M (3
. 3 )+ E
*
α * %
:)- "
</ " ; "# $
B-
u ′3 x = υ cos α
u ′3 y = υ sin α
91
u ′3 z = 0
x`-y` H"
)+
/ : + F- * . 3, #
.s` ",
)+
:F- "
</ " $
) "# " (4
u ′4 x = − υ cos α
u ′4 y = − υ sin α
u ′4 z = 0
F'- s` ",

; "# J I"
/ L #Q (5
: s ",
u ′3 x + υ υcosα + υ
u3x = =
υ υ2
1 + 2 u ′3 x 1 + 2 cos α
c c
u ′3 y /γ υsinα
u3y = =
υ  υ2 
1 + 2 u ′3 x γ  1 + 2 cos α 

c c
 
u3z = 0
u3y sinα
∴ tanθ = = (32-3)
u3x γ(1 + cosα )
s` ‫ إلى‬s '
)' "# J I"
/ C .
H # (6
:‫فيكون‬
− υcosα + υ
u4x =
υ2
1 − 2 cos α
c
− υsinα
u4y =
 υ2 
γ  1 − 2 cos α 

 c 
u4z = 0
92
− u4y sinα
∴ tan ϕ = = (33-3)
u4x γ (1 − cosα )
:O
&: (3353) (3253)
@ :
sin 2 α 1
tan θ tan ϕ = = = 1 − υ 2 /c 2
(
γ 2 1 − cos 2 α ) γ 2
: C (2653)

c2px m 0 u 1c 2 1
υ= = .
ε (1 − u 2 2
1 /c ) 
1

1 +  m 0c 2

 (1 − u 2 2
1 /c ) 

u1
∴ υ = (34-3)
1+ (1 − u 2
1 /c 2 )
u 12 /c 2 2
∴ 1 − υ 2 /c 2 = 1 − 2
=
1
1 + (1 − u 2 2
1 /c ) 1+
 (1 − u 2 2
1 /c )
2
∴ tanθ tan ϕ = ≤1
1 (35-3)
1+
(1 − u /c )
2
1
2
/ '" ' %
K( </ " (1" "# H u1<<c $ B-
:+ )" H% =
)+ )*
L:
tanθ tan ϕ = 1 (36-3)

:

tanθ tan ϕ
tan ( θ + ϕ ) = ≅∞
1 − tanθ tan ϕ
π
∴ θ+ ϕ =
2
93
'
)'+

*#
"# $3 K( J I" )+ H
L': / "
1 / J I" $ B-
. s

2
tanθ tan ϕ = :Q+
1 + γ1
:
2 cot θ cot ϕ = 1 + γ 1 (37-3)
1
γ1 = :
(1 − u 2 2
1 /c )
'

$
"# $3 N
/ $ %
. π/2 H" u1<<c 8& G .L
+ )+
'# % .π/2
1 θ+ ϕ + /
1 $B u1 $ B-

.L'
+ )+ 0.94c 0.82c &/ " T ) $ ,

'%
π/2 '
1 $3 # #"; G
( '
'
' & F/ * "
> OK ?B* - . 10o
F'- 3 θ+ ϕ E
%+ 8 H/> =
%
$L# %+ " 1
N% N( =*
. ?B* P
N

%
OK

*
"# HB
$3 N: U1

)' =' &'3

% (

)+ "
"
'" '
* &'3

"#
)+ $
"
H'" '

)+ 1
"# ) ."
'
' %
&+ "

& "
N N:
N
B- .

)+ "
/ "
&:
. N H"
& )
"#

'"# " &+ C N1 ( =* F- 3 )G
'
'
&+ " > ?B* D ( " "

94
'1( 1 D(
> D ( $ G
&
.

. $
/ E
F 1( F%

.‫ א
מ א‬3−3
1 1(
)+ < D" )+ :
)'+ 2

." 1( /> BV B- B* 8
E' '
'
K F'% > 1( H/> =

)+ $ . F- 1( ?B*
N
"1 N + 8
' 1 .
1( F- 1( 1 C
D'( =B'
H/> =
1
: <%(
N
K1
A '
. '/> ' 1( P
# $B B- 1( 1
' ) $> )+
/ . 1( 1 D(
.'
. ': 1( > 1( / $
"#
' 1(

D N>
A B
. N "
s` ",
)+
s s` r
υ
‫قبل التصادم‬ ‫قبل التصادم‬
m0 r m0 r m0 r r m0
u1 u2 u′ u′
ε 1 , pr 1 ε 2 , pr 2 ε 1′, pr 1′ ε 2′ , pr ′2
2m0 2m0
υ
‫ساكنة‬
‫بعد التصادم‬ ‫بعد التصادم‬
ε , pr ε ′, pr ′
o x o` x`
(a) (b)
.s )+
"#

/(a) :(453) 3
.s` )+
"#

/ (b)
95
r
u′ / '"
*' - = ' m0
&
"
r
M s` ",
)+ @#
x ) ; ?# − u ′ C ;
.(b4-3) '3 )+ 9:
*
*

.' 3
() .
&: P
%
N'
' L'% )+ N H" 1 F

.s` ",
)+ N H" 3
. / "
:H" )&+ s` )+ 1 1(

2 m0c 2
ε ′ = 2 m′c 2
= = 2 m 0c 2 + T′ (38-3)
(1 − u′ /c )
2 2
'
)'+ ' '1
"# 1( J
#
T`
.s` ",
' 8. ' )'- s` )+ 1( A M + B-
:F- "
s` )+ "%
)*
B* )+ .
.
Q′ = T′ = ε ′ − 2 m 0 c 2 (39-3)
/ '" = ' ' s ",
)+ B* 0 A
r
E
*
s` ",
" x ) E @#
?#> − υ

' '+

<"
s )+ ) + .(a 4-3) 3 )+
$>

" 1 . 3
s` )+ 1( )
:+ s F- s`
H 8", H
1(
 υ 
p x = γ  p′x + 2 ε ′ 
 c 
: s` )+ H" )

p ′x = p ′y = p ′z = 0
υ
∴ px = γ ε′ (40-3)
c2
: Q`=T` )+ (3953)
)+ .(
ε`
1 / :">
( )
p x = γυ 2 m 0 + T ′/c 2 = γυ 2 m 0 + Q ′/c 2( ) (41-3)
:@

96
p y = p ′y = 0
p z = p ′z = 0
'" &'" '

1 s )+ 1( # N:

: $>
ε = γ(ε ′ + υp`x ) = γ(ε ′ + 0) = γ ε ′

'1 s )'+ 1( F/ (3853)
)+ ε` / :">
:H"
ε ′ = γ (2 m 0 c 2 + T ′ ) (42-3)
υ / '" = s` )+ " )* ) 3
E
' ' P1
/ E .
L+ H BQ+ .s )+
' s )+ )( ) 9 2m0 F- "
3
. "
:F- N"

r
r 2 m0υ r
px = = 2 γm 0 υ (43-3)
(1 − υ /c )
2 2
'" $ < # (4153) 1E P

. ; 1E ?B* %

)'+ N'
F% ) . E N
F% > 2m0 )*
)* C (4353) 1E )+ 2m0 " )G s ",
: M0
M0 = 2 m0 + Q′/c2 (44-3)
)' . # & 1 (γυ Q ′/c ) F- H"

)( + </
2
. ' ?B'* - .s )'+ N

F% M E $
' F- K+
&
s )+ υ / " 3
P
=
F- "
" s ",
)+ (γ Q ′/c )
2
F- "
"
s )+ 3
1( B* .s` ",
)+ Q ′/c 2
: 1E Q` P
( γM 0 c 2 F- "

97
‫)‪ε = γM 0c 2 = γ(2 m0c 2 + Q′‬‬ ‫)‪(45-3‬‬
‫‪='B
)% 1( # (4553)8(4253)
$ 1 B-‬‬
‫‪.s` ",
)+‬‬ ‫‪T′ = Q′‬‬ ‫;‬
‫‪L': F/ )G H )+ N
B- < %
E‬‬
‫ " (
‪P'
# ' ∗ %‬‬
‫ (‪ 'G <%+ 8∆ε
1( )+ G H M !+ 1‬‬
‫‪: ∆m )+‬‬
‫‪∆m = ∆ ε /c 2‬‬
‫‪1( )+ G H

/ <+ 1( P
# 1E ?B* $ -‬‬
‫;‪?B'* '#

.0 =B % G 8 H‬‬
‫‪ '/> B'V $
"# " F/ D(
/ ./%‬‬
‫‪ H) V+ B* - .$> P
# )+ 1( V+‬‬
‫ (‪.N # <- @# <+ 8

N (1‬‬
‫ ‪' .1932 " )+ $ ∆ ε = ∆mc2 1E $, $ # #‬‬
‫‪$ ?B* <# * 0.25MeV &1( $ F $ $#I/‬‬
‫
‪1( ."
*#
"# + 2& .
2% #‬‬
‫‪:H" / B* )+ "
1( B- 8.6MeV "#‬‬
‫‪2x8.6-0.25=16.95 MeV‬‬
‫ ‪:* / J .(1" 1( )* 0.25MeV‬‬
‫‪1‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪P + 37 L i → 2 α‬‬
‫" ‪:∆m
@"
B 1‬‬
‫∗ الكتلة القصرية )القصورية( ھي نسبة الزخم الخطي إلى السرعة و يقصد بھا أيضا الكتلة النسبية وھي تتغير مع السرعة حسب‬
‫‪m0‬‬
‫=‪ ، m‬حيث أن ‪ m0‬كتلة السكون‪.‬‬ ‫العالقة‬
‫(‬ ‫)‬
‫‪1-u 2 /c 2‬‬
‫‪98‬‬
∆m=( / )+ J
#
)-( / / # J
#
)
1 7
1 P +3 Li − 2 α = 0.0154 ± 0.003a .m.u .
BQ'+ 14.3±2.7 MeV H'" 1( )+ N1 + W+ )+ 2E> B* -
.' P'
N'

D' # ?B* Q+ . ∆ ε = ∆mc2 1E $
.16.95 MeV F- "
1( )+
'1( %

80
3
M ; F- ) 1( "
:)
0
3

: </ 4 × 10 26 Js −1 :H" )+ 0
3

1(
-
∆ε 4 × 10 26
∆m = 2
= 16
= 4.4 × 109 kg
c 9 × 10
≅ 4, 4 × 10 6 tons
' ?B'* . )+ ( E

1 0
3 H
:) % ) 0
3 %
N# . G
2.1×1027 tons

1.98×1030 kg
.

4−3
N &+ # =
L: ; )+ D"
r
'1( '
< 2 = <#
1( % #

N
G' @' ' )'+

/ . T(" . E
)
r r r r r
)'"(G
#
<#
H )K & #
<#
E N = E× H
)'"(G
)K' & #
@BB * B- L:+ ."(G
& #

C ' '
.L: / " )* . / " D(
X )+ %
)'+ '% '
1( 1 $
3 1( % N/3- L:
$5h 8 ε = h ν H"
1( )* K:

F'/ $(%" B- ) $
" L: B- .J3, 5ν =E
99
?B'* . + $
" % .J3, (G: F
" </ N(G: 9("
"# J3-
.
P
J3, / %
K * "
F'/ ν ? ' L: (%" BQ+ .
K: & . * ";
'

/ .
$ 9("
"
.
9("

$ Y 1( + 3R " @#
$ ?B&
='" L': =" / 3 .
G3 ϕ B- h ν − φ H"
.
P
</ / "#; =" =" 8? 3 L $#

'%% A $ L: / " "
$+ # . + -
: m0 " < "#+ .%
#
r
m0 r m 0u m 0 c2
m = , p = , ε =
(1 − u 2
/c 2
) (1 − u 2
/c 2
) (1 − u 2
/c 2 )
B- ' '
'%
)+ %
@ % L: / "
u @ %

'
?E/ $
?B*
9
N: " $ 1

m0 @ % c L: / "
u @ %
/ < : + BQ+ .
%
k C'"
% ?B* M ..

1 B (
m 0 / 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) %
F%
:+
m 0
= k
(1 − u 2
/c 2
)
r r
∴ m = k , p = kc , ε = kc 2
: ε = h ν : 1(

hν hν
k= , p=
c2 c
100
hν <'1( HB' ' C " L: F/ B*
') . hν c2 F'- "
1 hν c F- N"
)( <

+ L: / " " $ ?B*
.(N H" "
' TE('+ B* " $ <+ "-
#- "

'1 '
T'# ?E/ $
" % . ? /
> "
.
A 2
*
"

'
'
(%"
/ < # .
%
' '
'1 $3 J3, Q+ " - F/ " 3;
'3 )'+ 9':
'

/ " + ,
8(1" J3,
'
/
M + %+ . * ?B& N>%
NE )( ) .(a5 –3)
. -
+
&#

?B* $3
ε1 hν
?# = c
=
c
ε 1 = hν1 )* (1" 1( M
'
)'+ m0 " < " - P
( @#
x ) >
θ ' P ?# ε3 = hν3 $3
1( M .s ",
P'
ϕ ' P ?# = , x ) > P
r r
'
. ε 4 H" 1( p4 H" u4 F- "
/ " x ) >
ε3 hν 3
" , 1(
+ . c
=
c
H" &+
r
.(553) 3 )+ 9:

8 p 2 = 0 <
ε 2 = m 0 c 2 H" 1
D'( D '( ?B* C - (
# )- D ( ./ =*
'" ' '
/ F/ 1( 1

.

H s,s` ",
$>'
",
" :+ %+ " J I" P
' '
1( /> BR 1(
. )+
)
101
ε3, ε3
r ‫ فوتون‬ε ′ , ε 3′
s c s` υ 3
c
‫ فوتون‬ε 3 = hν 3 ε 3′ = hν ′3
‫الكترون‬ ‫مشتت‬
′
‫فوتون‬
‫ ساكن‬θ ε 1′, ε 1 ‫الكترون‬
‫ساقط‬ c c.m. α
ϕ ‫فوتون‬ α
ε1, ε1 m0c = ε 2 ε 2′ , pr ′2
2
c r
p2 = 0 ‫الكترون‬
ε 1 = hν1
ε 4 , pr 4 ε 4′ , pr ′4
‫الكترون‬
‫مشتت‬
o x o` x`
(a) (b)
(b) ." - F/ (1" + $3 (a) .
:(5 – 3) 3
. E 0 N"
) .

8" )+ - P

+
/ 9: (5–3) 3
: + 1 s ",
)+ 1( )
r r r r r
p = p1 + p 2 = p1 = p x (46-3)
∴ p =
ε1 =
hν1
x
c c
ε = ε 1 + ε 2 = hν1 + m 0 c 2 (47-3)
:F- N"
) s` ",
)+
r r r r
p ′ = p′3 + p′4 = 0 , ∴ p ′x = 0
:H" 1(
ε ′ = ε 3′ + ε 4′
:@ s F- s`
1(
">
ε = γ (ε ′ + υ p ′ ) = γ ε ′ x
ε hν1 + m 0c 2
∴ε 4′ + ε 3′ = = (48-3)
γ γ
:+ s` )+ N H" )

r r
p ′3 = − p ′4
p ′32 = p ′42
102
2 2
ε′  ε′
∴  4  − m 02 c 2 =  3 
 c   c 
   
ε 4′ 2 − ε 3′ 2 = m 02 c 4 (49-3)
: O (4853)
F/ . ;

"%
2 4
γm .0 c
ε 4′ − ε 3′ = (50-3)
h ν1 + m 0c 2
:)/ (4853)

(5053)
T (
2ε 3′ = λ −
m 02 c 4 λ 2 − m 0 c 2
=
( )
2
(51-3)
λ λ
:
2 hν1 + m 0 c 2
λγ = hν1 + m 0 c , λ=
γ
:1E
@" + υ " / "

c2p x c2 hν chν1
υ= = . 1 =
ε hν1 + m 0 c 2
c hν1 + m 0 c 2
hν1
∴β = (52-3)
hν1 + m 0c 2
hν 1
∴ β =
λγ
: E $3
s` F- s
1(
">
ε 3′ = γ ε 3 (1 − β cos θ)
λ 2 − (m0c 2 )
2
2ε 3′
2ε = =
γ(1 − βcosθ) λγ(1 − βcosθ)
3
1 2 λγ (1 − βcosθ )
∴ =
ε3 (
λ 2 − m 0c 2 )
2
:+ (" )+ HB %

A B
103
2λ γ (1 − βcosθ ) = 2λ γ  1 − hν 1 
cos θ 
 λγ 
(
= 2 hν 1 + m 0 c 2 − 2h ν 1 cos θ )
= 2h ν 1 (1 − cos θ ) + 2m 0 c 2
:H" %
)+ HB %

(
λ 2 − m0c 2 ) = (hν + m c ) (1 − β ) − (m c )
2
1 0
2 2 2
0
2 2
 (h ν ) 2 
= (h ν + m c ) 1 − 2 2
( )
2
1  − m 0c2
1

 (h ν + m c )
0
1 0
2 2 

= (hν + m c ) − (hν ) − (m c )
1 0
2 2
1
2
0
2 2
= 2h ν 1 m 0 c 2
1 h ν 1 (1 − cos θ ) + m 0 c 2
∴ =
ε3 h ν1 m 0c 2
1 1 hν 1 (1 − cosθ ) + m 0 c 2 1 (1 − cosθ )
∴ − = − =
ε 3 ε1 hν 1 m 0 c 2 hν 1 m 0c2
1 1 λ 3 λ1 λ 3 − λ1 ∆λ
Q − = − = =
ε 3 ε1 hc hc hc hc
h
∴ ∆λ = (1 − cos θ ) (53-3)
m 0c
('" θ + $3 B- < F/ (53 5 3) . ;
-
'#
(
λ3 $3
#
( + Q <

/ % M 0.0242 (1-cos θ) Ao H" %
(1"
'& '# .
$ Y $1( $"1 % .c,m0,h

N'
' M < > B* ."
# % P
D
.. * ?B& L(/-

hν 1( hν/c H"
104
.
‫א
אא‬5−3
s s`
β 3c
2m
ε 2 , pr 2 = 0 ′ ε1′
ε 2′, pr′2
ε1, ε1 ε1,
c
c ‫قبل التصادم‬ M0
‫فوتون‬ ‫فوتون‬ ‫جسيم‬
‫جسيم‬
‫ساكن‬ ‫متحرك‬
ε 3 , pr 3 r
β 3c ‫بعد التصادم‬ ε 3′ = M 0 c 2 M0 , p3 = 0
‫جسيم‬ ‫جسيم‬
‫متحرك‬ ‫ساكن‬
o o`
x x`
(a) (b)
." )+ "# )/ <(%" / +

(a) :(6 5 3 ) 3
N N"
) +
(b)
.
>
/ E
. :
8M0 '" <' (. . B) " )+ N
"# M
B'* (" N <
s ",
)+ ε1 <1( + </ (%"
β3c H'" / '" '
>
/ # "# @" 1 ."#
ε 3 = M 3 c 2 = γM 0 c 2 H" 1(
M0
M3 = = γM 0 :
(1 − β 32 )
' '1 'G $%+ "
.(a6-3) 3 )+ 9:

.M0 H"
>
/
'1 '",
" # "# β3 @" A /
)'+ .
)* ?B*
>
/ M 1(
.β3c H'" / " = < (b6-3) 3 )+ E s` ",
105
H" ) N

B* )+ B-
:+ s )+ 1( 1 A D( . 1
ε = ε1 + ε 2 = ε 3
r r r r
p = p1 + p 2 = p 3
∴ε = ε 1 + M 0 c 2 = γM 0 c 2 (54-3)
:+ s` )+ 1( 1 C .
D(
ε ′ = ε 1′ + ε 2′ = ε 3′
r r r r
p ′ = p1′ + p ′2 = p ′3 = 0
∴ ε ′ = ε 3′ = M 0 c 2 (55-3)
p ′ = p ′x = 0
:F/ s F- s`

"
 
 υ
p x = γ p ′x + 2 ε ′ = γ 0 + β 3 ε ′ 
 c   c 
β 3 = υ/c
ε1
Ρ x = Ρ1 + Ρ2 = Ρ1 =
c
:

∴ ε 1 = γβ 3 ε ′ = β 3 γM 0 c 2
: O (5453) 1E ">
∴β 3 =
ε1
(56-3)
M 0c2 + ε1
: M 0 c 2 >> ε 1 : + B-
β 3 ≅ ε 1 /M 0 c 2
106
'
/ E' 'G <' F'% HB "# B*
O"
M0 ' M + F/ ε 1 /c H" 1
N+ F(
>
. =
)+ )*
E G >
.! :

s s
ε 0 , pr 0 = 0 ε 2 , pr 2 ε1, ε1
c
M0
‫ذرة مرتدة‬ ‫فوتون متحرر‬
‫ذرة ساكنة‬ M 02
o o
x x
‫قبل االنبعاث‬ ‫بعد االنبعاث‬
." )+ "#
+ :(7 – 3) 3
.> "# " )+ N G
'+ '&
' ε0 &1( M0 " & " . B A
ε2 1( p2 N ) . B > % ?B* .ε1 <1(
' '1 (753) 3 > .M02 F- " )+ G B* / O
.>
0' '

N:
HB s * "-
* "
@# )

F
"
s` ",
" . :
..%
$1E M
:+ 1 A D( :
r r r r
p = p 0 = 0 = p1 + p 2
∴
ε1 − p
2 =0
c
c p 2 = ε1 (57-3)
:F/ + 1( 1 D( :

107
ε = ε 0 = ε1 + ε 2
∴M 0c 2 = ε1 + M 2c 2 (58-3)
(M c )
2
2 2
= (cp 2 )2 + M 02 c 2 ( )2
(59-3)
: # (5953) (5753)

(M c ) = ε + (M
2
2 2
1
2
02 c
2 2
) (60-3)
:F/ (6053) (5853) 1E

(M 02 c ) = (M c − ε ) − ε
2 2
0
2
1
2
1
2
(
∴ M 02 c 2 ) = (M c )
2
0
2 2
− 2 M 0 ε1 c2 (61-3)

& K& K> )+ . B " 1(
* M 02 c 2 , M 0 c 2 A
: 1( H"
& D .

1
ε = M 0 c 2 − M 02 c 2 (62-3)
(
∴ M 02c 2 ) = (M c − ε ) = (M c )
2
0
2 2
0
2 2
− 2 M0c 2 ε + ε 2 (63-3)
: O (6353) (6153) 1E %

 
ε 1 = ε 1 − ε 
2  (64-3)
 2 M0c 
>- )#
( % + P
@" 1(
'1( )( ) >
&
. B $
B- )* . )+
.>
/ E
)- &
# ε .

C' '
- &;
&
K+ $ / & OK ?B* -
.'& J3, () (
C .
% $ B
)K' & [ J3Y " )+ 9
/ / H -

' "" )+
8< )( 2( () J3Q % <+ 8NE
N>'(
( . ( (( ?B* - .# &
108
'%% '/ * (( ?B* D: - .N# D: C

: #
.'
H 8K3/ 1( $"
)+ # P(" > &" $ B
' - .$'"
?B*
%: "" (
& ((/)
'%! <% (i < f ) i H"
F- f H"

%
/ . B
+
B'* 2' BQ+ .(6253) 1E <
. B ( ) 1( )+
)'+ P'% '
C . B 8hν * %
1(
HB

F'- . B = P+ + 1( ?B* + " )+ )* i H"

8. B 1( F/ 2\ I 1 1(
N G NL# ; f H"

> $
/ E . B H > /> BV )G =B
H > " "
1 % .(853) 3

>
'

8) >
> $
/ E C $ B
?B'* F
'" 8= '
P3

" C > 1( F/ @G
"
. * . *

> 1(
hν
f

f εR
hν
i i
(a) (b)
.$ B )+ (b)

> (a) >
/ 9: :(853) 3
:> > 1 ) 1

+
hν
0=M υ- (65-3)
c
109
‫ ‪'1 '" . B F/
"; L# )+‬‬
‫‪ .'
. B &+

; L# )+ Mυ
>
/‬‬
‫

‪.(953) 3‬‬ ‫‪hν‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫الذرة‬ ‫ارتداد‬
‫ساكنة‬ ‫‪hν‬‬
‫الذرة‬
‫‪Mυ‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫الفوتون‬
‫المنبعث‬
‫‪εR‬‬ ‫‪hν‬‬
‫قبل‬ ‫بعد‬
‫االنبعاث‬ ‫االنبعاث‬
‫الشكل )‪ :(9-3‬يوضح عملية االرتداد الناتجة عن انبعاث فوتون من الذرة‪.‬‬
‫

; ‪:H" . B / " # .‬‬
‫‪hν‬‬
‫=‪υ‬‬
‫‪Mc‬‬
‫
(‪' / '"
B- 8. B 1( H" εR > 1‬‬
‫‪:)
> 1( @"
. B‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫‪ε R = Mυ2 = M  ‬‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪hν‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2  Mc ‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
‫(‬ ‫) ‪hν‬‬ ‫‪ε2‬‬
‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪2Mc2‬‬ ‫‪2Mc 2‬‬
‫‪$' B- '

. ' %: 1( $"
$ B- < O" NB-‬‬
‫‪N+3 $ B ?B* Q+ " )+ <
J3, ) $ B‬‬
‫‪' 'G! ) # $ / MG &
HB J3Y‬‬
‫) ‪ > $ ( ) . , / # $‬‬
‫‪.*
> > $
/ E $ B‬‬
‫* لمزيد من المعلومات عن ھذه الظاھرة يمكن مراجعة كتاب "مقرر بيركلي" في الفيزياء الميكانيكا المجلد األول الصفحات ‪.553-551‬‬
‫‪110‬‬
: " "
: (1)
(' )'+ " 2.4GeV/c2
&
" 8E

"#
-0.6c )' / '" 0.8c ; / " .x ) E ^
%"
'
s '

"
.

&
/ '" (2) 8s )+ 1
&
(1) :@" s`
'1( (4) 8s` )'+ ' 1

&
/ " (3) 8
x ) > /
&
2 (5) 8s` )+
&

' x` )' > '/ '
&
2 N
/ .s )+
.53o H" s` )+
:
:H" < + s )+ 1 ; "# " (1)
m0 2.4 GeV/c2
m1 = = = 4 GeV/c2
(1 − u 2 2
1 /c ) (1 − 0.64)
:H" < Q+ ) "# "
2.4 GeV/c2
m2 = = 3 GeV/c2
(1 − 0.36)
:H" )+
"#
/ " (2)
m1u1 + m 2 u 2 (4 × 0.8 − 3 × 0.6) GeV/c
υc = = = 0.2 c
m1 + m 2 (3 + 4)GeV/c2

'"# )' ' <'+ HB s` ",
/ " : )*
.N H"

:H" </ " + s` )+ 1 ; "# " (3)
u1 − υc ( 0 .8 − 0 .2 ) c
u 1′ = = = 0 .7 c
υc 0 .2 c
1 − 2 u1 1− .0 .8 c
c c2
:H" s` )+ <
111
2.4 GeV/c 2
m 1′ = = 3.4 GeV/c 2
(1 − (0.7) ) 2
:+ 1 s` )+ ) "# "

u ′2 =
(− 0.6 − 0.2) c = −0.7 c
0.2 c
1 − 2 (− 0.6 c)
c
:H" 1 s` )+ <
2.4GeV/c2
m′2 = = 3.4GeV/c2
(1 − (0.7) ) 2
s` )'+ 1
"#
1( ε 2′ , ε 1′
$ B- (4)
:+
&
1( ε 4′ , ε 3′
ε 1′ + ε 2′ = ε 3′ + ε 4′ = ε ′ = (m 1′ + m ′2 ) c 2
9'+ s` )+ N: "
" $1( B- "

ε 1′ = ε 2′ 1
r r r r
:
p ′32 = p ′42 =B p1′ + p ′2 = p ′3 + p ′4 = 0

ε = c p 2
+ m 02 c 2
ε 3′ = ε 4′ = 1 ε ′ = 1 (m1′ + m′2 )c 2 = 3.4 GeV

2 2
u1′ = − u′2 , u′3 = − u′4 : ) B*
s` )+
/ 1 "

"# $1( P
# $

: H %
"
J I" P
# =B / O
u 1′ = u ′3 = u ′2 = u ′4 = 0.7 c
:H" s` )+

"#
+ B*
p ′3 = m ′3 u ′3 = 3.4 × (+ 0.7 )GeV/c = +2.38 Gev/c
p ′4 = m ′4 u ′4 = 3.4 × (− 0.7 ) GeV/c = −2.38 GeV/c
112
s )+ ; "# 2 θ M (5)
 υ
∴ p 3 cos θ = γ  p ′3 cos α + 2c ε 3′ 
 c 
p 3 sinθ = p ′3 sinα
' >] s` )+ ; "# ?# & ) α
.α = 53o * [(3 5 3) 3
∴ p 3 cos θ = γ (2.38 × 0.6 + 0.2 × 3.4 )
p 3 sin θ = 2.38 × 0.8

2.38 × 0.8
∴ tanθ =
2.108 γ
1 1
γ= = ≅ 1.0206 :
(
1 − υ c2 /c 2 ) 1 − (0.2) 2
∴ tanθ = 0.8850
∴ θ = 41.5 0
s )+ ) "# 2 ϕ M
 υ
∴ p 4 cos ϕ = γ p ′4 cosα + 2c ε 4′ 
 c 
p 4 sin ϕ = Ρ ′4 sinα
sinα
∴ tan ϕ = = 2.4755
 υ ε′ 
γ cosα + 2c 4 
 c p ′4 

∴ ϕ = − 68 o
:(2)
' <'
"# ( 2 2 m0c <

m0 " < "#
'",
N"
. 3
N
<
+ N"
' (2) . 3
/ " (1): # . 1( %
."# "
113
:
: 1 s ",
)+
ε = ε 1 + ε 2 = (cp)2 + (m 0 c 2 )2 + m 0 c 2
:N>
(
= 8 m0c 2 ) + (m c )
2
0
2 2
+ m0c2
∴ε = 4 m 0 c 2 (1)
:F/ s F- s`
1(
">
ε = γ(ε ′ + υp′x ) = γ ε ′
." )+ 3
+ s F- " υ / " = s`
.(453) 3 >
∴ε ′= ε =
4 m 0c 2
γ γ
: #

 υ  γυ
p x = γ  p ′x + 2 ε ′  = 2 ε′
 c  c
 γυ  4 m 0 c 
2
= 2  = 4 m0υ
 c  γ 
2 2 m0c c
∴υ = =
4 m0 2
1 1
γ= = = 2
(
1 − υ 2 /c 2  1 ) :N
1 − 
 2
: s` ",

)+
Q′ = Τ′ = ε ′ − 2 m 0c2
∴
Q′
=
ε′ −2m =
4 m0
− 2 m0 =
4 m0
− 2 m0
0
c2 c2 γ 2
= 2 m0 ( 2 −1 )
114
( ) (
∴ε = γ ε ′ = γ 2 m0c 2 + Q′ c 2 = γ 2 m0 + 2 2 m0 − 2 m0 c 2 )
ε = 4 m 0 c 2 :H" ε 1( (1)

)+
C .
E
∴ M0 =
ε =
4 m0 4 m0
= = 2 2 m0
γc 2 γ 2
:(3)
<'
R "# P
( 8<" 1( H" <1( "#
<1( # .45o E <*# 2 B& # 8N"
.m0 H" " < N
/
:@ s )+ u1 </ " HB (1" "# " :

ε = mc2 = Τ+ m0 c 2 = m0 c 2 + m0 c 2 = 2 m0 c 2
m0
∴m = 2 m0 =
(1 − u 2 2
1 /c )
: # 1E ?B*

3
u1 = c
2
)+ ) s` s ", H
" / " υ $ B-
: N H" s`
3
c
u1 2
υ= =
(
1 + 1 − u 12 /c 2 )  3
1 + 1 − 
 4
c
∴ υ = = u 1′ = − u ′2
3
115
'1 s` '", '
)'+ ) F/
"# / " − u ′2 , u 1′
.
1 1 3
γ= = =
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )  1
1 − 
2
 3
sin α sin α
tan θ = , ∴ tan 45 =
γ (1 + cos α ) 3
(1 + cos α )
2
∴ 5 cos 2 α + 6 cos α + 1 = 0
:F/
?B*
α = 180 o , 101.5 o
' )'+ A "

*

"#

:@

m 0c2
ε 3′ = ε 1′ =
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
",
)+ 1 (1" "# 1( ε 3′ , ε 1′
.s`
m 0c 2 3
∴ ε 3′ = = m 0c2
 1 2
1 − 
 3
: (1" "# s )- s`

1(

3 3 
ε 3 = γ(ε 3′ + υp3′ x ) =  m0c2 +
c
p′  (1)
2  2 3 3 x 
Q cp ′3 = ε 32 − (m 0 c 2 )2 =
3
m0c2 − m0c2 ( )2
2
1
∴ p ′3 = m0c
2
1  1
∴ p ′3 x = p ′3 cosα = m 0 c − 
2  5
1
= m 0 c(− 1)
2
116
)'+ s` )'+ (1'" '"# x ) > ?# F;
% M
:F/ (1)

ε 3 = 7 m 0 c 2 = T3 + m 0 c 2
5
2
∴ T3 = m0c 2
5
:F/ (1)
)+
% M
ε 3 = m 0 c 2 == T3 + m 0 c 2
∴ T3 = 0
:(4)
2 m0c2
1

I ( 8x ) > ?# = 3
<1( +
' . '3
'"# / '" ?# %
# .m0 " < "#
. <

:
'" /

s ",
)+ 1( 1 D(
s` ",
" > B- =B
@( B- >- s` ",
.$" / &"

:
>
/ 1 1( 1
2 m0 c2 5 m0 c2
ε = ε1 + ε 2 = 2
+ m0 c =
3 3
:+ . 3

>
/
ε = γM 0 c 2
:
> "# " M0
1
γ=
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 )
117
5 m0c2
∴ γ M0c2 = (1)
3
: 1

r r r r
p = p1 + p 2 = p3
∴ p = p1 x =
ε1 =
2 m0c
= γM 0 υ
c 3
2 m 0c
∴ γM 0 =
3υ
)'+ γM0 '/ M' .
>
/ "# / " υ
:F/ (1)

5 m 0c 2 2 m 0c3
=
3 3υ
2
∴υ = c
5

; x ) > ?# )&+
>
/ "# ?#

.N H" y ) > ?#
:(5)
3ε
'
)+ o ; (% ?# " " < ε <1( "#
5 c2
"# 1( # .y ) > P
30o * %
<*#
s ",
y '
?'# "; N
"# *3I "-
)+
.", H
" / " )*
8@"
r
s ‫اتجاه‬ s` y` υ
‫الجسيم‬
‫اتجاه‬
‫الجسيم‬
30o
ε , pr
ε ′, pr ′
o x o` x`
)+ y ) > P
30o N
*3 "# :(953) 3
. "; N" N
"# *3 s` )+ .s
118
:
: s ",
)+
2
ε 2 − p 2 =  3ε  2
 c
c2 2
 5c 
r
P'
30o * %
P HB s ",
)+ "# p
.(953) 3 > 8y

4ε
∴p =
5c
: # y ) > ?# s` F- s
$>

4ε
p ′y = p y = − cos 30
5c
2 3ε
∴ p ′y = − = p′
5c
'
P` .@" y ) > ?#
?# ) " . 3,
.s` ",
)+ "# )
 υ 
∴ p′x = γ − p sin 30 − 2 ε  = 0
 c 
1 4ε
× ×c2
2
∴υ = − 2 5c = − c = −0.4 c
ε 5
:# s` F- s
1(
">
ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x ) = γ (ε − ( − υp sin 30 ) )
1 1 5
γ= = =
(1 − β )
2
 4  21 :
1 − 
 25 
5  4ε 1 
∴ε ′ =  ε − 0 . 4c × × 
21  5c 2 
4.2ε
∴ε ′ =
21
119
:(6)
' '1( P
(

)+ K 1(
:'A '1E @" " )+

)+ K*

.
/ " V M B- K = K* +
1
2
MV 2
F'- ' B* N: 9: ." )+

'
' '1 )* J I" P
# /> B_ B- ?E/ #
.X )+ L: / "
:
9': A / K = K* +
1
2
MV 2 1E $- R
)+
@( 1
:); &#"
'"# '

)+ 1(
K

'
+ '" ' ) "# @#
x ) > ?# =
;
: 3 1( ?B* /

1
K= m1 υ 2
2
: 3 K* /

+

)+

1 1
K* = m1 v12 + m 2 v 22
2 2
'"# / '" ' v2,m2 ; "# / " v1,m1
:+
?B* )+ N H" )
.) F/ )
m 1 v1 + m 2 v 2 = 0
m1 υ1
∴ v2 = − = −v
M
.", H
" / " v M=m1+m2
m2v2  m  m υ  m υ
∴ v1 = − = − 2  − 1 1  = 2 1
m1  m1  M  M
120
2 2
 m1  m 2 υ1   m 2  m1 υ1 
* m1m 2 υ12
∴K =    +   =
 2  M   2  M  2M
2
1 m1m 2 υ12  m1 + m 2  m1υ1  1
* 2
∴ K + MV = +   = m1 υ12
2 2M  2  m1 + m 2  2
1
∴ K = K * + MV 2
2
: " )+ A
ε = γε *
Q ε = K + M 0c 2
M0=m01+m02
ε * = K* + M 0 c 2
K* + M 0 c 2
∴K = − M 0c2
(1 − V 2
/c 2
)
:+ V << c A : + BQ+
−1 / 2
 V2  V2
1 −  ≅ 1+
 c2  2 c2
 
 V2 
( *
 2c 
2
)
∴K = K + M0c 1+ 2  − M0c2
 
1  v2 
≅ K* + M 0 c 2 + K*  2  − M0c2 + 1 M0V 2
2 c  2
 
1
∴ K ≅ K* + MV 2
2
." )+ M=M0
:(7)
437 MeV ' <'1( 8@'#
x ) > ?# =
' '
NE $
/ BQ+ .N" <
` (
121
' . '
@" . a "
1( =

.
&*#
:
(1'" m 8
H; " m0 M
r
1( p1 , ε 1 N: M .T = 437MeV <1( HB
r
." 1( 0 = p 2 ,ε 2 (1"
:@ 1( 1
ε1 +ε 2 = ε 3 +ε 4 (1)
.s '
'
)+ 1( ε 4 , ε 3 B-
' ' '

" >
B* )+ F- . 3, #
? ' '
B'* % ( 9: ; =B F- #
. 1( $>
)- L#
:@ 1

r r r r
p1 + p 2 = p 3 + p 4 (2)
r r
p 4 , p3 B-
:

ε 1 = Τ1 + m 0 c 2
ε 2 = m 0c 2
ε3 = ε4
:
Τ 1 + 2 m 0 c 2 = 2ε 3 = 2ε 4
Τ1
∴ε 3 = ε 4 = + m 0c 2 (3)
2
p 32 = p 42 =
ε 2
3 2 2
−m c =
ε 2
4
− m 2c2
0 0 (4)
c2 c2
: # (2) 1E
p 12 = p 32 + p 24 + 2 p 3 p 4 cos θ
r r
p 4 p 3 .
θ B-
122
∴ p12 = 2 p 32 (1 + cosθ ) = 2 p 24 (1 + cosθ )
θ θ
∴ p 1 = 2 p 3 cos = 2 p 4 cos (5)
2 2
Q p12 =
ε 1
2
2 2
−m c =
(T1 + m 0 c 2 )
0
2
− m 2c 2 0
c2 c2
2
T 
∴ p 12 =  1  + 2 T1 m 0
 c 
(4) 1E

2
 T1 
 + m 0 c 2 
 2 
p 32 = p 24 = 2
− m0c 2
c
2
T 
∴ p 32 = p 24 =  1  + T1 m 0 (6)
 2c
: E (5) 1E

2
 T1 
2   + 2 T1 m 0
θ  p1   c  1
cos2
=  = ×
2  2 p 3 
  T1 
2 4
  + T1 m 0
 2c
θ Τ1 + 2 m 0c 2
∴ cos =
2 Τ1 + 4 m 0c 2
:H" " 1(

Q m 0 c 2 = 939.4 MeV
: B
θ 437 + 939.4 × 2
cos =
2 437 + 939.4 × 4
∴ θ = 84o
123
:(8)
2 m0c2
3
F'- "
1( @#
x ) > ?# = + (%"
); <*# / 2 + m0 " < N" "# F/
' s ",
)+ <
$3
1( @" .90o
.N N"
) s` ",
)+ <1( #
:
:@+ s ",
)+ 1( 1 N> D(
ε1 + ε 2 = ε 3 + ε 4
p2 = 0 , ε 3 = cp3 , ε1 = cp1 :
2 m 0c 2
∴ + m 0 c 2 = cp 3 + ε 4 (1)
3
: # 1 D(
r r r r
p1 + p 2 = p 3 + p 4
2 m 0c
= p 3 cos 90 + p 4 cos ϕ (2)
3
p 3 sin 90 = p 4 sin ϕ (3)
.(1" ?# / "# & 2 ) ϕ
ε 42 = (cp 4 )2 + (m 0 c 2 )2 (4)
:F/
&
# (3) (2) P
2
 2 m0c2 
(cp 4 ) 2
= (cp 3 ) 2
+ 
(5)
 3 
 
:O (4)
)+ (5)

(cp4)
1 M
2
 2 m0c2 
ε 2
4 (
− m0c )
2 2
= (cp 3 ) 2
+
 3

 (6)
 
:# )- (6)
)+ (cp3)
1 M (1)
">
124
2
5 
2
 2 m0c2 
2
 m 0 c − cp 3  − m 0 c
2
( )
2
= (cp 3 ) 2
+
 3


3   
:F/ . ;

2
p3 = m 0c
5
2
∴ε 3 = cp 3 = m 0 c 2
5
: s` ",
)+ N H" )

2
m c2
cp x cp1 3 0 2
β= = = =
ε ε 5 m c2 5
0
3
1
∴γ = = 1.09 ≅ 1.1
(
1− β 2 )
: O s` F- s
1(

ε 3′ = γ (ε 3 − βcp3x ) = γ ε 3
2 
∴ ε 3′ = (1.09 ) m 0 c 2 
5 
:H" s` )+ 1( B-
∴ ε 3′ = 0.44 m 0 c 2
:(9)
' . '- &
D(
/ %"
( )+ = $ . B
P' ?'# 6
7
c H'" / " &" . B " D( ,
. B' '" " )+ *3I
.& ( P
60o * %

H'" *#+ , . B ( 0% J("
.. B / " @" .30o
125
r
υ ε e′ , pr ′e , υr ′e = 6 c
s s`
ε e , pr e , υr e 7
‫إلكترون‬ ‫إلكترون‬
30o r 60o
υ
‫ذرة‬ ‫ذرة‬
‫متحركة‬ ‫ساكنة‬
o x o` x`
*3 s` )+ .s )+
. B
- DE( :(1053) 3
.<*# G P
N
, F% " . B
:
r
D( x ) > ?# s ",
)+ υ / " = . B M
)+ .(1053) 3 > 8x ) > P
30o * %
P - &
r
. B' 9 s ",
F- " υ / " = HB s` ",
.x` ) > P

60o
, B- ." )+
: # s )- s`
1( $>
"
cp e sin 30 = c p ′e sin 60
(
cp ecos 30 = γ cp′e cos 60 + β ε e′ )
1
∴ tan 30
 β  ε e′ 
γ  cot 60 +  
 sin 60  cp′ 
 e 
3
∴γ =
 ε′ 
1 + 2 β e 
 c p′e 
 
:@ 1( 1E

2
ε e′2 = ( cp ′e )2 + ( m 0 c 2 )
2 2
 ε′   2 
∴ e  = 1+  m0c 
 cp ′e   cp ′e 
   
126
cp′e = cγ ′e m 0 υ′e : E
1 6c
γ ′e = : υ ′e = :
(
1 − β ′e2 ) 7
2
 ε′  2
∴ e  = 1 + 1 = 1 =  7 
 cp ′e  γ ′e2 β ′e2 β ′e2  6 
 
3 9
∴γ = =
7 3+7β
1 + 2 β 
6
1 3+7β
=
γ 9
2
2  3 + 7β 
∴1− β =  
 9 
∴130 β 2 + 42 β − 72 = 0
(5 β− 3)(26 β+ 24) = 0
3
∴β =
5
3c
υ=
5
:(10)
(10MeV<< ε 0 ) ε 0 F'- '"
/ 1( =
$

' '3
Q ' 1( O" .
$&#
ε 0 (1" $ 1( F/
> .
F/ &(%" 2
.Q
1 #
127
:
$' &
&" .
F/ $ (%" / < M
.(1153) 3 )+ 9:

$ ?#> N"
&*#
:+
M 1( 1 A D(
ε 0 + m 0 c 2 = Q + γm 0 c 2 (1)
: 1

ε0 =−
Q
+ γβm 0 c
c c
∴ ε 0 + Q = γβm 0c 2 (2)
Q γ 2β 2 = γ 2 − 1
2 2
( ) − (m c )
∴ γ 2β 2 m02 c 4 = γm0 c2 0
2
+ (m c ) = [(ε − Q ) + m c ]
2
2 2
∴ (ε 0 + Q )2 0 0 0
2
: . ; 1E ?B*

1 2 m 0c2 1
Q = 2
≅ m 0c2
1 2 m 0c 2
1+
ε0
1
:)A 2
m 0c2 << ε 0 $-

1 9.11 × 10 −31 × 9 × 1016

m0 c2 = = 0.25 MeV
2 2 × 1.6 × 10 −19
128
‫‪1/ 2 m 0 c 2‬‬
‫'‪' ' %
. G‬‬ ‫‪ε0‬‬ ‫"‪" O‬‬ ‫‪10 MeV << ε 0‬‬ ‫
‬
‫ ‪.(1" $ 1( F/
>
^ F- Q B* 89‬‬
‫‪ε‬‬ ‫‪= m‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬

‫‪ε1 = γm0c2‬‬
‫‪ε‬‬ ‫‪ε‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪r‬‬
‫‪p = 0‬‬ ‫‪Q‬‬ ‫‪r‬‬
‫‪0 /‬‬
‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪Q ,‬‬ ‫‪p1 = γm0 υ‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫فوتونات ساقطة‬ ‫فوتونات مرتدة‬ ‫الكترونات‬
‫الكترونات‬ ‫متحركة‬
‫ساكنة‬
‫قبل سقوط الفوتونات‬ ‫بعد سقوط الفوتونات‬
‫على المادة‬ ‫على المادة‬
‫)‪ $3
..
)/ + (%" :(11 – 3‬‬ ‫‪3‬‬
‫‪.(1" 1( F/ <1(
> 2‬‬
‫‪129‬‬
! % &

'
'
)+
"#

1( $ 51
υ '
' ' H" 1
1 2
µ µυ
2
.L: / " " K( J I" / .
"# " / "
( .0.6c H" x ) > ?# </ " m0 " < "# 52
.– 0.8c / " N: x ) > ?# " <
R "#

"
N 3
BQ+
'
'
)'+ 1
&
/ " @"
b 1

)+
&

.
(V1=-V2=0.71c) :c
(M1=M2=1.43 m0)
<' " )+ "# ( υ </ " m1 " < "# 53
. 3
#

/ + m2 "
' </ '" '
"# " # ",
N"
.
>
/
m 2 = m12 + m 22 +
2 m1m 2
:c
1 − υ 2 /c 2
m1υ
V=
m1 + m 2 (1 − υ /c )
2 2
' ' 1( $+ " - P

( hν <1( + 54
' P' ?'# B* " BQ+ hν/2 F- "

b B* J
.ν %
# ); <*# P
60o * %
ν = 2.45 × 10 20 Hz :c

3
130
'" ' )+ - P
( 4c
5
/ " " 55
F'/ D(
( )+ "
*# *3 + +
,
" m0 $
/ BQ+ .(1" "# "
.

1( # 8
2 m0c 2
2 :c
m 0c2
3
r
' " p
&
s ",
)+ b, a
"# 56
@'#
x )' > ?# %"
( )+ a "# = m0
&
' P R %"

( )+ ? = HB b "# (
s` '",
)+ b "# 1( $ .x ) > P
θ * %
H''" ''" '' )''+ a ''"# <''+ ''& HB''

 2 p2 θ
ε b′ = m0 c2 1 + cos 2 
 m02 c 2 2 
H" (1" P

$3
& ) $ B- 57
' ?'# P
, & ) :N> O" 90o
hν
'Y ' 1( :N 8 cotθ = 1 + :H" (1"
m0c2
:1E &/ $3

 
 
 hν  1 
ε = hν  
m c 
2  hν 
 0  1 + 
 m c 2 
 0 
131
(1'" ?# / , 2 )* ϕ M + B- 58
', '1( $+
J
)+ hν <1( HB
:A 1E @#
F(
T
2 α cos 2 ϕ
T =hν
(1 + α )2 − α 2 cos 2 ϕ
hν
. α = m c 2 :
0
* '%
'/ ' '1( )'- $ # #
" 59
0.938GeV H'" ' " 1( $
/ BQ+ .200GeV
'# ?' '
x "# M0c2 " 1(
1 F/ @"
'" ' )'+ P
1( / $ ?B*
p+ p → p+ p+ x :A /
/ @"
.
p : B-
M 0 c 2 = 17.58 GeV :c
3c
.'" *3
" 5
/ " = M0 < 3 "# – 10
8($+)
# 3 * "# *3
B* 1

."# ( P
60o ?# M0c2 &
1(
# J3,
/ 3
4
M0 $ "# " O"
.* %
.# </ " 2
υ=
7c
4
:c
132
'R '"# ( 2m0c2 <1( m0 " < "# 511
'# '"# " # .< D+ 2m0 " < "
.
N:
M 0 = 17 m0 :c
133
‫الفصل الرابع‬
‫)الفضاء ذو األبعاد األربعة والمتجھات الرباعية(‬
‫
‪.‬‬ ‫‪1.4‬‬
‫ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪2.4‬‬
‫
‪.‬‬ ‫‪3.4‬‬
‫
‪.‬‬ ‫‪4.4‬‬
‫‪. !"#$
%‬‬ ‫‪5.4‬‬
‫'& ‪.‬‬ ‫‪6.4‬‬
‫‪. $ (! ) *+ $,‬‬ ‫‪7.4‬‬
‫‪. &-‬‬
‫) ‪. %‬‬

.‫א
א‬1−4
(x,y,z) ,/+ 0/ )- )/$ 1+ 23 4, %& 4 5-
- , : )$ ,7 " 89: .4 .6 4 t )
/" > /#- 5- = < " ) ; 6
/- 93 @ A , ) B 9: )3 .? .

.C$> .+ - C$ & D- $ ,
)/! )/ r2 / )- F/ E ;3 D- .

:)- 5- ? " ) ; (x2,y2,z2) (x1,y1,z1)
r 2 = (x1 − x 2 )2 + (y1 − y2 )2 + (z1 − z2 )2
= (x1′ − x′2 )2 + (y1′ − y′2 )2 + (z1′ − z′2 )2
/ / /& (2) ! s ? & (1) ! $ 9H
: )7 " ) ; r )- 91 % =) r A s` ?
# )K ) )- )$ ) .? 5 $ , 6
. " #- 5- # # )$ > r )-
135
/ o %/7 /! ) ! ) 4, @1+ @+
%/ *+ )3 .(6L1) %$2 $ o ; ! o` # $ F
:)$ s` s ) $ c #
.
)
x 2 + y2 + z2 x ′ 2 + y ′2 + z ′2
= = c2 (4-1)
t2 t′ 2
) (x`,y`,z`) ! ;3 % t ) (x,y,z) ! ;3 *+ %

: )$ t`
x2 + y2 + z2 − c2t 2 = x′2 + y′2 + z′2 − c2t′2 = 0
!/ 4 57 (x`,y`,z`) (x,y,z) &? )- D
:: 6, #+, .
x2 + y2 + z2 − c2t2 = x′2 + y′2 + z′2− c2t′2
:-
r 2 − c 2 t 2 = r′2 − c 2 t′2 (2-4)
89: )3 . " ) )93 ; x 2 + y2 + z2 − c2t2 $

/2 / .+ (x,y,z,t) ,7 &? ) !>
. ) B 9: ;3
/ # ! % $ .- ) 0'

- )
89/: %/& )3 ." ) ; ! $ #F (x,y,z,t) $ # %
.
# M! .- $ ) $
-
/#
# %& - )- %6
r
r 8 r .+
4 9 @>- 0, )-
θ :/ / z /: ), &3 % (x,y,z) &? )

.(x`,y`,z`) &? ) D-
;3 %
136
y` y
x B
θ y`
θ x` yθ x`
r
r
y` θ
θ x
=5, % ; ,- && % :(1 – 4) %$2

. : θ )
=/K >, 0 ) ) B 9: ! &? % )3
:(1 – 4) %$2 F>
x ′ = x cos θ + y sin θ 

y ′ = − x sin θ + y cos θ  (3-4)
z′ = z 

4 θ z % &? ) ) 59 % 9: )3
)/$ ) 93 " )
O x`,y` ;3 x,y &? %
r
r
:K 6, ; (3 – 4) >, ) % )-
x 2 + y2 + z2 = x′2 + y′2 + z′2
%/ / M! ,- && % , %& : (3 – 4) >,

)/$ )/ ." )
C % : .5,
r
r
//$ // 93 //,- @//,- %//2 //! 89//: //
/ .) / *+ &3 , . %& x 2 + y2 + z2 − c2t2
:K$ 89: ,7 &? 0,

x1 = x , x2 = y , x3 = z , x4 = i ct
:K ; )93 $ P$ . i = −1 )- 4
137
4
∑x
µ =1
2
µ = x 12 + x 22 + x 32 + x 24 (4-4)
./, !/2 / " ) ; $ 89:
C9/$ ;/O /,7 ,7 9 *+ )- ;3 %
9: 2?

6 *+ 9# @!!
- 59 $$ , ;3 "
" *+
/#- ;/ / %, *+ 9: .
/
/$ : (x1,x2,x3,x4) &? $ 5, %
.,7 ,7 59 *+
: ‫אאמא‬2–4

/,7 59 *+ 5, % 26 *2 %$ %6 "
/,7 /,7 9 */+ %2 % ) B 9: R1 M! & &&
.x4 . &? 0+ )' C9
/# /, )/$- 93 &/? )
@! % )$
: ; 7 &?
x 1′ = a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 + a 13 x 3
x ′2 = a 21 x 1 + a 22 x 2 + a 23 x 3
x ′3 = a 3 1 x 1 + a 3 2 x 2 + a 3 3 x 3
:-
i = 1,2,3
j = 1,2,3
:4 x ′i = ∑ j
a ij x j (5-4)
/ , )
%& a ij )- ! % ; % 9:
∑x 2
i /
93 @, % 9: A .% 9: 0
:)$ @, @ %& 7 , )- S 9H ." )
∑ x′ = ∑ x
i
i
2
k
2
k (6-4)
138
:)-
(x ′j )2 = ∑∑ a ij a ik x j x k
j k
∴ ∑ (x ′ ) = ∑ ∑ ∑ a
i
i
2
j k i
ij a ik x j x k (7-4)
:)$ (7L4) (6L4) )6, D

0 ⇒ j ≠ k
∑i
a ij a ik = 
1 ⇒ j = k
∴ ∑a i
ij a ik = δ jk (8-4)
)/ (8 L 4) 6, M )- " @, @ $9 0T % %,

.8- !2 .+ (3 – 4) , %& % )- &3 )$
:K ; $ )$ (5 L 4) 6, !, 59 % )3
X ′ = AX (9-4)
X )- (x 1′ , x ′2 , x ′3 ) /$ ./ % .+
%& X` )- 4
/ %/& A )- (x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) /$ . 7 .+

:P$ a ij :, %
 a 11 a 12 a 13 
 
A =  a 21 a 22 a 23  (10-4)
a a 32 a 33 
 31
:P$ )- $ , )$ X,X` )#
& 93
 x 1′    x 1 
    
 x ′2  =  a ij  x 2  (11-4)
 x′    x 
 3   3 
/! )- @ $9 $ .% 9# ) : a ij
/,7 59 */+ / #! )$ 89: %
.,7
rr
l 2 = l.l , *+ 9:
%! l )- S
139
:P$ )- )$
l2 = x 2 + y2 + z2 − c2t 2
= x 12 + x 22 + x 32 + x 24
" ) CO l )- 7
:)- 5-
∑ x′ = ∑ x
µ
µ
2
λ
2
λ
:K ; >, $ )K )$ )

x 1′ = γx 1 + (0)x 2 + (0)x 3 + i βγx 4 

x ′2 = (0)x1 + (1)x 2 + (0)x 3 + (0)x 4 
 (12-4)
x ′3 = (0)x 1 + (0)x 2 + (1)x 3 + (0)x 4 
x ′4 = −i βγx 1 + (0)x 2 + (0)x 3 + γx 4 
υ 1
.s`,s ? 5 ) υ = β = )- γ= )- 4
c (1 − β )
2
:%$2 " ) , )$
 x ′1   γ 0 0 i βγ  x 1 
    
 x ′2   0 1 0 0  x 2 
 x′  =  0 0 1 0  x  (13-4)
 3   3 
 x ′   − i βγ 0 0 γ  x 
 4   4 
)- 5- 5/, %/ /: (13 – 4) /6, % )3

/E # )7 %, # : .(8 – 4) 6, .+ :
$ # 3 5 ) ! )> C9
y ):
> t` x` ;3 )> t x )-
9$: .x 8

.% 9# )&' > z
140
/ )/$ )- )$ (12 L 4) , %& % )3
, ) : )$ ψ ) )H 89: .x1x4 D
:)K %
x 1′ = x 1 cos ψ + x 4 sin ψ 
 (14-4)
x ′4 = − x 1 sin ψ + x 4 cos ψ 
x`4 x4
x1 B
ψ
x`1
x`4
x`1
x4
ψ
ψ
O x1
ψ ) .,- ,- % :(2 – 4) %$2

. :
:)- A+ (12 – 4) 6, (14 – 4) 6,

tan ψ = i β = i (υ/c ) (15-4)
%/ )- %/ @+ = ) )- R 9$:
%/ ) /- >3 =/,- ,- 59 5, *+ @ ,
:)- R % >, (15 – 4) 6, ) .
cos ψ = γ , sin ψ = i βγ
: ; % $ $ )93
141
 cos ψ 0 0 sin ψ 
 
 0 1 0 0 
A=
0 0 1 0  (16-4)
 
 − sin ψ 0 0 cos ψ 

, P$

, 1 :- )
. P+ ! , %# 93

' , )$
)- R
r
4/ =( A µ ) /: ./7 /$ A /:
)$ 93 =$ .7
/# %/ / #/ ! % .7 $ 89: = µ =1,2,3,4
:K % , P$ 9$: . xµ &?
A′µ = ∑a
ν
µν A ν (17-4)
:)- 4
 γ 0 0 i βγ 
 
 0 1 0 0 
a µν =  
0 0 1 0 (18-4)
 
− i βγ 0 0 γ 
 

.‫אא
א‬3–4
89 59 ! .,7 ,7 59 *+ C @
)- S
)/, 3 8 )$ , ! ; $ %

∆xµ M )H C9 @ .
$ % F> $ xµ &?
∆x µ
/ ∆t
/ )- >3 @/+-
: ! 9: ; )! )
. 3 @6 9' ∆t )7 @ @#

142
) ; ∆τ D-
3 )K %
89: ; % .? .
" ) ; )&
:K ! .
:P$ (2 – 4) 6, )
(∆x)2 + (∆y)2 + (∆z)2 − c2 (∆z)2 = (∆x′)2 + (∆y′)2 + (∆z′)2 − c2 (∆t′)2
(∆r)2 − c 2 (∆t)2 = (∆r′)2 − c 2 (∆t ′)2
1 1
 1  ∆r  
2 2  1  ∆r ′  
2 2
∴ ∆t1 − 2    = ∆t ′1 − 2   
 c  ∆t    c  ∆t ′  
:: )$ C9 @

(
∆τ = ∆t 1 − u 2 /c 2 )
1
2 (
= ∆ t ′ 1 − u ′ 2 /c 2 )
1
2
(19-4)

u` u )- ." ) ; ∆τ )- 7 6, ) F
: ; s` s ?
:) µ=1,2,3,4 =Vµ .7 $
)$ 93
∑Vµ
2
µ = ∑ V′
λ
λ
2
(20-4)
:)- 4
dx µ
Vµ = (21-4)
dτ
.xµ /$ %&

# % # ! %
9:
./
-
# C9
:K$ P 89: $
143
dx −1 dx x& 
(
V1 = 1 = 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) 2
= 
dτ dt
(1 − u 2
/c 2 ) 

dx 2 −1 dy y& 
V2 = (
= 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) 2
= 
dτ dt
(1 − u 2
/c 2 ) 

−1

dx 3 dz z& 
V3 = (
= 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) 2
=
 (22-4)
dτ dt
(1 − u 2
/c 2 ) 

dx 4 −1  d (ι ct )  ic 
V4 = (
= 1 − u 2 /c 2 ) 2
 dt 
= 
dτ   (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) 

:)- R .
*
3 U& >, 89: ) , %$ ! .
(x& + y& + z& ) − c = u − c

2 2 2 2 2 2
∑ µ
Vµ2 =
(1− u /c ) (1− u /c ) 1− u /c
2 2 2 2 2 2
∴ ∑ V = −c µ
2 2
(23-4)
µ
:6, $ $

$ % $
∑ V′ = ∑ a
µ
µ
µ
µv V v
/ )$ (18 – 4) 6, : $ aµν ,>
: $ K % >,
v 1′ = γ (v 1 + i βv 4 ) 

v ′2 = v 2 
 (24-4)
v ′3 = v 3 
v ′4 = γ (− i βv 1 + v 4 )
: ; #$ )$ (22 L 4) >,
 r 
 u ic 
vµ =  ,  (25-4)
 (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) 
.5> *+

%& 4
r
u
144
. ‫א
א!מ‬4–4
. !" # :

:6, 0,
dx µ dx µ
pµ = m 0vµ = m 0 = m (26-4)
dτ dt
9: $ P$ .

$ $ m0 )- Vµ )- 4
:K$

dx 1 m 0 x& 
p1 = m 0 = = m x& 
dτ (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) 
dx 2 m 0 y& 
p2 = m0 = = m y& 
dτ (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) 


dx 3 m 0 z& 
p3 = m 0 = = m z& (27-4)
dτ (1 − u 2
/c 2
) 

dx 4 m 0ic iε 
p4 = m0 = = i cm = 
dτ (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) c 

/$ @/ /2 5> $ )- 8- >, ) F

/$ /: %, )$ ,7 ,7 59 *+

.)$ $ ) @>
:)7 )$ )- P
$ " ) ;

∑p 2
µ ( )
= m 2 x& 2 + y& 2 + z& 2 − m 2 c 2
µ
2 2
=m u −m c =
m02 u 2 − c2
2 2 ( )
1 − u 2 /c 2 ( )
∴ ∑p
µ
2
µ = −m 02c 2 (28-4)
:P$ " ) ; $ 89: )-
145
∑p
µ
2
µ = ∑ p′
λ
λ
2
= −m 02c 2 (29-4)
:6, $ $

$ % )$
∑ p′ = ∑ a
µ
µ
λ
µν p ν (30-4)
:
$ % >, A 9$:
p 1′ = γ (p 1 + i β p 4 ) 

p ′2 = p 2 
 (31-4)
p ′3 = p 3 
p 4 = γ (− i β p 1 + p 4 )
′
: ; P$ (27L4)>,

 r iε 
p µ =  p, 
 c 
$ - $ 5> *+
p %& 4
r
p 3 , p 2 , p1
iε
. p 4 = c # ,
/# , )- )$ ε $ 6! )- @+ )$ (28 L 4) 6, )
:K$ >
ε 2
∑p
µ
µ
2
= p12 + p 22 + p 32 + p 24 =p 2
−
c 2
= − m 02 c 2
∴ε = (c p
2 2
+ m 02 c 4 ) (32-4)
) 6! % , )- (31L4) >, ) @+- A+ )

:5- , 6, ) # % )$ s` ;3 s ?
p ′4 = γ (− i βp 1 + p 4 )
∴i
ε ′ = γ  i ε −i
υ 
px 
c  c c 
p1=px :)- 4
∴ ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x )
146
/ " ) ; S, . #+ #
)- $9 )-
.&$ %1 % )- )$

6! )- S =)
M, %& )K .

r
#$/ /$ . p 2 , ε 2 &
6! %7
r
m 02 , m 01 p1 , ε 1
r
/
p 3 ,ε 3 %7 /
6! )$ , . ;
r
) % 6! F )6 M! . p 4 , ε 4 &
:K$ #
)$ )
p 1µ + p 2 µ = p 3 µ + p (33-4)
4µ
:)- 4
r iε  r iε 
p1µ =  p1 , 1  , p 2 µ =  p 2 , 2 
 c   c 
r iε  r iε 
p 3µ =  p 3 , 3  , p 4 µ =  p 4 , 4 
 c   c 
*
3 " ) ; 6 )V$ >, 89: )
.%$2 (33L4) , $ , C9 A+ .' 89# ,
p1 µ + p 2 µ − p 3 µ = p
4µ
[(28 – 4) 6, F>] : )$ , 89: ! .
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
− m01c − m02c − m01c + 2 p1µ p 2µ − 2 p1µ p3µ − 2 p 2µ p3µ = − m02c
∴ m 01 c 2 + p1 µ p 3 µ + p 2 µ p 3 µ − p1 µ p 2 µ = 0 (34-4)
/ &

F 4 s ? % 6 ,
:)K A = %6 )$
147
r
ε2 = m02c2 , p2 = 0
:5 (34 – 4) , %& 5, P+ %
r r
p 1µ p 3µ = p 1 .p 3 −
ε 1ε 3 = p 1 p 3 cos θ −
ε 1ε 3 
c 2
c 2 

p 2µ p 3 µ = − ε 3 m 02 
 (35-4)
p 1 µ p 2µ = − ε 1 m 02 

89/: S/, / , (%7) !6

2 θ )- 4
:R (34 – 4) , 6,
ε 3  ε21 + m 02  − ε 1 m 02 − m 012 c 2
cos θ = c 
p1 p 3 (36-4)
. )
6! > 2 !, 7 6,
/ M, #2 6 P$ )- .! # ! BH
.&
ϕ 2
 ε1 
 2 + m 02  ε 4 − m 02 c
2
( )
cos ϕ =  
c
p1p 4 (37-4)
:&
'" # : %
/ /
- / ;O Fµ @
@ #
%
:& ) ) , )$ 91 .
dp µ
Fµ = (38-4)
dτ
: %$2 6, 89: $ )$
−1 d  dxµ 
(
Fµ = 1 − u 2 /c2 ) 2 m
dt  dt

 (39-4)

148
r
/ ;7 4& $ )93 . $ m =
u )- 4
:P$ f > ;3 P
fx fy fz
F1 = , F2 = , F3 =
(1 − u 2
/c 2 ) (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) (1 − u 2
/c 2 )
: , $ C9$
ic dm i 1 dε
F4 = = . (40-4)
(1 − u 2
/c 2 ) dt c (1 − u 2
/c 2 ) dt
./6! $ -

$ " 59 %, 3 F4 P )93
:)- 5- " ) ;
)- )K
∑p µ
2
µ
= − m 02 c 2
:)- %
dp µ
∑ µ
pµ
dτ
=0
∑p
µ
µ Fµ = 0 (41-4)
(41 – 4) /, /$ .Fµ Pµ ) , "$ C9 )$

:R P4F4 23 %,
$ "
Ρ 1 F1 + Ρ 2 F2 + Ρ 3 F3 = − Ρ 4 F4
:W$ 89:
fx fy fz − (i cm) i d ε
. mux + . muy + muz =
(1 − u /c )
2 2
(1 − u /c ) 2 2
(1 − u /c )
2 2
(1 − u /c ) c dt
2 2
dε r r
∴ = u .f (42-4)
dt
>
59 %, : ε =mc2 $ " %, )93
r
.6! $ ) 6, ) $U9 . M : .
; @"2 f
% >, $ $
$ % )-
.
149
‫‪F1′ = γ (F1 + i βF4 ) ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪F2′ = F2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫)‪(43-4‬‬
‫‪F3′ = F3‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪F4′ = γ (F4 − i βF1 )‬‬
‫‪/, ; % (43 – 4) ) , , $ )K A+‬‬
‫‪.6! %‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪υ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪Q F 4′ = γ  F 4 − i F1 ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪−1‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪i  u ′2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dε ′‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪i  u2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dε‬‬ ‫‪ u2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪dp x ‬‬
‫‪∴ 1 − 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪= γ 1 − 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪− i β 1 − 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪c ‬‬ ‫‪c‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪dt ′‬‬ ‫‪c  c‬‬ ‫‪dt‬‬ ‫‪ c‬‬ ‫‪dt ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬
‫‪ u2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪ u2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪Q 1 − 2‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪dt = 1 − 2‬‬
‫‪′‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪dt = dτ‬‬
‫‪ c‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ c‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪dε ′‬‬ ‫‪ dε‬‬ ‫‪dp ‬‬
‫∴‬ ‫‪= γ‬‬ ‫‪−υ x ‬‬
‫‪dτ‬‬ ‫‪ dτ‬‬ ‫‪dτ ‬‬
‫) ‪∴ ε ′ = γ (ε − υp x‬‬
‫‪&5–4‬א א‪ ."# $%‬‬

‫‪r‬‬
‫‪p‬‬ ‫ ‪&& ,7 59 *+ 5> )- M X‬‬
‫‪ r iε ‬‬
‫!‪$ @ .  p, c  @ @#
$ : )$
ε $ 6‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪/
C C ∗, 0F ) ) C 6! $‬‬
‫]
‪[M % ) (4L3) .‬‬ ‫ ‪:;3 Y ) 9# )$ 0$‬‬
‫‪r‬‬ ‫‪r hν‬‬

‫‪p = n‬‬
‫‪c‬‬
‫!‪:;3 6‬‬
‫‪ε‬‬ ‫‪=hν‬‬
‫∗ وفقا ً لفرضية آينشتاين يمتلك الفوتون صفات االزدواجية الموجية‪-‬الجسيمية عند االنتشار و الحي‪9‬ود و الت‪9‬داخل‪ ،‬فتظھ‪9‬ر ص‪9‬فاته الموجي‪9‬ة‬
‫و تختفي الجسيمية‪ .‬أما عند تفاعل الفوتون مع المادة كما ھو الحال في الظ‪9‬اھرة الكھروض‪9‬وئية و ت‪9‬أثير كمبت‪9‬ون فتظھ‪9‬ر ص‪9‬فاته الجس‪9‬يمية‬
‫وتختفي الموجية‪.‬‬
‫‪150‬‬
r
.) $ 8

n C & h = ν )- 4
r
s υ
s` hν ′ c
hν c
‫حركة الفوتون‬ ‫حركة الفوتون‬
θ θ`
o x o` x`
" .s x . θ . 8

C ) :(3 – 4) %$2
.x` . θ` . s` ) )
 r h ν ih ν   r iε 
. n ,  %$2  p, 
$ $ )
 c c   c
s ? x-y D C @ @ )K S
./ θ`,θ ) / /$ 8/
./ 4 s` ? x`-y` D
r
A )/$ 93 .(3 – 4) %$2 $ ; ; s`,s ? 5 x`,x )&>
:) @ @#

 υ 
A 1′ = γ  A 1 + i A  4
 c 
A ′2 = A 2 

A ′3 = A 3  (44-4)
 υ 
A ′4 = γ  A 4 − i A 1  
 c  
:; % ) ; >, 89: M!
151
 υ 
ν ′ cos θ ′ = γν  cos θ −  
 c 

ν ′ sin θ ′ = ν sin θ 
 (45-4)
 υ  
ν ′ = γν  1 − cos θ 
 c  
/ c / / !"#$

*+ )- )K 93

89: ν - ? .
: Z
/: ν` )- x &> . θ : .+ #:
s ?
)'/ /& )- $> x` &> . θ` . #:
s` ?
>/, /: / #
#3 ; 8 >,
>, ) .s` ? ;3 s ? )
%
:/ / /6
2 8
)- 0$ 89: %
r r
/
2 8

n )- 4 (nν, i ν ) : @ @#
$
.(4 – 4) %$2 F> .: ν )-
s s` r
υ
‫العمود على‬
‫العمود على‬ r ‫جبھة الموجة‬
r n ′ν ′
nν ‫جبھة الموجة‬
θ θ`
o x o` x`
##
, . !"#$
:(4 – 4) %$2
.θ` s` ##
, . .s θ
;/3 /

% h/c )K + 93
/6! / )- */+ / F 9$: .  n λ ,
r h i hν 
 "
 c 
152
 r iε 
%/! )- /$  p, 
$ : )$ ) )1,
 c
"/ @/ @#
$ : )$

.  n λ ,
r h i hν 

 c 
)/ /&$- /, 5-) =1923 [, (6
B,2> )$ 9 - (C 6! $ $ #F ; ) ) )
/6 / )- S- )$ ) =@
@$ C 6 0F S,

) S .D- Y0F @
@$ @+ C
%/! ) (
)> 0,)
# =($>)
89/: X ) .) #2 . P
89:
/
/$ 6! . )- .6 *+ . =+
 r iε 
=

)1,
%!  p, c 

 
)- 4/ =  n λ ,
r r h i hν 
/ n  /

$ =.6 : $
 c 
.

2 8

)/$ ε =hν C 6 )$ 6 ' C9$ (6
89/: / /

: ν 4 =
; #!
 r h iε 
n ,  "/ / /
/
P$ )- )$
 λ c 
 r iε 
:5 )' @+ .6 )- $  p, 

 c 
r rh
- p=n
λ
h
λ = (46-4)
p
/6 4 =#6 ) . , @

&U 6 :
#!/ $7 :2 1927
) ),
153
‫; !‪\/7
; .! % ) # %$ ) A‬‬
‫ ‪. :F , # : $‬‬
‫ ! ‪:5
υph‬‬
‫‪h ε ε‬‬
‫= ‪υ ph = λ ν‬‬ ‫= ‪.‬‬
‫‪p h‬‬ ‫‪p‬‬
‫‪m 0c 2‬‬ ‫‪m0u‬‬ ‫‪c2‬‬

‫= ‪∴ υ ph‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫)‪(47-4‬‬
‫) ‪(1 − u /c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫) ‪(1 − u /c‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪u‬‬
‫
‪:5 # υg \7‬‬
‫‪dω‬‬ ‫‪dν‬‬ ‫‪d (hν ) d ε‬‬
‫= ‪υg‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬ ‫=‬
‫‪dk‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪dp‬‬
‫‪d  d ‬‬
‫‪λ‬‬ ‫‪λ‬‬
‫(‬
‫‪Q ε = c p 2 + m 20c 2‬‬ ‫)‬‫‪1/ 2‬‬
‫‪dε‬‬
‫= ‪∴ υg‬‬ ‫‪=u‬‬ ‫)‪(48-4‬‬
‫‪dp‬‬
‫‪)/ C9/ .u

5
υg
)93‬‬
‫‪ (\7 )
-)
5
%& $‬‬
‫‪.@ # ∗ % #‬‬
‫‬
‫‬
‫‪ .'(6–4‬‬
‫‪)/+ #/+, )$ 9 *
- # P
)3‬‬
‫ ) ‪)- F/ ./$ D - 9 ) &, ,27‬‬
‫ ‪/ )/ / /$ ;/ , ,2> 89# 5:F‬‬
‫‪.:2‬‬
‫∗ تتحدد الصفات الجسيمية بالطاقة ‪ ε‬و الزخم ‪ ،p‬أما الصفات الموجية فتتحدد بالتردد ‪ ν‬و الطول الموجي ‪ .λ‬و يربط ثاب‪9‬ت بالن‪9‬ك ‪ h‬ب‪9‬ين‬
‫الصفات الجسيمية و الموجية أي بين الطاقة و التردد بالعالقة ‪ ε=hν‬و كذلك بين الزخم و الطول الموجي بالعالقة ‪.p=h/λ‬‬
‫‪154‬‬
r
s s` υ
B`
B
r r
r r′
θ θ`
o υ x o` ‫المصدر في‬ x`
‫المصدر في‬
‫حالة حركة‬ ‫حالة سكون‬
) t : B ;3 2? % ) .s C :(5 – 4) %$2

)$ s` .' ) : (t-r/c) : o #&,
.r`/c ) % ,6 " > @$
/ o` %7 ! )$ @! @*+ @ ,

r
F : $ x` &> 8
υ F C 59 s` ?
/$ / / 1+ )$ s ? .(5 – 4) %$2
r
/ /F 4, *+ )- )K S .x &> 8
υ
*/+ )- S .t=t`=0 ) o` ; ! o %7 ! # $
t )/ / s /? )$ B ! :2 %
) , .(5 – 4)%$2 F : $ t` ) s` B` ! %
:$

:" s ?
A
ψ= cos 2 πν (t − r/c )
r
:" s` ?
A′
ψ= cos 2 πν ′(t ′− r ′/c )
r′
s ? ) $
% # ! BH
ν % >, $ $ =[(45 – 4) 6, F>] =s` ;3
:K$ ν`
155
ν ′ = γν (1 − β cosθ )
ν ′sinθ ′ = ν sinθ
ν ′cosθ ′ = γν ( cosθ − β )
:; % ;7 ; & ,

sin θ
γ
sin θ ′ = (49-4)
1 − β cos θ
:; % && ; & ,
sin θ
γ
tan θ ′ = (50-4)
cos θ − β
r
/ / $ 8
. r
#, θ )- 4
r
;/3 5 8
> . r ′
#, θ` ) s ?
r
D/H &' !, 8- 4& >, ) ;7 , P$U . υ
:)"
ν ′ 1 − υ 2 /c 2
‫أو‬ ν = (51-4)
υ
1 − cos θ
c
ν ′ r 1 − υ 2 /c 2
ν = r r
 υ.r  (52-4)
 r− 
 c 
/ 5- /, &' )& (52 – 4) =(51 – 4) ),
)- /$ .:/2 ) $ ! 8
*+ )$
*+ 4, F :2 .6 8
$ : υcosθ
.%7 ! )$ 5- = )
% 6 )$ :2 .6 ;3 *+ % 59 6
/ " ; 6 )$ 89: % ,6 ) VE
;/7 1/+ /2? # &, F .6 ; . $
/6, )/ ; ,6 $ .
)- D 9 . ' .6
/ / (t-r/c) 8/6 ) ' .6 ;3 , (52 – 4)
156
%/6 ) : : %& ν` s ?
r
;3 ' .6 )
: r
.s` ? :2
.F !
(51 – 4) /, )/ # % )$
%! )3
/ *+ )- .
%! ) 6,
:)$ s` s ? 5
λν = λ ′ν ′ = c
∴ λ = γ λ ′(1 − β cos θ ) (53-4)

r r
)/ @/ )$ s ? r ;3 υ )$
:" ;3 (51 – 4) , % .cosθ=+1 =θ=0 )$ :2

c+ υ
ν = ν′ (54-4)
c− υ
93 %/& .:2 ) @ )$ *+ )- 5-
=θ=π )/ */+ 4/, / :2 ) @, @$ )$
:" ;3 (51 – 4) , % cosθ=-1
c− υ
ν = ν′ (55-4)
c+ υ
/! / :2 %6 ) : $ % 89: *+ )- 5-
! ; $ =θ=90o .s ? F
:) F ! .6 ) %
ν = ν′ 1 − β 2 (56-4)
=γ 5 %, ν` ) %6- 5:F )- 5-

(
γ = 1− β2 )
−1 / 2
:)- 4
157
.% -", )*‫א‬%+‫א‬7–4
%/! )/ $ $ A! ; 1+ B,2 !
C/9 !6/
%! @ , 5- =" $, *+

. @, - 1+ B,2 8
C A! )$ 93 ,
(!/ / */+ $,? )6 )- )K
)6,/ /&
% >, ,> , $
.(50 – 4) =(49 – 4)
r
y s y` s` υ
‫الضوء الساقط‬
‫الضوء الساقط‬
λ1 , ν1
λ ′, ν ′
o α1 o` α
α2 r α
υ x x`
λ2, ν2 λ ′, ν ′
‫الضوء‬ ‫الضوء‬
‫المنعكس‬ ‫المنعكس‬
s $ T !6 *+

%! " :(6L4) %$2
.s` $ T ) $, " ) $ $,
/ 8/ ; 5 8

@$ *+ @$ @! ,
r
)- S/ .(6 – 4) %$2 A+ : $ s ? υ F
D A! 9: ; ! λ1
%! ν1 8 @1+ @,2
%/! ν2 , ) α2 $, B,2 )- S α1 !
r
)H s ;3 υ F C 59 s` ? .λ2

/ .%$2 A+ : $ )$ )$ D $, A!
/ )/$ s` /? > $,? )6 M! )$
158
.λ` /
%/! ν` *+ )- $,? ;3 α !
:!6 *+
:)-
s` ? :

θ′ = π + α
: )- 4
sin θ
γ
tan θ′ =
cos θ − β
:)-
s ? : %
θ = π + α1
ν ′ = γν(1 − β cos θ ) :)- 4
:‫ نكتب‬s`،s ‫ بالنسبة للضوء الساقط في محوري اإلسناد‬
sin (π + α1 ) γ
tan (π + α ) =
cos (π + α1 ) − β
sin α 1 γ
∴ tan α = (57-4)
cos α 1 + β
∴ ν ′ = γν1 [1 − βcos (π + α1 )]
∴ ν ′ = γν 1 (1 + βcosα 1 ) (58-4)
:‫ نكتب‬s`=s ‫ بالنسبة للضوء المنعكس في محوري اإلسناد‬

θ′ = − α
θ = −α2
sin (− α 2 ) γ
∴ tan (− α ) =
cos (− α 2 ) − β
sin α 2 γ
∴ tan α = (59-4)
cos α 2 − β
ν ′ = γν 2 (1 − β cos α 2 ) (60-4)
:6, $ $ ( 59L4) ( 57L4) )6, )
sin α1 sin α 2
= (61-4)
cos α1 + β cos α 2 − β
159
%/6 ) O : $ $,> ! ) ! 6, :
/F C $, A! )- D 59 s ? :2
r
.!6 B,2 ) @ x &> 8
υ
.α2<α1 )- (61L4) 6, ) F
:; % (60 – 4) = (58 – 4) )6, )7 0!
ν1 (1 + β cos α1 ) = ν 2 (1 − β cos α 2 )
ν 1 1 − β cos α 2
∴ = (62-4)
ν 2 1 + β cos α1
ν1λ1 = ν 2 λ 2 = c :)-
λ1 1 + β cosα1
∴ = (63-4)
λ 2 1 − β cosα 2
,2] $ .+ # >, 89: )3

.$ $ (! ) $,
1 >> β , υ << c
:)-
λ1 −1
∴ = (1 + β cosα1 )(1 − β cosα 2 )
λ2
≅ 1 + β (cos α 1 + cos α 2 )
λ 2 = λ 1 + δλ 1 :)K .+
 δλ 1 
= λ 1  1 + 
 λ1 
:R (63L4) 6, S,

λ1 δλ 1
≅ 1− = 1 + β (cos α 1 + cos α 2 )
 δλ  λ1
λ 1  1 + 1 
 λ1 
∴ δλ 1 = − λ 1β (cos α 1 + cos α 2 )
:)$ 1 >> β )-
α1 ≅ α 2
cos α 1 ≅ cos α 2
160
;/ $,> 4 , *+
%! % 59 " )
/ )/U : υ F !6 B,2 ) P $ A!
:)- 4 δλ1
δλ 1 = −2 λ1β cos α1 (64-4)
)/$ υ F !6 B,2 ) @, $, A! )$

:;3 *+
%! C:
δλ1 = 2 λ1β cos α1 (65-4)
S/, %6 )
-
. @ M R1 89: )3
..+ 89: ) *,
161
:
"( "%
:(1) ) %
/ / ! C ε1 $ 6! m01 $ $
57 $ 6!
.m02 $ $ )$
F
/#
@/ / %6 $ $ )
)
.6!
: ),,,(
P/$ )- /$ " ) ; #
) P+ % )-
:K P+ %
(p1µ + p 2 µ )(. p1µ + p 2 µ ) = (p1′ µ + p′2 µ )(. p1′ µ + p′2 µ ) (1)
/
/
p2µ )- !6

p1µ )- 4
)
) )#
p`1µ = p`1µ )- .s ? )$
.s` ?
:)-
6! #
<1 )
 r ε +ε2 
p1µ + p 2µ =  p+ i 1 
 c 
 r ε ′ + ε 2′ 
p1′ µ + p′2 µ =  p′+ i 1 
 c 

r r r r r r r
p = p1 + p 2 = p1 , p ′ = p1′ + p ′2 = 0 :)- 4
r r r
∴ p1′ = − p′2 , p1′2 = p′22 , p2 = 0 , ε 2 = m02c2
:; % P+ *
H
2
ε ε  2
ε ′ ε ′
2
p − 1 + 2  = − 1 + 2 
 c c   c c 

162
ε 1 = − ε ′2
 2 ε 21  2
p −  − m 02
2
c 2 − 2 m 02
 c2  c
 
ε ′ = ε 1′ + ε 2′ :)- 4
2 2
∴ − m 01 2 2
c − m 02 c − 2 m 02 ε 1 = −
ε ′2
c2
/? F $ 6! ; 7 6, 89: ) % C9
:)- 5- s`
1

(
ε ′ =  m 01c 2 ) + (m
2
02 c )
2 2
+ 2 m 02 c ε 1 2

2
(2)
:5 -
(1) , %& P+ % ;3 D- .

p1µ . p2µ = p1′ µ . p′2µ
∴−
ε1 ε 2 = − p 1′ 2 −
ε1′ε 2′
c2 c2
∴ m02 ε1 = p1′ 2 +
ε1′ (ε ′ − ε ′) = p′ 2 + ε 2′ (ε ′ − ε ′)
1 2 2
c2 c2
 2 ε 1′2  ε 1′ε ′
=  p 1′ − 2 +
 c  c2
 
m 02 ε1 = m 2 01c 2 +
ε1′ε ′
c2
:; % 7 6, )
ε ′ = (m c ) + (m c )ε
2 2 2
01 02 1
1
ε′
:)-
%&
ε ′ = (m c ) + (m c )ε
2 2 2
02 01 1
2
ε′
163
:(2) ) %
@,/23 3 - $
)
F S,
/7 )/$ 9H/ 0.8c 5 # @, )$ S7
) 4, 1200Ao 5
%! ! !!
.^$
F 0! ! 9:
%! .)$
: ),,(
9/ =B,/2? 59 % :2 )
, -
:6,
c− υ
ν = ν′
c+ υ
c c c− υ
=
λ λ′ c+ υ
c+ υ 1.8
λ = λ′ = 1200
c− υ 0.2
∴ λ = 3600 A o
:(3) ) %
C/ T ; 5 %$2 6000Ao
%! *+ !
:P- .3x107ms-1 !6 *+ 8
) @,
.$, *+
%! % " :@>-
:P- .45o 5 ! $ T ; *+ ! 93
.$, *+
%! % " :@>-
.$,> :@&
164
: ),,(
:6, M! :@>-
λ1 1 − β cos α 1
=
λ2 1 + β cos α 2
α1=α2=0o :)-
λ1 1−β 0.9 9
∴ = = =
λ2 1+ β 1.1 11
11 λ 1
∴ ∆λ = λ 2 − λ 1 = − λ1
9
2 2
= λ1 = × 6000
9 9
4000
= = 1333 A 0
3
:@&
∆λ = 2 λ 1 β cos α 1
= 2 x 6000 x 0.1cos 45
= 840 A o
λ1 1 − β cosα1 1 − 0.1× 0.7
= =
λ 2 1 + β cosα 2 1 + 0.1cosα 2 :@&&
6 0 .93
=
6 .84 1 + 0 .1 cos α 2
:)-
7 6, 89: )
o
α 2 = 53
:(4) ) %
/" ) ; ∑ Vµ2 )- R @ @#
%& Vµ )$ 93
µ
.
165
:),,,(
/
/# %/ # ! % =
Vµ )-
:)- 5- xµ
V 1′ = γ ( V 1 + i β V 4 )
V 2′ = V 2
V 3′ = V 3
V 4′ = γ ( − i β V 1 + V 4 )
:; % .
*
3 & ) >, 89: ! .
∑ V′ µ
2
[( )
= γ 2 1 − β 2 V12 + 1 − β 2 V42 ( ) ] +V 2
2 + V32
µ
= V12 + V22 + V32 + V42

∴ ∑ V′ = ∑ V
µ
µ
2
λ
2
λ
:)-
 r 

Vλ = 
u
,
ic 

 1 − u2 /c2
 ( 1− u 2 /c2 ) ( ) 
u 2 − c2
∴ ∑ = (1 − u /c )
λ
Vλ2 2 2
∴ ∑ V′ = ∑ V = − c
µ
2 2
λ
2
µ λ
:(5) ) %
%/, s ? %7 ! 8
ε 6! )
/
%/ >/, @ .y &> . α :
.

@ C ) :2 4 s` ? ) 6! :@>-
.P y &> 8
%7
.? 5 ) :@&
166
:),,,(
s y s` r
υ
‫اتجاه الفوتون‬
‫اتجاه الفوتون‬
α
θ θ`
o x o` x`
α
:2 s y &> . α 8

. ) :(7 – 4) %$2
.s` y & P 8
> %7 @$
=ε`=hν` )- S/ .s /? ν )- 4 ε=hν )- S

/
%/ >, ,> .s` ? ν`)- 4
:P$ !"#$
ν = γν ′(1 + β cos θ ′ ) (1)
ν cosθ = γν ′ ( cosθ ′ + β ) (2)
3π 3π
)/ ): S, . θ ′ = 2 θ=
2
−α )-
(7 – 4) %$2 )
:; % (2) (1) ),
  3π 
hν = γh ν ′ 1 + βcos  
  2 
∴ε = γε ′ (3)
 3π    3π  
h ν cos  −α  = γhν ′  cos  2  + β 
 2     
∴ −ε sin α = + γ ε ′ β
167
:)- R (3) 6, ) ε = γε` )-
β = − sinα
υ = − c sinα
1
∴ γ =
(1 − β ) 2
1
∴γ =
cos α
∴ε ′=ε cos α
168
- ). /
9H/ .@ $ )$ T ) . ! ε $ 6! C . ) L1
#
R .m0 : ) )$ $ )-
s` $ $ %6 F $ 6! )- 6!
. [2 m0c2 (ε + m0c2 )] 2 :5

1
0/ / 9/#

@$ )$ %& T .
! L2
5 %6 $ 6! )- 9H .30o !6

/6! )- /6! / #
& . $ 6!
. , 4& ;3 % $
@ .m0 # %$ $ $ =)& )

) % – 3
/, #:
)
6! #

.s ? -
/#
./
)
@1+ @,23 % 1+ – 4
C )$ 9H .s` :2 )$ :
!/ - / /: s :2 c/3 5 F
. ) 0 + 59 1+
/, s /? P

x &> 8
2 1+
– 5
 x
/#
%/ >/, @ . y = A sin 2 πν t − c  , #
 
/?
ν` )- 4 ν` ν ) 6,

.s ? υ F C 59 s`
169
/ )$ :2 ) C $ 9 ) 4, B,23 F – 6
C/ ) 4, B,2? )- 9H .1015Hz 5 B,2? C9
9/ / P/- .5x1014Hz 5 )$ : 9
υ=0.6c :\ .$
& @ #! ; , s` ? & T – 7
/$, /& T A! ; x`y` D 1+ ! .x`
/O : $ $,> ϕ )- ! : θ $ 9H .
:, ;!, ϕ θ ) ) 6, )- R .s ?
cos ϕ =
(υ 2
)
+ c 2 cos θ + 2 υc
υ 2 + c 2 + 2 υc cos θ
.? 5 ) υ )- 4
5/ /- ; 59

- 0! $ , ! ! – 8
%/! 2 0! ! )$ 3968.20Ao
%! )$
.3968.49Ao

/ )/$ %: 2 F
C9 ,U2 : :@>-
^P6 - ,
@ ,U2 5
C9 +, )- 93 :@&
,/+ " ' 1+ 4.3 5 2 ) 8, )-
^ 10 % *
/: /$ / - #$ )- P
:@ &&

/ %! " F ! ; (+, ) @ C
C9 ) *+ )$ %: 0.29Ao (3968.49Ao) 5>
^5 -
) 4, *+
@ 22kms-1 :>
@ -
:@& :\
0.01o
, =3600kms-1 :@&&
170
‫الفصل الخامس‬
‫الجسيمات األولية(‬
‫) ُ‬
‫
‪.‬‬ ‫‪1.5‬‬
‫
‬ ‫‪2.5‬‬
‫
‬ ‫‪3.5‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪4.5‬‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪5.5‬‬
‫"
!
‪.‬‬
‫
‪#
$‬‬

. ‫ אא
א‬1−5
) ' *$" *$"
( %
& '
"
1/ 20 & 3 '- . /0 .% ! + ,
!'"
1/ 1 210 17 03 '0" 4 " 56 ,
%1 " ( 6 ! #" ( 6 %3 , ( 9
: 58
(1 103 :
=
> 6 " ?" : < ;& '

(;" : 1932 . 6 D 5 @ 5' " A3B C ; /
" C1 +1 .% 20 %

E D37 F
& : ' >3
1 1
%1 ' 2' .G ; %
' %3
20 ; 5:
. %5 ?: H8 ;8

.9
1
(

20 D3 8 %6 0 5' ;C /
1
41 * 20 ; $" 9) : ; 2 ' 85
F1$
!
;" ! : <2 I
>"
5 6

172
‫
;

‪ .1
1 1 20
8 : 3‬‬
‫‪./ B!'" ?
' H >3 2 E 85J‬‬
‫‪H 1
8 / 20 %
? ,
. $ 6 E 85J 3B‬‬
‫
@
? ‪1' H K1 ( 6 ; '
2‬‬
‫
‪ 1; / . 2 ? %; 9: =
: ;
C8‬‬
‫( ‪. .
8 /‬‬
‫ ‪21B 1
' 6 H8 . ( 6
8
@$‬‬
‫‪H8 D3' (T3) ='
(T) >C . ( 0 !
23 .‬‬
‫‪1
1 +
20 FN
;C 2 %
' 6‬‬
‫"'!‪.2 8 2 8 D3' * 2
' 8 B F 65 B‬‬
‫ )‪
:(1O5‬‬
‫معدل العمر‬ ‫الشحنة‬ ‫الكتلة‬ ‫الرمز‬
‫البرم‬ ‫أسم الجسيم‬ ‫الصنف‬
‫‪s‬‬ ‫الجسيم الضديد‬
‫‪MeV‬‬
‫الضديد‬ ‫الجسيم‬
‫مستقر‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪γ‬‬ ‫فوتون‪ ،‬جاما‪ ،‬كم‬ ‫الفوتونات‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫مستقر‬ ‫‪1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪0,511‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫‪e‬‬ ‫الكترون‪ ،‬بوزيترون‬
‫مستقر‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫)?( ‪0‬‬ ‫‪νe‬‬ ‫‪νe‬‬ ‫نيوترينو الكتروني‬
‫‪-6‬‬
‫اللبتونات‬
‫‪2,2.10‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪105,7‬‬ ‫‪µ+‬‬ ‫‪µ−‬‬ ‫ميون‬
‫مستقر‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫)?( ‪0‬‬ ‫‪νµ‬‬ ‫‪νµ‬‬ ‫نيوترينو ميوني‬
‫‪π0‬‬
‫‪-16‬‬
‫‪1,8.10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪135‬‬ ‫‪π0‬‬ ‫بايون متعادل‬
‫البايونات‬ ‫الميزونات‬
‫‪π-‬‬ ‫‪π+‬‬
‫‪-8‬‬
‫‪2,6.10‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪139,6‬‬ ‫بايون مشحون‬
‫‪-10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪0,9.10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪498‬‬ ‫‪K0‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫كايون متعادل‬
‫‪-8‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫الكايونات‬
‫‪1,2.10‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪493,7‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫‪K‬‬ ‫كايون مشحون‬
‫مستقر‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪938,3‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫‪P‬‬ ‫بروتون‬
‫الباريونات‬
‫‪920‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪939,6‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫‪n‬‬ ‫نيوترون‬
‫‪-10‬‬
‫‪2,6.10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪1115,6‬‬ ‫‪Λ0‬‬ ‫‪Λ0‬‬ ‫المبدا ھايدرون‬
‫‪-10‬‬
‫‪0,8.10‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪1189,4‬‬ ‫‪Σ+‬‬ ‫‪Σ+‬‬
‫ھايبرونات‬
‫‪-20‬‬
‫‪6.10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪1192,5‬‬ ‫‪Σ‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪Σ0‬‬ ‫سيجما ھايدرون‬
‫‪-10‬‬
‫‪1,5.10‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪1197,3‬‬ ‫‪Σ‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪Σ‬‬ ‫‪−‬‬
‫‪-10‬‬
‫‪2,9.10‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪1315‬‬ ‫‪Ξ‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬
‫‪Ξ0‬‬
‫‪-10‬‬ ‫كساي ھايدرون‬
‫‪1,64.10‬‬ ‫‪+1‬‬ ‫‪-1‬‬ ‫‪1/2‬‬ ‫‪1321‬‬ ‫‪Ξ−‬‬ ‫‪Ξ−‬‬
‫ )‪>1 +

;
.C8
(1 – 5‬‬
‫‪ 1 10 (1 1$

( 6 20
8‬‬
‫‪173‬‬
‫
< ‪<. ( 6 ) .

(8 2 !
8‬‬
‫"
‪
0 <A . ( 6 ) .

( 6 >0 + !
8‬‬
‫
)‪A1 . 5 . ' # #
, :%
6‬‬
‫‪1 3B (0 .

8 8
280 ,
8
" .2 ( 6‬‬
‫

‪1' B
6" )8
D3
8‬‬
‫
‪1 6 1 6 )R
% ,
/‬‬
‫‪1 1
' C I
8 / .(10-23s) 2B /‬‬
‫‪2 1$ .1 ' ; 2

( 6‬‬
‫; ' ‪16 (1 F 5
2 $ . ' 20 ' 8
5‬‬
‫‪. 1
' '5 ( 6 : ( '
B ' >" 2 $ . ;& /‬‬
‫‪.
= 5 " . !
>3
( 6 , S: . :‬‬
‫‪(1 4 1 %1 H8 6 . " @5' 1933 . 6 20‬‬
‫‪.1
15 1' ; 'J ' = " >3 ' 85‬‬
‫
‪6 ( . 3B " (e+)
=
. 3B 2‬‬
‫‪1: =1 1
;
' 0 6 3; (e-) 'J =& /‬‬
‫)‪ '

.( ") 'T ' : 2B (0.511MeV‬‬
‫ ; ‪5) 1 20 ;5 . 2
6‬‬
‫– ‪+1
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.(5‬‬
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( 6 : ' 85 " @5' 1936 . 6 20‬‬
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‫‪174‬‬
1
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@$
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') 4 $ >3 (νe)
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6

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6 ; ;
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15

B ;
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=158
6 " " F$ > B6" 0

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1
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1 1B π- (π-,π+,π0)
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1B π- π+ 11 @1$
6 " = B π0 " π+ 1
(1.8x10-16s) A1/
@1$
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0
.(π-,π+)
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175
. 18 -1 1 @ 5'
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6 56 " : >" 1936 . 6 20
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6 ( K 0 , K − ) 2B ;
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.(0.9x10-10s) B K0 1
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176

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177
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8
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8 (e) MeV me '
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∞ 1/2 -1 0.511 1 (e-) ')
∞ 1/2 +1 0.511 1 (e+)
∞ 1/2 +1 938.256 1836 (p+)
∞ 1/2 -1 938.256 1836 (p+)
6 1 1 1 1 ' K 3B 20 2'
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& C
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K
@ + 8 0 F$ > 2 ' 2
:" >" (Pe) A/
εγ
P e = mu = P γ = (1-5)
c
.=6 u 'J ' m " +
178
1: + 8) 8 ε ' : 4 '

: C : 9
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)
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: 3
1
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2
:" (1 – 5) :8

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:( 6 $ (3 – 5) 8
20 (4 – 5) 8
H8
1
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2
 u 
∴ ∆ ε = mu  + c (6-5)
 2 
:( % 8
u<<c "

∆ ε = muc = ε γ (7-5)
1 2
B : 2B
: " (7 O 5) 8

\
(*)
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%0
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% A3B 4 '

h h
∴ ∆t = = (8-5)
∆ε εγ
: 0 εγ=1eV " 6 3
10 − 34
∆t = − 19
= 10 − 15 s (9-5)
1 × 1.6 × 10
. ∆t∆ε ≥ h ‫و الثانية ھي‬ ∆x∆P≥ h ‫)*( ھناك صيغتان لمبدأ الاليقين لھايزنبرك األولى ھي‬
179
10 3'B .10-15s B
" (9 – 5) 8

C
4 '

. "
( :" : 2B 2
:2^ ' ∆x 'J $ 0
'"
∆x ≤ c∆ t ≤ 3 × 10 8 × 10 − 15 ≅ 3 × 10 − 7 m ≅ 3000 A o
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
A
x
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D13 31'B
1
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1 =1$ $
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. ∆ ε ≈ h / ∆ t :8 !
=: 4 20 /
:" 2B
O1 " O 3-0 / 6
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.D3 K (2 – 5) '5 < ; ' K ('
180
p p n
t t t p
p n
B B B
π0 π+ π-
p
A n p
A A
p p n
x x x
(O) / 6 :(2 – 5 '5)
.(O) (O)
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% ' (c) I 6 / " 0 .

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6

− 15
R 1.4 × 10 1 − 23
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c 3 × 10 2
:(∆ε)
: '

/ "
.
h 10 − 34
∆ε = =
∆t 1 / 2 × 10 − 23
= 2 × 10 − 11 J = 60 MeV
::8
' '
3
επ = m πc2
∴ mπ
ε
= π =
∆ε
=
2 × 10 − 11
= 2 × 10 − 28 kg = 200 m e
2 2 2
c c
(3 × 10 ) 8
1f=10-15m (‫ – )فيرمى( أو في بعض المصادر )فيمتو‬f (*)
181
1 ' 1/ %1
200 > %
' " A3B
C
.$ & $ (4 – 5) <'J
. & $ :(4O5)

π0 π- π+ $
264,30 273,3 273,3 (me) ' '
134,97 139,58 139,58 (MeV) ' :
0 -1 +1 (e) 5
0 0 0 .
0 0 0 2 *
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-16 -8 -8
1,8.10 2,6.10 2,6.10 (s)
8 8
+ +
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) 3

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182
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183
1:
.
ε ν′ > . p ′ >
. " H
µ
c
:4' . C

r r
p ′µ + p ′ν = 0 (10-5)
:: C :

ε µ′ + ε ν′ = ε π′ = mπ c2 (11-5)
:" +
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s s
επ,mπ
µ εµ ,pµ ,mµ
π υ θ
ϕ
20
' ν εν ,pν ,mν=0
o x o x
‫( قبل االنحالل‬a) ‫( بعد االنحالل‬b)
(b) .) : υ 6 ' 20 (a) :(3 -5) ‫الشكل‬
. 8

:( 6 $ (10 – 5) 8

c 2 p ′µ 2 = c 2 p ′ν 2
:" \ (13 – 5) <(12 – 5) :8 8)

εµ′2 − (mµc2 )2 = ε ν′2 − (mνc2 )2
(
∴ε µ′ 2 − ε ν′ 2 = m 2 µ − m 2 ν c 2 ) (14-5)
:( 6 $ F 7 (14 – 5) <(11 – 5) 8

184
ε′=
(m π
2
)
+ m µ2 − m 2ν c 2
µ
2mπ
(15-5)
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(m π
2
)
+ m 2ν − m µ2 c 2
ν
2mπ
(16-5)
1 1
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8
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210 B . =0 + >3 s` J
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.'

20 p′ν p′µ

' . 4 ^ '

:" 0 s` J
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(18-5)
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− m νc2 )2
m π c 2 = 273.2 m e c 2 

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2 2

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
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D3 T v′ ' :

T µ′ ' : 4 '

:'0 (16 – 5) <(15 – 5) 8
8)
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⇒ ε ν′ = 29.8 MeV
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= m π c 2 − ε ν′ − m µ c 2
( )
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:( 6 $ % 1 8

20 m µ c 2 , m π c 2 , ε ν′
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Tµ′ = 4.1 MeV
185
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10 1) 8

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:'0 (18 – 5) <(17 – 5) 8

p ′µ = p ′ν = 29.8 MeV/c
(3 – 5) '5 20 K
B
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µ
α
π α
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[(9 – 5) '5 C)] :>
(*)
.‫يطلق على البروتونات والنيترونات داخل النواة بالنيوكلونات‬
193
s
P1 P2
βc

D
'
o

x
^ @; B '

B" :(9 - 5) '5
.s 20 A D
2 β
β 1 = 2
1 + β
1
∴ 2 = 1 − β 12 = 1 −
4β2
=
(1 − β )
2 2
γ1 1+ β2 ( )2
(1 + β )
2 2
1+ β2
∴ γ1 = = 7
1− β2
:" + ε1 (
' =: ' " 4 P1 .$
3
ε 1 = γ1m 0 c 2 = 7 m 0c 2
:(
T1 ' =:
T1 = γ1 m 0 c 2 − m 0 c 2 = 6 m 0 c 2
Q m 0 c 2 = 0.938 GeV
:(
: ' : ' 3
T1 = 5.62 GeV
" F / 1 '3
' 2 ' 8
2B 8
H8 '
/ A3;
1
/ ( 6" >" <6GeV > ' : 8
( 6 $
.6 +
8 :
194
‫אא
א‬5–5
1 6 10 '
'

B1 16 ; : '
'J " C .:
<1 ' ( F 7 = " ^ $ ;0 .
D 1B " 3 \1 . F 1C
. ' ) A3B =
3B
" 0 3V0 .3 % ' " F)
!' ' ' : 7 F

C1 1: 91 6 ; ' 0 % B
, .
1
" F' F
4' ; 0 %' % ' ) <: .
. B
:
6 :
1' 1: " ' / $ \& ( 6
6)
Ρ2
A31B 8 '
3 .. 2 . p " 3 2m
> m = ' .
1 : .C8
" / K$ 3'B .%' m $" 3 %*$ :
.1 1 ( 6 %
8
'J
' ( /
.. $
6 2
) 1: 6 0
E 3B " F
6 C /
I215 >" ) ;
: :" " .G 'J ( 6 /0 $/
1 1J 1
(1.022 MeV) 18 :
!' ( 6" B 7
:'5 4' 6
6 < –'
γ → e+ + e−
1
6 #'6 B 6 '
?"
6 D B " B '3

1J 1) .! <= . .
6 2B O
1 1
F
; 6 6 'J 0 .85
:
:2^ ' ' 6
6 .F C
. I / F F 0 #
195
e+ + e− → 2 γ
eO 'J 6 @5' # " ( 6

8 @

21 8
$ 20 .
6 .= : 20 3 e+
,15
3B .90o >
85" ; 6 / 2 ,5
(

1 .2& ;' # *
2: %$
I;
G
%
D31 2
1
A ) 20 % 6 C

'
1 1^
B" D0 2 *

0
1
6 210
85 ' : "
.

;5

:
' : ' ' : (
21 : 0 3 (0.511MeV) 2B 'J
' '
.F / '3
' (1.022MeV) 6 / ) " 4
85" ;'

196
:
:(1)

B) ' ' <
( ' 20 M0 = ' .
: 4" .(10O5) '5 K

' 1/4M0 R 1/2M0
.
;
' '
:
1
M0 ε 1 , pr 1
2
s M0 s
ε 0 , pr 0
. 1
' M0
4
ε 2 , pr 2
o x o x
+ ' 8
B
( ' 20 . :(10 -5) ‫الشكل‬
.)
6 F$ F
2 ' . '
:( 6 $0 : C : F)" 9

ε1 + ε 2 = ε 0 = M 0c2 (1)
:( 6 $0 . C : 9
Ρ1 + Ρ2 = Ρ0 = 0
:"
c 2 Ρ 12 = c 2 Ρ 22 (2)
:' /

2 2
ε 1 −  1 M 0 c 2  = ε 2 2 −  1 M 0 c 2 
2
2  4 
3
∴ ε1 2 − ε 2 2 = M 0c 2 (3)
16
:\ F 7 (3) <(1) 8

197
ε 1 = 19 M 0 c 2
32
ε 2 = 13 M 0 c 2
32
1
Τ1 = ε 1 − M 0 c 2
2
19 1
= M0c 2 − M0 c 2
32 2
3
∴Τ1 = M0c2
32
1
Τ2 = ε2 − M0c2
4
13 1
= M 0c 2 − M 0c 2
32 4
5
∴ Τ2 = M 0c 2
32
:(2)
1
210 4
x 2!) A D <m0 ' = ' π
' 1 =1 ' µ 1
(1 > 6 s J
3 4c
m0
4 5
y 2!1) A 1 ) 8 D " C .ν

.s J
20 : 4" .4

:
s s ε ν , pν , mν
(ν )
D
4c
υ=
π 5
ε , m0 (µ)
ε µ , pµ , mµ
o x o x

( s J
20 ' 20
6 :(a 11 O5) '5
.F C
2 ' . C
' : (/ + <
198
1 210 B 5 + s` )
20 )
6 F)" #

6 F$ > 2 ' . ' <(b11 – 5) '5 C) <'
.)
4c 4c
υ= υ=
s` 5 s` 5
ν
ε ′ν , p ′ν , m ν
π
µ
εµ′ , p ′µ , m µ
'
o` x` o` x`

( s` J
20 ' 20 :(b 11 -5) ‫الشكل‬
. 2/ + /
20

' 8
B
.F$ F
. C 2 '
 2 9 m 02  2
 m 0 −  c
∴ ε ν′ =
( m 02 + m 2ν − m µ2 ) c2
= 
16 
2 m0 2 m0
7
∴ ε ν′ = m 0c2
32
: 0 . : ) 8
.
ε ν′ = γ (ε ν − υp x ) = γ ε ν
.(a 11 – 5) '5 20 K

' Pν=Py < px=0 " +
:"

1 5
γ = =
(1 − υ 2
/c 2 ) 3
7 5
∴ m 0 c 2 =  ε ν
32 3
21
∴εν = m 0c 2
160
199
:(3)
E1
( s J
20 ' 20 K E
8 ' 20 ^ ' 20

" "
6 3V0 .π
' : - F
6 .π

' : 2B
0 )
.137MeV > π
494MeV > K
:
:'0 : C : F)" 9
ε K
= ε 1 + ε 2 = m 0c 2 + m 2c 2
∴ T K + M 0c 2 = m 0c 2 + T 2 + m 0c 2
' 1 1 ' M0 "

' ' ' m0 " 3
(1 6 K 1
π 1
1' :
;0 TK T2
" <K

.2
s s
ε K , pK π ε 2 , p2
K ε1, m0 π
M0 ' D
o x o x

20 ) : x 2!) A D K E
:(12 -5) ‫الشكل‬
20
B" π E
) 8 .s J
.' 20 ^ '
:" . C :

(12 – 5) '5 C) <PK=P2
∴ TK − T2 = 2 m 0 c 2 − M 0 c 2 (1)
200
ε K − ε 2 = m0c 2 (2)
εK2 − (M 0 c 2 ) ( )
2 2
= ε 22 − m 0 c 2 (3)
:( 6 $ % 8
A3B

εK2 − ε22 = (M 0 c 2 ) ( )
2 2
− m0c2 (4)
:$ (2) ( 6 (4)
/
 
εk + ε2 =  M 0  M 0 c 2 − m 0c 2 (5)
 m0 
:\ (5) <(2) 8

ε 2 = 753 MeV
ε K = 890 MeV
∴ TK = ε K − M 0 c 2 = 890 MeV− 494 MeV
∴ TK = 396 MeV
T2 = ε 2 − m 0 c 2 = 753 MeV − 137 MeV
∴ T2 = 616 MeV
:(4)
(1 6 1;; 6 γ 85" . –' .
:^ 6
6 4 <' '
γ+ e− → e− + e+ + e−
W+ '

8 A3B 8 γ 85" ;
: :" 2B
:
. 1$ 8 : . C 2 ' . =0 ' >3 s` J
20
' 2' ' 20 %

,
" $ F$ >
.'

:" 6 3;
: 85 :
:( 6 $0 s` J
20 : C : 9
ε ′ + γm 0 c 2 = 3 m 0 c 2 (1)
201
1: ε` "
'T ' ' m0 " +
:> 0 (1) 8
20 γ /

" .γ 85"
1
s` <s J >
6 υ β=υ/c + < γ =
(1 − β )
2
.s` 20 . $ : 'J 6 >

:" . C :

ε ′ − γβm
0c =0 (2)
c
:' (2) <(1) :8

γβm 0 c 2 + γm 0 c 2 = 3 m 0 c 2
∴ γ(1 + β ) = 3
∴1 + β = 3 1 − β 2( )
:" \ % :8 A3B
4
β=
5
1 5
∴γ = =
(1 − β ) 2 3
:( 6 $ s ( s`
: . ) 8
.
ε = γε ′(1 + β ) = γ 2 β(1 + β) m 0 c 2
2
 5   4  4 
∴ ε =    1 +  m 0 c 2
 3   5  5 
ε = 4 m0c2
0.511MeV > 'T ' : "

∴ ε = 2.044 MeV
:(5)
> ' : 4
x 2!) A D P
.s 1J 1
20 ' 20 ' P F 4 <2/3GeV
202
( p + p → γ 1 + γ 2 ) 10 10 1 $ 6
6
.4
x 2!) A ^ 4 x 2!) A
B"
P 1 1 P 1 1
' ' : "
6 3V0
.1GeV >
W

' :
:
W
;
' D A >- :
C
s p2 = 0
s . $
ε 1 , p1
β
ε 2 = m0c 2 ε4,ε4 ε3, ε3
c c
P P
0 0
' γ2 γ1

o x o x
!" !"
: s J
20 ' D :(13 -5) ‫الشكل‬
.' 8
B 0 . $ 8 .. $
:
. ε1 : K <)
6 : < (13O5) '5
)
6 8 .ε2 =: ' β 6 D p1
: γ2 2 !
D
ε3/c . ε3 : γ1 0
.A6" '5 20 K

' H D
ε4/c . ε4
:'0 : C : ^ 9
ε 3 + ε 4 = T1 + 2 m 0 c 2 (1)
T1 " 1 1 1
' ' : m0 " +
. ' :
:4' . C : 9
203
ε3 − ε4 = γβm 0 c = p1 (2)
c c
1 :" +
γ =
(1 − β 2 )
ε 3 − ε 4 = γβm 0 c 2 = cp1 (3)
2
ε12 = ( cp1 )2 + ( m0 c2 )
2
Q T1 = GeV
3
2 5
∴ε 1 = T1 + m 0 c 2 = + 1 = GeV
3 3
2
5 4
∴ cp1 =   − (1)2 =
3 3
ε3 −ε4 = 4 (4)
3
:( 6 $ (4) <(1) 8

ε 3 = 2 GeV
ε 4 = 2 GeV
3
A D γ2
D γ1 " >"
A 1 p1 .1 D1 1 " 0 " 8 <x 2!
.4
x 2!
:(6)
1 !

1 !! ( <' 20 M0 ' = ' .
'

8 5N
;
! .mo . ' ' '
.A " '5 20 K
B
' F B F6
.M0/m0 :F ! . . 6 A 4 :F)"
204
:
β3
ε 3 , p3 , m0
ε 1 , p1 , m 0
θ
4

β1 =
5
3 ε 2 , p2 , m0
β2 =
5
< !

!! ( ' 20 . :(14O5) '5
.θ
;6 @ + !
8
!
.. C : 9 '

(14O5) '5 8)
∴ p 3 sin θ = p 2 (1)
p 3 cos θ = p 1 (2)
:" x 2!) 6 . @ θ " +
1 1 5
P1 = γ1β1m0 c ⇒ γ1 = = =
(1 − β )2
1 1 − ( 4 / 5)
2 3
1 1 5
P2 = γ 2β 2 m 0 c ⇒ γ 2 = = =
(1 − β ) 2
2 1 − ( 3 / 5)
2 4
1
P3 = γ3β3 m 0 c ⇒ γ3 =
(1 − β ) 2
3
:\ (2) ( 6 (1) 8

/
p 2 γ 2β 2 ( 5/4 )( 3/5 ) 9
tan θ = = = =
p1 γ1β1 ( 5/3 )( 4/5 ) 16
∴ sin θ = 0.49
∴ θ=29.34o
205
:( 6 $ (1) 8

γ 2β 2 m 0c
p 3 = γ 3β 3m 0 c =
sin θ
γ β
∴ γ 3β 3 = 2 2 =
(5/4)(3/5) = 1.53
sin θ (0.49)
2
∴ γ32β32 = γ32 − 1 = (1.53)
υ3 1.53
∴ γ3 = 1.83 ⇒ β3 = = = 0.48
c 1.83
∴ υ3 = 0.84c
:: C : ^ 9
M 0 c 2 = γ1m 0 c 2 + γ 2 m 0 c 2 + γ 3 m 0 c 2
M0 5 5
∴ = γ1 + γ 2 + γ 3 = + + 1.83
m0 3 4
M0
∴ ≅ 4.75
m0
:(7)
" 1
6 3V10 <
26 8Y5 ( 1GeV ' =: π0
%$
2B
0 135 MeV 2B
' ' :
,1

8 B !8
;" H)
26 85
W(
2 $ A )
:
1: m0c2 " ' =: T "
' : ε " H
1
26 81Y5 1: ε2 ,ε1 " H D3' .
' '
r r r
.1 .1 p " 1
B
p 2 , p1 " )
6

.

206
:'0 : C : ^ 9
ε = ε 1 + ε 2 = T+ m 0 c 2
= 1 + 0.135
∴ε 1 + ε 2 = 1.135GeV (1)
1
2 $ A ) ,

8$ 6 8Y5 "

/
p1 = p 2 ε 1 = ε 2 :" \
p 2 = p12 + p 22 + 2p1p 2 cos θ
.6 85 %$

θ " 3
θ
∴ p 2 = 2p12 (1 + cos θ ) = 4p12 cos 2
2
θ p2
∴ cos 2 = 2
2 4p1
2
ε
Q p =   − (m 0 c )2
2
c
2
 ε1   0.5675 
2
p12 =  = 
 c   c 
 
∴ cos
θ ε 2 − m 0c 2
=2 ( )
2
=
1.27
2 4ε 12 (4)(0.5675)2
θ
∴ cos 2 = 0.9858 ⇒ θ ≅ 14 o
2
:(8)
6 4
x 2!) A D m0 ' = ' 5
.
> 1 ' 1 =1 ' 5

B"
( < 4 c >
5
8 D . 3B " C m02=0 ' = ' ^ m 01 = 2 m 0
3
. A ;8$ 2 .4
y 2!) A )
.^ . ' : 4 <5

207
:
'

(s J
)

8) '

: ' 20 5

. B 5 + (s` J
) '
.F$ F
. C 2 ' . ' <)
6
>31 (16 – 5) '15 s J
!
>3 (15– 5)'5 C)
.s` J
!
s s ε 2 , pr 2 , m 02 = 0
4
υ= c
5
θ
ε , pr , m 0 ε 1 , pr 1 , m 01 = 2 m 0
3
o x o x

B"
( s 20 ! 6 D . :(15 -5) ‫الشكل‬
.θ =6 @
^ x ( 6 >
6
υ υ
s` s` ε 2′ , pr ′2 , m 02 = 0
ε ′, pr ′, m 0 α
α
5
.
' ε 1′, pr 1′ , m 01 = 2 m 0
3
o` x` o` x`

( .! ) : s` 20 ' 20 . :(16 -5) ‫الشكل‬
.F C
2 ' . 2/ +
208
:'0 s` J
20 : C : ^ 9
ε 1′ + ε 2′ = m 0 c 2 (1)
:. C :

r r r
p1′ + p′2 = p′ = 0 (2)
:4' (2) 8

(cp1′ )2 = (cp′2 )2 (3)
:' 3 < ε =c (p )2 + (m 0c )2 :"

2
ε 1′2 −  2 m 0 c 2  = ε 2′ 2 (4)
3 
4 2
∴ ε 1′2 − ε 2′2 =
9
(
m 0 c2 ) (5)
:( 6 $ (5) <(1) 8

ε 1′ = 13 m 0 c 2
18
5
ε 2′ = m0c2
18
1/ 8) 8 <F$ > ^ . ' ' "

:4' (2) 8
<. C
5
ε 2′ = cp1′ = cp′2 = m0 c 2 (6)
18
∴
ε 2′ =1
cp ′2
:( 6 $ . : ) 8

.
(cp 2 )x (
= γ c p ′2 cos α + β ε 2′ = 0 )
β ε ′2 4
∴ cos α = - = −β = −
c p ′2 5
:" \ % :8

 3
 sin α =
 5
 1 5
γ = =
 (
1 − β2 3 )
209
:'0 5
. . : ) 8
?" %
9
( cp1 )x = γ  ( cp1′ )x + β ε 1′
 
(
∴ cp1 cos θ = γ -cp1′ cos α + β ε 1′ )
−cp1sin θ = −cp1′sin α
sin α
γ
∴ tanθ =
 ε′ 
-cos α + β  1 
 cp1′ 
 
ε 1′ (13/18 )m 0 c 2 13
= =
c p 1′ (5/18 )m 0 c 2 5
( 3/5)( 3/5 ) 9 25
∴ tan θ = = .
4/5 + ( 4/5 )(13/5 ) 25 72
1
∴ tan θ =
8
θ=7.12o
'1 : ; F 0
' : > ' : "
^
:V0
ε2 = T = cp 2
Q cp 2 = cp ′2 sin α
∴ T = (5/18 )(3/5 )m 0 c 2
1
∴T = m0c2
6
:(9)
F ' 1 1' 1' ,
.$ 0.511 MeV ' =:
D3 8 <' / . %3 . $ 3B 0
1
:F 1 ! W. %3 6
:F)" .
26 85 ( %3 A3B
WA 8 ;'
:

: .C6"
210
:
ε3
ε3,
c
ε 1 , pr 1 ε 2 , pr 2 = 0
'
θϕ
.
'
ε4
ε4,
c
. $ 8 .' ' ! 6 D
:(17O5 ) '5
.γ 26 85 ( .! . %3
% 1
C :
.) : . 6 cβ " H
> 1 1) 1: . $ 8 %5
%3 A3; ' ' -0
(17O5) '5 . " 'T ' ' m0 " + <2m0
10 (1 )
6 .Y!
. $
6 + ' K
1' 2 $ A ) ,
θ
8 ε3/c =
ε3
B" :
D13 ,1
ϕ 1 1
8 ε4/c =
ε4 =: ^
.A )
:V0 M > ' 20 . ' " ^ 0 3
M = 2γ m 0
1 υ
γ= , β= :" 3
(1 − β )2 c
:V0 ε > ' =: ' 3

ε = ε 3 + ε 4 = Mc 2 = 2 γm 0 c 2 (1)
:4' ) : . C : 9
r r r
p = p1 + p 2
211
r r
[(18O5) '15 C)] p 2 = 0 "
.. %3 . p " 3
r r
p1 = p '
∴ p12 = p 2 (2)
ε1
s s ε1,
ε , pr c
cβ θ
ϕ
. %3 ε2
ε2,
c
o x o x

8 .) : s 20 ! 6 D . %3 :(18 -5) ‫الشكل‬
.γ 6 85 )

'_
3B . 2
> (2) 8

:^ :8 '
 ε1 
2
  − m 02 c 2 = (2 γβm 0 c )
2
(3)
 c 
Q ε 1 = T1 + m 0 c 2
2
T  2
∴  1 + m 0 c  − m 02 c 2 = γ 2β 2 ( 2 m 0 c )
 c 
2
( ) ( )(
∴ T12 + T1 2 m 0 c 2 = γ 2 − 1 2 m0 c 2 )
:" \ % :8 A3B

2
 T1   T1 
γ = 1+ 
2 + 
(4)
 2 m c2   2 m c2 
 0   0 
2m0c2=1.022 MeV :"

 T1  0.511
∴ = = 0.5
 2 m c2  1.022
 0 
2
 T1 
∴  = 0.25
 2 m c2 
 0 
212
:" (4) 8
20 H8
γ 2 = 1.75
∴ γ ≅ 1.33
∴ β ≅ 0.65
81 .0.65c > . $ 8 %5

. %3 6 3
(19O5) '5 20 K

' ' '

^
ε1′ r
ε1′, p 1′
cβ cβ c
s` s`
2m0 ε ′, pr ′ = 0 α
α
%3
. ε 2′
' 20
ε 2′, r
c
p ′2
o` x` o` x`

8 .) : s` 20 ' 20 . %3 :(19 -5) ‫الشكل‬

.F$ F
2 ' . 2/ + 0 )
1
"
3B 20 . C :
. ./
20 ' 8
B
r r
∴ p 1′ + p ′2 = 0 (5)
:4' : C :

ε 1′ + ε 2′ = 2 m 0 c 2 (6)
:V0 /

"

ε 1′ = ε 2′ = m 0 c 2
:\ s` ( s
. : ) 8
.
ε 1′ = γ(ε 1 − β ε 1cos θ )
= γ ε 1 (1 − β cos θ )
m0 c2
∴ε1 = (7)
γ(1 − βcos θ )
213

θ '
6 2B %& 8 ε1 :
: .C6"
.(7) 8
20 θ=0 " >" F$
m0c 2 0.511 MeV
∴ ε 1max = =
γ(1 − β ) 1.33(1 − 0.65)
∴ ε 1max = 1.1 MeV
:(10)
1 '
1 ( ' 20 M0 ' = ' 5
.
(m01+m02) 1
1'" M0 " +1 m02 a m01
B '
1: C1 1/ .1 6 ;
F 8
.∆M /

(18

> Ti ' : " \ .
::8
 m ∆M 
Ti = ∆M1 − 0i −  , i = 1,2
 M 0 2M 0 
:
∆M = M 0 − (m 01 + m 02 ) (1)
" 1) ) 8

' : E

' F$ > . C 2 ' . "
. ∆Mc 2 >
.A ) ' 8
/

r r r
∴ p1 = − p 2 = p
: : C :

ε1 + ε 2 = ε (2)
:" >"
c p 2 + m 01 (3)
2 2
c + c p 2 + m 02
2 2
c = M 0c 2
1 210 1

6 =0 $ . C . : C :
:2 '5 . 6 ;
8) 8 = ' '

214
p µ = p1µ + p 2 µ (4)
:" +
r ε
p 2 µ =  p 2 , i 2
 r ε  r ε 
 , p 1 µ =  p 1 , i 1  , p µ =  p, i 
 c   c   c
:" 6 ;
A3B

p µ ⋅ p µ = − M 02 c 2 


p1µ ⋅ p1µ = − m 021c 2 
(5)

p 2 µ ⋅ p 2 µ = − m 022 c 2 

:4' (4) 8

( )(
p 2 µ ⋅ p 2 µ = p µ − p1 µ ⋅ p µ − p1µ )
2 2
∴ − m 02 c = − M 02 c 2 − m 01
2 2
c − 2 p µ ⋅ p1µ
=;
& 8 2& I 2 3 <' 20 M0 . C "

:" $ 6 26
 ε   ε1  εε
p µ ⋅ p1 µ =  i  ⋅  i  = − 2 1 = − M 0 ε 1
 c   c  c
∴ε =
(M + m − m )c
2
0
2
01
2
02
4
2ε
1
∴ε =
(M + m − m )c
2 2 2 2
(6)
0 01 02
1
2 M0
:( 6 $ !

ε = (M )
2
0+ m 022 − m 021 c 2
2
2 M0
(7)

1 T2 T1 '1 : 1 @18 " F 1 "

. ε2 ε1 ' : @8 "

∴ T1 = ε1 − m 01c 2
=
(M + m
2
0
2 2
01 − m02 − 2 M 0 m01 )c 2
2 M0
:" >"
 2 M0  2 2 2
 2  T1 = M 0 + m 01 − m 02 − 2 M 0 m 01 (8)
 c 
215
Q ∆M = M 0 − ( m01 + m02 )
2
∴ ( ∆M ) = M 02 + m01
2 2
+ m 02 − 2 M 0 m 01 − 2 M 0 m02 + 2 m 01m02
: " \ (8) :8 % :8 /

 2 M0 
 2  T1 = 2 M 0 (M 0 − m 01 − m 02 ) − 2 m 01 (M 0 − m 01 − m 02 ) − ∆M 2
 c 
= 2 M 0 ∆M − 2 m 01 ∆M − ∆M 2
T1  m ∆M 
∴ 2
= ∆M1 − 01 − 

c  M0 2 M0 
:^ :8 ' '

6 %$
 m ∆M  2
Ti = ∆M1 − 0i − c (9)
 M 0 2 M 0 
210 2 K$ !

∆M " % :8 A3B
C
2 M0
. !- ;0 3N ) 2 \&
"µ" 1
. ( "π" . 9 8 F) !
5: " 9
:(9) :8 . ' ^ \& ^ ."ν"
∆Mc 2 = 33.9 MeV
M 0 c 2 = 139.6 MeV
m µ c 2 = 105.7 MeV
m νc2 = 0
 105.7 33.9 
∴ Tµ = 33.91 − −  = 4.1 MeV
 139.6 2 × 139.6 
Tν = ∆Mc 2 − Tµ = 33.9 − 4.1 = 29.8 MeV
:(11)
B 1 1' B A ! 1

17
( . "
.1
+8 .! < 1 c
;
' /

6 ' 8
4
1 ,1
60 1 = . F /
o 4
c 6 ' B
7
216
" <' 20 A . =0 B 5
F \ .='
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30o B/
,$ 'J ' A
:
1 1
c c
s s` 4 4 s`` 4
c
e 7 e υe
1 1
c c
4 4
60o θ
A B
B A B ‫اتجاه الحركة‬
‫ساكن‬ ‫ساكن‬
o x o` x` o`` x``
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' +8 .s 20 B A 7
( . N :(20 -5) ‫الشكل‬
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c/4  4c  2
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c  c 2  7 
u ′y
γ
uy =
υ
1 + 2 u ′x
c
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γ= , β= =
(1 − β )
2 c 4
1 4
∴γ = =
1 − 1 / 16 15
217
 4c  15 
 sin 60 
 7  4 
∴u y =
 c/4  4c 
1 +  2  cos 60 
 c  7 
c
∴u y =
5
>3 s` J
20 x 2!) ,
60o ,$ 'J B 5
>3 s`` J
20
" .s J
c/4 6 D
D1 1'J B 50 s J
–c/4 6 D
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θ ,$ A
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K
B
' s`` ( s
6 ) 8
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 c  15 
  
  4 
 5   2 3c
υ e sin θ = =
 − c/4  c  9
1 −  2  
 c  2 
c
− (- c/4 )
2 2c
υ e cos θ = =
 − c/4  c  3
1 −  2  
 c  2 
2 3c 3 1
∴ tanθ = ⋅ ⇒ tan θ =
9 2c 3
∴ θ = 30 o
218
#$ !% &'"
' 1 1 '
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.
;
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0
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2
T2=0.24M0c
B15 10 (1 βc =6 m0 ' = ' π0 E

– 2
41 .1
2 $ A ) ,
θ=0o ,$ A D
B"
1
B 5 +
20 = :
. 3B :
W) : ' 20
41
x 2!) A ./
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B1/
8$ B 0 ( s J
20
> 1 1) : . 6 " \ ../
2 ( 6 60o
.
' : 4 .! . 1 c
2
ε = m0c :
2
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1: .1C6"
:( W. %3 6
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, 1.20 MeV :
3
20 B
( s` J
20 m0 ' = ' . – 5
1
1' . : .0.5m0 a 0.3m0
B ' ' <'
219
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20 px . $
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px =
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4
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20 D . – 6
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6 ) 8 D

: ) : . : 4
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1
210 4
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3
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2
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c > 6 s J
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ε1′ = 11 m0c2 11
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11 11
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75 75
> 1 1' 1: 41

x 2!) A D p – 9
1J
20 ' 20 ' >3 p 4 5/3GeV
1 (1 6 ' 8
B ' 0 6
6 .s`
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. C : 'N b a

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>
B . /
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B '
3B "
:" \" .a & 8 . /
pa = pb =
c
2mx
[
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1/ 2 2
b− (m a − m x )2 ]
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x 2!) A D – 11
:) 6
6 + . 8 .
π+ p → K + ∑
m π c 2 = 150 MeV

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 2 :- F
6
m p c = 900 MeV

m ∑ c 2 = 1200 MeV
1133 MeV/c :
221
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dt
' "(. . ' +, (25 – 6) ?(24 – 6) +!3 + C \
Q.! %% ; s E
+
+
C &#
7. C $8 + H

+ %
. ' C $8

H = -
)*3 C (5 – 6) 3 "

O= .C J! #
s +. # .
)*3 $8 s & s` E
+ '

:+ s` &
uy uz
ux − υ γ uy γ
u ′x = = − υ , u ′y = = , u ′z = =0
υ υ γ υ
1− 2 ux 1− 2 ux 1− ux
c c c2
234
r r
y u y` υ u′
t=0
q (x, y, o) q (x ′, y ′, o)
s s`
r r
r r′
υ
Q
x Q x`
u #

*
.s

-
:(5X6)
+
-
O- s` & :
.y "
* F
.C +! 0% + 8
E
C &# ' "( ' ) >*, H
' ,
: s`
kqQ x ′ kqQ y ′
f x′ = , f y′ = , f z′ = 0
r ′3 r ′3
:' - '
)*3 +M H
υ/c 2 υ
f x = f x′ +
υ
( )
u ′y f y′ + u ′z f z′ = f x′ + γ 2 u y f y′
1 + 2 u ′x c
c
:+, \ t = 0 +5 )
+
x′ = γx , y′ = y
:' - ' G 3 H 84
γkqQ  υ 
fx = 3
 x + 2 uy  (26-6)
r′  c 
: y
F ' ,
f y′ /γ f y′ /γ
fy = = = γf y′
υ 1 − υ 2
/c 2
1 + 2 u ′x
c
γkqQy
∴fy = (27-6)
r′3
235
f z′ /γ
fz =
υ
= γf z′ = 0 :$8
1 + 2 u ′x
c
# . &.# 3 s E
+
C &# ' "( ' +8
. -

&# ># 4 + 8 C
:+ (+

+, 7,) u = uy = 0 +, +M =
γkqQx
fx =
r ′3
r′ = γ 2 x 2 + y 2 :+, :

. # . &# 3 '! ;# "(
F84 +
C +, 7,
.% -
+5 + f x ' +, @
+3L (26 – 6) !3 & +M @ 8
:4
:' - H C &# ' "( '! " G •
γkqQx
fe = (28-6)
r ′3
: ' - H C &# ' "( % '! " " •
γkqQ uυ
fm = ⋅ 2 y (29-6)
r ′3 c
r

. F. 78. Β % F +, (5 – 6) + @

..! &# 7# ] F 4 q *
J! # Q -
r r
:+, 7, u× Β J H x "
* F + % ' +8
r r r
f m = q( u × B ) (30-6)
∴ f m = quB
:+, \ (30 – 6) ?(29 – 6) +3
B=
( )
γkQ υ/c 2 y
(31-6)
(γ x + y )
2 2 2
3
2

&# "( +, @
(28 – 6) ?(27 – 6) +!3 +
:7 *
236
γkQr
E= 3 (32-6)
(γ 2
x2 + y2 ) 2
(
r = x 2 + y2 ) 1
2
:+, :
r

. J.! # r
F z F +, (5 – 6) + +M @

r
r E B
. . '. % U " ; H 8 .q *
:' -
r
B=
( )
γkQ υ/c 2 y r
⋅k
(
γ2x 2 + y2 )
3/2
r γkQ r
E= ⋅r
(
γ2x 2 + y2
3/ 2
)
r r
. .Q
J= ; r +, z "
* F ; '
k +, 8
+G 1 % +, % U " ' G 3 @ !
r
:+, 7, z F ; 4 ; +=
r r
υ× r υy k
r r r
υ × r = υy k
+. $8 O= > - 7 y x F + G + ,
. υ× 4* H = -
$
r r
r
:- 8/ Q , ' H

r
B
r 1 γkQ r r
B= 2 υ× r
(
c γ2x 2 + y2 )3/ 2
r 1 r r
∴ B = 2 υ× E
c
+. &# ># + U " ; + ' G !3 F8 >%
r
B
r
.y x +"
E C= 78 Q &# 7# ;, 7,
r
E υ
237
,++++‫'א‬++++++++ ‫א‬++++!
‫א‬,-++++‫א‬,++++ 6–6
. "#

‫א
א‬
..
)
# &# 3 '! $4 +, 3 0
+
.)

, ) F - % + ' F84
).^ P! 8 % &# "( ) +, )6 !
+. .# +.# H + I , C3 1 ! +5 $8 3 .
>
+5 + H8 + $8 O= )
. M ;
78 F* >
;., &# ) % "/ K C +, J%
+, )
=, - @ )= , C + 3%
.% ) "/. + 8 E
J + &

J.

+ + -
# 5
& @ F84
8.4 +. 0.
F84 ) ! ! ? H Q , )

.-
. >. >
$ + H q
$
#
'.! .@ % + & U 3 L +3

:- H H )
=, ' & # "(
r r r r
f = qE + qu× B (33-6)
r r
. ' B, E +, +3 J! 3 @

# r
u +, 8
. &# J! $8 # % U "
. )*. ) +# / % +, +
% + +, $8 + O= .
)

. .% . +. ;.# ..
+. + 4
. . .
+ ?) 4 Bz , B y , Bx , E z , E y , E x
.
H
O= C ! .
238

84 O= .- 84 + (3 – 6)
. I & +3
+ ! % )*
. "/. )
s E
$
>
> +M U
r r
.
+ 8L . B ;= " % E ;
$. 7. .
84 ;# ' "( ' + q 7 C

.C # r
u +, :
(33 – 6) !3 "
r r
F* r
υ " # $
78 s` E
B′ E ′ H

r r
:Q f′ & f '
+, # x` "
Z H
r r r r
f ′ = q E ′+ q u ′× B ′ (34-6)
r r r r r
. υ $8
B′ E ′ * B E +# 3 %3 !3 F84
r r
(33 – 6) .3 u× B H = -
$ # 2 3
r
:M x? y?z '3 )"
E F f ' ) + +
[ (
f x = q E x + u y Bz − u z By )] (35-6)
f y = q [E y + (u z B x − u x B z )] (36-6)
f z = q [E z + (u x B y − u y B x )] (37-6)
:+, s` & s + '
)*3 +
υ/c 2
f x′ = f x −
υ
(
u yfy + u zfz ) (38-6)
1− 2 ux
c
fy
f y′ = (39-6)
 υ 
γ 1 − 2 u x 
 c 
fz
f z′ = (40-6)
 υ 
γ 1 − 2 u x 
 c 
:M )*3 %3 # 3 )

u ′x + υ
ux = (41-6)
υ
1 + 2 u ′x
c
239
u ′y
uy = (42-6)
 υ 
γ 1 + 2 u ′x 
 c 
u ′z
uz = (43-6)
 υ 
γ 1 + 2 u ′x 
 c 
. &. .- ).
2 .G % f y′ ' +M ,
+ (39 – 6) 3 (36 – 6) 3 + fy ! U3 3 .%
(43 – 6) ?(41 – 6) +.3 +. u z u x +# =3* C"P
:M 3 & -
  υ 
( )
f y′ = q  γ E y − υΒ Ζ + u ′Ζ B x − u ′x γ  B z − 2 E y   (44-6)
  c 
r
+
C &# ' "( f′ ' " (34 – 6) 3 8, 8
:7 y "
G F ' F84 + s` E

(
f y′ = q E ′y + u ′Ζ B ′x − u ′x B ′Z ) (45-6)
:+, \ (45 – 6) ?(44 – 6) +3
(
E ′y = γ E y − υΒ z ) (46-6)
B′x = Bx (47-6)
 υ 
B′z = γ B z − 2 E y  (48-6)
 c 
r
E . + & 3 ) + "" +M 3% +8
r
.s` E
B % U "
:4 + , + %3 f z′ ' )% YL
(
E ′z = γ E z + υΒ y ) (49-6)
 υ 
B ′y = γ B y + 2 E Z  (50-6)
 c 
:M -
3 +, 3 f x′ H
+, # E ′x E
u y = uz = 0
8.4 + .x "
G F $
s E
+
C +, 7,
.
)*3 +G -
&# "( * U *
240
&.# * C. # . &.# 3 * % )* -
: ' G
3 ' %3 84 .;4
E ′x = E x (51-6)
s & s` + >*, M ' - H F84
)*3 J '#L
:s` & s + CP"
E x = E ′x 
( ) 
E y = γ E ′y + υ Β ′Ζ 
E z = (
γ E ′z − υ Β ′y) 

Bx = B ′x 

 υ  (52-6)
B y = γ  B ′y − 2 E ′z  
 c 
 υ 
Bz = γ  B ′z + 2 E ′y  
 c 
E ′x = E x 
( ) 
E ′y = γ E y − υΒ Ζ 
E ′z = (
γ E z + υΒ y ) 

B ′x = Bx 

 υ  (53-6)
B ′y = γ B y + 2 E z 
 c 
 υ 
B ′z = γ B z − 2 E y  
 c 
r r
.
+ * "/ *
F B E ) +, Q 84
+. @ :

&# 3 ) +, * ? I &
. )*3 J , & 5 +
)*3
241
r r
E ′II = E II 
r r r r 
E ′⊥
r
(
= γ E ⊥ + υ× Β
r
) 

B′II = B II 
 (54-6)
r r 1 r r 
B′⊥ = γ B ⊥ − 2 υ× E 
 c 
r
).
υ # . &.# 3 5 ) 3 ⊥ II +, 8
: s E
& s` E
+ Q G )
, .
r r
E II = E ′II 
r r r r 
E⊥
r r
(
= γ E ′⊥ − υ× Β′ ) 

B II = B′II 
 (55-6)
r r 1 r r 
B⊥ = γ B′⊥ + 2 υ× E ′ 
 c 
r r
+ 4 B % E +, + 4 @

.Q G &# 4
, 3 *
_25., +.= +, @

4 +
r r
4. ! + 4
C +8 B % E +

4 @ &# 3 @ +, O= +.+
, K. & O
- &3 3 * ;, +3
J +4 J ;8 >! > F # + K %
+., ./ +.- .% +* .E

.+5
H . ( υ 2 /c 2 ) + ( υ << c 7,) % Y < +, +M = 8
.
)*.3 5. C. -
F8 . γ ≈ 1 +, 7, - +
:M - HP % )*
242
r r
E ′II = E II 
r r r r
E ′⊥ = E ⊥ + υ× Β
r r 
B′II = B II  (56-6)
r r 
B′⊥ = B⊥ 
r r
E⊥
r B⊥ r
E B
r r
E II B II
r r
r r υ r r υ
υ× E υ× B
?υ # &# 7# 5 F % + ) :(6 – 6)
r r r
. υ # J B E + + H = -
F @

r r r
. υ J. = -
B ?E + ) + (6 – 6)
r r r r
( )
υ× E = υ× E z $8.
r r
B⊥ = By
r r
E⊥ = Ey .3 E z = Bz = 0 3=
r r r r r r r r
>. .4 υ × B ‫ و‬υ × E + ?. . O= υ× B = υ× B z ( )
r
. υ &# +#
.!
‫א‬,# ‫אא‬7–6
'. H.
G 4 C +! +, + +M > 3 O-,
'! + )
$ )
8 + . )
&# ' "(
$.8 O.= C ! % ' 4 C '! & 1=P @ '
+. +4 +, ; @ >3 1905 C# + I U .>
' ." H . ) a, ! . ' + +` %
243
8.4 J.= # H- &# + + I C3 +, )" F8 03
% . .% ' >3 C + +4 + .U *
.C + > >

- %3 % '! @ +, 0"
+. . Q.! 4 :
% 4@ J +
. .

) 8 '
/ .
)

. ., &.# % ' "( 84 +, .>% >*
'.) . . '. . 1= ;

Q ,
.+ C,

2 +
+ @ (
$., .
. ) & @
F84
0 % C
.' )
&# ' - C@3 ) -
+.! +. % ' 9 84 O= L +M ,
. @ ) "/ C
q υ
s
r
u
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + )
o x
)
) 7
- $ :(6 – 6)
# ' 3 .
%
q .s
.> - 7
. '. 3 + (6 – 6) O= C + >%
>. >
- + H υ # $
q
&# ' "(
5 +% +
+G .> - 7 s E

+. 3 + - @ H .Q G 4
, "/
244
K % υ 7 1 # $
- )

) Z %
" +8 . (1 − u 2 /c 2 )
+1 / 2
λ−
λ+ .%
" & (1 − u 2
/c 2 )
−1 / 2
5
84
.%
. " λ0 +, :
λ+ = λ0 +, 7, + )
.+
)Z
$ .
78 s` E
& +M :
& -
+ .(7 – 6) . . O.= x "
Z H F* υ #
$ J! + r 3 &# +
q +, @

84 4

4 )G , . u′ # $
) * +,
.x "
Z H F* υ #
υ q
s`
u′ r
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
)
+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +
)
υ
o` x′
5 * ) * +, @
s` E
:(7 – 6)
F* $
)* )
-,

.+
q
, .x "
H
:M
84 % )
" HP
(
λ + = λ 0 1 − υ 2 /c 2 )
−1/ 2
(57-6)
(
λ − = − λ 0 1 − u′ 2 /c )
2 −1/ 2
(58-6)
:+ s` & s + # )
+
− u− υ
u′ =
uυ
1 +
c2
245
:-
1 >>
u
+, U
c
u ′ = − (u + υ ) (59-6)
:\ (58 – 6) 3 (59 – 6) 3 + u` ! U3
−1/ 2
 (u + υ )2 
λ− = − λ 0 1 −  (60-6)
 c2 
:+ $ %
λ +, = 8
λ = λ+ + λ− (61-6)
:7 q
J! # E ' +, +! +
2 kλ 2 k
E= = (λ + + λ − )
r r
 
−1 / 2 
2 kλ 0 
(
1 − υ 2 /c 2 )−1 / 2
− 1 −
(u + υ )2  
∴E =  (62-6)
r   c 2  
 
:+ 1 >>
υ
+,
c
−1 / 2
 υ2  1 υ2
1 −  ≈ 1+
 c2  2 c2 (63-6)
 
.-
(62 – 6) .3 (63 – 6) 3 + +G 1 % U3
:&#
     
 − 1 + (u + υ )
2
2 kλ 0
 υ2
E=  1 +
 
r   2c2   2c2  
 kλ u 
= −  02  (2 υ + u )
 rc 
:+ υ >> u +G
2 kλ 0uυ
E = − (64-6)
rc 2
:7 q
&# ' "( ' +8
q υ  2 kI 
F = qE = −   (65-6)
c  cr 
246
3 ' E , .$ 7 I = λ0u +, :

. + % ' " H8 '! 4 ' +, & (65 – 6)
– 6) 3 J (65 – 6) 3 .> >
$

:7 B % U " +, \ (33
 2Ι 
B = k 2  (66-6)
c r
.% )
. . K 7 C# H ;, C \
.
. 3 + > >
78 $ +
+, >.=, \. . I
>
+ ; +3

$. +. :.
s` - ' $
H8 q

'! 3 C $ ' +, * +
q
+ >

. ' #* 8, 8 .
3 $ + :
s
.% ' 4 Q , '! += L J ( )
8 ", / + Q , - (65 – 6) 3 H +, + +
1
.
k=
4 π ∈0
c2 =
1
∈0 µ 0
H. 7, k +# c2 +# =#
:& (65 – 6) !3
µ Ι
F = −  0  qυ (67-6)
 2 πr 
$. .% U " " ' G 3 + +
'! + # -
$ 4 F ' +, % C -
.[(33 – 6) 3 @
*] s E

+5. +.% + + % ' H
+, +M O-,
I` F > "
I F > G
r
+. +8 )
" +, .(8 – 6)
&.# "( >% >* > + > >* + *
.+ $
'
) M
:- H (67 – 6) !3 3* ' H
,
247
µ Ι
F = − 0  υ ′dq ′ (68-6)
 2 πr 
r .3 &# x "
G F υ′ #

dq ′ +, 8
.I 7 ; 78 G $ J! +#
υ′
............... Ι′
) E F 2 d l ′ ..
r
1
Ι
7* >
4
, +5 +- + :(8 – 6)
.
F + +, * ? M ;
78
I` F . > > ' " $ $

F84 # 8
:+ O= F*
dq ′
Ι′ =
dt
:7 " $ + 8/ -# 4 Ι′d l′ +M
dq ′ d l′
Ι′d l′ = d l′ = d q ′ = υ′d q ′
dt dt
:- & (68 – 6) !3
υ′dq′ + >* Ι′d l′ U3
µ Ι
F = − 0  I ′d l ′ (69-6)
 2 πr 
.% . H. % '
" $ &# ' "( ' +8
:7 G $ +
F µ I I′
f = = − 0 (70-6)
d l′ 2πr
I` I + . +G $8 H8 '! , + Q "( ' F84
7, . +
, 3 8 '! & ' F84
.
F 4
H . J l ;% -! $ I 8 # ' - .+ +
248
r
J.! # B ;= " >% >* ;
>
% $ +
r
.- + + + F , H8 '! + - $
:M
r r r
(
F = I l×B ) (71-6)
&.# . >4 ;
, CD > I +, & ' E
+ " 0% ! F* C O%- 4 )

r
F
C . )

F ; l , ."
H
r r
1 # F ' F & CE +, 8 & '#! % F '
r r r
+. Q. . F J. B ; & l ; + J-,
.+5
249
# #20
:(1) 2
υ .@ # . $
x "
* &# % %

.% '.

" λ +, )# 8L H x "
G F
:/
U. ." :>" ?(0,y,0) % E ' :>*,
&. % U " :>"" ? % # %
.B/E 7, ? '
:
t = 0 ‫الزمن‬ υ
s q s` q
υ
y r y` r`
υ
%
o x λdx %
o` x` λ`dx`

.s

%
+ H q %
:( 9 – 6 )
%
%
O- s` & :

.%
5 F

.
o % + x 3 &#
-# λdx +, U :>*,
%
+# r 3 (9 – 6) O= s E
.(0,y,0) J! q
(
∴ r = x 2 + y2 )
1/ 2

+, .λ`dx` O- s` E
84
-# +
:+ + &
λ′dx ′ = λdx
250
. .%
+G C +! 0% s` E

.(9X6) O= +
λ ′dx ′
-# + q
&# "( dE ′ +, +8 U
:+
k λ ′d x ′ kλdx
d E ′= =
r ′2 (x ′ 2
+ y ′2 )
:+,
y′ = y , x ′ = γx
kλdx
∴ dE ′=
(γ 2
x 2 +y 2 )
λ ′dx ′
. .-# +
&# "( dE ′ , $4
.o` % & J x` 3 &#
"
G F , > - x "
G F -
+
:7 L y
2 kλdx y′
d E ′y = .
γ2x 2
+ y 2
r′
2kλydx
= 3/2
(γ 2
x 2 +y2 )
∞ 2k λydx 2 kλ
∴ E ′y = ∫ 3/2
=
γy
0
(γ 2
x 2 +y 2 )
E y =
2 kλ
+L Ε ′y =
1
γ
Εy +,
y
0.% (0,y,0) .% .# B % U " H
:> "
F $
Ι = λυ F > > +, # 7 , +!
.;
>% >* ;L H x "
G
:&# -
, +! 0%
µ 0λυ
B=
2πy
251
. ] F ! &# 7# % $ # 84 F
.s E

2 kλ υ
∴B =
c2 y
:& B/E + :>""
B 2kλυ y
= 2 .
E c y 2kλ
B υ
∴ =
E c2
:(2) 2
$
q ;
m0 ; C %! 1- !# \
.% . &# # # T 7
!%
.B ;= "
:
:7 C &# ' "( ' +
r r r
F = qυ× B (1)
r r
. +. 8 .B &.# .# .4 C # υ +, 8
O= > > $ C + >@ %
:+ 8 75 H8 ' U 3 (10 – 6)
mυ2
= q υB
r
:+ C C5 4 p +, = 8
p = mυ
∴ p = qBr (2)
252
xxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx
r
x x x x x x x x x x xF
xxxxxxxxx
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x xrx x
q υ
% += $

C :(10 – 6)
.C # F &# 7# ;4 C@
:+,
ε 2 = (cp)2 + (m0c2 )
2
(
= T+ m 0 c 2 )
2
∴ (cp) 2 = T 2 + 2 Tm 0 c 2 (3)
:H !3 F84 +
Βrqc = cp = Τ 2 + 2 Tm 0 c 2 (4)
1
∴ Βr = Τ 2 + 2 Tm 0 c 2 (5)
qc
:(3) 2
.!% ). 5.
;.
78. % U "
+. + !% +/ ># 10m F %! 1- 100MeV
.938 MeV 7
:
.!3 ?(2) " B % U " ! '
) 8
.! ).
. 3 8 )
+L 4 ?(4)
! '
+ m 0c 2 + !% T
!% +, 7,
.
. MeV .! )
+ +4 )! 8 .
.
C. +, # .MeV & 3 F84 + G 1 %
:M
253
1Me V = 1.6 ×10−13 J
:- (5) 3 H +8
 1.6 × 10 −13  2
Br =   T + 2 Tm 0 c 2
 qc 
 
 1.6 × 10 −13 
=  (100) 2 + 2(100)(938)
 1.6 × 10 −19 × 3 × 10 8 
 
∴ Br = 1.5
∴ B = 0.15 T *
.() % U ! '
4 X T *
:(4) 2

. Q s E
(0,y,0) J!
q
r
+. t = 0 +5 x "
G F υ # $
-
.@
$ *
&# "( ' .-G %
r
υ :
y′
y
S t = 0 +5 r S′
υ
q
q
y y′
Q Q
r
υ x x′
z (a) z′ (b)

& :
P (b) . *

-
(a) :(11 – 6)

*
-
+, 4 :
I
.C +! 0% + 8
254
q .*
&# ' "( ' H
C +! 0% + *
. ;# .

-
+G $8 s E

8.4 .(b 11 – 6) O= s` E
& :

# . $
*
-
+, @

r

+, @
(a 11 – 6) , .H x "
G F υ
.
-
+
*
' "(. ' ) H
s` C +! 0% + + +8
:4 (0,y`,0) J! q
&#
kqQ
f x′ = f z′ = 0, f y′ =
y′2
:+,
υ r r
fx − (u . f)
f x′ = c2
υ
1− 2 ux
c
f y /γ
f y′ =
υ
1− 2 u x
c
f z /γ
f z′ =
υ
1− 2 ux
c
1
γ=
(1 − υ 2 /c 2 )
:7 s E
q &# ' "( ' ) +
fx = fz = 0
f y′ /γ f y′ /γ
fy = = = γ f y′
υ
1 + 2 u ′x (
1 − υ 2 /c 2 )
c
255
:+L t = 0 +5
x ′ = γx , y′ = y , z′ = z
kqQ
∴ fy = γ
y2
:(5) 2
F. $
t = 0 +5 (0,0,0) J! Q 4 %

r
q Q , %
.s E
υ 4 # x "
G
.u 7 # y "
Z 5 F $
(x,0,0) J!
.q
&# ' "( ' H

:
y y′
r
υ
s t = 0 +5 s` t ′ ≠ 0 +5
r
r u′
u
r
υ
Q Q

x q x x` q x`
z z`
s +3 +4 +
*
-
:(12 – 6)

O- s` . M +# # $
.
*
& -
256
:+, s E

ux = uz = 0 ? uy = u
r v
fy = fz = 0 ? u .f = u x f x + u yf y + u zf z = 0
:&# -
s` & s + # )
3*
ux − υ
u ′x = = −υ
υ
1− 2 ux
c
1
u ′y = u y /γ = u
γ
u ′z = u z /γ = 0
:+, s` & s + ' )
+
υ r r
fx − (u . f)
c2 kqQ
f x′ = = fx =
υ x ′2
1− 2 ux
c
f y′ = f y /γ = 0
f z′ = f z /γ = 0
:+ t = 0 +5 x ′ = γx +,
fy = 0
fz = 0
kqQ
fx =
γ2x2
+ 8 *

# &#
F84 3 * ' +8
.x "
G &# ># t = 0 +5 4
:(6) 2
)
. .y , "
G &# +# +5 +
)8 3
).
8L. ±σ +
. &#
%
" ) 3
r
)* H
x "
Z H F* υ @ # 3
.
' %
257
:
@.

84 >4 +, s E
3 +, 3
r
.(a 13 – 6) O= F* υ @ # $
,
r r
υ υ
y y`

s s`
σ a σ a
----- -----
----- -----
++ ++++ ++ ++++
++++++ ++++++
o x o` x`
(a) (b)
(b) .

4 x "
+5 +
+
(a) :(13 – 6)
.+
+5 +
4 :
I
& :

+. s E
r
υ # $
78 s` E

. )
+
F84 .+
+ 3
. 7, . 3. * s` . 4. 7, +
&#
. O= y` "
* F > >* $4 + %
:+, s` E
+8 (b 13 – 6)
B′x = B′y = B′z = 0
E ′x = E ′z = 0 ? E′y = E′
.3
+ E′ +, :
:H s & s` + % )*

)*3 +
E x = E ′x = 0
( )
E y = γ E ′y + υB′z = γE ′
E z = γ(E ′z − υB′y ) = 0
258
B x = B′x = 0
 υ 
By = γ  B′y − 2 E′z  = 0
 c 
 υ   υ 
B z = γ B′z + 2 E ′y  = γ 2  E′ (1)
 c  c 
8 .", O.=

)*3 + # -
\ F84 +
.s` E
#
: + 3 +,
σ′
E′ = (2)
∈0
. +M .+5. +

&#
%
" σ` +, :
. 1
. .-, +

+, @
s E

γ
σ` + , σ
%
" +
+

:+, 7, γ
σ = γσ′ (3)
:+, 7, ? γ E ′ + , + E +L 8
σ γσ′
E= = = γE′ (4)
∈0 ∈0
:+L s` +
% + 0 φ′ +, +M U 8
φ′
E′ = (5)
a
.
. + & F84 .+
+ a +, 8
.y , "
G &# % G s` s E
:\ (4) ?(3) +3
E′ a = φ′ 
 (6)
E a = γφ ′
. +. &#, 4 s +
+ +, (5) !3 + \
. γ s`
259
.3.
' % )* +# 8 +M
.
%. ) $4 +, 8 +, # $8 O=
. / js
% " 1 3 .x "
G '5

'8/. %G '
&# # ' - "

:+ 1 3 84 H .O% +
j s = συ (7)
F.* + % + '#! %
:+ , +! + F H
z "
Z H
Bz = µ 0 js = µ 0συ
∴ B z = µ 0 (γσ′)υ = γ (∈0 µ 0 )υE′
:+,
1
∈0 µ 0 =
c2
 υ 
∴ B z = γ 2  E ′
c 
C. .# -
(1) !3 4 ' G !3 F84
.% )*
)*3
:(7) 2
Q.! %.% &# # ' - E Q! %%
r
r
% )* F84 +, )# 8L . B = " %
s` .I
.s E
xz xy + J
. Q %% ; C3 :
260
:
r
y y` υ
r
EII = 0
s r s`
BI I = 0 r
r r E′ = 0
E = E⊥
r
B′I I = 0
r r 0 x O′ x′
B = B⊥
r r
B′ = B′⊥
(a) (b)
z z′
+# =3 &# +3 % U " (a) :(14 – 6)
% U " > - 7 (b) .x "
* #
.x` "
* # 7#
r
.
x "
G &# +# 4 B &# # E +,
:+, -
s E
r r r
EI I = 0 ? E = E⊥
r r r
BI I = 0 ، B = B⊥
. y , "

G F +, +M U
r
E
r
., .(a 14 – 6) O= z "
G F B %
r
+, E′ = 0 +, 4. ; s` E
O= (b 14 – 6)
r
. B′ ≠ 0
:H s` & s + % )*
)*3 C
r r
E′I I = E I I = 0 (1)
261
r r r r
r
(
r
)
E′⊥ = γ E⊥ + υ× B⊥ = 0 (2)
B′I I = BI I = 0 (3)
r r 1 r r 
B ′⊥ = γ  B ⊥ − 2 υ× E ⊥  (4)
 c 
:+ (2) 3 +
r r r r r r
E ⊥ + υ× B⊥ = E + υ× B = 0
r r r
∴ − E = υ× B (5)
r
>. > = B % U " (5) 3 % H =
:-

r r r r r
E× B = B× (υ× B)
r r r r r r
= (B . B) υ− (B . υ) B
r
\ (a 14 – 6) O= &# 7# ; +,
r
B υ
:+,
r r r
E× B = B 2 υ
r r
. E× B
7. s` .E
# ) 8 ;, +8 \
B2
)*. C3 @

84 4 7, + s E

.% )* % 3
:(8) 2
)
(0,0,0) J! + + $
?q

C
r r
. Bz = B C@ % C@ "/
r r
Ey = E
C.@ &. .

# > +
C ; 78
r
. E = 0 +, ; 4 @
)"

.
.# Q ., ' C C" >*, C@ $8
. c >> υ +, # .-G C@ & Y
262
:
:H # ?(56 – 6)
)*3 C
r
E′I I = E I I = 0
r r
B′I I = BI I = 0
r r r r
E′⊥ = E ⊥ + υ× B⊥ = 0
r r
B ′⊥ = B ⊥
+, y ".
G F. +, @.
(a 15 – 6) . +
r r
E⊥ = E
r r
.z "
G F B ⊥ = B
r r r
∴ E + υ× B = 0 (1)
r
y y` υ
r
EII = 0
s r s`
BI I = 0 r
r E′ = 0
E
r
B′I I = 0
r
υ
q ‫ساكنة‬ x q
x′
r t = 0 ‫في زمن‬ r
B B′
(a) (b)
z z′
+3 + "/ )

-G % q %
(a) :(15 – 6)

q %
(b) .B % E
.

# 7# % % "/ )

: 7 υ # +, (1) !3 +

E
υ = (2)
B
263
:+, \ (b 15 – 6) O= S′ E

r
E′ = 0
r
B ′I I = 0
r r r r
B′ = B′⊥ = B ⊥ = B
+. 8. ..- % '! 4 s` C &# ' "( '
"/. ).
R 4 %! 1- x ′y ′ Q ' $
C
. υ Q " # 5 '!
mυ2
∴ qυ B =
R
:+ C 5 # ω +, :
υ = ωR +,
qB
ω= (3)
m
:7 s` t` +5 7, C &# ' "( '
r r r
F′ = qu ′× B′
. υ 7 ' $
78 C # r
u′ +, 8
r r
:&# -
u ′× B′ H = -
$
r
F′ v r r
q
( ) (
= i u ′y B′z − u ′z B′y + j(u ′z B′x − u ′x B′z ) + k u ′x B′y − u ′y B′x )
r
F′ v r
∴ = i u ′y B′z − j u ′x B′z
q
:+
B′z = B′⊥ = B
u ′y = y& ′ ? u ′x = x& ′
m
∴ &x& ′ = By& ′
q
m
&y& ′ = − B x& ′
q
:M - + G +3 H (3) !3 +
&x&′ = ωy& ′ (4)
&y& ′ = − ω x& ′ (5)
264
:+, c >> υ +, U )
3*
x ′ = (x − υt )
x& ′ = x& − υ ? &x&′ = &x&
y′ = y
y& ′ = y&
:&# -
(5) ?(4) +3
84 U3
&x& = ωy& (6)
E 
&y& = ω − x&  (7)
B 
(2) !3 + υ = E/B +, :
. % = +/ $8 >I += +3 +4

+ +
.3 &y& +# U3 C" + t +5 J (6) 3
0 %. . x& .= = 3
C C" ?(7)
:M
&# -
3 =
y = c1 cos ω t − c 2 sin ω t + c 3 (8)
E
x = c 2 cos ω t + c1 sin ω t + t + c 4 (9)
B
?+.
>@
?-G % C + t = 0 +5
:H * % F84 +
y& = x& = 0
y=x=0
. c 4 , c 3 , c 2 , c1 3 G )" C!
% F84
E
∴x = (ωt−sinωt) (10)
ωB
E
y= (1 − cos ωt ) (11)
ωB
:+,
E
υ = ωR = (12)
B
E
∴R = (13)
ωB
265
.% C cos ωt sin ωt = ""
18

:+, sin 2 ω t + cos 2 ω t = 1
(x− Rωt )2 + (y− R)2 = R2 (14)

.% . J. 45 ?R 4 %! 1- ' 3 F84
.(12) 3 " " # x "
G F $
(Rωt,R,0)
%.
&.# .% + $
C +, C \
υ 7. " # x "
G F 9
R 4 %! 1- #
(16 – 6) . . >
.= P

% $ C
. &
y
r
E
o
x
r
B
z
)
+
C ; 78 &
:(16 – 6)
.% +3 + "/
266
6 78

F. $ .
t = 0 +5 (0,0,0) -G % Q %
.1
&# ' "( ' .s E
υ 4 # x "
G
(x,0,0) % J
84 +
q %

f y = f z = 0, f x =
kqQ : 9
γ2x2
r
H. F.* υ # . +
Q q +% +
.2
&# Q
% ' H
.s E
x "
Z
&.# (0,0,0) (x,y,0) .4 Q q +
. )".
+/ ># q
.
# . $ .
s .E
-G % Q %
.3
r

. &.# ' "( ' .x "
Z H F* υ @
$ .
Q
+ l 3 &# x "
G &# J q Q , %
r
.x "
Z H F* υ @ #
f y = f z = 0, f x =
kqQ
: 9
γ2 l2
r
.
% +* B E +, )# 8 .4
r
r
, ; +
(1) +,
% 7, )
O=
r
B E
r
+5. +4. ;. +
(2) ?> - >
r
B E
;. + E

(3) ?y "
G &# 0% F* +
r
E
r
. B &# >#
267
H F* $
t = 0 +5 -G % Q %
.5
q Q , %
.s E
υ 4 # x "
Z
7 @ # x "
Z 5 F $
(0,b,0) J!
.q
&# ' "( ' H
.u
γkqQ  υ 
fx = fz = 0/ f y =  1 − u : 9
b2  c2 
45 0 5 s E

?+5 +
)8 3 .6
+
. &.#
%
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G J
.s E
υ 7 # $
s` E
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r
.s :*

> ,
r
E
r
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Rx` G "
G J +
3- 5 4 :> ""
R+
&# 7# s` +, 4 :> 3
+ . +

4 ! + ' H
.7
+ 8 1mm +5 +% &# H & > +

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!%

(1)2.31×10 −22 N
:9
(2)7.80 ×10 − 23 N
+, .% . )*

)*3 > \ .8
r r
. )
)
+ + (B . E) (B 2 − E 2 /c 2 ) +
E
x G "
G &# J λ " % %
.9
q
.υ " # x F $
%
F84 .s

. &# % ' .'
D # $
(0,0,0) J!
268
% + +, O= C C" q *
r r
. B = υ× E/c 2 !3 =3 J +% (0,0,0) % #
>. > .

N Q % '
; # 5
1 .10
Q. 1. . .% U " ) 8L ?I F
r
9 . . + ! H
.> - ;
r
B E B = µ 0 NI
1. + # +

4 ! + < 4 1
.;% &# 7# F υ @ # >

.
. 4 r +5 +% &# +3 ±q +
.11
. O= F* +3 + +#
.(+q) &# (-q)

% ' 4 .(17 – 6)
υ +q
r x
υ
-q
z
(17 – 6)
269

‫ א א
א‬
‫القيمة‬ ‫الرمز‬

8
3x10 m/s c

6.626x10-34 J.s h

-34
1.055x10 J.s h
1.602x10-19 J eV
1.602x10-19 C e
9.109x10-31 kg me
1.673x10-27 kg mp
1.675x10-27 kg mn
273.2 me mπ±
206.8 me Mµ±
0.511 MeV mec2
938.6 MeV mpc2
939.6 MeV mnc2
139.6 MeV Mπc2
105.7 MeV Mµc2
8.854x10-12 C2/N.m2 ∈0
4πx10-7 wb/A.m µ0 !
8.987x109 N.m2/C2 1/4π∈0 " k
1.661x10-27 kg U ! # $%
9.8 m/s2 g
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6.672x10-11 Nm2/kg2 G !'
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7.35x1022 kg +
6.38x106 m * ,-
1.381x10-23 J/K k .
271
‫מ א
א‬
–
(0)
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Radiation 3(4
Absorption 5-
Emission 6(
Wave Propagation '
Deviation ,
Displacement .4
Ether 0
Direction 7'
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Light Signal 8
$4
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Cosmic Rays (0
Coordinates %4
Beta – Decay #
Pair Production 9. 94
Electron 4
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Horizon 20
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Pion
Baryon
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Proton
Spin "
272
Isospin <= "
Intrinsic Spin ! "

Experiment '
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Compton Effect >
Apparent Frequency <?= %%
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Geometrical Representation %? #
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Current
273
Surface Integral #
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(9)
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Astronomical Body " '
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Anti Particle %
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Central Attraction <. ;!'
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Diffraction %
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274
Thermodynamic %
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Nuclear Films 2
Schematic Diagram A "
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Rotation Angle % .
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Light Year 8

Closed Surface 2B F
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Drift Velocity ,'
Permittivity of Medium
Permittivity of Space
275
(G)
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3(
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276
Photoelectric Phenomenon 8
C $?=
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Differential Element
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Atomic Number <! %%
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Strangeness Quantum Number B %%(
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Potential Difference %C' 2
Photon
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Four Dimensional Space %(& :

Proper Time Interval . $
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277
Force $
Central Force . $
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Right-Hand Rule H % $%
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278
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Equation %(
Transformation Equations # %(
279
Proper ;
Observer %?
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Spaceship 8

Laboratory System A
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Four Vector I'
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I'
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Neutron
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280
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Conducting Medium #
Moving Medium
Stationary Medium
281
‫المراجع‬
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Englewood Cliffs, N.J 1967.
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Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1967.
4. Landau L.D. and Lifshitz E.M., Mechanics and Electrodynamics

Addison- Wesley Publishing Company, 1972.
5. Jackson J.D., Classical Electrodynamics, John Wiley and sons Inc.,

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Freeman and Company, 1970.
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New York ,1976.
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282
‫‪ .13‬د‪ .‬ناظم حسون العطار‪ ،‬د‪ .‬راشد الراشد‪ ،‬أسس الكھربائية والمغناطيسية‪ ،‬مطبعة دار الحكمة‪-‬‬
‫البصرة‪. 1990 ،‬‬
‫‪ .14‬ادواردم‪ .‬بيرسل‪ ،‬ترجمة األستاذ الدكتور محمد أمين سليمان والدكتورة ليلى سعدو باتومال‪،‬‬
‫الكھربائية والمغناطيسية‪ -‬مقرر بيركلي في الفيزياء – المجلد الثاني‪ ،‬الدار الدولية للنشر‬
‫والتوزيع‪.1992 ،‬‬
‫‪283‬‬

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