Matrix Math

H Cng nghip Tp.
HCM
dvntailieu.wordpress.com
Friday, November 26, 2010
Ton cao cp C2 i hc 1
TO TO N CAO C N CAO C P C2 P C2 I H I H C C
( ( I S I S TUY TUY N T N T NH) NH)
PHN PH PHN PH I CHNG TRNH I CHNG TRNH
S S ti ti t t: 45 : 45
Chng 1. Ma trn nh thc
Chng 2. H phng trnh tuyn tnh
Chng 3. Khng gian vector
Chng 4. nh x tuyn tnh
Chng 5. Dng song tuyn tnh Dng ton phng
Ti liu tham kho
1. Nguyn Ph Vinh Gio trnh Ton cao cp A2
H Cng nghip TP. HCM.
2. Cng Khanh Ton cao cp A2
NXB HQG TP. HCM.
3. Nguyn Vit ng Ton cao cp A2
NXB Gio dc.
4. L S ng Ton cao cp i s Tuyn tnh
NXB Gio dc.
5. Bi Xun Hi i s tuyn tnh
HKHTN TP. HCM.
6. Alpha C. Chang, Kevin Wainwright
Fundamental methods of Mathematical Economics
Third. Edi. Mc.Graw-hill, Int. Edi. 1984.
7. Khoa Ton Thng k Gio trnh i s tuyn tnh
H Kinh t TP.HCM.
Bin Bin so so n n: : ThS ThS. . o o n n Vng Vng Nguyn Nguyn
Download Slide Download Slide b b i i gi gi ng ng To To n n C C2 2 H H t t i i
dvntailieu.wordpress.com dvntailieu.wordpress.com
Chng Chng 1. Ma 1. Ma tr tr n n nh nh th th c c
1. Ma trn

2. nh thc
1. MA TRN
(Matrix)
1.1. Cc nh ngha
a) nh ngha ma trn
Ma trn A cp m n trn l 1 h thng gm
m n s
ij
a ( 1, ; 1, ) i m j n = = v c sp
thnh bng gm m dng v n ct:
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
...
.
... ... ... ...
...
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
1

( )
Cc s
ij
a c gi l cc phn t ca A dng th i
v ct th j .
Cp s ( , ) m n c gi l kch thc ca A.
Khi 1 m = , ta gi:
11 12 1
( ... )
n
A a a a = l ma trn dng.
Khi 1 n = , ta gi
11
1
...
m
a
A
a
1

( )
l ma trn ct.
Khi 1 m n = = , ta gi:
11
( ) A a = l ma trn gm 1 phn t.
Ma trn (0 )
ij m n
O
= c tt c cc phn t u bng 0
c gi l ma trn khng.
Tp hp cc ma trn A trn c k hiu l
,
( )
m n
M , cho gn ta vit l ( )
ij m n
A a

= .
Ma trn vung
Khi m n = , ta gi A l ma trn vung cp n.
K hiu l ( )
ij n
A a = .
ng cho cha cc phn
t
11 22
, ,...,
nn
a a a c gi
l ng cho chnh ca
( )
ij n
A a = ,
ng cho cn li c gi
l ng cho ph.
2 3
5 8
7 4
2
4
6
6 5
7
3
1
1 0
1

( )
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Cc ma trn vung c bit
Ma trn vung c tt c cc
phn t nm ngoi ng
cho chnh u bng 0 c
gi l ma trn cho (diagonal
matrix).
K hiu:
11 22
( , ,..., )
nn
diag a a a .
1 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 0
1

( )
Ma trn cho cp n gm tt c
cc phn t trn ng cho
chnh u bng 1 c gi l
ma trn n v cp n (Identity
matrix). K hiu l:
n
I .
3
1 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
I
1

( )
Ma trn ma trn vung cp n c tt c cc phn t
nm pha di (trn) ng cho chnh u bng
0 c gi l ma trn tam gic trn (di).
1 0 2
0 1 1
0 0 0
A
1

( )
3 0 0
4 1 0
1 5 2
B
1

( )
Ma trn vung cp n c tt c
cc cp phn t i xng
nhau qua ng cho chnh
bng nhau (
ij ji
a a = ) c
gi l ma trn i xng.
0
0
3
1
2
4
4
1
1
1

( )
b) Ma trn bng nhau
Hai ma trn ( )
ij
A a = v ( )
ij
B b = c gi l bng
nhau, k hiu A B = , khi v ch khi chng cng
kch thc v , ,
ij ij
a b i j = .
VD 1. Cho
1
2
x y
A
z t
1

( )
v
1 0 1
2 3
B
u
1

( )
.
Ta c:
0; 1; 2; 2; 3 A B x y z u t = = = = = = .
1.2. Cc php ton trn ma trn
a) Php cng v tr hai ma trn
VD 2.
1 0 2 2 0 2 1 0 4
2 3 4 5 3 1 7 0 3
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )
;

1 0 2 2 0 2 3 0 0
2 3 4 5 3 1 3 6 5
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )
.
Nhn xt
Php cng ma trn c tnh giao hon v kt hp.
Cho hai ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a
= v ( )
ij m n
B b
= , ta c:
( ) .
ij ij m n
A B a b
=
b) Php nhn v hng
VD 3.
1 1 0 3 3 0
3
2 0 4 6 0 12
1 1

=

( ) ( )
;

2 6 4 1 3 2
2
4 0 8 2 0 4
1 1

=

( ) ( )
.
Ch
Php nhn v hng c tnh phn phi i vi php
cng ma trn.
Ma trn 1.A A = c gi l ma trn i ca A.
Cho ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a
= v , ta c:
( ) .
ij m n
A a
=
c) Php nhn hai ma trn
Trong ,
( )
1
1, ; 1,
n
ik ij jk
j
c a b i m k p
=
= = =
.
VD 4. Thc hin php nhn
( )
1
1 2 3 2
5
1

( )
.
Cho hai ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a
= v ( )
jk n p
B b
= , ta c:
( ) .
ik m p
AB c
=
VD 5. Thc hin php nhn
( )
1 1 0
1 2
1 0 3
1

( )
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 6. Tnh
2 0
1 1 1
1 1
2 0 3
1 3
1

1

( )

( )
.
Tnh cht
Cho cc ma trn
,
, , ( )
m n
A B C M v s .
Gi thit cc php nhn u thc hin c, ta c:
1) ( ) ( ) AB C A BC = ;
2) ( ) A B C AB AC = ;
3) ( ) A B C AC BC = ;
4) ( ) ( ) ( ) AB A B A B = = ;
5)
n m
AI A I A = = .
VD 7. Cho
1 0 1
2 2 0
3 0 3
A
1

( )
v
1 2 1
0 3 1
2 1 0
B
1

( )
.
Thc hin php tnh: a) AB; b) BA.
VD 8. Thc hin php nhn:
1 1 2 0 1 3 2 1 2 1
2 3 0 1 2 1 1 0 2 1
1 1 4 2 1 3 3 1 0 2
A
1 1 1 1

=

( )( )( )( )
.
Ch
Php nhn ma trn khng c tnh giao hon.
Ly tha ma trn
Cho ma trn vung ( )
n
A M .
Ly tha ma trn A c nh ngha theo quy np:
0
n
A I = ;
0
A A = ;
1
. ,
k k
A A A k
= .
Nu \ {0; 1} k sao cho (0 )
k
ij n
A = th A c
gi l ma trn ly linh.
S , 2 k k b nht sao cho (0 )
k
ij n
A = c
gi l cp ca ma trn ly linh A.
VD 9. Ma trn
0 1 0
0 0 1
0 0 0
A

=

l ly linh cp 3.
Tnh cht
1) (0 ) 0
k
n n
= ; ( ) ,
k
n n
I I k =
2) . , ( ), ,
k m k m
n
A A A A M k m
=
3) ( ) , ( ), ,
km k m
n
A A A M k m = .
Ch
1) Nu
11 22
( , ,..., ) ( )
nn n
A diag a a a M = th:
11 22
( , ,..., )
k k k k
nn
A diag a a a = .
2) Nu , ( )
n
A B M tha AB BA = (giao hon) th
cc hng ng thc quen thuc cng ng vi A, B.
Khi AB BA th cc hng ng thc khng cn
ng na.
VD 10. Cho
3 2
( ) 2 4 f x x x = v
1 1
0 1
A
1

( )
.
Tnh
2
( ) f A I .
VD 11. Cho
2 0
1 0
A
1

=

( )
, gi tr ca
2011
2
( ) I A l:
A.
1 1
0 1
1

( )
; B.
1 1
1 0
1

( )
; C.
0 1
1 1
1

( )
; D.
1 0
1 1
1

( )
.
VD 12. Tm ma trn
5
( ) D ABC = , trong :
2 1 3 0 0 1
, ,
1 0 8 1 1 2
A B C
1 1 1

= = =

( ) ( ) ( )
.
VD 13. Cho ma trn
cos sin
( )
sin cos
A

( )
.
Hy tm ma trn ( ) ,
n
A n
l

l
l
?
VD 14. Cho ( )
ij
A a = l ma trn vung cp 40 c cc
phn t ( 1)
i j
ij
a

= . Phn t
25
a ca
2
A l:
A.
25
0 a = ; B.
25
40 a = ; C.
25
40 a = ; D.
25
1 a = .
VD 15. Cho ( )
ij
A a = l ma trn vung cp 100 c
cc phn t ( 1) .3
i j
ij
a = . Phn t
34
a ca
2
A l:
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
A.
5
100
34
3
(1 3 )
4
a = ; B.
5
100
34
3
(3 1)
4
a = ;
C.
5
100
34
3
(3 1)
2
a = ; D.
5
100
34
3
(1 3 )
2
a = .
d) Php chuyn v (Transposed matrix)
Cho ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a
= .
Khi , ( )
T
ji n m
A a
= c gi l ma trn chuyn v
ca A (ngha l chuyn tt c cc dng thnh ct).
VD 16. Cho
1 2 3
4 5 6
A
1

( )

1 4
2 5 .
3 6
T
A
1

( )

VD 17.
1 1
0 1 2
0 2 ,
1 0 3
3 2
A B
1

1

= =

( )

( )
.
a) Tnh ( )
T
AB .
b) Tnh
T T
B A v so snh kt qu vi ( )
T
AB .
Tnh cht
1) ( )
T T T
A B A B = ; 2) ( ) .
T T
A A = ;
3) ( )
T T
A A = ;
4) ( )
T T T
AB B A = ;
5)
T
A A A = l ma trn i xng.
1.3. Php bin i s cp trn dng ca ma trn
(Gauss Jordan)
Cho ma trn ( )
ij m n
A a
= ( 2) m . Cc php bin i
s cp (PBSC) dng e trn A l:
1)
1
( ) : e Hon v hai dng cho nhau
i k
d d
A A
.
2)
2
( ) : e Nhn 1 dng vi s 0 ,
i i
d d
A A

.
3)
3
( ) : e Thay 1 dng bi tng ca dng vi ln
dng khc,
i i k
d d d
A A

.
Ch
1) Trong thc hnh ta thng lm
i i k
d d d
A B

.
2) Tng t, ta cng c cc php bin i s cp trn
ct ca ma trn.
2 2 1
3 3 1
2
3
1 2 3
0 5 7
0 5 7
d d d
d d d

1

( )
Gii. Ta c:
1 2
1 2 3
2 1 1
3 1 2
d d
A

1

( )
3 3 2
2 2
1
5
1 2 3
0 1 7 / 5 .
0 0 0
d d d
d d
B

( )
VD 18. Dng PBSC trn dng a ma trn
2 1 1
1 2 3
3 1 2
A
1

( )
v
1 2 3
0 1 7 / 5
0 0 0
B
1

( )
.
1.4. Ma trn bc thang
Mt dng ca ma trn c tt c cc phn t u bng
0 c gi l dng bng 0 (hay dng khng).
Phn t khc 0 u tin tnh t tri sang ca 1 dng
trong ma trn c gi l phn t c s ca dng .
Ma trn bc thang l ma trn khc khng cp m n
( , 2) m n tha hai iu kin:
1) Cc dng bng 0 (nu c) pha di cc dng
khc 0;
2) Phn t c s ca 1 dng bt k nm bn phi
phn t c s ca dng pha trn dng .
1 0 2
0 0 3 ,
0 0 0
1

( )
0 1 2 3
0 0 4 5 ,
0 0 0 1
1

( )
1 0 ... 0
0 1 ... 0
.
... ... ... ...
0 0 ... 1
n
I
1

( )
Cc ma trn khng phi l bc thang:
0 0 0
3 1 4
0 0 5
1

( )
,
0 2 7
0 3 4
0 0 5
1

( )
,
1 3 5
0 0 4
2 1 3
1

( )
.
VD 19. Cc ma trn bc thang:
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Ma trn bc thang rt gn
Ma trn bc thang rt gn l ma trn bc thang c
phn t c s ca mt dng bt k u bng 1 v l
phn t khc 0 duy nht ca ct cha phn t .
VD 20.
n
I ,
1 3 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
A
1

( )
,
0 1 0 3
0 0 1 2
0 0 0 0
B
1

( )

l cc ma trn bc thang rt gn.
Ma trn
1 2 3
0 0 1
C
1

( )
khng l bc thang rt gn.
1.5. Ma trn kh nghch
Ch
Nu B l ma trn nghch o ca A th B l duy nht
v A cng l ma trn nghch o ca B.
a) nh ngha
Ma trn ( )
n
A M c gi l kh nghch nu tn
ti ma trn ( )
n
B M sao cho:
.
n
AB BA I = =
Ma trn B c gi l ma trn nghch o ca A.
K hiu
1
B A
= . Khi :
1 1 1 1
; ( ) .
n
A A AA I A A

= = =
VD 21.
2 5
1 3
A
1

( )
v
3 5
1 2
B
1

( )
l hai ma trn
nghch o ca nhau v
2
AB BA I = = .
VD 22. Cho bit ma trn
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
A
1

( )
tha:

3 2
3 3
A A A I O = . Tm
1
A
?
Ch
1) Nu ma trn A c 1 dng (hay ct) bng 0 th
khng kh nghch.
2)
1
I I
= ;
1 1 1
( ) AB B A

= .
3) Nu 0 ac bd th:

1
1
. .
a b c b
d c d d ac bd
1 1

=

( ) ( )

VD 24. Cho hai ma trn
5 3 4 1
,
3 2 2 3
A B
1 1

= =

( ) ( )
.
Tm ma trn X tha AX B = .
VD 23. Cho
2 5
1 3
A
1

( )
v
2 1
3 2
B
1

( )
.
Thc hin php tnh: a)
1
( ) AB

; b)
1 1
B A

.
b) Tm ma trn nghch o bng php bin i
s cp trn dng (tham kho)
Cho ( )
n
A M kh nghch, ta tm
1
A
nh sau:
Bc 1. Lp ma trn
( )
n
A I (ma trn chia khi) bng
cch ghp ma trn
n
I vo bn phi ca A.
Bc 2. Dng php bin i s cp trn dng a

( )
n
A I v dng
( )
n
I B .
Khi :
1
A B
= .
VD 25. Tm nghch o ca
1 1 0 1
0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
A
1

( )
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Gii. Ta c:
( )
4
1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
A I
1

( )

3 3 4
2 3 2
1 1 2 4
1 0 0 0 1 1 1 2
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1
.
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
d d d
d d d
d d d d

1

( )
4
I
1
A
2. NH THC
2.1. nh ngha
a) Ma trn con cp k
Cho
( )
( )
ij n
n
A a M = .
Ma trn vung cp k c lp t cc phn t nm
trn giao ca k dng v k ct ca A c gi l ma
trn con cp k ca A.
Ma trn
ij
M c cp 1 n thu c t A bng cch
b i dng th i v ct th j c gi l ma trn con
ca A ng vi phn t
ij
a .
VD 1. Ma trn
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
A
1

( )
c cc ma trn con ng
vi cc phn t
ij
a l:

11
5 6
8 9
M
1

( )
,
12
4 6
7 9
M
1

( )
,
13
4 5
7 8
M
1

( )
,
21
2 3
8 9
M
1

( )
,
22
1 3
7 9
M
1

( )
,
23
1 2
7 8
M
1

( )
,
31
2 3
5 6
M
1

=

( )
,
32
1 3
4 6
M
1

=

( )
,
33
1 2
4 5
M
1

=

( )
.
b) nh thc (Determinant)
nh thc ca ma trn vung ( )
n
A M , k hiu
detA hay A, l 1 s thc c nh ngha:
Nu
11
( ) A a = th
11
detA a = .
Nu
11 12
21 22
a a
A
a a
1

=

( )
th
11 22 12 21
detA a a a a = .
Nu ( )
ij n
A a = (cp 3 n ) th:
11 11 12 12 1 1
det ...
n n
A a A a A a A =
trong , ( 1) det
i j
ij ij
A M
= v s thc
ij
A c
gi l phn b i s ca phn t
ij
a .
11 12 13 11 12
21 22 23 21 22
31 32 33 31 32
a a a a a
a a a a a
a a a a a
(Tng ca tch cc phn t trn ng cho nt lin tr
i tng ca tch cc phn t trn ng cho nt t).
2) Tnh
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
a a a
a a a
.
Ch
1) det 1, det 0
n n
I O = = .
11 12 13
21 22 23
31 32 33
a a a
a a a
a a a
hoc
VD 2. Tnh nh thc ca cc ma trn sau:
3 2
1 4
A
1

( )
,
1 2 1
3 2 1
2 1 1
B
1

( )
.
VD 3. Tnh nh thc ca ma trn:
0 0 3 1
4 1 2 1
3 1 0 2
2 3 3 5
A
1

( )
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2.2. Cc tnh cht c bn ca nh thc
Cho ma trn vung
( )
( )
ij n
n
A a M = , ta c cc
tnh cht c bn sau:
VD 4.
1 3 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 3 2 1 12
1 1 1 2 1 1
= =
.
a) Tnh cht 1
( )
det det .
T
A A =
b) Tnh cht 2
Nu hon v hai dng (hoc hai ct) cho nhau th
nh thc i du.
VD 5.
1 3 2
2 2 1
1 1 1

1 1 1
2 2 1
1 3 2
=
1 1 1
2 2 1 .
3 1 2
=
H qu. Nu nh thc c t nht 2 dng (hoc 2 ct)
ging nhau th bng 0.
VD 6.
1
1
3 3
2 2
1 1
0
7
= ;
2 5
2
5
3
2
1 0
1
y y
y
x
y
x x
= .
c) Tnh cht 3
Nu nhn 1 dng (hoc 1 ct) vi s thc th
nh thc tng ln ln.
VD 7.
3.1 0 3.( 1) 1 0 1
2 1 2 3 2 1 2
3 1 7 3 1 7

= ;

3 3
3 3
3 3
1 1
1 ( 1) 1
1 1
x x x x x
x y y x y y
x z z z z
.
H qu

1) Nu nh thc c t nht 1 dng (hoc 1 ct)
bng 0 th bng 0.

2) Nu nh thc c 2 dng (hoc 2 ct) t l vi
nhau th bng 0.
VD 8.
2
3 2
0 1
0 0
0
x
x y
x y
= ;
6 6 9
2 2 3 0
8 3 12

=

.
VD 9.
3 3 3
3 3 3
1 1 1 1 0
;
1 1 1
x x x x x x
x y y x y y x y y
z z z z z z

=
2 2
2 2
2 2
cos 2 3 sin 2 3 1 2 3
sin 5 6 cos 5 6 1 5 6 .
1 8 9 sin 8 9 cos 8 9
x x
x x
x x
=
d) Tnh cht 4
Nu nh thc c 1 dng (hoc 1 ct) m mi phn
t l tng ca 2 s hng th ta c th tch thnh tng
2 nh thc.
e) Tnh cht 5
nh thc s khng i nu ta cng vo 1 dng
(hoc 1 ct) vi ln dng (hoc ct) khc.
VD 10. S dng tnh cht 5 a nh thc sau v
dng bc thang:
1 2 3
1 2 1
2 3 4
= .
VD 11. S dng tnh cht 5 tnh
2 2
2 2
2 2
x
x
x
= .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2.3. nh l (khai trin Laplace)
Cho ma trn vung
( )
( )
ij n
n
A a M = , ta c cc
khai trin Laplace ca nh thc A:
a) Khai trin theo dng th i
1 1 2 2
1
det ... .
n
i i i i in in ij ij
j
A a A a A a A a A
=
= =

Trong , ( 1) det( )
i j
ij ij
A M
= .

b) Khai trin theo ct th j
1 1 2 2
1
det ... .
n
j j j j nj nj ij ij
i
A a A a A a A a A
=
= =

VD 12. Tnh nh thc
1 0 0 2
2 0 1 2
1 3 2 3
3 0 2 1
bng hai cch
khai trin theo dng 1 v khai trin theo ct 2.
VD 13. p dng tnh cht v nh l Laplace, hy tnh
nh thc
1 1 1 2
2 1 1 3
1 2 1 2
3 3 2 1
.
Cc kt qu c bit cn nh
1) Dng tam gic
11 12 1 11
22 2 21 22
11 22
1 2
... 0 ... 0
0 ... ... 0
... .
... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
0 0 ... ...
n
n
nn
nn n n nn
a a a a
a a a a
a a a
a a a a
= =
3) Dng chia khi
det . det
n
A B
A C
O C
=
, vi , , ( )
n
A B C M .
2) Dng tch: det( ) det . det . AB A B =
VD 14. Tnh nh thc:

1 2 3 4
0 2 7 19
det
0 0 3 0
0 0 0 1
A

=
.
VD 15. Tnh nh thc:

0 0 3 4
3 2 7 19
det
1 2 3 7
0 0 8 1
B

=
.
VD 16. Tnh
1 1 1 2 1 4
det 2 0 3 2 1 3
1 2 3 1 2 1
C
1 1

( )( )
.
VD 17. Tnh
1 1 1 2 1 4 3 1 4
det 2 0 3 2 1 3 0 1 2 .
1 2 3 1 2 1 1 2 1
T
D
1 1 1

=

( )( )( )
VD 18. Phng trnh
1 0 0
1 0 0
0
2 2
3 8 2
x
x
x x
x
=
c nghim
l: A. 1 x = ; B. 1 x = ; C. 1 x = ; D.
1
2
x
x
.
2.4. ng dng nh thc tm ma trn nghch o
VD 19. Gi tr ca tham s m ma trn
2
1 0 1 0
0 1 1 1
T
m m m
A
m m m
1 1 1

=

( )( ) ( )

kh nghch l:

A.
0
1
m
m
; B.
0
1
m
m
'
1
1
!
1
1
+
; C. 0 m ; D. 1 m .
a) nh l
Ma trn vung A kh nghch khi v ch khi:
det 0. A
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
b) Thut ton tm A
1

Bc 1. Tnh detA. Nu det 0 A= th kt lun A
khng kh nghch. Ngc li, ta lm tip bc 2.
Bc 2. Lp ma trn
( )
, ( 1) det
i j
ij ij ij
n
A A M
= .
Suy ra ma trn ph hp (adjunct matrix) ca A l:
( )
.
T
ij
n
adjA A
l
=
l
l

Bc 3. Ma trn nghch o ca A l:
1
1
. .
det
A adjA
A
=
VD 20. Tm ma trn nghch o (nu c) ca:
1 2 1
1 1 2
3 5 4
A
1

( )
.
VD 21. Cho ma trn
1 2 1
0 1 1
1 2 3
A
1

( )
. Tm
1
A
.
Gii. Ta c: det 2 0 A A = kh nghch.
11 12 13
1 1 0 1 0 1
1, 1, 1,
2 3 1 3 1 2
A A A = = = = = =
21 22 23
2 1 1 1 1 2
4, 2, 0,
2 3 1 3 1 2
A A A = = = = = =
31 32 33
2 1 1 1 1 2
1, 1, 1.
1 1 0 1 0 1
A A A = = = = = =
1 4 1
1 2 1
1 0 1
adjA
1

( )
1
1 4 1
1
1 2 1 .
2
1 0 1
A

( )
2.5. Hng ca ma trn
a) nh thc con cp k
Cho ma trn
( )
ij
m n
A a
= . nh thc ca ma trn con

cp k ca A c gi l nh thc con cp k ca A.
nh l
Nu ma trn A c tt c cc nh thc con cp k u
bng 0 th cc nh thc con cp 1 k cng bng 0.
b) Hng ca ma trn (rank of matrix)
Cp cao nht ca nh thc con khc 0 ca ma trn A
c gi l hng ca ma trn A.
K hiu l ( ) r A .
Ch
Nu
( )
ij
m n
A a
= khc 0 th 1 ( ) min{ , }. r A m n
Nu A l ma trn khng th ta quy c ( ) 0 r A = .
c) Thut ton tm hng ca ma trn
Bc 1. a ma trn cn tm hng v bc thang.
Bc 2. S dng khc 0 ca ma trn bc thang chnh
l hng ca ma trn cho.
c bit
Nu A l ma vung cp n th:
( ) det 0. r A n A =

VD 22. iu kin ca tham s m ma trn
1 2
0 3 2
0 1 1
m
A
1

( )
c hng bng 3 l:
A. 1 m ; B. 1 m ; C. 1 m ; D. 0 m .
VD 23. Cho ma trn:

1 3 4 2
2 5 1 4
3 8 5 6
A
1

( )
.
Tm ( ) r A .
VD 24. Tm ( ) r A . Bit:

2 1 1 3
0 1 0 0
0 1 2 0
0 1 1 4
A
1

( )
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Ch
Ta c th hon v ct ca ma trn ri a v bc thang.
VD 25. Gi tr ca tham s m ma trn

1 1 3
2 2 0
2 1 3
m
A m
m
1

( )
c ( ) 2 r A = l:
A.
2
1
m
m
;
B. 1 m = ;
C. 2 m = ;
D.
1
0
m
m
.
VD 26. Ty theo
gi tr m, tm
hng ca ma trn:
1 2 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
1 0 1 1
1 2 2 1 1
m
A
m
1

( )
Chng Chng 1. Ma 1. Ma tr tr n n nh nh th th c c Chng Chng 2. 2. H H phng phng tr tr nh nh tuy tuy n n t t nh nh
1. H phng trnh tng qut
2. H phng trnh thun nht
1. H PHNG TRNH TNG QUT

1.1. nh ngha
H gm n n
i
x ( 1, 2,..., ) i n = v m phng trnh:
11 1 12 2 1 1
21 1 22 2 2 2
1 1 2 2
...
...
( )
..........................................
...
n n
n n
m m mn n m
a x a x a x b
a x a x a x b
I
a x a x a x b
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

trong , h s , ( 1,..., ; 1,..., )
ij j
a b i n j m = = ,
c gi l h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut.
t:
( )
11 1
1
...
... ... ...
...
n
ij
m n
m mn
a a
A a
a a

= =

( )
,
( )
1
...
T
m
B b b = v
( )
1
...
T
n
X x x =
ln lt l ma trn h s, ma trn ct h s t do v
ma trn ct n.
B s
( )
1
...
T
n
= hoc
( )
1
; ...;
n
=
c gi l nghim ca ( ) I nu A B = .
Khi , h ( ) I tr thnh AX B = .
Chng Chng 2. 2. H H phng phng tr tr nh nh tuy tuy n n t t nh nh
VD 1. Cho h phng trnh:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
2 3
2 4 4
2 4 3
2 7 5.
x x x x
x x x
x x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

H phng trnh c vit li di dng ma trn:
1
2
3
4
1 1 2 4 4
2 1 4 0 3
0 2 7 0 5
x
x
x
x
1

1 1

=

( ) ( )

( )

v (1; 1; 1; 1) = l 1 nghim ca h.
1.2. nh l Crocneker Capelli
Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh AX B = . Gi ma trn
m rng l
( )
11 12 1 1
1 2
...
... ... ... ... ...
...
n
m m mn m
a a a b
A A B
a a a b
1

= =

( )
.
nh l
H AX B = c nghim khi v ch khi ( ) ( ). r A r A =
Trong trng hp h AX B = c nghim th:
Nu ( ) : r A n = kt lun h c nghim duy nht;
Nu ( ) : r A n < kt lun h c v s nghim
ph thuc vo n r tham s.
VD 3. iu kin ca tham s m h phng trnh:
2
8 7 1
3 2 4
5 1
5 2 2
mx z t m
x my z t m
mz t m
z mt m
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1+

c nghim duy nht l:
A. 0 m ; B. 1 m ; C. 1 m ; D. 5 m .
VD 2. Ty theo iu kin tham s m, hy bin lun s
nghim ca h phng trnh:
2
3 0
(1 ) 1.
x my z
m z m
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
1.3. Phng php gii h phng trnh tng qut
a) Phng php ma trn (tham kho)
Cho h phng trnh tuyn tnh AX B = , vi A l
ma trn vung cp n kh nghch.
Ta c:
1
. AX B X A B
= =
VD 4. Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh sau bng
phng php ma trn:
2 1
3 3
2 1.
x y z
y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

Gii.
1
2 1 1 1 1 2
1
0 1 3 3 2 3
2
2 1 1 1 0 1
A A
1 1

= =

( ) ( )
.
H phng trnh
1
X A B
=
1 1 2 1 3
1
3 2 3 3 6
2
1 0 1 1 1
x x
y y
z z
1 1 1 1 1

= =

( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
.
Vy h cho c nghim
3,
6,
1.
x
y
z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

Cho h AX B = , vi A l ma trn vung cp n.
Bc 1. Tnh cc nh thc:

11 1 1
1
... ...
det ... ... ... ... ...
... ...
j n
n nj nn
a a a
A
a a a
= = ,

1 1
1
1 1
... ...
... ... ... ... , 1,
..
...
. ...
n
n
j
n nn
a a
j
b a
b
n
a
= =
(thay ct th j trong bi ct t do).
b) Phng php nh thc (h Cramer)
Bc 2. Kt lun:
Nu 0 th h c nghim duy nht:
, 1, .
j
j
x j n
= =

Nu 0 = th cha c kt lun. Khi , ta gii tm
tham s v thay vo h gii trc tip.
Khi 1 m = th h
( 7) 12 6
10 ( 19) 10 2
12 24 ( 13) 0
m x y z m
x m y z m
x y m z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

c
1 2 3
0 = = = = nhng h v nghim.
Ch
Gii. Ta c:

2 1 1
0 1 3 4
2 1 1
= = ,
1
1 1
1 3
1
3
1
12
1 1
= =
,
VD 5. Gii h phng trnh sau bng nh thc:
2 1
3 3
2 1.
x y z
y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

VD 6. H phng trnh
( 1) 2
( 1) 0
m x y m
x m y
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+

c nghim khi v ch khi:
A. 2 m = ; B. 2 0 m m ;
C. 0 m ; D. 2 m .
Vy
1 2 3
3, 6, 1. x y z

= = = = = =

2
1
3
2 1
0 3 24
2 1 1
= = ,
3
1
3
2 1
0 1 4
2 1 1
= = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
c) Phng php ma trn bc thang
(phng php Gauss)
Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh AX B = .
Bc 1. a ma trn m rng
( )
A B v dng bc
thang bi PBSC trn dng.
Bc 2. Gii ngc t dng cui cng ln trn.
Ch . Trong qu trnh thc hin bc 1, nu:
c 2 dng t l th xa i 1 dng;
c dng no bng 0 th xa dng ;
c 1 dng dng
( )
0...0 , 0 b b th h v nghim.
VD 7. Gii h sau bng phng php Gauss:
2 1
3 3
2 1.
x y z
y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

Gii. Ta c:
( )
2 1 1 1
0 1 3 3
2 1 1 1
A B
1

( )
3 3 1
2 1 1 1
0 1 3 3 .
0 0 2 2
d d d
1

( )
H
2 1 3
3 3 6
2 2 1
x y z x
y z y
z z
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1 + +
.
VD 8. Gii h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
1 2 3
5 2 5 3 3
4 3 2 1
2 7 = 1.
x x x x
x x x x
x x x
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1+

x 4 5 1
2 7 11 2
3 11 6 1.
y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+
C.
15 79
4 21
x
y
z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

; D.
15 79
4 21
x
y
z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

.
VD 9. Tm nghim ca h

A. 15, 4, 0 x y z = = = ;
B. H c v s nghim;
A. 1 m = ;
B. 1 m = ;
C. 7 m = ;
D. 7 m = .
VD 10. Tm nghim ca h
3 2 3
2 2 7
x y z
x y z
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
.
A.
2
7 2
x
y
z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

; B.
2
3 2
x
y
z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

C. H c v s nghim; D. H v nghim.
VD 11. Gi tr ca tham s m h phng trnh

2 (7 ) 2
2 4 5 1
3 6 3
x y m z
x y z
x y mz
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

c v s nghim l:
Ch
Khi h phng trnh tuyn tnh c v s nghim, ta
gi nghim ph thuc tham s l nghim tng qut.
Nu cho cc tham s bi cc gi tr c th ta c
nghim ring hay cn gi l nghim c bn.
Mun tm iu kin tham s 2 h phng trnh c
nghim chung, ta ghp chng thnh 1 h ri tm iu
kin tham s h chung c nghim.
VD 12. Tm iu kin ca tham s m 2 h phng
trnh sau c nghim chung:
2 +1
+7 5 =
x y z t m
x y z t m
'
1 =
1
!
1
1
+
,
2 +5 2 +2 2 +1
3 +7 3 +3 1
x y z t m
x y z t
'
1 =
1
!
1 =
1
+
.
Chng Chng 2. 2. H H phng phng tr tr nh nh tuy tuy n n t t nh nh Chng Chng 2. 2. H H phng phng tr tr nh nh tuy tuy n n t t nh nh
2. H PHNG TRNH THUN NHT
2.1. nh ngha
H phng trnh tuyn tnh thun nht l trng hp
c bit ca h phng trnh tng qut, c dng:
11 1 12 2 1
21 1 22 2 2
1 1 2 2
... 0
... 0
( )
.........................................
... 0
n n
n n
m m mn n
a x a x a x
a x a x a x
II
a x a x a x
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.
H ( ) II tng ng vi
1
(0 )
ij m
AX
= .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Ch
Do ( ) ( ) r A r A = nn h thun nht lun c nghim.
Nghim (0; 0;; 0) c gi l nghim tm thng.
VD 1. Tm iu kin tham s m h phng trnh
tuyn tnh thun nht sau ch c nghim tm thng:
2
3 ( 5) 0
( 2) 0
4 ( 2) 0.
x m y m z
m y z
y m z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+

2.2. nh l 1
H ( ) II ch c nghim tm thng khi v ch khi:
det 0. A
2.3. nh l 2
Xt h phng trnh tuyn tnh tng qut AX B = (I)
v h phng trnh thun nht AX O = (II).
Khi :
Hiu 2 nghim bt k ca (I) l 1 nghim ca (II);
Tng 1 nghim bt k ca (I) v 1 nghim bt k ca
(II) l 1 nghim ca (I).

VD 2. Cho 2 h phng trnh tuyn tnh:
4 5 1
2 7 11 2
3 11 6 1
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+
(I) v
4 5 0
2 7 11 0
3 11 6 0
x y z
x y z
x y z
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+
(II).
Xt 2 nghim ca (I) v 1 nghim ca (II) ln lt l:
1
(15; 4; 0) = ,
2
( 64; 17; 1) =
v ( 158; 42; 2) = , ta c:

1 2
(79; 21; 1) = l 1 nghim ca (II);

1
( 143; 38; 2) = l 1 nghim ca (I).
Chng Chng 2. 2. H H phng phng tr tr nh nh tuy tuy n n t t nh nh Chng Chng 3. 3. Khng Khng gian gian vector vector
1. Khi nim khng gian vector
2. S c lp tuyn tnh v ph thuc tuyn tnh
3. C s, s chiu ca kgvt Ta ca vector
4. Khng gian sinh bi h vector
5. Khng gian Euclide
1. KHI NIM KHNG GIAN VECTOR

(Vector space)
1.1. nh ngha
Cho tp V khc rng, mi phn t thuc V c gi
l mt vector. Xt hai php ton sau:

( , ) ; ( , ) .
V V V V V
x y x y x x

Chng Chng 3. 3. Khng Khng gian gian vector vector
Ta ni V cng vi hai php ton trn l mt khng
gian vector (vit tt l kgvt) trn , hay khng
gian vector, nu tha 8 tnh cht sau:
1) ( ) ( ), , , x y z x y z x y z V = ;
2) : , V x x x x V = = ;
3) , ( ) : ( ) ( ) x V x V x x x x = = ;
4) , , x y y x x y V = ;
5) ( ) , , , x y x y x y V = ;
6) ( ) , , , x x x x V = ;
7) ( ) ( ), , , x x x V = ;
8) 1. , x x x V = .
Trong , V c gi l vector khng.
Tp nghim V ca h phng trnh tuyn tnh thun
nht l mt khng gian vector.
Tp
,
( )
m n
V M = vi hai php ton cng ma trn v
nhn v hng l mt khng gian vector.
Tp [ ]
n
P x cc a thc c bc n:
1 0
{ ( ) ... , , 0,..., }
n
n i
p x a x a x a a i n = =
vi php cng a thc v nhn s thc vi a thc l
mt khng gian vector.
VD 1.
Tp

1 2
( , ,..., ) , 1,
n
n i
x x x x i n = = cc b s
thc l mt khng gian vector.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
1.2. Khng gian vector con (Vectorial subspace)
nh ngha
Cho kgvt V , tp W V c gi l khng gian
vector con ca V nu W cng l mt kgvt.
nh l
Cho kgvt V , tp W V l kgvt con ca V nu:
, , x y W th ( ) x y W .
VD 2.
Tp { } W = l kgvt con ca mi kgvt V .
Tp

( , 0,..., 0) W = l kgvt con ca
n
.

2. S C LP TUYN TNH
PH THUC TUYN TNH
Tng
1 1 2 2
1
... ,
n
n n i i i
i
u u u u
=
=
,
c gi l mt t hp tuyn tnh ca n vector
i
u .
H gm n vector
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
u u u c gi l c lp
tuyn tnh (vit tt l ltt) nu:
1
n
i i
i
u
=
=
th 0, 1,...,
i
i n = = .
H
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
u u u khng l c lp tuyn tnh th
c gi l ph thuc tuyn tnh (vit tt l pttt).
2.1. nh ngha
Trong kgvt V , xt n vector
i
u ( 1,..., i n = ). Khi :
VD 1. Trong
2
, xt s ltt hay pttt ca h 2 vector:
1 2
{ (1; 1), (2; 3)} A u u = = = .
VD 2. Trong
3
, xt s ltt hay pttt ca h 3 vector:
1 2 3
{ ( 1; 3; 2), (2; 0; 1), (0; 6; 5)} B u u u = = = = .
VD 3. Trong
2,3
( ) M , xt s ltt hay pttt ca h:
1 2 0 2 3 0 0 1 0
, ,
3 0 1 4 0 1 2 0 1
A B C
' ' 1 1 1
1 1
1 1 1 1

= = =
! !

1 1

( ) ( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
.
VD 4. Trong [ ]
n
P x , xt s ltt hay pttt ca h:
2 1
1 2 3 1
{ 1, , ,..., , }
n n
n n
u u x u x u x u x
= = = = = .
2.2. nh l
H gm n vector l pttt khi v ch khi tn ti mt
vector l t hp tuyn tnh ca 1 n vector cn li.
H qu
H c vector khng th ph thuc tuyn tnh.
Nu c mt b phn ca h pttt th h pttt.
VD 5. H
2 2 3 4
1 2 3 4
{ , 3 , ( 1) , } v x v x v x v x = = = =
l pttt v b phn
2 2
1 2
{ , 3 } v x v x = = pttt.
Ngha l:
1 1 1 1 1 1
... ... .
j j j j j n n
u u u u u

=
2.3. H vector trong
n

Xt m vector
1 2
( , ,..., )
i i i in
u a a a = , 1, i m = trong
n
.
Ma trn
( )
ij
m n
A a
= c gi l ma trn dng ca h
m vector
1 2
{ , ,..., }
m
u u u .
nh l
Trong
n
, cho h gm m vector
1 2
{ , ,..., }
m
u u u c
ma trn dng l A. Khi :
H c lp tuyn tnh khi v ch khi ( ) r A m = .
H ph thuc tuyn tnh khi v ch khi ( ) r A m < .
VD 6. H
1 2
{ (1; 1; 2), (4; 2; 3)} u u = =
c ma trn dng l
1 1 2
.
4 2 3
A
1

=

( )
H qu
Trong
n
, h c nhiu hn n vector th pttt.
Trong
n
, h n vector ltt det 0 A .
VD 7. Xt s ltt hay pttt ca cc h vector:
a)
1
{( 1; 2; 0), (2; 1; 1)} B = ;
b)
2
{( 1; 2; 0), (1; 5; 3), (2; 3; 3)} B = .
VD 8. Trong
3
, tm iu kin m h sau l pttt:
{( ; 1; 1), (1 4 ; 3; 2)} m m m .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 10. Trong
4
, cho 4 vector:
1 2
(1; 1; 0; 1), ( ; ; 1; 2) u u m m = = ,
3 4
(0; 2; 0; ), (2; 2; ; 4) u m u m = = .
iu kin m
1
u l t hp tuyn tnh ca
2 3 4
, , u u u ?
VD 9. Trong
3
, tm iu kin m h sau l ltt:
{( ; 1; 1), (1; ; 1), (1; 1; )} m m m .

3.1. C s ca khng gian vector
nh ngha
Trong kgvt V, h n vector
1 2
{ , , , }
n
F u u u = c
gi l mt c s (basic) ca V nu h F l ltt v mi
vector ca V u c biu din tuyn tnh qua F .
VD 1. Trong
2
, xt h
1 2
{ =(1; 1), =(0; 1)} F u u = .
Ta c: h F l c lp tuyn tnh.
Mt khc, xt vector ty
2
( ; ) x a b = ta c:
1 2
( ) x au a b u = .
Vy h F l 1 c s ca
2
.
3. C S, S CHIU CA KGVT
TA CA VECTOR
VD 2. Trong
3
, xt h 2 vector:
1 2
{ (1; 0; 0), (0; 1; 0)} B u u = = = .
Ta c:
1 2
(1; 1; 1), , u u .
Vy h B khng phi l c s ca
3
.
VD 3.
Trong
n
, h n vector:
1 2
{ ( ; ;...; ), 1, 2,..., }
i i i in
E e a a a i n = = =
trong : 1
ij
a = nu i j = , 0
ij
a = nu i j
c gi l c s chnh tc.
Khng gian vector
4
[ ] P x c 1 c s l:
2 3 4
{1; 1; ( 1) ; ( 1) ; ( 1) } x x x x .
Ch
Mt khng gian vector c th c nhiu c s v s
vector (hu hn) trong cc c s l khng i.
3.2. S chiu ca khng gian vector
nh ngha
S vector c trong 1 c s bt k ca khng gian
vector V c gi l s chiu (dimension) ca V .
K hiu l: dimV.
VD 4. Ta c: dim
n
n = ,
4
dim [ ] 5 P x = .
Ch
Trong
n
, mi h gm n vector ltt u l c s.
S chiu ca kgvt c th v hn. Trong chng trnh,
ta ch xt nhng kgvt hu hn chiu.
3.3. Ta ca vector
a) nh ngha
Trong kgvt V , cho c s
1 2
{ , , , }
n
F u u u = .
Vector x V ty c biu din tuyn tnh mt cch
duy nht qua c s F l
1
,
n
i i i
i
x u
=
=
.
Ta ni x c ta i vi c s F l
1 2
( ; ; ; )
n
.
K hiu l:
1
2
1 2
[ ] ( ... )
T
F n
n
x

= =

( )
.
VD 5. Trong
2
, cho (3; 5) x = v 1 c s:
1 2
{ (2; 1), (1; 1)} B u u = = = . Tm [ ]
B
x ?
Quy c
Ta vit ta ca vector x i vi c s chnh tc E
trong
n
l [ ] x hoc vit di dng
1
( ;...; )
n
x = .
VD 6. Trong
4
[ ] P x , cho vector
4 3
( ) p x x x = v mt
c s:

2
1 2 3
3 4
4 5
1; 1; ( 1) ;
( 1) ; ( 1) .
A u u x u x
u x u x
= = = =
= =

Hy tm [ ( )]
A
p x ?
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 7. Trong
2
, cho 2 c s:
1 1 2
{ (1; 0), (0; 1)} B u u = = = ,

2 1 2
{ (2; 1), (1; 1)} B v v = = = .
Cho bit
2
[ ]
B
x l (1; 2). Hy tm
1
[ ]
B
x ?
b) Ta ca vector trong cc c s khc nhau
Ma trn chuyn c s
Trong kgvt V , cho 2 c s:
1 2
{ }, { }, 1, 2,...,
i i
B u B v i n = = = .
Ma trn
( )
1 1 1
1 2
[ ] [ ] ... [ ]
B B n B
v v v c gi l ma trn
chuyn c s t
1
B sang
2
B . K hiu l:
1 2
B B
P
.
c bit. Trong
n
, ta c:
( )
1
1 2
[ ] [ ]...[ ]
E B n
P u u u
=
(ma trn ct ca cc vector trong
1
B ).
Cng thc i ta
1 1 2 2
[ ] .[ ] .
B B B B
x P x
=

VD 8. Trong
3
, cho hai c s
1
B v
2
B .
Cho bit
2 1
1 1 2
0 1 3
0 0 2
B B
P

( )
v
1
1
2
3
B
v
1

l
=

l
l

( )
.
Tm ta ca vector v trong c s
2
B ?
VD 9. Tm ma trn chuyn c s
1 2
B B
P
trong VD 7.
nh l
Trong kgvt V , cho 3 c s
1
B ,
2
B v
3
B . Khi :

i i
B B n
P I
= ( 1, 2, 3 i = );

1 3 1 2 2 3
.
B B B B B B
P P P

= ;

( )
1 2 2 1
1
B B B B
P P

= .

H qu. Trong
n
, ta c:
( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
1
.
B B B E E B E B E B
P P P P P

= =

VD 10. Da vo h qu, gii li VD 7.
4. KHNG GIAN SINH BI H VECTOR
4.1. nh ngha
Trong kgvt V cho h gm m vector
1
{ , , }
m
S u u = .
Tp hp tt c cc t hp tuyn tnh ca S c gi
l khng gian con sinh bi S .
K hiu l: S < hoc spanS .
4.2. H vector trong
n

Trong kgvt
n
, xt h
1
{ , , }
m
S u u = ta c:
1
,
m
n
i i i
i
S x x u
=
' '
1 1
1 1
< = =
! !
1 1
1 1 + +
.
Gi A l ma trn dng m vector ca S . Khi :
dim ( ) S r A < = v dim . S n <
Nu dim S k < = th mi h con gm k vector

ltt ca S u l c s ca S < .
VD 1. Trong
3
, cho h vector:
1 2
{ (1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 1)} S u u = = = .
Hy tm dng ta ca vector v S < ?
VD 2. Trong
4
, cho h vector:
{(1; 2; 3; 4), (2; 4; 9; 6), (1; 2; 5; 3), (1; 2; 6; 3)} S = .
Tm s chiu ca khng gian sinh S < ?
VD 3. Trong
4
, cho h vector S :
1 2 3
{ =( 2; 4; 2; 4), =(2; 5; 3;1), =( 1; 3; 4;1)} u u u .
Hy tm dim S < v 1 c s ca S < ?
5. KHNG GIAN EUCLIDE
5.1. nh ngha
Cho khng gian vector V trn . Mt quy lut cho
tng ng cp vector , x y bt k thuc V vi s
1) 0 x x v 0 x x x = = ;
2) x y y x = ;
3) ( ) , x y z x z y z z V = ;
4) , x y x y =
c gi l tch v hng ca x v y .
thc duy nht, k hiu x y (hay ( , ) x y ), tha mn:
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Khng gian vector V hu hn chiu trn c tch
v hng nh trn c gi l khng gian Euclide.
VD 1. Kgvt
n
c tch v hng thng thng:
1 1 1 1
( ,..., ) ( ,..., ) ...
n n n n
x y x x y y x y x y = =
l mt khng gian Euclide.
VD 2. Trong [ ; ] C a b khng gian cc hm s thc
lin tc trn [ ; ] a b , ta xc nh c tch v hng:
( ) ( )
b
a
f g f x g x dx =
.
Vy [ ; ] C a b c tch v hng nh trn l kg Euclide.
5.2. Chun ca vector
a) nh ngha
Trong khng gian Euclide V , s thc u u
c gi l chun (hay di) ca vector u.
K hiu l u . Vy, u u u = .
Vector u c gi l vector n v nu 1 u = .
( , ) d u v u v = c gi l khong cch gia u, v.
VD 3. Trong
n
cho vector
1 2
( , ,..., )
n
u u u u = , ta c:
2 2 2 2
1 2
1
...
n
n i
i
u u u u u u u
=
= = =

.
VD 4. Trong khng gian Euclide [ ; ] C a b , ta c:
2
( )
b
a
f f f f x dx = =
.
b) nh l
Trong kg Euclide V cho 2 vector , u v bt k. Ta c:
Bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz
. u v u v ;
Bt ng thc tam gic
u v u v u v .
VD 5. Trong
n
, bt ng thc Cauchy Schwarz l:
2 2
1 1 1
.
n n n
i i i i
i i i
x y x y
= = =

.
VD 6. Trong [ ; ] C a b , bt ng thc CauchySchwarz:
2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) . ( )
b b b
a a a
f x g x dx f x dx g x dx

.
5.3. C s trc chun
a) nh ngha
Trong khng gian Euclide n chiu V , ta nh ngha:
Hai vector , u v c gi l trc giao nu 0 u v = ;
C s
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
u u u c gi l c s trc giao nu
cc vector ca c s l trc giao tng i mt;
C s
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
u u u c gi l c s trc chun
nu c s l trc giao v 1, ( 1,..., )
i
u i n = = .
VD 7. Trong
2
, ta c:
H {(2; 1), ( 3; 6)} l c s trc giao;
H
2 2 2 2
; , ;
2 2 2 2
' ' 1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1

! !

1 1
( ) ( ) 1 1
1 1 + +
l c s trc chun.
b) nh l
Mi kg Euclide n chiu u tn ti c s trc chun.
Thut ton trc chun ha Gram Schmidt
Bc 1. Trong khng gian Euclide n chiu V , chn
c s
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
u u u bt k.
Bc 2. Xy dng c s trc giao
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
v v v :
t
1 1
v u = ;

2 1
2 2 1 2
1
u v
v u v
v
= ;
3 1 3 2
3 3 1 2 2 2
1 2
u v u v
v u v v
v v
= ;
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Bc 3. Xy dng c s trc chun
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
w w w
bng vic chun ha cc vector bc 2:
1 2 3
1 2 3
1 2 3
; ; ;...;
n
n
n
v v v v
w w w w
v v v v
= = = = .
1
2
1
n
n i
n n i
i
i
u v
v u v
v
=
=
.
VD 8. Trong
3
, hy trc chun ha c s:
1 2 3
{ (1; 0; 0), (0; 1; 1), (0; 1; 1)} F u u u = = = = .
VD 9. Trong
3
, hy trc chun ha c s:
1 2 3
{ (1; 1; 0), (0; 1; 1), (1; 1; 1)} u u u = = = .
Tm ta ca (1; 2; 3) u = trong c s trc chun .
nh l
Nu
1
{ ,..., }
n
u u l mt c s trc chun ca kg Euclide
n chiu V v u V th:
1
.
n
i i
i
u u u u
=
=

VD 10. Trong
4
, cho h S gm 3 vector:
1 2 3
{ =(1; 1; 0; 0), =(1; 0; 1; 0), =( 1; 0; 0; 1)} u u u .
Hy tm mt c s trc chun ca khng gian S < .
.
Chng Chng 4. 4. nh nh x x tuy tuy n n t t nh nh
1. NH X TUYN TNH
1.1. Khi nim nh x tuyn tnh tng qut
a) nh ngha
Cho X, Y l 2 kgvt trn . nh x : T X Y c
gi l nh x tuyn tnh (hay ton t tuyn tnh) nu
tha mn 2 iu kin sau:
1) ( ) ( ), , T x T x x X = ;
2) ( ) ( ) ( ), , T x y T x T y x y X = .
1. nh x tuyn tnh
2. Tr ring Vector ring
3. Cho ha ma trn vung
Ch
i vi nh x tuyn tnh (vit tt l AXTT),
k hiu ( ) T x cn c vit l Tx .
Hai iu kin ca nh ngha tng ng vi:
( ) , , , T x y Tx Ty x y X = .
( )
X Y
T = . Trong ,
X Y
ln lt l vector khng
ca X v Y .
VD 1. Cho nh x
3 2
: T c nh ngha:
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2
( ; ; ) ( ; 2 3 ) T x x x x x x x x = .
Trong
3
, xt
1 2 3 1 2 3
( ; ; ), ( ; ; ) x x x x y y y y = = .

1 1 2 2 3 3
1 1 2 2
( ;
2 2 3 3 )
x y x y x y
x y x y

=

Vi ty , ta c:

1 1 2 2 3 3
( ) ( ; ; ) T x y T x y x y x y =

1 2 3 1 2
1 2 3 1 2
( ; 2 3 )
( ; 2 3 ) .
x x x x x
y y y y y Tx Ty
=
=

Vy nh x T l nh x tuyn tnh t
3
vo
2
.
VD 2. Cho nh x
2 2
: f xc nh nh sau:
( ; ) ( ; 2 3 ) f x y x y y = .
Xt (1; 2), (0; 1) u v = = ta c:

( ) (1; 1) (1 1; 2 3.1) (0; 5)
( ) ( ) ( 1; 8) (1; 1) (0; 7)
f u v f
f u f v
'
1 = = =
1
!
1 = =
1
+

( ) ( ) ( ) f u v f u f v .
Vy nh x f khng phi l AXTT t
2
vo
2
.
VD 3. Cc AXTT thng gp trong mt phng:
Php chiu vung gc xung trc Ox , Oy:
( ; ) ( ; 0) T x y x = , ( ; ) (0; ) T x y y = .
Php i xng qua trc Ox , Oy:
( ; ) ( ; ) T x y x y = , ( ; ) ( ; ) T x y x y = .
Php quay 1 gc quanh gc ta O:
( ; ) ( cos sin ; sin cos ) T x y x y x y = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
O
x
y
M
a
b
M
cos sin a b
sin cos a b
VD 4. Gi [ ; ] C a b l tp hp cc hm mt bin s lin
tc trn [ ; ] a b . Trn [ ; ] C a b , xc nh php ton cng
hai hm s v nhn v hng th [ ; ] C a b l 1 kgvt.
Cc php ly tch phn sau l nh x tuyn tnh:
: [ ; ] [ ; ], ( )
a
a
T C a b C a b Tf f x dx =
;
: [ ; ] [ ; ], ( ) , [ ; ]
x
a
S C a b C a b Sf f t dt x a b =
.
VD 5. Cho
,
( )
m n
A M , ta c:
: ,
n m
A A
T T x Ax = l nh x tuyn tnh.
b) Nhn v nh ca nh x tuyn tnh
nh ngha
Cho nh x tuyn tnh : T X Y .
Tp { : }
Y
x X Tx = c gi l nhn ca T .
K hiu l KerT. Vy { : }.
Y
KerT x X Tx = =
Tp ( ) { : } T X Tx x X = c gi l nh ca T .
K hiu l RangeT hoc ImT .
Tnh cht
Cho nh x tuyn tnh : T X Y , khi :
KerT l khng gian con ca X;
ImT l khng gian con ca Y ;
Nu S l tp sinh ca X th ( ) T S l tp sinh ca ImT ;
T l n nh khi v ch khi { }
X
KerT = .
nh l
Cho nh x tuyn tnh : T X Y , khi :
dim( ) dim(Im ) dim . KerT T X =
Ch
T y v sau, ta ch xt loi AXTT :
n m
f .
Khi n m = , ta gi :
n n
f l php bin i
tuyn tnh (vit tt l PBTT).
1 1 2
{ , , , }
n
B u u u = v
2 1 2
{ , , , }
m
B v v v = .
Ma trn
,
( )
m n
A M :
( )
2 2 2
1 2
( ) ( ) ... ( )
n
B B B
f u f u f u
l l l
l l l
l l l

c gi l ma trn ca AXTT f trong cp c s
1 2
, B B .
K hiu l:
2
1
[ ]
B
B
f hoc vit n gin l A.
1.2. Ma trn ca nh x tuyn tnh
a) nh ngha
Cho nh x tuyn tnh :
n m
f v hai c s ca
,
n m
ln lt l:
C th l, nu:
1 11 1 21 2 31 3 1
2 12 1 22 2 32 3 2
1 1 2 2 3 3
( ) ...
( ) ...
...........................................................
( ) ...
m m
m m
n n n n mn m
f u a v a v a v a v
f u a v a v a v a v
f u a v a v a v a v
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

th
2
1
11 12 1
21 22 2
31 32 3
1 2
...
...
... [ ]
...
n
n
B
n B
m m mn
a a a
a a a
a a a f
a a a
1

( )

.
Trng hp c bit
Cho PBTT :
n n
f v c s
1
{ , , }
n
B u u = .
Ma trn vung A cp n:
( )
1 2
( ) ( ) ... ( )
n
B B B
f u f u f u
l l l
l l l
l l l

c gi l ma trn ca PBTT f trong c s B.
K hiu l: [ ]
B
f hoc [ ] f hoc vit n gin l A.
Ch
Nu A l ma trn ca AXTT :
n m
f trong cp
c s chnh tc ,
n m
E E th ( ) ,
n
f x Ax x = .
VD 6. Cho AXTT
4 3
: f xc nh nh sau:
( ; ; ; ) (3 ; 2 ; 3 2 ) f x y z t x y z x y t y z t = .
Tm ma trn
3
4
[ ]
E
E
A f = ? Kim tra
4
( ) , f v Av v = ?
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 7. Cho AXTT
2 3
: f xc nh nh sau:
( ; ) (3 ; 2 ; 5 ) f x y x x y y = .
Tm ma trn
3
2
[ ]
E
E
f ?
A.
3 0
1 2
0 5
1

( )
; B.
3 0
1 2
1 5
1

( )
;

C.
3 1 0
0 2 5
1

( )
; D.
3 1 1
0 2 5
1

( )
.
VD 8. Cho PBTT
3 3
: f xc nh nh sau:
( ; ; ) (3 ; 2 ; 3 ) f x y z x y z x y y z = .
Tm ma trn
3
[ ]
E
f ?
A.
3 1 1
1 2 0
1 1 3
1

( )
; B.
3 1 1
1 2 1
1 0 3
1

( )
;

C.
3 1 1
1 2 0
0 1 3
1

( )
; D.
3 1 0
1 2 1
1 0 3
1

( )
.
VD 9. Cho PBTT
2 2
: f c biu thc:
( ; ) (2 ; 3 ) f x y x y y = .
Hy tm ma trn ca f trong cp c s chnh tc E v
c s
1 2
{ (1; 2), ( 1; 3)} B u u = = = ?
VD 10. Cho PBTT
2 2
: f c ma trn ca f
i vi c s
1 2
{ (1; 0), (1; 1)} F u u = = = l

1 2
3 4
A
1

=

( )
. Hy tm biu thc ca f ?
VD 11. Cho PBTT
2 2
: f . Bit rng:
(1; 2) ( 4; 3) f = v (3; 4) ( 6; 7) f = . Hy tm [ ]
E
f ?
VD 12. Cho AXTT
2 3
: f c
3
2
1 3
0 2
4 3
E
E
f
1
l
=

l
l

( )
.
Tm ma trn
2
1
B
B
f
l
l
l
, bit hai c s:

1 1 2
{ (1; 1), (1; 2)} B u u = = = v
2 1 2 3
{ (1; 0; 1), (1; 1; 1), (1; 0; 0)} B v v v = = = = .
b) nh l
Nu AXTT :
n m
f c
1
1
1
B
B
f A
l
=
l
l
,
2
2
2
B
B
f A
l
=
l
l
v
1 2
B B
P P
= ,
1 2
B B
P P

= th:
1
2 1
( ) . . . A P A P
=
c bit
Nu PBTT :
n n
f c
1
[ ]
B
f A = ,
2
[ ]
B
f B =
v
1 2
B B
P P
= th:
1
. . B P AP = .
1
1
1
B
B
f A
l
=
l
l
2
2
2
B
B
A f

l
=
l
l
P
P
1
2 1
( ) P A AP
=
VD 15. Cho AXTT
3 2
: f c biu thc:
( ; ; ) ( ; ) f x y z x y z x y z = .
Tm ma trn ca f trong cp c s:
{(1; 1; 0), (0; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1)} B =
v {(2; 1), (1; 1)} B = ?
VD 14. Cho PBTT
3 3
: f c biu thc:
( ; ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y z x y z x y z x y z = .
Tm [ ]
F
f , vi {(2; 1; 0), (1; 0; 1), ( 1; 0; 1)} F = ?
VD 13. Cho PBTT ( ; ) ( ; 2 ) f x y x y x y = .
Tm [ ]
B
f , vi c s {(2; 1), (1; 1)} B = ?
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
c) Thut ton tm ma trn ca AXTT
Cho AXTT :
n m
f v hai c s ln lt l:
1 1 2
{ , , , }
n
B u u u = v
2 1 2
{ , , , }
m
B v v v = .
Bc 1. Tm cc ma trn:
( )
1 2
[ ] [ ] ...[ ]
m m m
E E m E
S v v v =
(ma trn ct cc vector ca
2
B ),
( )
1 2
[ ( )] [ ( )] ...[ ( )]
n n n
E E n E
Q f u f u f u = .
Bc 2. Dng PBSC dng a ma trn
( )
S Q
v dng
( )
2
1
[ ]
B
B
I f .
VD 16. Cho PBTT ( ; ) ( ; 2 ) f x y x y x y = .
Dng thut ton tm [ ]
B
f , vi {(2; 1), (1; 1)} B = ?
VD 17. Cho AXTT
3 2
: f c biu thc:
( ; ; ) ( ; ) f x y z x y z x y z = .
Dng thut ton tm ma trn ca f trong cp c s:
{(1; 1; 0), (0; 1; 1), (1; 0; 1)} B =
v {(2; 1), (1; 1)} B = ?
VD 18. Cho AXTT ( ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y x y y x x = v
cp c s: {(1; 0; 0), (1; 1; 0), (1; 1; 1)} A = ,
{(1; 2), (3; 4)} B = . Dng thut ton, tm [ ]
A
B
f ?
.
d) Hng ca nh x tuyn tnh
nh ngha
Hng ca AXTT :
n m
f l s chiu ca khng
gian nh ca n. Ngha l: ( ) dim(Im ) r f f = .
nh l. Hng ca AXTT bng hng ma trn ca n.
VD 19. Cho PBTT
2 2
: f c ma trn trong
c s F l
1 2
2 4
A
1

( )
. Vy ( ) ( ) 1 r f r A = = .
VD 20. Cho AXTT
3 2
: f c ma trn trong cp
c s , B B l
1 1 0
[ ]
2 0 1
B
B
f

1

( )
. Vy ( ) 2 r f = .
2. TR RING VECTOR RING
2.1. Ma trn ng dng
nh ngha
VD 1.
1 0
6 1
A
1

=

( )
v
1 0
0 1
B
1

( )
l ng dng vi
nhau v c
0 1
1 3
P
1

=

( )
kh nghch tha
1
B P AP
= .
Hai ma trn vung , A B cp n c gi l ng dng
vi nhau nu tn ti ma trn kh nghch P tha:
1
. B P AP =
nh l
Hai ma trn vung cng biu din mt PBTT (trong
hai c s tng ng) th ng dng vi nhau.
2.2. a thc c trng
nh ngha
Cho ( )
n
A M . a thc bc n ca :
( ) det( )
A n
P A I =
c gi l a thc c trng (characteristic
polynomial) ca A v phng trnh ( ) 0
A
P = c
gi l phng trnh c trng ca A.
Cho PBTT :
n n
f . a thc bc n ca :
( ) det( )
f n
P A I =
c gi l a thc c trng ca f (A l ma trn
biu din f trong mt c s no ) v ( ) 0
f
P =
c gi l phng trnh c trng ca f .
VD 2. Cho ma trn
1 2
3 4
A
1

( )
, ta c:

2
1 2
( ) 5 2
3 4
A
P

= =
.
nh l
Hai ma trn ng dng th c cng a thc c trng.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 3. Cho PBTT ( ; ; ) ( ; ; ) f x y z x y y z z x = .
Hy tm phng trnh c trng ca f ?
Ch
T y v sau, ta gi a thc (phng trnh) c
trng chung cho PBTTf v ma trn A biu din f .
2.3. Tr ring, vector ring
a) Tr ring, vector ring ca PBTT
nh ngha
Cho PBTT :
n n
f .
S c gi l tr ring (eigenvalue) ca f
nu tn ti vector , : ( )
n
x x f x x = (1).
Vector x tha (1) c gi l vector ring
(eigenvector) ca f ng vi tr ring .
VD 4. Cho PBTT
1 2 1 2 1 2
( ; ) (4 2 ; ) f x x x x x x = .
Xt s 3 = v vector (2; 1) x = , ta c:
( ) (2; 1) (6; 3) 3(2; 1) f x f x = = = = .
Vy (2; 1) x = l vector ring ng vi tr ring 3 = .
b) Tr ring, vector ring ca ma trn
nh ngha
Cho ma trn vung ( )
n
A M .
S c gi l tr ring ca A nu tn ti
vector , : [ ] [ ]
n
x x Ax x = (2).
nh l
S thc l tr ring ca PBTT f khi v ch khi
l tr ring ca ma trn A biu din f trong mt c
s B no .
Vector \ { }
n
x l vector ring ca f ng vi
khi v ch khi [ ]
B
x l vector ring ca A ng vi .
Cc vector ring ca f (hay A) ng vi tr ring khc
nhau th c lp tuyn tnh.
Vector x tha (2) c gi l vector ring ca A
ng vi tr ring .
Nhn xt
[ ] [ ] ( )[ ] [ ]
n
Ax x A I x = = (3).
Phng php tm tr ring v vector ring
Bc 1. Gii phng trnh c trng 0 A I =
tm gi tr ring .
Bc 2. Gii h phng trnh ( )[ ] [ ] A I x = ,
nghim khng tm thng l vector ring.
x l vector ring ca A th (3) phi c
nghim khng tm thng. Suy ra det( ) 0
n
A I = .
Vy l nghim ca phng trnh c trng.
VD 5. Cho PBTT
2 2
: f c ma trn biu din
l
4 2
1 1
A
1

( )
. Tm tr ring v vector ring ca f ?
VD 6. Cho ma trn
0 0 1
0 1 0
1 0 0
A
1

( )
.
Tm tr ring v vector ring ca A ?
2.4. Khng gian con ring
nh l
nh ngha
Cho PBTT :
n n
f . Tp hp tt c cc vector
n
x tha ( ) , f x x = (k c vector khng)
l mt khng gian con ca
n
. K hiu l ( ) E .
Khng gian con

( ) ( )
n
E x f x x = = c
gi l khng gian con ring (eigenvector space) ca
n
ng vi tr ring .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Ch
VD 7. Xt tip VD 6, ta c:
Nghim c bn ca
1
( )[ ] [ ] A I x = l (1; 0; 1)
nn ( 1) (1; 0; 1) E = v dim ( 1) 1 E = .
S chiu ca khng gian con ring l:
dim ( ) ( ). E n r A I =
Nu l nghim bi k ca phng trnh c trng
th: dim ( ) . E k
Cc nghim c bn ltt ca h phng trnh thun
nht ( )[ ] [ ] A I x = to thnh 1 c s ca ( ) E .
VD 8. Cho ma trn
2 4 3
4 6 3
3 3 1
B
1

( )
.
Tm s chiu ca cc khng gian con ring ng vi
cc gi tr ring ca B ?
VD 9. Cho ma trn
3 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 0
C
1

( )
.
Tm mt c s ca cc khng gian con ring ng vi
cc gi tr ring ca C ?
(1) (1; 0; 1), (0; 1; 0) E = v dim (1) 2 E = .
VD 10. Cho ma trn
1 3 3
3 5 3
3 3 1
D
1

( )
.
Tm tr ring, dng vector ring tng ng v c s
ca cc khng gian con ring ca D ?
2.5. nh l Cayley Hamilton
Nu PBTT :
n n
f c ma trn biu din l A
v a thc c trng l ( )
f
P th:
( ) (0 ) .
f ij n
P A =
VD 11. Cho PBTT
2 2
: f c ma trn biu
din l
4 2
1 1
A
1

( )
v
2
( ) 5 6
f
P = .
Ta c:
2
2
4 2 4 2 0 0
( ) 5 6
1 1 1 1 0 0
f
P A I
1 1 1

= =

( ) ( ) ( )
.
VD 12. Cho ma trn
7 0 3
0 2 0
3 0 1
A
1

( )
. Tnh detB ?
Trong ,
7 6 5 4
3
10 14 4 8 B A A A A I = .

3. CHO HA MA TRN VUNG
Trong bi ny, ta xt ( )
n
A M l ma trn biu din
PBTT :
n n
f trong c s B no ca
n
.
3.1. Ma trn cho ha c
nh ngha
Ma trn ( )
n
A M c gi l cho ha c nu
A ng dng vi ma trn ng cho D.
Ngha l tn ti P kh nghch, tha:
1
. P AP D
=
VD 1. Ma trn
0 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
A
1

( )
l cho ha c, v:
3.2. iu kin ma trn cho ha c
nh l 1
Ma trn ( )
n
A M l cho ha c khi v ch khi
n
c mt c s gm n vector ring ca A.
H qu
Nu ma trn ( )
n
A M c n tr ring phn bit th
cho ha c.
c
1 0 0
0 1 0
1 0 1
P
1

( )
tha:
1
0 0 0
0 1 0
0 0 1
P AP

( )
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
nh l 2
Cho ma trn ( )
n
A M c k tr ring
( )
1,
i
i k =
phn bit v dim ( )
i i
n E = .
Khi , ba iu sau y l tng ng:
1) Ma trn A cho ha c;
2) a thc c trng ca A c dng:

1 2
1 2
( ) ( ) ( ) ... ( )
k
n n n
A k
P = ;
3)
1 2
...
k
n n n n = .
3.3. Ma trn lm cho ha
Cho ma trn ( )
n
A M cho ha c. Khi , tn
ti ma trn P kh nghch tha
1
P AP D
= .
Trong ,
1
2
1 2
0 ... 0
0 ... 0
( , ,..., )
0 0 ...
n
n
D diag

= =

( )

.
Xt ma trn
1 2
([ ] [ ]...[ ])
n
P u u u = , ta c:

1
P AP D AP PD
= =
[ ] [ ] [ ] [ ] ( 1, 2,..., )
i i i i i
Au P u Au u i n = = = .
Suy ra
i
l tr ring v
i
u l vector ring ca A.
Vy P l ma trn c cc ct l cc vector ring ltt
ca A. Ma trn cho D gm cc tr ring tng ng
vi cc vector ring trong ma trn P.
VD 2. Ma trn
1 3 3
3 5 3
3 3 1
A
1

( )
c 2 tr ring l:

1
2 = ,
2
1 = .
ng vi
1
2 = c 2 vector ring ltt l:
1
(1; 0; 1) u = ,
2
(0; 1; 1) u = .
ng vi
2
1 = c 1 vector ring l
3
(1; 1; 1) u = .
Vy
1 0 1
0 1 1
1 1 1
P
1

( )
v
2 0 0
0 2 0
0 0 1
D
1

( )
.
Nhn xt

1 1
P AP D A PDP

= =

2 1 1 2 1
( )( ) A PDP PDP PD P

= =

1 1
1
.[ ( ,..., )] .
k k k
n
A PD P P diag P

= = .
Vy
1
1
. ( ,..., ). .
k k k
n
A P diag P

=
VD 3. Tip VD 2, ta c:
10
10 10
2 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 1
1 2 1 0 2 0 0 1 1
1 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1
A
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )

1 1023 1023
1023 2047 1023
1023 1023 1
1

( )
.
3.4. Thut ton cho ha ma trn vung A cp n
Bc 1. Gii 0 A I = tm tr ring thc ca A.
Trng hp A khng c tr ring thc no th ta kt
lun A khng cho ha c.
Trng hp A c n tr ring phn bit th A cho
ha c. Ta lm tip bc 3 (b qua bc 2).
Trng hp A c k tr ring phn bit
i
( 1,..., i k = )
vi s bi tng ng
i
n th nu:

1 2
...
k
n n n n < A khng cho ha c.

1 2
...
k
n n n n = , ta lm tip bc 2.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Bc 2. Vi mi
i
ta tm ( )
i i
r A I r = .
Suy ra dim ( )
i i
E n r = .
Nu c mt
i
m dim ( )
i i
E n < th ta kt lun A
khng cho ha c.
Nu dim ( )
i i
E n = vi mi
i
th A cho ha c.
Ta lm tip bc 3.
Bc 3. Lp ma trn P c cc ct l cc vector c s
ca ( )
i
E . Khi ,
1
P AP D
= vi D l ma trn
cho c cc phn t trn ng cho chnh ln lt
l
i
(mi
i
xut hin lin tip
i
n ln).
VD 4. Ma trn
3 1 1
2 2 1
2 2 0
A
1

( )
c tr ring bi hai l
2 = (xem VD 9, 2, chng 4).
Do dim (2) 1 2 E = < nn A khng cho ha c.
VD 5. Ma trn no sau y cho ha c:
1 0
2 3
A
1

( )
,
1 3
2 5
B
1

( )
,
1 3
1 1
C
1

( )
.
A. A v B; B. B v C; C. C v A; D. A, B v C.
VD 7. Cho ma trn
3 0
8 1
A
1

( )
. Tnh
2010
A .
VD 6. Cho ha (nu c) ma trn
1 0
6 1
A
1

( )
.
VD 8. Cho ha ma trn
4 2 1
6 4 3
6 6 5
A
1

( )
.
Chng Chng 5. 5. D D ng ng song song tuy tuy n n t t nh nh To To n n phng phng

1. Khi nim c bn
2. a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc
3. Lut qun tnh
Xc nh du ca dng ton phng
1. KHI NIM C BN
1.1. Dng song tuyn tnh
nh ngha 1
nh x :
n n
f
( , ) ( , ) x y f x y
c gi l mt dng song tuyn tnh nu f tuyn
tnh theo tng bin , x y.
Ngha l:
1) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) f x y z f x z f y z = ;
2) ( , ) ( , ) ( , ) f x y z f x y f x z = ;
3) ( , ) ( , ) f x y f x y = ;
4) ( , ) ( , ) f x y f x y = , , ,
n
x y z , .
Xt mt c s
1 2
{ , ,..., }
n
B u u u = ca
n
. Vi hai
vector bt k ,
n
x y ,
1
n
i i
i
x u x
=
=
,
1
n
j j
j
y u y
=
=

ta c
1 1
( , ) ( , )
n n
i j i j
i j
f x y f u u x y
= =
=
.
Ch
Nu c s khng c ch r th ta ngm hiu l
c s chnh tc E trong
n
.
Dng song tuyn tnh thng c cho dng (1).
t ( , )
ij i j
a f u u = ta c:
1 1
( , ) (1).
n n
i j i j
i j
f x y a x y
= =
=

Ma trn ( )
i j n
A a = c gi l ma trn ca dng song
tuyn tnh f trong c s B. K hiu l [ ]
B
A f = .
Khi , dng song tuyn tnh f cn c vit di
dng ma trn: ( , ) [ ] [ ] (2).
T
B B
f x y x Ay =
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 1. Dng song tuyn tnh
1 1 2 1 1 2
( , ) 2 3 f x y x y x y x y = c
1 3
2 0
A
1

( )
.
Khi :
( )
1
1 2
2
1 3
( , ) [ ] [ ]
2 0
T
y
f x y x Ay x x
y
1 1

= =

( )( )
.
VD 2. Cho dng song tuyn tnh c
0 1 2
3 4 5
6 7 8
A
1

( )
.
Ta c:

1 2 1 3 2 1
( , ) 2 3 f x y x y x y x y =

2 2 2 3 3 1 3 2 3 3
4 5 6 7 8 x y x y x y x y x y .
nh ngha 2
Dng song tuyn tnh f trn
n
c gi l i xng
(tng ng, phn i xng) nu:
( , ) ( , ), ,
n
f x y f y x x y =
(tng ng, ( , ) ( , ), ,
n
f x y f y x x y = ).
Nhn xt
Ma trn ca dng song tuyn tnh f i xng (phn
i xng) trong mt c s bt k ca
n
l i xng
(phn i xng).
VD 3. Dng song tuyn tnh i xng
1 1 2 2
( , ) 2 f x y x y x y = c
1 0
0 2
A
1

=

( )
i xng.
1.2. Dng ton phng
nh ngha
Cho f l dng song tuyn tnh i xng trn
n
.
nh x :
n
Q
( , ) x f x x
c gi l dng ton phng trn
n
ng vi f .
Nu [ ]
B
A f = th A cng c gi l ma trn ca
dng ton phng Q trong c s B.
Khi , ta c:
( ) [ ] [ ] .
T
B B
Q x x Ax =
VD 4. Tm dng ton phng ( ) Q x ?
Bit ma trn ca ( ) Q x l
1 1
1 2
A
1

( )
.
Nhn xt
Trong VD 4, h s ca
2
1
x v
2
2
x l
11
a v
22
a ca A.
Na h s ca
1 2
x x l
12
a v
21
a ca A.
VD 5. Tm ma trn trong dng ton phng sau:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 2 3
( ) 2 3 4 6 Q x x x x x x x x = .

2. A DNG TON PHNG
V DNG CHNH TC
2.1. Dng chnh tc ca mt dng ton phng
nh ngha
Trong
n
, xt dng ton phng (vit tt l DTP) Q.
Ta ni Q c a v dng chnh tc nu ta ch ra
c mt c s B m trong c s ny, ma trn ca
Q c dng ng cho.
Ngha l:
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) [ ] [ ] ...
T
B B n n
Q x x Ax x x x = =
1 2 1
[ ] ( , ,..., ), [ ] ( ... )
T
B n B n
A f diag x x x = = = .
VD 1. Dng chnh tc c ma trn
1 0
0 2
A
1

=

( )
l:
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) ( , ) [ ] [ ] 2
T
Q x Q x x x Ax x x = = = .
VD 2. Trong
3
, dng chnh tc
2 2
1 2
( ) 5 Q x x x =
c ma trn
1 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 0
A
1

( )
.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 3. Ma trn ca dng ton phng
2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
( , ) 2 6 Q x x x x x x =
trong c s {(1; 1), ( 1; 1)} B = l:
A.
5 5
1
5 9 2
B
A
1

=

( )
; B.
5 5
1
5 9 2
B
A
1

=

( )
;

C.
5 5
1
5 9 2
B
A
1

( )
; D.
5 5
1
5 9 2
B
A
1

( )
.
2.2. a dng ton phng v dng chnh tc
2.2.1. Phng php bin i trc giao
a) nh ngha
Nu c ma trn trc giao P lm cho ha ma trn A
th ta ni P cho ha trc giao ma trn A.
Ch
Nu ( )
ij n
P a = l ma trn trc giao th
2
1
1
n
ij
i
a
=
=

(tng bnh phng mi ct ca P bng 1).
Ma trn vung P c gi l ma trn trc giao nu:
1
.
T
P P
=
VD 4. Ma trn no sau y l ma trn trc giao ?

A.
3 2 2
1
0 1 2
6
3 1 2
1

( )
; B.
0 1 2
1
3 2 2
6
3 1 2
1

( )
;

C.
3 1 2
1
0 2 2
6
3 1 2
1

( )
; D.
3 1 2
1
3 2 2
6
0 1 2
1

( )
.
b) Thut ton
Xt dng ton phng ( ) Q x trong
n
c ma trn l A.
Ta i tm ma trn trc giao P sao cho khi i bin
[ ] [ ] x P y = th
T
D P AP = c dng cho.
Khi , [ ] [ ]
T
Q y D y = c dng chnh tc theo bin y:
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) ...
n n
Q y y y y =
vi , 1, 2,...,
i
i n = l cc tr ring ca A.
Bc 1. Tm cc tr ring
i
ca A v vector ring
c s
i
u ca khng gian ring ng vi , 1,
i
i n = .
Bc 2. Trc chun ha Gram Schmidt cc vector

i
u thnh
i
w (xem chng 3, 5, 5.3).
Bc 3. Ma trn trc giao l:
( )
1 2
[ ] [ ] [ ]
n
P w w w = .
Ma trn ca Q trong c s mi l:
1 2
( , ,..., )
T
n
D P AP diag = = .
VD 5. Trong
2
, cho dng ton phng:
2
2 1 2
( ) 3 4 Q x x x x = .
( ) Q x c ma trn
0 2
2 3
A
1

( )
trong c s chnh tc.
Ma trn A c tr ring v vector ring tng ng l:
1 1 2 2
1, (2; 1); 4, (1; 2) u u = = = = .
Trc chun ha
1 2
, u u ta c:
( )
1
1
2; 1
5
w = v
( )
1
1
1; 2
5
w = .
Ma trn P ca php chuyn t c s chnh tc sang
c s trc chun
1 2
{ , } w w l
2 1
1
1 2
5
P
1

=

( )
.
i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = :
1 1 2 2 1 2
2 1 1 2
,
5 5 5 5
x y y x y y = = .
Thay
1 2
, x x trong cng thc i bin trn vo ( ) Q x ,
ta c dng chnh tc
2 2
1 2
( ) 4 Q y y y = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
VD 6. Trong
2
, cho dng ton phng
2
1 2 2 1 2
( , ) 3 4 Q x x x x x = .
Bng php i bin trc giao [ ] [ ] x P y = ,
vi
2 1
1
1 2
5
P
1

( )
, ta a Q v dng chnh tc l:
A.
2 2
1 2
4 Q y y = ; B.
2 2
1 2
4 Q y y = ;
C.
2 2
1 2
4 Q y y = ; D.
2 2
1 2
4 Q y y = .
Ch
Cc tr ring ca A ng vi vector ct ca P.
VD 7. Trong
3
, cho ma trn A ca DTP ( ) Q x c cc
tr ring v vector ring c s tng ng l:
1 1 2 2
3, (1; 1; 1); 6, ( 1; 1; 2) u u = = = =
v
3 3
8, ( 1; 1; 0) u = = .
Tm ma trn trc giao P v dng chnh tc ca Q?
Gii. t
( )
1 1 1
1
(1; 1; 1) 1; 1; 1
3
v u w = = = ,

2 1
2 2 1 2
1
( 1; 1; 2)
u v
v u v
v
= =

( )
2
1
1; 1; 2 ,
6
w =

3 1 3 2
3 3 1 2 2 2
1 2
( 1; 1; 0)
u v u v
v u v v
v v
= =

( )
3
1
1; 1; 0
2
w = .
Vy
3 6 2
3 6 2
3 6 2
3 6 2
3 6
0
3 3
P
1

( )
v i bin [ ] [ ] x P y =
ta c dng chnh tc l
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 3 6 8 Q y y y y = .
VD 8. a dng ton phng sau v dng chnh tc
bng bin i trc giao:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 3
( ) 3 6 3 4 8 4 Q x x x x x x x x x x = .
Gii. ( ) Q x c ma trn
3 2 4
2 6 2
4 2 3
A
1

( )
.

2
7
det( ) 0 ( 7) ( 2) 0
2
A I

= =
.
Vi 7 = , ta c 2 vector c s ca (7) E l:
1 2
1
(1; 0; 1), ; 1; 0
2
u u
1

= =

( )
.
Vi 2 = , ta c 1 vector c s ca ( 2) E l:
3
1
1; ; 1
2
u
1

=

( )
.
t
( )
1 1 1
2
(1; 0; 1) 1; 0; 1
2
v u w = = = ,

2 1
2 2 1 2
1
1 1
; 1;
4 4
u v
v u v
v
1

= =

( )

( )
2
2
1; 4; 1
6
w = ,

3 1 3 2
3 3 1 2 2 2
1 2
1
1; ; 1
2
u v u v
v u v v
v v
1

= =

( )

( )
3
1
2; 1; 2
3
w = .
Vy
2 2 2
2 6 3
2 2 1
0
3 3
2 2 2
2 6 3
P
1

( )
v i bin [ ] [ ] x P y =
ta c dng chnh tc l
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 7 7 2 Q y y y y = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2.2.2. Thut ton Lagrange
Xt dng ton phng:
2
1 1
( ) 2
n
ii i ij i j
i i j n
Q x a x a x x
= <
=

.
a) Trng hp 1 (c 1 h s 0
ii
a )
Bc 1. Gi s
11
0 a , ta tch tt c cc s hng
cha
1
x trong ( ) Q x v thm hoc bt c dng:
( )
2
11 1 1 1 2
11
1
( ) ... ( ,..., )
n n n
Q x a x a x Q x x
a
= ,
vi
1 2
( ,..., )
n
Q x x cha ti a 1 n bin.
i bin:
1 11 1 12 2 1
...
n n
y a x a x a x = ,
( )
2,
i i
y x i n = = .
i bin ngc:
( )
1 1 12 2 1
11
1
...
n n
x y a y a y
a
= ,
( )
2,
i i
x y i n = = .
Ta c ma trn
12 1
11 11
1
1 ...
0 1 ... 0
... ... ... ...
0 0 ... 1
n
a a
a a
P
1

( )
.
Vi bin mi th
2
1 1 2
11
1
( ,..., )
n
Q y Q y y
a
= .
Bc 2. Tip tc lm nh bc 1 cho
1 2
( ,..., )
n
Q y y ,
Sau k bc th Q c dng chnh tc.
Ma trn i bin
1
...
k
P P P = v [ ] [ ] x P y = .
b) Trng hp 2 (h s 0, 1,...,
ii
a i n = = )
Gi s
12
0 a , ta i bin:
1 1 2 2 1 2
, , ( 3,..., )
i i
x y y x y y x y i n = = = = .
Khi ,
2 2
12 1 12 2
2 2 ... Q a y a y = c h s ca
2
1
y l

12
2 0 a . Ta tr li trng hp 1.
VD 9. Trong
3
, cho dng ton phng:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 2 3
( , , ) 2 2 2 2 Q x x x x x x x x x x = .
Dng thut ton Lagrange a ( ) Q x v dng chnh tc
ta t
1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3
, , y x x y x x y x = = = .
Ma trn i bin P l:
A.
1 1 0
0 1 1
0 0 1
1

( )
; B.
1 0 0
1 1 0
0 1 1
1

( )
;
C.
1 0 0
1 1 0
1 1 1
1

( )
; D.
1 1 1
0 1 1
0 0 1
1

( )
.
VD 10. Trong
2
, cho dng ton phng:
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
( , ) 7 2 8 f x x x x x x = .
Dng thut ton Lagrange vi ma trn i bin
1 0
2 1
P
1

=

( )
, ta a f v dng chnh tc l:
A.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( , ) 2 f y y y y = ; B.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( , ) 2 f y y y y = ;
C.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( , ) 2 f y y y y = ; D.
2 2
1 2 1 2
( , ) 2 f y y y y = .
VD 11. Dng thut ton Lagrange a DTP sau v
dng chnh tc v tm ma trn i bin P:
2 2
2 3 1 2 1 3
( ) 4 2 4 Q x x x x x x x = .
VD 12. Dng thut ton Lagrange a DTP sau v
dng chnh tc v tm ma trn i bin P:
1 2 1 3 2 3
( ) 2 2 6 f x x x x x x x = .
Gii. i bin:
1 1 2
2 1 2 1
3 3
1 1 0
1 1 0
0 0 1
x y y
x y y P
x y
' 1
1
=
1

1

1

= = !
1

1

= 1
( )
1+
.
Dng ton phng f i vi bin y l:
1 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2 3
2( + )( )+2( + ) 6( ) f y y y y y y y y y y =

2 2 2 2
1 1 3 3 2 2 3 3
2( 2 ) 2 8 2 y y y y y y y y =

2 2 2
1 3 2 2 3 3
2( ) 2 8 2 y y y y y y = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
i bin:
1 1 3
2 2 2
3 3
1 0 1
0 1 0
0 0 1
z y y
z y P
z y
' 1
1
=
1

1

1

= = !
1

1

= 1
( )
1+
.
Dng ton phng f i vi bin z l:

2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3
2 2 8 2 f z z z z z =

2 2 2 2
1 2 2 3 3 3
2 2( 4 4 ) 6 z z z z z z =

2 2 2
1 2 3 3
2 2( 2 ) 6 z z z z = .
i bin:
1 1
2 2 3 3
3 3
1 0 0
2 0 1 2
0 0 1
u z
u z z P
u z
' 1
1
=
1

1

1

= = !

1

1

= 1
( )
1+
.
Vy dng chnh tc ca Q l:
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 2 2 6 Q u u u u = .
Ma trn i bin l:
1 2 3
1 1 3
1 1 1
0 0 1
P PPP
1

= =

( )
.
Nhn xt
Do cch i bin trong thut ton Lagrange c th
khc nhau nn dng chnh tc l khng duy nht.
2.2.3. Thut ton Jacobi (tham kho)
nh thc con chnh
Cho ma trn vung ( )
ij n
A a = .
nh thc:
11 1
1
...
... ... ...
...
k
k
k kk
a a
D
a a
= (1 ) k n
c gi l nh thc con chnh ca A.
Thut ton
Cho dng ton phng ( ) Q x c ma trn ( )
ij n
A a =
tha cc nh thc con 0, 1,...,
k
D k n = .
Vi j i , ta t
1, j i
D
l nh thc ca ma trn c
cc phn t nm trn giao cc dng 1, 2, , 1 j v
cc ct 1, 2, , 1, 1, , i i j (b ct i ) ca A.
i bin theo cng thc:
1 1 21 2 31 3 41 4 1
2 2 32 3 42 4 2
... ,
... ,
............................................................,
.
n n
n n
n n
x y b y b y b y b y
x y b y b y b y
x y
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+

Trong ,
1,
1
( 1)
j i
i j
ji
j
D
b
D
= .
Khi ,
21 1
2
1 ...
0 1 ...
... ... ... ...
0 0 ... 1
n
n
b b
b
P
1

( )
v
2 2 2 2 2 3
1 1 2 3
1 2 1
...
n
n
n
D D D
Q Dy y y y
D D D
= .
VD 13. Dng thut ton Jacobi a DTP sau v dng
chnh tc:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3
( ) 2 3 4 Q x x x x x x x x = .
Gii. Ma trn ca ( ) Q x l
2 3 / 2 2
3 / 2 1 0
2 0 1
A
1

( )
.
Ta c:
1 2
2 3 / 2
1
2,
3 / 2 1 4
D D = = = ,
3
17
4
D = .
i bin
1 1 21 2 31 3
2 2 32 3
3 3

x y b y b y
x y b y
x y
'
1
=
1
1
1
=
!
1
1
= 1
1+
, trong :
2 1, 1
1 2
21
1
3 / 2 3
( 1)
2 4
D
b
D
= = = ,
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

3 1, 1
1 3
31
2
3 / 2 2
1 0
( 1) 8
1/ 4
D
b
D
= = =
,

3 1, 2
2 3
32
2
2 2
3 / 2 0
( 1) 12
1/ 4
D
b
D
= = =
.
Vy vi ma trn i bin
1 3 / 4 8
0 1 12
0 0 1
P
1

( )
th
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3
1 1 2 3 1 2 3
1 2
1
( ) 2 17
8
D D
Q y Dy y y y y y
D D
= = .
2.2.4. Thut ton bin i s cp ma trn i xng
(tham kho)
Bc 1. Bin i s cp dng ca ma trn
( )
n
A I v
ng thi lp li cc bin i cng kiu trn cc ct
ca
( )
n
A I a A v dng cho
1
( ,..., )
n
diag .
Khi ,
n
I s tr thnh
T
P .
Bc 2. i bin [ ] [ ] x P y = , ta c:
2 2 2
1 1 2 2
( ) ...
n n
Q y y y y = .
VD 14. Dng thut ton bin i s cp, a DTP
1 2 1 3 2 3
( ) 2 4 6 Q x x x x x x x = v dng chnh tc.
Gii. Ma trn ca Q l
0 1 2
1 0 3
2 3 0
A
1

( )
.
Ta c:
( )
3
0 1 2 1 0 0
1 0 3 0 1 0
2 3 0 0 0 1
A I
1

( )

1 1 2
1 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 3 0 1 0
2 3 0 0 0 1
d d d
1

( )


1 1 2
2 1 1 1 1 0
1 0 3 0 1 0
1 3 0 0 0 1
c c c
1

( )

2 2 1
3 3 1
2
2
2 1 1 1 1 0
0 1 5 1 1 0
0 5 1 1 1 2
d d d
d d d

1

( )

2 2 1
3 3 1
2
2
2 0 0 1 1 0
0 2 10 1 1 0
0 10 2 1 1 2
c c c
c c c

1

( )


3 3 2
5
2 0 0 1 1 0
0 2 10 1 1 0
0 0 48 6 4 2
d d d
1

( )

3 3 2
5
2 0 0 1 1 0
0 2 0 1 1 0
0 0 48 6 4 2
c c c
1

( )
.
Vy
1 1 0 1 1 6
1 1 0 1 1 4
6 4 2 0 0 2
T
P P
1 1

= =

( ) ( )

v
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 2 2 48 Q y y y y = .

3. LUT QUN TNH
XC NH DU CA DNG TON PHNG
3.1. Lut qun tnh
a) Dng chun tc
Trong
n
, mi dng ton phng bt k u c th
a v dng chnh tc trong mt c s chnh tc:
2 2 2
1 1 2 2 1 2
... ( ... 0)
r r r
Q x x x = (1).
Dng chnh tc (1) c gi l dng chun tc nu:
1, 1, 2,...,
i
i r = = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Khng lm mt tnh tng qut, gi s:
1 2
, ,..., 0
s
v
1 2
, ,..., 0
s s r

< .
a (1) v dng chun tc, ta i bin:
1
, 1, 2,...,
1
, 1, 2,...,
, 1, 2,..., .
i i
i
j j
j
k k
x y i s
x y j s s r
x y k r r n
'
1
1
= =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
= =
!
1
1
1
1
1 = =
1
1
1
1+

Khi ,
2 2 2 2 2
1 2 1
... ...
s s r
Q x x x x x
= .
VD 1. Trong
4
, cho dng chnh tc:
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) 2 3 4 Q x x x x = .
i bin:
1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4
1
,
2
1 1
,
( 3) 3
1 1
,
2
4
.
x y
x y y
x y y
x y
'
1
1
=
1
1
1
1
1
1
= =
1
1
!
1
1
1
1 = =
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.
Trong c s mi, ta c dng chun tc:
2 2 2
1 2 3
( ) Q y y y y = .
b) nh l (Lut qun tnh Sylvester)
Ch
S s c gi l ch s dng qun tnh ca DTP.
S p c gi l ch s m qun tnh ca DTP.
S s p c gi l ch s (hay k s) ca DTP.
S s cc s hng mang du + v s p cc s hng
mang du trong dng chnh tc l nhng i
lng bt bin, khng ph thuc vo php bin i
tuyn tnh khng suy bin a dng ton phng v
dng chnh tc.
VD 2. Trong
2
, cho dng ton phng:
2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 3 2 Q x x x x x = .
Cch 1. Bin i:
2 2
1 2 2
( ) ( ) 4 Q x x x x = .
i bin
1 1 2 2 2
, y x x y x = = , ta c:
2 2
1 2
( ) 4 Q y y y = .
Cch 2. Bin i:
2 2
1 2 1
1 4
( ) ( 3 )
3 3
Q x x x x = .
i bin
1 1 2 2 1
3 , z x x z x = = , ta c:
2 2
1 2
1 4
( )
3 3
Q z z z = .
3.2. Tnh xc nh du ca dng ton phng
nh ngha
Trong
n
, cho dng ton phng ( ) Q x .
( ) Q x c gi l xc nh dng nu:
( ) 0, \{ }
n
Q x x .
( ) Q x c gi l xc nh m nu:
( ) 0, \ { }
n
Q x x < .
( ) Q x c gi l na xc nh dng (m) nu:
( ) 0, ( ( ) 0, )
n n
Q x x Q x x .
( ) Q x c gi l khng xc nh du nu n nhn
c gi tr dng ln m.
VD 3. Trong
2
, ta c:

2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 3 2 Q x x x x x = l xc nh dng v
2 2 2
1 2 2
( ) ( ) 2 0, \ { } Q x x x x x = .

2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) 4 4 f x x x x x = l na xc nh m v
2 2
1 2
( ) (2 ) 0, f x x x x = .

2 2
1 2 1 2
( ) g x x x x x = l khng xc nh du v
(1, 1) 1 0 g = < v (1, 1) 1 0 g = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
3.3. Cc tiu chun xc nh du
a) nh l 1
DTP trong
n
l xc nh dng khi v ch khi tt c
cc h s dng chnh tc ca n u dng.
DTP trong
n
l xc nh m khi v ch khi tt c
cc h s dng chnh tc ca n u m.
H qu
Dng ton phng ( ) Q x l xc nh dng khi v ch
khi ma trn ca n c tt c cc tr ring dng.
Dng ton phng ( ) Q x l xc nh m khi v ch
khi ma trn ca n c tt c cc tr ring m.
b) nh l 2 (nh l Sylvester)
Trong
n
, dng ton phng l xc nh dng khi
v ch khi ma trn ca n c tt c cc nh thc con
chnh u dng.
Ngha l: 0, 1,
k
D k n = .
VD 5. Trong
3
, xt tnh xc nh du ca DTP sau:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 3
( ) 7 2 5 f x x x x x x = .
VD 4. Trong
3
, xt tnh xc nh du ca DTP sau:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2 1 3
( ) 4 5 2 6 Q x x x x x x x x = .
VD 7. Trong
3
, dng nh l Sylvester xt tnh xc
nh du ca dng ton phng sau:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 3
( ) 7 2 5 f x x x x x x = .
VD 6. Trong
3
, dng nh l Sylvester xt tnh xc
nh du ca dng ton phng sau:
2 2 2
1 2 3 1 2
( ) 2 4 3 4 Q x x x x x x = .
Trong
n
, dng ton phng l xc nh m khi v
ch khi ma trn ca n c cc nh thc con chnh
cp chn dng, cp l m.
Ngha l: ( 1) 0, 1,
k
k
D k n = .
Bi c thm
MT S NG DNG TRONG KINH T
1. Ch s gi Laspeyres v Paasche
VD 1. Mt khch hng mua ti siu th X lng go,
tht, rau (n v: kg) cho bi ma trn (12 2 3) A =
vi gi tng ng (ngn ng / kg) cho bi ma trn
(9 62 5) B = . Khi :
( )( )
12 2 3 9 62 5 (247)
T
T
AB = = .
Vy s tin khch hng phi tr l 247.000 ng.
VD 2. Cng ty X c 3 ca hng I, II, III cng bn 4
mt hng: tivi, t lnh, my git, my lnh vi gi bn
tng ng (triu ng / chic) cho bi ma trn
( )
3 5 4, 5 6, 7 A= . Lng hng bn c trong
ngy ca 3 ca hng tng ng 3 dng ca ma trn

2 1 4 5
0 2 6 1
5 2 0 2
B
1

( )
.
Hy cho bit ngha cc phn t ca tch
T
BA ?
Gii.
3
2 1 4 5 62, 5
5
0 2 6 1 43, 7
4, 5
5 2 0 2 38, 4
6, 7
T
BA
1

1 1

= =

( ) ( )

( )
.
Vy s tin ca hng I, II, III bn c trong ngy ln
lt l: 62,5; 43,7; 38,4 (triu ng).
VD 3. Gi s gi bn (ngn ng / kg) ca go, ng
v bt m vo cc ngy 1/1 v 1/6 ln lt cho bi 2
ct ca ma trn
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM

10 11
20 19
30 32
P
1

( )
. Mt ngi A trong hai ngy
mua vo lng hng tng ng cho bi 2 ct ca ma
trn
4 3
2 3
3 4
Q
1

( )
.
Khi , ta c:
10 11
4 2 3 170 178
20 19
3 3 4 210 218
30 32
T
V Q P
1

1 1

= = =

( ) ( )

( )
.
T ma trn V , ta suy ra:

11
170 v = : tin mua hng 1/1 theo gi ngy 1/1.

12

21

22
a) Nu ly ngy 1/1 lm c s th
11
v ,
12
v ln lt l
gi ca tng lng hng ngi A mua ti ngy c
s tnh ti ngy c s v ngy 1/6.
Khi :
12
11
1, 047
v
v
c gi l ch s Laspeyres.
b) Nu ly ngy 1/6 lm c s th
21
v ,
22
v ln lt l
gi ca tng lng hng ngi A mua ti ngy c
s tnh ti ngy 1/1 v ngy c s.
Khi :
22
21
1, 038
v
v
c gi l ch s Paasche.
2. M hnh cn bng th trng
2.1. Th trng mt loi hng ha
Gi , ,
D S
P Q Q ln lt l gi th trng, lng cu
v lng cung ca mt hng cn kho st.
Khi , lng
S
Q v
D
Q ph thuc vo P.

S
Q v
D
Q c gi l hm cung v hm cu.
Gi s ta c cc mi quan h tuyn tnh:
D
P aQ b = v
S
P cQ d = .
Ngi ta chng minh c rng:
Thng thng lng cu gim khi gi tng
v lng cung tng khi gi tng.
Th trng cn bng khi
lng cung bng lng cu.
Gi
0
P l gi cn bng v
lng
0
Q l lng cn bng.
VD 4. Cho bit hm cung v hm cu ca 1 loi hng
ha l 5 30
S
P Q = , 4 240
D
P Q = .
Hy tm gi cn bng v lng cn bng?
Gii. Khi th trng cn bng, ta c:
0 S D
Q Q Q = = .
0 0 0
0 0 0
5 30 30
4 240 120
P Q P
P Q Q
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
.
VD 5. Cho bit hm cung v cu ca 1 loi hng ha:
1, 5 15
S
P Q = , 125
D
P Q = .
1) Hy tm gi cn bng v lng cn bng?
2) Gi s nh nc nh thu 5 n v tin t trn 1
n v sn phm. Hy cho bit ngi mua hay
ngi bn phi tr thu ny?
Gii
1) Khi th trng cn bng, ta c:
0 S D
Q Q Q = = .
0 0 0
0 0 0
1, 5 15 81
125 44
P Q P
P Q Q
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
.
2) Khi nh nc nh thu th hm cung s b thay
i, c th l: 5 1, 5 15
S
P Q = .
0 0 0
0 0 0
5 1, 5 15 83
125 42
P Q P
P Q Q
' '
1 1 = =
1 1
! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
.
So snh 2) v 1) ta thy gi cn bng tng ln 2 n
v v l phn thu ngi mua phi tr; phn cn
li ngi bn phi tr.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2.2. Th trng nhiu loi hng ha lin quan
Trong th trng nhiu hng ha, gi ca mt hng
ny c th nh hng n lng cung cu ca cc
mt hng khc.
Hm cung cu tuyn tnh ca th trng n hng
ha c dng:

0 1 1 2 2
...
i
S i i i in n
Q a a P a P a P =
0 1 1 2 2
... ( 1, 2,..., )
i
D i i i in n
Q b b P b P b P i n = = .
Trong :
,
i i
S D
Q Q v
i
P tng ng l lng cung, cu v gi
ca hng ha i .
Khi th trng cn bng th:
( 1, 2,..., )
i i
S D
Q Q i n = =
11 1 12 2 1 10
21 1 22 2 2 20
1 1 2 2 0
...
...
,
............................................
...
n n
n n
ik ik ik
n n nn n n
c P c P c P c
c P c P c P c
c a b
c P c P c P c
'
1 =
1
1
1
=
1
1
=
!
1
1
1
1
=
1
1+
.

Ch
Nu vic tng gi mt hng 2 khin ngi tiu dng
chuyn sang chn mt hng 1 lm tng lng cu
ca mt hng 1 th ta ni mt hng 1 v 2 c th thay
th ln nhau.
Nu vic tng gi mt hng 2 lm gim lng cu
mt hng 2 v cng lm lng cu ca mt hng 1
gim theo th ta ni 2 mt hng ph thuc ln nhau.

1
1
45
S
Q P = ;
1
1 2
145 2
D
Q P P = ;
2
2
40 5
S
Q P = ;
2
1 2
30 2
D
Q P P = .
1) Hy tm gi v lng cn bng ca hai mt hng?
2) Hy cho bit hai mt hng ny c th thay th ln
nhau hay ph thuc ln nhau?
Gii
1 1
2 2
1 1 2 1
2 1 2 2
145 2 45
30 2 40 5
S D
S D
Q Q Q P P P
Q Q Q P P P
' '
1 1 = = =
1 1
! !
1 1 = = =
1 1
+ +

1 1
2 2
70 25
20 60
P Q
P Q
' '
1 1 = =
1 1

! !
1 1 = =
1 1
+ +
.
2) T
1
1 2
145 2
D
Q P P = , ta thy:

1
2 D
P Q hai mt hng ny c th thay th nhau.
1
1
4
S
Q P = ;
1
1 2 3
70 2 6
D
Q P P P = ;
2
2
3
S
Q P = ;
2
1 2 3
76 3 4
D
Q P P P = ;
3
3
6 3
S
Q P = ;
3
1 2 3
70 2 3 2
D
Q P P P = .
1) Hy tm gi v lng cn bng ca ba mt hng?
2) Hy cho bit ba mt hng ny c th thay th ln
nhau hay ph thuc ln nhau?
Gii
1 1
2 2
3 3
1 1 2 3
2 1 2 3
1 2 3 3
3 37
3 2 4 79
2 3 5 76
S D
S D
S D
Q Q Q P P P
Q Q Q P P P
P P P Q Q Q
' '
1 1
= = =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= = =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = = 1 1
1 1 + +

1 1
2 2
3 3
15 11
7 4
5 9
P Q
P Q
P Q
' '
1 1
= =
1 1
1 1
1 1
= =
! !
1 1
1 1
= = 1 1
1 1 + +
.
2) T cc hm cu, ta thy rng:
Bt k mt hng no tng gi s ko tt c lng cu
gim theo. Vy 3 mt hng ny l ph thuc ln nhau.
3. M hnh Input Output Leontief
3.1. Khi nim chung
M hnh ny cn c gi l m hnh I/O hay m
hnh cn i lin ngnh, cp n vic xc nh
mc tng cu i vi sn phm ca mi ngnh sn
xut trong tng th nn kinh t.
Trong m hnh I/O, khi nim ngnh c xt theo
ngha thun ty l sn xut, vi cc gi thit sau:
1) Mi ngnh sn xut 1 loi hng ha hoc sn xut
mt s loi hng ha theo t l nht nh.
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
2) Cc yu t u vo (input nguyn liu) ca sn
xut trong 1 ngnh c s dng theo t l c nh.
Tng cu i vi u ra (output sn phm) ca
mi ngnh bao gm:
Cu trung gian t pha cc nh sn xut s dng
cc loi sn phm cho qu trnh sn xut.
Cu cui cng t pha ngi s dng cc loi sn
phm tiu dng hoc xut khu.
3.2. M hnh I/O tng qut
Gi s c m u vo c dng sn xut n u ra
(m n ). Trong m u vo c n u vo ly t n
u ra ca chnh n ngnh sn xut v m n u vo
ly t m n u ra ngnh khc.
Gi
ij
a : s n v u vo i ( 1, 2,..., ) i m =
sn xut 1 n v u ra j ( 1, 2,..., ) j n = ;

i
y : tng n v u vo i ;
j
x : tng n v u ra j .

i
b : gi tr hng ha ca ngnh i cn cho tiu dng v
xut khu (cu cui cng).
t
11 12 1
21 22 2
1 2
...
...
... ... ... ...
...
n
n
m m mn
a a a
a a a
A
a a a
1

( )
,
1
2
...
n
x
x
X
x
1

( )
,
1
2
...
m
y
y
Y
y
1

( )
.

Ta c phng trnh ma trn: AX Y = (I).
Thng thng, bi ton t ra l tm mc n u ra
p ng nhu cu n u vo cho n ngnh sn xut.
Ngoi ra, phi cn d mt phn khc cho nhu cu
1
( ... )
T
n
D d d = ca ngnh kinh t m (ngnh khng
sn xut m ch tiu th sn phm ca n ngnh sn
xut trn). Khi , m n = v:
AX Y AX X D = = ( ) I A X D = (II).
nh l
Trong (II), nu tt c cc phn t ca A v D khng
m ng thi tng cc phn t trn mi ct ca A nh
hn 1 th I A kh nghch.
Khi :
1) Ma trn tng cu c xc nh:
1
( ) . X I A D
=
2) I A c gi l ma trn Leontief (hay ma trn
h s cng ngh). Vi m ln, ta c:
1 2
( ) ... .
m
I A I A A A

ngha ca nh l

1) Pt (I) dng tm u vo Y khi bit u ra X.
2) Cc s liu ct j trong
1
( ) I A

cho bit lng
n v phi sn xut thm (u ra tng thm) ca
mi ngnh khi nhu cu ca ngnh m i vi ngnh
j tng thm 1 n v.
3) Pt (II) cho php ta xc nh c tng cu i vi
hng ha ca tt c cc ngnh sn xut. Gip cho
vic lp k hoch sn xut m bo cho nn kinh t
vn hnh tt, trnh d tha hay thiu hng ha.
VD 8. Xt nn kinh t c 2 ngnh: ngnh 1 sn xut
in, ngnh 2 sn xut gas. Gi s
1 n v u ra in cn s n v u vo l:
0,3 in; 0,1 gas; 1,0 nc.
1 n v u ra gas cn s n v u vo l:
0,2 in; 0,4 gas; 1,2 nc.
1) Gi
1 2
( )
T
X x x = : s n v u ra ca 2 ngnh,

1 2 3
( )
T
Y y y y = : s n v u vo ca 3 ngnh.
Hy tm mt phng trnh ma trn gia X v Y ?
2) Cho bit gi ca mi n v u vo in, gas v
nc ln lt l 8, 4 v 1. Hy tm tng chi ph
sn xut 1000 n v u ra ngnh in v 900 n
v u ra ngnh gas?
3) Cho bit nhu cu ca ngnh kinh t m l
(40 80) D = . Hy tm lng n v u ra ca
ngnh in, gas p ng nhu cu ca hai
ngnh v ngnh kinh t m? Tm lng n v
u vo ca ngnh nc?
Gii
1) Nhu cu u vo ly t ngnh in l:
1 2 1
0, 3 0, 2 x x y = .
H Cng nghip Tp.HCM
Nhu cu u vo ly t ngnh gas l:
1 2 2
0,1 0, 4 x x y = .
Nhu cu u vo ly t ngnh nc l:
1 2 3
1, 0 1, 2 x x y = .
Vy, t
0, 3 0, 2
0,1 0, 4
1, 0 1, 2
A AX Y
1

= =

( )
.
2) Tng chi ph sn xut l:
( ) ( )
0, 3 0, 2
1000
8 4 1 0, 1 0, 4 7760
900
1, 0 1, 2
1

1

=

( )

( )
(n v tin).
3) Ta c:
1 1 1
2 2 2
x y d
x y d
1 1 1

=

( ) ( ) ( )

1 1 1
2 2 2
0, 3 0, 2
0,1 0, 4
x x d
x x d
1 1 1 1

=

( ) ( )( ) ( )
.
t
0, 3 0, 2 7 2
1
0,1 0, 4 1 6 10
A I A
1 1

= =

( ) ( )

1
6 2
1
( )
1 7 4
I A

1

=

( )
.
Vy
1
2
6 2 40 100
1
1 7 80 150 4
x
x
1 1 1 1

= =

( ) ( )( ) ( )
(n v).
Lng n v u vo ly t ngnh nc l:
3 1 2
1, 0 1, 2 100 1, 2.150 280 y x x = = = (n v).
VD 9. Trong m hnh I/O Leontief (3 ngnh), cho
ma trn h s u vo
0, 3 0, 4 0,1
0, 2 0, 3 0, 2
0, 2 0,1 0, 4
A
1

( )
.
1) Nu nhu cu ca ngnh kinh t m i vi ngnh 2
tng thm 1 n v th u ra ca mi ngnh tng
thm (sn xut thm) bao nhiu n v?
2) Cho bit nhu cu ca ngnh m i vi i vi
ngnh 1 gim 1 n v; ngnh 2 tng 2 n v;
ngnh 3 gim 1 n v th mc sn lng (u ra)
ca 3 ngnh tng hay gim bao nhiu?
Gii
1) Ta c:
7 4 1
1
2 7 2
10
2 1 6
I A
1

( )

1
40 25 15
1
( ) 16 40 16
20
16 15 41
I A

1

( )
.
T ct 2 ca
1
( ) I A

cho ta bit:
u ra ngnh 1 tng thm
25
20
n v;
u ra ngnh 2 tng thm
40
20
n v;
u ra ngnh 3 tng thm
15
20
n v.
2) T 3 dng ca
1
( ) I A

cho ta bit:
Mc thay i sn lng (theo n v) ca ngnh 1 l:
1
1 40 2 25 1 15 1
20 4
x

= = (gim);
2
1 16 2 40 1 16 12
20 5
x

= = (tng);
3
1 16 2 15 1 41 27
20 20
x

= = (gim).
Ht

Matrix Math

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Matrix Math

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

H Cng nghip Tp.

= . nh thc ca ma trn con

1. H PHNG TRNH TNG QUT

1. KHI NIM KHNG GIAN VECTOR

Chng Chng 3. 3. Khng Khng gian gian vector vector

Chng Chng 3. 3. Khng Khng gian gian vector vector

Nu dim S k < = th mi h con gm k vector

Chng Chng 4. 4. nh nh x x tuy tuy n n t t nh nh

Chng Chng 5. 5. D D ng ng song song tuy tuy n n t t nh nh To To n n phng phng

Chng Chng 5. 5. D D ng ng song song tuy tuy n n t t nh nh To To n n phng phng

Chng Chng 5. 5. D D ng ng song song tuy tuy n n t t nh nh To To n n phng phng

You might also like