UNIVERSITATEA DUNAREA DE JOS-GALATI

Fabricarea berii

COJOCARU CLAUDIU-IULIAN

2013

CUPRINS : CAPITOLUL I. CONSIDERAII GENERALE PRIVIND APA------------2 1.1. Importana apei---------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.2. S r!e "e ap#-------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 1.$. Ape%e ! &terane --------------------------------------------------------------- $ 1.'. Ape%e "e ! pra(a# ----------------------------------------------------------- '
1.). Prote*ia *a%it#ii ape%or-------------------------------------------------------------- ' 1.).1. Prote*ia *a%it#ii ape%or--------------------------------------------------- ' 1.).2. Ca%itatea ape%or (reati*e--------------------------------------------------- ) 1.).$. Ca%itatea ape%or "e ! pra(a# ----------------------------------------- )

CAPITOLUL II. POLUAREA APELOR--------------------------------------- + 2.1. S r!e "e po% are-------------------------------------------------------------- + 2.2. ,a*tori po% ani--------------------------------------------------------------- 11 2.$. Tip ri "e po% are------------------------------------------------------------- 12 2.'. Po% area ape%or ! &terane -------------------------------------------------- 1$ 2.). Po% area ape%or "e ! pra(a# ---------------------------------------------- 1' 2.-. Comportament % po% ai%or .n ap# ----------------------------------------------- 12./. Impa*t % po% ani%or---------------------------------------------------------------- 1-

CAPITOLUL III. REGLE0ENT1RI PENTRU CALITATEA APEI---- 22 $.1. Re2%ement#ri pentr *a%itatea apei --------------------------------------- 22 $.2. In"i*atori "e *a%itate ai ape%or 3i %imite%e a"mi!e .n ara noa!tr#---- 2) CAPITOLUL IV. 0ONITORI4AREA CALIT1II APEI --------------- 2'.1. 0onitorin2 !tr *t ra% ------------------------------------------------------ 25 '.1.1. Ape "e ! pra(a# * r2#toare ------------------------------------ 25 '.1.2. La* ri ------------------------------------------------------------- $1 '.1.$. Ape ! &terane ---------------------------------------------------- $2 6I6LIOGRA,IE------------------------------------------------------------------$)

CAPITOLUL I.
CONSIDERAII GENERALE PRIVIND APA
1.1.

Impor !"#! !p$% &" "! 'r(

Apa e!te n (a*tor in"i!pen!a&i% e7i!tenei 3i *ontin it#ii 8ieii pe p%aneta noa!tr#. A*ea!ta a ap#r t .n rm# * **a. $9) mi%iar"e "e ani 3i a*oper# apro7imati8 /:; "in ! pra(aa p%anetei "in *are 5/92; "in toat# *antitatea repre<int# ap# !#rat# 3i 291); repre<int# ap# ! & (orm# "e 2=ea#9 re!t % "e 1; *on!tit in" ni*a re! r!# "e ap# ti%i<a&i%#. >n *on"iii nat ra%e9 apa n e7i!t# ni*io"at# .n !tare p r#9 .n ap# 2#!in" -!e .ntot"ea na o an mit# *antitate "e ! &!tane "i<o%8ate !a a(%ate .n ! !pen!ie. Compo<iia nat ra%# a apei9 a8?n" .n 8e"ere "i8er!itatea 3i *onin t % a*e!tor ! &!tane .n ap#9 e8i"enia<# pre<ena rm#toare%or 2r pe "e e%emente *omponente @ 2a<e "i<o%8ate A O29 CO29 B29 B2SC9 ! &!tane minera%e 3i or2ani*e "i<o%8ate9 *o%oi"a%e !a a(%ate .n ! !pen!ie *?t 3i !apro(it# propriei apei. Apa p r# !e o&ine "in apa nat ra%# prin "i!ti%are repetat# .n *on"iii .n *are !# n poat# "i<o%8a 2a<e "in aer !a ! &!tane !o%i"e "in re*ipiente%e .n *are e!te *on!er8at#. Apa - e%ement "e &a<# a% e7i!tenei 8ieii pe p%aneta noa!tr#9 are n *ir* it "inami*9 *are " *e %a re.nnoirea 3i re.mpro!p#tarea re<er8e%or "e ap# "in nat r#. Cea mai mare parte "in apa "e pe Terra e!te ap# "e ! pra(a#. Re<er8a "e ap# " %*e 3i ap# pota&i%# !e o&ine "e *e%e mai m %te ori "in ape " %*i "e ! pra(a#. De a*eea e!te re2reta&i%# ten"ina oameni%or "e a a*or"a *ea mai mare parte a ateniei %or9 apei pota&i%e * ne2%iDarea ape%or "e ! pra(a#. >ntre e%e 3i *e%e ! &terane e7i!t# n meroa!e %e2#t ri9 iar apa pota&i%# !e o&ine (re*8ent tot "in apa "e ! pra(a#. >n p% !9 o m %tit "ine "e a%te ti%i<#ri a%e apei .n *o%e*ti8it#i%e mane !e &a<ea<# pe ape%e "e ! pra(a#9 *eea *e imp ne !# %i !e a*or"e importana * 8enit#.

1.2.

S'r)$ *$ !p(

Apa "i<o%8# 3i tran!port# ! &!tane%e a!imi%ate 3i "e<a!imi%ateE menine *on!tant# *on*entraia !#r ri%or .n or2ani!m 3i9 e8apor?n" -!e pe ! pra(aa *orp % i9 ia parte %a re2%area temperat rii. Apa *ontri& ie %a (enomene%e o!moti*e "in p%ante 3i are o "eo!e&it# importan# .n pro*e! % "e (oto!inte<#. >n nat r# apa !e 2#!e3te ! & toate !t#ri%e "e a2re2are@ - !o%i"# A2=ea#9 <#pa"#9 2rin"in#C9 - %i*=i"# Aapa "e p%oaie9 apa ! &teran#9 o*eane9 m#ri9 (% 8ii9 r? ri9 et*.C9 - 2a<oa!# A8apori "e ap# "in atmo!(er#C.

Ape%e *are *onin "i<o%8ate *antit#i mi*i "e !#r ri !e n me!* Fape moiF9 !pre "eo!e&ire "e Fape%e " reF *are a n pro*ent ri"i*at "e !#r ri9 mai a%e! "e *a%*i 3i ma2ne<i . Dintre toate ape%e nat ra%e9 apa "e p%oaie e!te *ea mai * rat#. Ea "i<o%8# .n "r m % ei prin atmo!(er# mai a%e! &io7i" "e *ar&on9 iar .n re2i ni%e in" !tria%e9 &io7i" "e ! %( 3i =i"ro2en ! %( rat. O parte "in apa *#< t# pe p#m?nt * n *onin t ri"i*at "e &io7i" "e *ar&on9 !tr#&#t?n" !trat ri%e "e p#m?nt9 "i<o%8# *ar&onaii "e *a%*i 3i ma2ne<i 9 tran!(orm?n" -i .n &i*ar&onai !o% &i%i. Apa "in r? ri9 %a* ri9 m#ri 3i o*eane !e e8apor# 9 tre*?n" .n atmo!(er# ! & (orm# "e 8apori 3i (orm?n" apa atmosferic. A*ea!ta e!te p rtat# "e * renii "e aer p?n# .n <one mai re*i9 n"e *on"en!ea<# 3i *a"e pe !o% ! & (orm# "e ap meteoric. An a% !e e8apor# '$:.::: =m$ "e ap#9 *are ':.::: =m$ *a" apoi pe *ontinente ! & (orm# "e pre*ipitaii. AD n!# pe !o%9 apa poate .nt?%ni n !trat permea&i% pe *are .% !tr#&ate9 (orm?n" apa subteran. Ape%e ! &terane .n! mea<# +.2::.::: =m$. Apa r#ma!# %a ! pra(a# "atorit# n i !trat impermea&i%9 .mpre n# * apa ! &teran# aD n!# "in no %a ! pra(a# A i<8oare9 arte<ieneC 3i * ape%e meteori*e *#< te (ormea<# apa de suprafa.

1.3. Ap$+$ )', $r!"$

Ape%e ! &terane ! nt o ! r!# important# "eoare*e !pre "eo!e&ire "e ape%e "e ! pra(a#9 *e%e ! &terane ! nt "e re2 %# mai p in !a "e%o* po% ate 3i pot (i pota&i%i<ate * m#! ri minima%e9 neori "oar * "e<in(e*ie !a (#r# 8reo pre% *rare.G291)H Rom?nia are n potenia% "i!pen!a&i% "e $+: m $I! "in ape%e (reati*e 3i +: m$I! "in ape%e "e a"?n*ime. Tota% % re! r!e%or "e ap# e!te "e **a --11 mi%iar"e m$Ian. S r!e%e ! &terane ! nt *ara*teri<ate9 .n 2enera%9 printr-o minera%i<are mai ri"i*at#9 *onin t % .n !#r ri minera%e "i<o%8ate (iin"9 .n 2enera%. Pe!te '::m2I% 3i (ormat9 .n prin*ipa%9 "in &i*ar&onai9 *%or ri 3i ! %(ai "e !o"i 9 pota!i 9 *a%*i 3i ma2ne<i . D ritatea tota%# e!te * prin!#9 .n 2enera%9 .ntre 1: 3i 2: 2ra"e G9 (iin" (ormat#9 .n *ea mai mare parte9 "in " ritate &i*ar&onatat#. Con*entraia ioni%or "e =i"ro2en ApBC !e !it ea<# .n D r % 8a%orii ne tre9 (iin" * prin!#9 .n 2enera% .ntre -9 ) 3i /. Dintre 2a<e%e "i<o%8ate pre"omin# &io7i" % "e *ar&on %i&er9 *onin t % .n o7i2en (iin" (oarte !*#< tA! & $ m2 O2 I %C. >n ( n*ie "e *ompo<iia minera%o2i*# a <one%or !tr#&#t te9 ne%e ! r!e ! &terane *onin *antit#i .n!emnate "e (ier9 man2an9 =i"ro2en ! %( rat9 ! %( ri9 *omp 3i ai a<ot % i et*. A*ti8itatea "e * noa3tere a *a%it#ii ape%or ! &terane (reati*e !e "e!(#3oar# %a ni8e% % mari%or &a<ine =i"ro2ra(i*e9 pe nit#i mor(o%o2i*e9 iar .n *a"r % a*e!tora9 pe !tr *t ri a*8i(ere A! &teraneC9 prin interme"i % !taii%or =i"ro2eo%o2i*e9 * prin<?n" n % !a mai m %te (oraDe "e o&!er8aie.
'

Pentr rm#rirea 2ra" % i "e po% are a re<er8e%or ! &terane (reati*e "atorit# a*ti8it#i%or antropi*e 3i pentr "eterminarea impa*t % i *are-% pot a8ea "i8er!e ! r!e "e po% are a! pra (reati* % i9 !e (a* m#! r#tori 3i o&!er8aii perio"i*e 3i .n (oraDe%e "e po% are amp%a!ate .n D r % mari%or ! r!e "e po% are9 .n (ie*are &a<in =i"ro2ra(i*.

1.-. Ap$+$ *$ )'pr!.!#(

Ape%e " %*i "e ! pra(a# repre<int# maDoritatea re<er8ei "e ap# " %*e %i*=i"#. E%e (ormea<# reea a =i"ro2ra(i*#9 mor(o%o2i*9 e%e (a* impre!ia n i !i!tem 8a!* %ar a% p#m?nt % i9 *eea *e .n an mite pri8ine 3i ! nt.G291)H C%a!i(i*are 3i *ara*teri!ti*i. Ape%e "e ! pra(a# !e *%a!i(i*# .n@ ape stttoare Am#ri 3i o*eane9 %a* ri et*.C9 ape curgtoare Ai<8or - p?r? - r? - (% 8i C9 ape stagnante. Di!tin2em %a* ri nat ra%e 3i %a* ri arti(i*ia%e9 * r! ri "e ap# nat ra%e9 mo"i(i*ate arti(i*ia% I re2 %ari<ate !a *on!tr ite arti(i*ia% A*ana%eC. Ape%e " %*i "e ! pra(a# "i(er# " p# (oarte m %te *ara*teri!ti*i@ "e&it % 3i 8ariaii%e !a%e A%a *e%e * r2#toareC9 temperat ra9 *on*entraia 3i nat ra ! &!tane%or "i<o%8ate !a a(%ate .n ! !pen!ie9 *onin t % &io%o2i* 3i mi*ro&io%o2i* et*.9 (ie*are ma!# "e ap# %i*=i"# * a%&ia ei 3i 8ie itoare%e "in ea (iin" n e*o!i!tem "i!tin*t. Toto"at#9 ape%e " %*i "e ! pra(a# a 3i n meroa!e *ara*tere *om ne. Spre "eo!e&ire "e *e%e ! &terane9 e%e ! nt "e re2 %# mai p in minera%i<ate9 mai &o2ate .n e%emente &io%o2i*e9 mai in(% ena&i%e "e *#tre a%i (a*tori Anat ra%i 3i antropi*iC9 mai 3or po% a&i%e9 mai p in !ta&i%e .n *ara*teri!ti*i9 "ar toto"at# a 3i *apa*it#i mai *re!* te "e a-3i a tomenine *a%itatea. Ape%e " %*i "e ! pra(a# ! nt (o%o!ite in situ Ana8i2aie9 .m&#iere9 !port ri na ti*e9 pi!*i* %t r#9 =i"roener2eti*# et*.C9 "ar mai a%e! *aptate 3i (o%o!ite ex situ pentr ne8oi%e *e%e mai "i8er!e@ pota&i%i<are9 in" !trie9 tran!port ri9 a2ri* %t r# et*. Nea"mi!# o(i*ia%9 ti%i<area "ire*t# .n !*op pota&i% n e!te o raritate. Din "i8er!e%e ti%i<#ri9 *r *ia%# pentr oameni r#m?ne !ati!(a*erea ne8oi%or pop %aiei9 (iin" inter<i!# prin %e2e %imitarea a**e! % i ei .n "etriment % a%tor (o%o!ine. La (e% "e important# ar tre& i !# "e8in# 3i a!i2 rarea apei ne*e!are 8ieii !#%&ati*e. >n Rom?nia9 ape%e "e ! pra(a# *on!tit ie ! r!a maDor# pentr ne*e!it#i%e mane9 in*% !i8 pentr apa pota&i%#.

1./. Pro $0#%! 0!+% (#%% !p$+or

1./.1. Pro $0#%! 0!+% (#%% !p$+or Prote*ia *a%it#ii apei (a*e parte inte2rat# "in %e2ea nr. 1$/I 155) pri8in" prote*ia me"i % i 3i e!te %e2i(erat# prin arti*o%e%e$)9 $-9 $/9 $+ 3i $5 "in *apito% %

III9 !e*i ne 1 a %e2ii. Prote*ia ape%or "e ! pra(a# 3i "e a"?n*ime9 a e*o!i!teme%or a*8ati*e are *a o&ie*t meninerea 3i ame%iorarea *a%it#ii 3i a pro" *ti8it#ii nat ra%e a%e a*e!tora9 .n !*op % e8it#rii nor e(e*te ne2ati8e a! pra me"i % i9 !#n#t#ii mane 3i & n ri%or materia%e. Ge!tionarea e(i*ient# a ! r!e%or "e ap#9 .n !*op % .m& n#t#irii *a%it#ii 3i &i%an % i apei9 pre! p ne .n prin*ipa% ep rarea ape%or <ate "in in" !trie9 e8itarea pier"eri%or "e ap# .n a2ri* %t r#9 amenaDarea *omp%e7# a &a<ine%or =i"ro2ra(i*e9 *rearea "e !to* ri "e ap# .n %a* ri a* m %ate 3i armoni<area (o%o!ine%or. Prin*ipa%e%e *#i "e prote*ie a *a%it#ii ape%or %e repre<int# @ - "otarea ! r!e%or "e po% are * !taii "e ep rare 3i a!i2 rarea ( n*ion#rii a*e!tora E - re" *erea .n *ir* it % e*onomi* a nor * r! ri "e ap# "e2ra"ate 3i e7p%oatarea %or *ore!p n<#toare E - ap%i*area %e2i!%aiei .n 8i2oare pri8in" prote*ia *a%it#ii ape%or A Le2ea Prote*iei 0e"i % i nr. 1$/I155)C E - optimi<area amp%a!#rii o&ie*ti8e%or *are po% ea<#9 .n raport * *apa*itatea r? ri%or "e a primi ape <ateE -*rearea nor <one "e prote*ie9 .n !pe*ia% .n <one%e "e m nte 3i pe * r! ri%e ! perioare a%e ape%or A NEGULESCU9 15+2C. 1./.2. C!+% ! $! !p$+or .r$! %0$ ,#*?n" -!e o e8a% are 2%o&a%# a in(ormaii%or paria%e9 pe &a<ine =i"ro2ra(i*e9 o prim# *on!tatare e!te %e2at# "e !it aia *riti*# a *a%it#ii a*8i(er % i (reati*9 "in n meroa!e <one a%e #rii9 in(% enat p terni* "e impa*t % antropi* e7o2en9 *=iar "a*# .n %tima 8reme !-a pro" ! o re" *ere a 8o% m % i pro" *iei in" !tria%e 3i9 "e*i9 a *antit#i%or "e ! &!tane po% ante e8a* ate .n re*eptorii nat ra%i. >n re2im % nat ra% a% ape%or ! &terane a inter8enit o !erie "e mo"i(i*#ri *antitati8e 3i *a%itati8e9 "atorit# e7e* t#rii nor % *r#ri =i"roame%iorati8e 3i =i"rote=ni*e9 in*% !i8 *apt#ri9 pre* m 3i "atorit# po% #rii9 * "eo!e&ire .n *a< % ape%or (reati*e. E!te important "e pre*i<at *# po% area (reati* % i e!te9 *e% mai a"e!ea9 n (enomen aproape ire8er!i&i% 3i9 *a atare9 "epo% area a*e!t i tip "e ap# e!te e7trem "e ane8oioa!# "a*# n *=iar impo!i&i%# * *on!e*ine 2ra8e a! pra (o%o!irii %a a%imentarea .n !*op ri pota&i%e. A*e!t % *r a " ! %a *on"amnarea nor *apt#ri "in a*8i(er % (reati* 3i %a *# tarea 3i p nerea .n ( n*i ne a nor noi (ront ri "e *aptare9 *eea *e a imp%i*at e(ort ri 3i *=e%t ie%i apre*ia&i%e. De a*eea9 .n *a"r % po%iti*ii "e 2o!po"#rire a *a%it#ii ape%or9 tre& ie !# prime<e m#! ri%e "e pre8enire a pro*e!e%or "e "e2ra"are *a%itati8#9 "e (apt a t t ror re! r!e%or "e ap#.G$H

1./.3. C!+% ! $! !p$+or *$ )'pr!.!#( 1-2 Ca%itatea apei e!te in(% enat# "e (a*tori antropi*i 3i nat ra%i. Ape%e meteori*e a" * 2a<e "i<o%8ate "in atmo!(er#9 nat ra%e !a pro8enite "in po% area aer % i9 parti* %e "e pra(9 p %&eri 3i parti* %e ra"ioa*ti8e9 materia%e antrenate .n * r! % 3iroirii pe ! pra(aa !o% % i9 * m ! nt (r n<e9 ier& ri 3i a%te materia%e 8e2eta%e .n toate (a<e%e po!i&i%e "e &io"e2ra"are9 &a*terii9 ar2i%e9 in!e*ti*i"e 3i er&i*i"e9 ! &!tane or2ani*e !o% &i%e e7tra!e "in 8e2etaia .n p tre(a*ie et*. Uti%i<#ri%e *a!ni*e a%e ape%or a" * aport "e materia% or2ani* ne"e2ra"at "e e7emp% @ 2 noi menaDer9 2r#!imi et*.9 materia% or2ani* paria% "e2ra"at * m ar (i materia%e (e*a%e tre* te paria% !a "e%o* prin pro*e! "e ep rare9 &a*terii in*% !i8 pato2ene9 8ir ! ri9 o # "e 8iermi9 =?rtie9 p%a!ti*9 "eter2eni et*. Uti%i<area in" !tria%# 2enerea<# n inp t "e materia%e or2ani*e &io"e2ra"a&i%e9 !o%i"e anor2ani*e9 re<i" ri *=imi*e e7trem "e "i8er!e9 ioni "e meta%e. ,o%o!ine%e a2ri*o%e a" * .n ape%e "e ! pra(a# *antit#i ! p%imentare "e !#r ri 3i ioni9 re!t ri "e .n2r#3#minte *=imi*e9 in!e*ti*i"e 3i ier&i*i"e9 parti* %e "e !o%9 "etrit ! or2ani*. I".+'$"#! 0ompo3%#%$% "! 'r!+$ ! !p$% !)'pr! .o+o)%"#$+or $% Prin*ipa%e%e ! &!tane *e !e 2#!e!* .n mo" nat ra% "i<o%8ate .n ap# a 3i in(% en# *on!i"era&i%# a! pra *a%it#ii ei 3i a po!i&i%e%or (o%o!ine mane9 % *r "e *are tre& ie in t *ont .nainte "e a ana%i<a ni8e% % 3i impa*t % po% ani%or "e ori2ine antropi*#. Ce%e mai (re*8ente ! &!tane pre<ente nat ra% .n ape 3i *are in(% enea<# *a%itatea 3i ti%i<#ri%e po!i&i%e ! nt@ Silicea (bioxid de siliciu - SiO2) are *on*entraii "e o&i*ei "e %a 1 %a $: m2I%9 "ar a (o!t 2#!ite ape 3i * '::: m2I%. >n pre<ena *a%*i % i 3i ma2ne<i % i9 !e "ep ne .n &oi%ere 3i t r&ine "e a& r9 pre*ipitat % e (oarte a"erent 3i *reea<# pro&%eme mari "e ti%i<are a apei. >n !*=im& %a ape moi !e a"a 2# !i%i*e pentr a pre8eni *oro"area e8i%or "e (ier. Fierul !e 2#!e3te .n *on*entraii "e ! & :9) m2I% .n ape o7i2enate9 "ar %a ape ! &terane are 8a%ori "e **a ): m2 I%. La ape%e a*i"e terma%e9 ape%e "e min# 3i ape%e <ate in" !tria%e !-a 2#!it *on*entraii "e -::: m2 I%. Pe!te :92 m2I% (a*e *a apa !# (ie improprie maDorit#ii (o%o!ine%or in" !tria%e. ,re*8ent !e pra*ti*# "in a*e!te moti8 "e(eri<area apei. Manganul apare .n *on*entraii "e ! & :92 m2 I%. Apa ! &teran# 3i ape%e "e min# *onin neori pe!te 1: m2 I%9 iar ape%e "in %a* ri%e "e a* m %are *are a ! (erit (enomen % "e in8er!are At rn-o8er !e<onierC pot aD n2e %a pe!te 1): m2I%. La *on*entraii "e pe!te :92 m2 I%9 .n pre<ena o7i2en % i9 pre*ipit# 9 *a <?n" "ep neri .n ree%e "e "i!tri& ie. Calciul aD n2e neori .n r? ri %a *on*entraii "e **a -:: m2 I%9 "ar .n ape (oarte !#rate poate atin2e /)::: m2 I%. E% n a(e*tea<# !#n#tatea "ar prin " ritatea *re!* t# poate a(e*ta *on" *te%e9 !p#%at %9 poate a(e*ta 2 !t % a%imente%or "e e7emp% *eai %9 *a(ea a et*.
/

Magne iul aD n2e %a *on*entraii "e pe!te 1:: m2 I%9 .n apa m#rii *antitatea e!te pe!te 1::: m2 I% .n ape (oarte !#rate poate atin2e )/::: m2 I%. Ca%*i % 3i ma2ne<i % ! & (orm# "e &i*ar&onat9 *ar&onat 3i ! %(at "etermin# " ritatea apei. >n p% ! ionii "e *a%*i 3i ma2ne<i !e *om&in# * a*i<ii 2ra3i "in !#p n ri 3i re" * p terea "e !p#%are a a*e!tora. Sodiul e!te a% --%ea e%ement *=imi* *a r#!p?n"ire pe Terra. Atin2e .n ne%e r? ri *on*entraii "e 1::: m2 I%9 .n apa m#rii 1:.::: m2 I % 3i .n ape (oarte !#rate *=iar 2).::: m2 I%. La *on*entraii "e pe!te ): m2 I% .n pre<en# "e ! !pen!ii pro" *e !p mare *e a**e%erea<# pre*ipitarea 3i "ep nerea "e *r !te .n &oi%ere 3i *a<ane iar %a *on*entraii pe!te -) m2I% "e !o"i *reea<# pro&%eme .n (a&ri*area 2=eii. !otasiul "e o&i*ei !e 2#!e3te ! & 1: m2 I%9 atin2e .n!# 1:: m2I% .n ne%e i<8oare terma%e. Pe!te ): m2I% .n pre<en# "e ! !pen!ii pro" *e !p mare *e a**e%erea<# pre*ipitarea 3i "ep nerea "e *r !te .n &oi%ere 3i *a<ane. E7*e! % e to7i* pentr pe3ti. Carbonatul e!te "e re2 %# aproape a&!ent .n ape "e ! pra(a# "ar .n ape ! &terane9 pre<int# 8a%ori ! & 1: m2 I%. "icarbonatul e!te "e re2 %# ! & ):: m2I% "ar poate r*a %a pe!te 1::: m2I% .n ape * m %t &io7i" "e *ar&on. La .n*#%<ire9 &i*ar&onat % !e tran!(orm# .n ap#9 &io7i" "e *ar&on 3i *ar&onat. A*e!ta !e *om&in# * *a%*i % 3i ma2ne<i % 3i (ormea<# "ep neri *a%*aroa!e .n interior % e8i%or9 *a<ane%or et*. *re?n" mari pro&%eme. Sulfaii !e pre<int# .n *on*entraii ! & 1::: m2I% .n ape9 "ar pot aD n2e %a 2::.::: m2 I% .n ape !a%ma!tre. S %(aii !e pot *om&ina * *a%*i % 3i pre*ipit# *a "ep neri a"erente .n *a<ane 3i in!ta%aii. Con*entraii pe!te 2): m2 I% n ! nt a"mi!e .n ne%e ti%i<#ri in" !tria%e. Clorurile a *on*entraii "e o&i*ei ! & 1: m2 I% .n re2i ni neari"e9 .n !*=im& .n apa m#rii "ep#3e3te 15$:: m2 I% 3i .n ne%e ape (oarte !#rate *=iar 2::.::: m2 I%. La *on*entraii pe!te 1:: m2 I% 2 !t % apei e!te !#rat. Apa * e7*e! "e *%or ri n e!te a"e*8at# pentr *on! m % man9 p t?n" a8ea e(e*te no*i8e a! pra !#n#t#ii. Fluorul "e re2 %# n "ep#3e3te :1 m2I % .n ape "e ! pra(a# 3i 1: m2 I% .n *e%e ! &terane9 "ar .n ne%e ape (oarte !#rate atin2e 1-:: m2I%. ,% or % .n *on*entraii p?n# %a 19) m2 ; %itr are e(e*te &ene(i*e a! pra !#n#t#ii mane. #itraii .n ape%e "e ! pra(a# nepo% ate ! nt "e o&i*ei ! & 1 m2I%9 neori p?n# %a ) m2 I%. >n ape%e ! &terane pot atin2e 8a%ori "e **a 1::: m2 I%. De a*eea neori ape%e ! &terane tre& ie ame!te*ate * a%te tip ri "e ape pentr a p tea (i ti%i<ate. La pe!te 1:: m2 I% apa are 2 !t amar 3i poate (i "# n#toare !#n#t#ii. Poate 2enera met=emo2%o&inemie %a *opii. Solide di ol$ate@ "e re2 %# n "ep#3e!* $::: m2 I% %a ape%e "e ! pra(a# !a )::: m2 I% %a ape ! &terane. >n re2i ni ari"e !a * !#r#t ri !e poate aD n2e %a 1).::: m2 I% 3i e7i!t# ape !#rate * pe!te $::.::: m2 I% !o%i"e !o%8ite. Cantit#i "e pe!te ):: m2 I% !o%i"e "i<o%8ate (a* apa improprie *on! m % i man9 iar m %te in" !trii ne*e!it# ap# * .n*#r*are ! & $:: m2I%.G)H

CAPITOLUL II.
POLUAREA APELOR

2.1. S'r)$ *$ po+'!r$ 1456572

S r!e%e "e po% are ! nt .n 2enera% a*e%ea3i pentr *e%e "o # mari *ate2orii "e re*eptori @ ape%e "e ! pra(a# A (% 8ii9 r? ri9 %a* ri et*. C 3i ape%e ! &terane A !trat ri a*8i(ere9 i<8oare et*. C . Imp ri(i*area ape%or "e ! pra(a# !a ! &terane e!te (a8ori<at# "e rm#toare%e e%emente @ - !tarea %i*=i"# a apei %a 8ariaii mari "e temperat r#9 *eea *e (a*e *a ea !# antrene<e .n * r2erea !a "i(erite ! &!tane imp ri(i*#toare E - apa e n me"i propi*e pentr rea%i<area a n meroa!e rea*ii (i<i*o-*=imi*e A*a "e e7emp% "i<o%8area nor ! &!tane nat ra%e !a arti(i*ia%e9 !e"imentarea ! !pen!ii%or et*. C E - (apt % *# .n nat r# apa !e 2#!e3te ! & (orme "i(erite A in*% !i8 2a<e 3i 8apori C .i m#re3te !en!i&i% "omeni % "e ap%i*are E - apa e!te n % "in (a*torii in"i!pen!a&i%i 8ieii pe p#m?nt . S r!e%e "e po% are !e pot .mp#ri .n "o # *ate2orii "i!tin*te@ - surse organi ate *are pro" * po% area .n rma e8a* #rii nor ! &!tane .n ape prin interme"i % nor in!ta%aii "e!tinate a*e!t i !*op9 * m ar (i *ana%i<#ri9 e8a* #ri "e %a in" !trii !a *re!*#torii "e anima%e et*.E - surse neorgani ate *are pro" * po% area prin p#tr n"erea ne*ontro%at# a nor ! &!tane .n ape. Surse de poluare organizate Ce%e or2ani<ate ! nt9 .n prin*ipa%@ ape%e re<i" a%e *om na%e A(e*a%oi"menaDereCE ape%e re<i" a%e in" !tria%eE ape%e re<i" a%e a2ro<oote=ni*e. Ape%e (e*a%oi"-menaDere ! nt po% ate mai a%e! *=imi* A! &!tane or2ani*e9 "eter2eni et*.C 3i &a*terio%o2i* 3i pro8in .n prin*ipa% "in !p#%at 3i "e %a 2r p ri !anitare. >n *a"r % *e%or in" !tria%e9 "e mare "i8er!itate9 tre& ie menionate *a< ri%e mai "eo!e&ite a%e ape%or <ate ra"ioa*ti8e A"in minerit9 *entra%e n *%earo-e%e*tri*e et*.C9 a%e *e%or po% ate termi* A! r!e 8ariate9 mai a%e! *entra%e termi*eC9 "in in" !tria e7tra*ti8# 3i pre% *r#toare "e iei9 "in minerit % * pro(i% "e meta%e ne(eroa!e9 "in in" !tria *=imi*#. Surse de poluare neorganizate S r!e%e neor2ani<ate ! nt .n prin*ipa%@ ! r!e in"i8i" a%e (#r# !i!tem "e *ana%i<areE re<i" ri !o%i"e "epo<itate .% %o* ri I mo" ri nea"e*8ateE pe!ti*i"e9 .n2r#3#minte !p#%ate "e ape%e meteori*e !a "e iri2aie. O important# ! r!# neor2ani<at# "e po% are ! nt !#r ri%e (o%o!ite iarna pe 3o!e%e *ontra <#pe<ii 3i po%ei % i. 0 %te #ri "e<8o%tate a inter<i! !a %imitat !e8er .mpr#3tierea "e !are9 "ar %a noi *ontin #. E!te o ! r!# "e po% are important#.

>n ! r!e%e neor2ani<ate !e in*% " .n!# 3i ! r!e%e o*a<iona%e A!p#%area "e anima%e9 ti%aDe et*E topirea in % i 3i *?nepii9 "e8er!#ri "i8er!eC 3i a**i"enta%e A"e e7emp% in n"aii 3i a%te *a%amit#i9 "e8er!#ri .n rma nor a**i"ente in" !tria%e9 r tiere et*.C9 *are ! nt 2re "e monitori<at 3i r#m?n a"e!ea ne* no!* te. S r!e%e a**i"enta%e inter8in mai rar9 "ar pot a8ea "eo!e&it# 2ra8itate9 iar po% area poate ! r8eni pe *#i nea3teptate. Da*# !* ( n"area nor 8apoare a pro8o*at mari po% #ri a**i"enta%e9 n mai p in 2ra8e ! nt "e!*#r*#ri%e intenionate 3i !i!temati*e "e re<i" ri .n m#ri 3i o*eane. De re2 %# ! nt ! &!tane mai p in peri* %oa!e9 "ar .n !*=im& .n *antit#i (oarte mari. N e 8or&a "e "e8er!#ri%e *o!tiere "e ape neep rate !a "e aport % r? ri%or po% ate9 *i "e (apt % *# (oarte m %te #ri9 in*% <?n" pe %o* (r nta3 #ri%e "e<8o%tate9 a "e8er!at !i!temati* .n o*ean *antit#i imen!e "e "e3e ri * 8apoare !pe*ia%e "e F2 noiF. Da*# ! r!e%e %o*a%i<ate a 3an!a "e a (i monitori<ate9 *e%e "i( <e ! nt 2re "e e8a% at 3i !e mani(e!t# a"e!ea in"ire*t A"in p%oi%e a*i"e9 & n#oar#C 3i ! nt .n*a"rate %a *ate2oria "e ! r!e neor2ani<ate9 "e3i ! nt a"e!ea pe an!am&% "e "eparte mai importante "e*?t *e%e or2ani<ate. D p# a*i nea %or .n timp9 ! r!e%e "e po% are pot (i @ - ! r!e "e po% are permanenteE - ! r!e "e po% are nepermanenteE - ! r!e "e po% are a**i"enta%e. D p# mo" % "e 2enerare a po% #rii9 ! r!e%e "e po% are pot (i .mp#rite .n@ - ! r!e "e po% are nat ra%eE - ! r!e "e po% are arti(i*ia%e9 "atorate a*ti8it#ii om % i9 *are9 %a r?n" % %or9 pot (i ! &"i8i<ate .n ape <ate 3i "epo<ite "e "e3e ri. Re(eritor %a ape%e ! &terane9 ! r!e%e "e imp ri(i*are pro8in "in@ - imp ri(i*#ri * ape !a%ine9 2a<e !a =i"ro*ar& ri9 pro" !e *a rmare a nor % *r#ri miniere !a (oraDeE - imp ri(i*#ri pro" !e "e in(i%traii%e "e %a ! pra(aa !o% % i a t t ror *ate2orii%or "e ape *are pro" * .n a*e%a3i timp 3i imp ri(i*area ! r!e%or "e ! pra(a#E - imp ri(i*#ri pro" !e .n !e*i nea "e *aptare9 "in *a <a nere!pe*t#rii <onei "e prote*ie !anitar# !a a *on"iii%or "e e7e* ie. Surse de poluare naturale S r!e%e nat ra%e "e po% are a ape%or ! nt9 .n *ea mai mare parte a %or9 ! r!e * *ara*ter permanent. E%e pro8oa*# a"e!ea mo"i(i*#ri importante a%e *ara*teri!ti*i%or *a%itati8e a%e ape%or9 in(% en?n" ne2ati8 (o%o!irea %or. C toate *#9 .n %e2#t r# * a*e!te ! r!e9 termen % "e po% are e!te oare* m impropri 9 e% tre& ie *on!i"erat .n !en! % p#tr n"erii .n ape%e nat ra%e a nor *antit#i "e ! &!tane !tr#ine9 *are (a* ape%e re!pe*ti8e improprii (o%o!irii. Prin*ipa%e%e *on"iii .n *are !e pro" *e po% area nat ra%# a ape%or ! nt @ - tre*erea ape%or prin <one * ro*i !o% &i%e A<#*#minte "e !are9 "e ! %(aiC *on!tit ie prin*ipa%a *a <# "e p#tr n"ere a nor !#r ri9 .n *antit#i mari9 .n ape%e
1:

"e ! pra(a# !a .n !trat ri%e a*8i(ere. Un *a< "eo!e&it .% repre<int# ro*i%e ra"ioa*ti8e9 *are pot " *e %a *ontaminarea nor ape "e ! pra(a# !a ! &teraneE - tre*erea ape%or "e ! pra(a# prin <one * (enomene "e ero<i ne a !o% % i pro8oa*# imp ri(i*#ri prin parti* %e%e !o%i"e antrenate9 .n !pe*ia% "a*# !o% ri%e ! nt *omp !e "in parti* %e (ine9 * m ! nt *e%e "in marne 3i ar2i%#9 *are !e menin m %t timp .n ! !pen!ieE - 8e2etaia a*8ati*#9 (i7# !a (%otant#9 .n !pe*ia% .n ape%e * 8ite<# mi*# "e !* r2ere 3i .n %a* ri9 *on" *e %a (enomene "e imp ri(i*are 8aria&i%e .n timp9 .n ( n*ie "e perioa"e%e "e 8e2etaieE - 8e2etaia "e pe ma% ri pro" *e 3i ea o imp ri(i*are9 at?t prin *#"erea (r n<e%or9 *?t 3i prin *#"erea p%ante%or .ntre2i. E%emente%e or2ani*e ! nt ! p !e n i pro*e! "e p tre<ire 3i "e!*omp nere9 *are *on" *e %a o imp ri(i*are a ape%or9 .n !pe*ia% .n perioa"e "e ape mi*i !a ! & po" "e 2=ea#. S r!e%e "e po% are a**i"enta%# nat ra%e ! nt .n 2enera% rare9 e%e "ator?n" -!e .n !pe*ia% nor (enomene * *ara*ter 2eo%o2i*. Surse de poluare artificial a). %pe u ate Prin*ipa%a ! r!# "e po% are permanent# o *on!tit ie ape%e <ate reintro" !e .n re*eptori " p# ti%i<area apei .n "i8er!e "omenii. D p# pro8eniena %or9 e7i!t# rm#toare%e *ate2orii "e ape <ate@ - ape <ate or#3ene3ti9 *are repre<int# n ame!te* "e ape menaDere 3i in" !tria%e9 pro8enite "in !ati!(a*erea ne8oi%or 2o!po"#re3ti "e ap# a%e *entre%or pop %ate9 pre* m 3i a ne8oi%or 2o!po"#re3ti9 i2ieni*o-!anitare 3i !o*ia%a"mini!trati8e a%e "i(erite%or (e% ri "e nit#i in" !tria%e mi*i. - ape <ate in" !tria%e9 re< %tate "in ape%e (o%o!ite .n pro*e! % te=no%o2i* in" !tria%9 e%e (iin" "e *e%e mai m %te ori tratate !eparat .n !taii "e ep rare proprii in" !trii%or re!pe*ti8e. N m#r % "e po% ani pentr o an mit# in" !trie e!te "e o&i*ei re!tr?n!9 o ap# in" !tria%# <at# a8?n" .n prin*ipi 9 *ara*teri!ti*i a!em#n#toare ! &!tane%or *=imi*e !a (i<i*e ti%i<ate .n pro*e! % te=no%o2i*. De e7emp% 9 ape%e <ate pro8enite "e %a mine%e "e *#r& ni a "rept *ara*teri!ti*# prin*ipa%# *onin t % .n ! &!tane .n ! !pen!ie9 .n timp *e ape%e <ate re< %tate "e %a (a&ri*i%e "e <a=#r *onin at?t ! &!tane .n ! !pen!ie9 *?t 3i ! &!tane or2ani*e. - ape <ate "e %a (erme "e anima%e 3i p#!#ri *are9 a .n 2enera% *ara*teri!ti*i%e ape%or <ate or#3ene3ti9 po% anii prin*ipa%i (iin" ! &!tane%e or2ani*e .n *antitate mare 3i materia%e%e .n ! !pen!ie. - ape <ate meteori*e9 *are .nainte "e a aD n2e pe !o%9 !pa%# "in atmo!(er# po% anii e7i!teni .n a*ea!ta. A*e!te ape "e pre*ipitaii *are 8in .n *onta*t * teren % nor <one !a in*inte amenaDate9 !a a% nor *entre pop %ate9 .n pro*e! % !* r2erii9 antrenea<# at?t ape <ate "e "i(erte tip ri9 *?t 3i "e3e ri9 .n2r#3#minte *=imi*e9 pe!ti*i"e9 a!t(e% .n*?t .n moment % aD n2erii .n re*eptor pot *onine n n m#r mare "e po% ani . - ape <ate ra"ioa*ti8e9 *are *onin *a po% ant prin*ipa% ! &!tane%e ra"ioa*ti8e re< %tate "e %a pre% *rarea9 tran!port % 3i ti%i<area a*e!tora. In"i(erent "e
11

pro8eniena %or ! &!tane%e ra"ioa*ti8e pot aD n2e .n ap#9 aer 3i !o% pe m %tip%e *#i9 preD "i*iin" .ntre2 me"i % .n*onD r#tor. - ape <ate pro8enite "e %a <one "e a2rement9 *ampin2 ri9 teren ri "e !port9 *are ! nt a!em#n#toare * ape%e <ate or#3ene3ti. - ape%e <ate pro8enite "e %a na8e%e maritime !a (% 8ia%e9 *onin imp rit#i "eo!e&it "e no*i8e * m ar (i@ re<i" ri %i*=i"e 3i !o%i"e9 pier"eri "e *om& !ti&i%9 % &ri(iani et*. b). &epo ite de de'euri sau re iduuri solideG5H O ! r!# important# "e imp ri(i*are a ape%or o *on!tit ie "epo<ite%e "e "e3e ri !a "e "i(erite re<i" ri !o%i"e9 a3e<ate pe !o%9 ! & *er % %i&er9 .n =a%"e neraiona% amp%a!ate 3i or2ani<ate. Imp ri(i*area pro8enit# "e %a a*e!te "epo<ite poate (i pro" !# prin antrenarea "ire*t# a re<i" ri%or .n ape%e * r2#toare "e *#tre pre*ipitaii !a "e *#tre ape%e *are !e !* r29 prin in(i%traie9 .n !o%. Deo!e&it "e 2ra8e pot (i *a< ri%e "e imp ri(i*are pro8o*at# "e =a%"e%e "e "e3e ri amp%a!ate .n a%&ii%e maDore a%e * r! ri%or "e ap# 3i antrenate "e 8iit ri%e a*e!tora. Ce%e mai r#!p?n"ite "epo<ite "e a*e!t (e% ! nt *e%e "e 2 noaie or#3ene3ti 3i "e "e3e ri !o%i"e in" !tria%e9 .n !pe*ia% *en 3a "e %a termo*entra%e%e *are ar" *#r& ni9 "i8er!e <2 ri meta% r2i*e9 !teri% "e %a preparaii%e miniere9 r me2 3 3i "e3e ri %emnoa!e "e %a (a&ri*i%e "e *=ere!tea et*. De a!emenea9 pot (i .n*a"rate .n a*eea3i *ate2orie "e ! r!e "e imp ri(i*are "epo<ite%e "e n#mo% ri pro8enite "e %a (a&ri*i%e "e <a=#r9 "e pro" !e *%oro!o"i*e !a "e %a a%te in" !trii *=imi*e9 pre* m 3i *e%e "e %a !taii%e "e ep rare a ape%or <ate. 0ai pot (i amintite 3i ! r!e "e po% are a**i"enta%#9 "ar e%e ! nt .n marea %or maDoritate %e2ate "e pro&%eme "e ri!* in" !tria%.

2.2. 8!0 or% po+'!"#%

,a*torii *are *on" * %a po% area apei A8ariai !i n mero3iCpot (i 2r pai a!t(e% @ -(a*tori "emo2ra(i*i9 "epen"eni "e n m#r % %o* itori%or "intr-o an mita <ona9 po% area (iin" proporiona%a * "en!itatea pop %aiei E -(a*tori r&ani!ti*i9 *ore!p n<#tori "e<8o%t#rii a3e<#ri%or mane9 *are ti%i<ea<# *antit#i mari "e apa pe *are %e !*ot "in *ir* it % =i"ro%o2i* %o*a% !a %e .ntor* in nat ra ! & (orma "e ape <ate inten! p ri(i*ate E -(a*tori in" !tria%i !a e*onomi*i9 repre<entai "e ni8e% % "e "e<8o%tare e*onomi*a !i * pre*#"ere in" !tria%a a% nei re2i ni9 in !en! % *re3terii po% #rii in para%e% * "e<8o%tarea in" !triei.

2.3. T%p'r% *$ po+'!r$.

Po% anii "in ape !e 2#!e!* ! & (orma "e ! &!tane "i<o%8ate9 in !tare "e "i!per!ie *o%oi"a%a !a ! !pen!ii 8ariate. In ( n*ie "e nat ra a2eni%or po% ani

12

e7i!teni in ape%e <ate9 po% area *a (enomen 2enera% poate (i "i(ereniata pe mai m %te tip ri "e po% areA0ANESCU915/+C @ -po% are (i<i*a -po% are *=imi*a -po% are &io%o2i*a !oluarea fi ica A* ! &!tane ra"ioa*ti8e9 termi*a !a "eterminate "e e%emente in!o% &i%e p% titoare !a !e"imenta&i%eCe!te *e% mai re*ent tip "e po% are *ara*teri!ti* <one%or a8an!ate !a inten! "e<8o%tate. !oluarea biologic-bacteriologicaA8ir !o%o2i*a !i para<ito%o2i*aCe!te %e2ata in mo" "ire*t "e pre<enta om % i. Ea poate re< %ta "in a2%omer#ri%e mane9 <oote=ni*eAa&atoareC!i e!te *ara*teri<at "e pre<enta mi*roor2ani!me%or pato2ene *are 2#!e!* *on"iii propi*e "e "e<8o%tare in ape%e !t#t#toare9 *a%"e !i m r"are. E!te *e% mai 8e*=i tip "e po% are * no!* t (iin" *ara*teri!ti* <one%or ! &"e<8o%tate !a in * r! "e "e<8o%tare. 6o%i%e tran!mi!e prin apa pot (i &o%i &a*terieneA(e&ra ti(oi"a9 "e<interie9 =o%eraC9para<itareAam&ia<a9 2iar"ia<a9 tri*omonia<aC!a a%te &o%i in(e*ioa!e. !oluarea c(imic e!te repre<entat# "e p#tr n"erea .n apa a nor ! &!tane *=imi*e "e nat ra or2ani*# !i I!a anor2ani*# A"e tip % *e%or or2ani*e 3or "e2ra"a&i%e pana %a *e%e to7i*e * per!i!tenta .n"e% n2ata !i remanentaC. !oluarea c(imic organic e!te 2enerata "e pre<enta ! &!tane%or or2ani*e9 "e tip % 2% *i"e%or9 %ipi"e%or !a proteine%or in ape. Ea e!te !pe*i(i*a ape%or <ate re< %tate "e %a (a&ri*i%e "e =?rtie !i *e% %o<a9 a&atoare9 "in in" !tria petro*=imi*a !i "e !inte<a or2ani*a. De!*omp nerea ! &!tane%or or2ani*e !i a pro" 3i%or 2enerai prin "e!*omp nerea %or !e rea%i<ea<# "e *#tre mi*roor2ani!me9 prin pro*e!e *=imi*e * *on! m "e o7i2en.Ca pro" 3i "e "e!*omp nere a ! &!tane%or or2ani*e re< %ta (eno%i9 amine9 ree9 amonia*9 =i"ro2en ! %( ratAB 2SC9 nitrai !i nitrii. Po% anii a*e!tor ape ! nt pre<eni .n *antit#i mari9 ne%e ! &!tane po% ante (iin" to7i*e pentr 8ie itoare *=iar !i in *antit#i re" !eApe!ti*i"eC.*omp 3ii or2ani*i "e !inte<a a in 2enera% o per!i!tenta ri"i*ata in me"i A*omp 3i or2ano*%or ratiC. !oluarea c(imica anorganic e!te 2enerata "e *omp 3i anor2ani*i9 "e tip % !#r ri%or. Ea e!te *ara*teri!ti*a in" !triei petro%iere "e e7tra*ie9 in" !triei petro*=imi*e !i in" !triei *=imi*e anor2ani*eAin" !tria *%or!o"i*aC.A*i<i !i &a<e%e %i&ere re< %tate in pro*e!e%e "e pro" *ie "etermin# (ormarea nor ape <ate * 8a%ori e7treme a%e pB- % i *e pot (i !tre!ante !a %eta%e pentr or2ani!me%e a*8ati*eADIUDEA !i *o%a&915+-C. In ( n*ie "e mo" % in *are !e pro" *e po% area ape%or 9a*e!ta poate (i nat ra%a !a arti(i*ia%aAantropi*aC. !oluarea natural a apei apare in"epen"ent "e a*ti8itatea !o*ia%-e*onomi*a a om % i9 *a rmare a .n*#r*#rii ape%or "e ! pra(aa * ! !pen!ii "e nat ra minera%a Ani!ip9 ar2i%a (ina9 *%or ra "e !o"i "i<o%8ataC!a or2ani*aAre!t ri "e anima%e !a p%ante a(%ate in "e!*omp nereC.Po% area e!te inten!a in perioa"e%e "e ape mari9 *?n" r? % are *apa*itate mare "e tran!port !i !%a&a in perioa"a "e !e*eta.

1$

!oluarea artificial a apei apare *a re< %tat a% a*ti8it#ii om % i .n "i8er!e !e*toare e*onomi*e !a 2o!po"arii in" !tria%e !i menaDere. Se pot "i!tin2e a!t(e% po% area r&ana9 in" !tria%a !i a2ri*o%a.

2.-. Po+'!r$! !p$+or )', $r!"$.

>n *a< % re! r!e%or "e ap# ! &teran#9 po% area !e pro" *e prin in(i%trarea ! &!tane%or imp ri(i*atoare !o%i"e 3i %i*=i"e "atorit# ape%or meteoriti*e9 *are !pa%# "e3e ri%e "e pe !o% .n mo" or2ani<at !a "e<or2ani<at 3i a ape%or "e *ana%i<are *are p#tr n" .n !o% prin neetan3eit#i%e ree%ei "e *on" *te. S r!e%e "e imp ri(i*are .n *a< % ape%or ! &terane pot (i @ - imp ri(i*#ri pro" !e *a rmare a nor % *r#ri miniere !a (oraDe "e ape !a%ine9 2a<e !a =i"ro*ar& ri E - imp ri(i*#ri pro" !e "e in(i%traii "e %a ! pra(aa !o% % i a t t ror *ate2orii%or "e ape *are pro" * 3i imp ri(i*area "i!per!at# a ! r!e%or "e ! pra(a#. - imp ri(i*area pro" !# .n !e*i nea "e *aptare "atorit# nere!pe*t#rii <onei "e prote*ie !anitar# !a a *on"iii%or "e e7e* ie. Ca%itate ape%or ! &terane e!te "eterminat# "e !tr *t ra 2eo%o2i*# a !trat % i !tr#&#t t 3i "e (a*torii =i"ro. Gra" % "e po% are a ape%or ! &terane "epin"e "e a!emenea "e *ara*teri!ti*i%e me"i % i poro! "in <ona "e p#tr n"ere !pre p?n<a "e ap# ! &teran#9 "e *ara*teri!ti*i%e 3i *antitate ! &!tane%or po% ante. D p# ori2inea !a9 po% area ape%or ! &terane poate (i @ - p n*ti(orm# !a %o*a%#9 "atorat# "e8er!#rii 3i "epo<it#rii ne*ontro%ate a nor ! &!tane po% ante pre* m 3i e7p%oat#rii "e(e*t oa!e a in!ta%aii%or "e e7tra*ie a ape%or ! &terane9 pe n !pai re%ati8 re" !. - %iniar#9 *are !e mani(e!t# "e-a % n2 % 3o!e%e%or9 *#i%or (erate9 * r! ri%or "e ape 3i *ana%e%or "e e8a* are a ape%or <ate. - "i( <#9 *are re< %t# .n rma ap%i*#rii .n2r#3#minte%or 3i pro" !e%or (ito!anitare9 "etermin?n" po% area ma!i8# a atmo!(erei. A NEAG9155/C Po% area poate a8ea n *ara*ter permanent A prin a"mini!trarea neraiona%# a .n2r#3#minte%or 3i prin "epo<itarea ne*ontro%at# a nor "e3e riC !a a**i"enta% A !par2erea nei *on" *te "e tran!port a =i"ro*ar& ri%orC. >n *eea *e pri8e3te " rata (enomen % i9 po% area poate (i a*t a%#9 *?n" a*ea!ta e!te re< %tat % nei a*ti8it#i re*ente !a poate (i 8e*=e9 "a*# "atea<# "e mai m %i ani. A*ti8it#i%e *are 2enerea<# po% area ape%or ! &terane permit i"enti(i*area a patr (orme prin*ipa%e "e po% are @ po% area menaDer#9 in" !tria%#9 a2ri*o%# 3i prin tran!port ri Pro*e! % "e po% are %a ni8e% % ape%or ! &terane "e* r2e prin interme"i % nor (enomene "e nat r# (i<i*# A a&!or&ie9 "e!or&ie9 retenie *api%ar#9 !*=im& ioni*C9 *=imi*# A pre*ipitare9 (ormarea "e 2e% ri C 3i &io%o2i*# A pro*e!e "e &io"e2ra"areC a *#ror " rat# !e pre% n2e3te .n timp9 "atorit# 8ite<ei "e "ep%a!are mi*i a ape%or ! &terane.
1'

La ape%e ! &terane "e mi*# a"?n*ime po!i&i%it#i%e "e po% are ! nt mai (re*8ente9 %a a*e!te ape "i!tin2?n" -!e "o # <one @ - <ona !at rat# * ap# 9 !it at# pe !trat % impermea&i% E - <ona ne!at rat# * ap#9 !it at# "ea! pra <onei !at rate E P?n# aproape "e !trat % a*8i(er apa po% at#9 pro8enit# "e %a ! pra(a# ! (er# (enomene "e "epo% are9 ! &!tane%e po% ante (iin" oprite .n !trat ri%e par* r!e. U%terior9 a*e3ti po% ani ! nt pre% ai "e ape%e *are apro8i<ionea<# !trat % a*8i(er9 a!t(e% *# po% area ape%or ! &terane *ontin # *=iar "a*# %a ! pra(a# n !e mai 2#!e!* ape po% ante Prin*ipa%e%e tip ri "e po% are *are amenin# *a%itatea ape%or ! &terane !e "atore!* @ - "i8er!it#ii "e *omp 3i or2ani*i 3i anor2ani*i pro8enii "in a*ti8it#i%e menaDere9 in" !tria%e9 "e minerit9 mi%itare 3i a2ri*o%e E - %e8i2#rii nitrai%or E - %e8i2#rii pe!ti*i"e%or E - a*i"i(erii Po% are !o% % i9 .n <one%e r&ane 3i in" !tria%e9 pe ! pra(ee pe *are !e pra*ti*# minerit %9 a*ti8it#i%e mi%itare !a !i!tem % "e a2ri* %t r#9 a*ionea<# "ire*t9 ime"iat !a .n timp9 a! pra *a%it#ii ape%or ! &terane. S pra"o<area .n2r#3#minte%or 3i a 2 noi % i "e 2raD" poate " *e %a %e8i2area nitrat % i9 amoni % i9 ! %(at % i 3i pota!i % i9 *=iar 3i (o!(or % i .n ape%e "e a"?n*ime. Con(orm !tati!ti*i%or !-a *on!tatat *# .n %timii 2: "e ani ni8e% % nitrai%or .n ape%e (reati*e9 !it ate ! & teren ri a2ri*o%e e7p%oatate inten!i89 a .nre2i!trat o *re3tere an a%# "e 1-19) m2 NO$- I% A LEU 3i 6IEDEI0ANN9 15+) C. A!t(e% *onin t % nitri* .n !trat % "e ap# (reati*# *a !i .n *ea "e a"?n*ime "ep#3e3te %imita ma7im# a"mi!# "e ') 2 NO$- I% .n ap# pota&i%#. A STAS 1$'2-51 C. Po% area ape%or ! &terane9 *a rmare a %e8i2#rii nitrai%or a* m %ai .n !o%9 "epin"e .n prin*ipa% "e *onin t % 3i repartiia nitrai%or .n !o%9 (ormai "e 8e2etaia "e %a ! pra(a# !a "e mo" % "e e7p%oatare a teren % i .n <on#.

2./. Po+'!r$! !p$+or *$ )'pr!.!#(

Po% area ape%or "e ! pra(a# repre<int# o a%terare a *a%it#i%or (i<i*e9 *=imi*e !a &io%o2i*e a%e a*e!tora9 pro" !# "ire*t !a in"ire*t "e a*ti8itatea man#. Ca rmare ape%e "e8in improprii pentr (o%o!irea norma%#9 .n !*op ri .n *are a*ea!t# (o%o!ire e!te po!i&i%# .nainte "e a inter8eni a%terarea. ADOJANSCBI9 15+$C. Efectele polurii apelor de suprafa Po% area ape%or "e ! pra(a#9 *a "e a%t(e% 3i a *e%or ! &terane9 are e(e*te 2ra8e a! pra &io!(erei9 a(e*t?n" 8iaa a*8ati*# "e %a mi*roor2ani!me %a in!e*te9 pe3ti 3i p#!#ri9 "ar 3i !#n#tatea anima%e%or 3i p%ante%or tere!tre. >n p% !9 po% area a(e*tea<# po!i&i%itatea oameni%or "e a (o%o!i apa. >n ( n*ie "e nat ra 3i inten!itatea po% #rii

1)

poate (i "imin at# !a an %at# ti%i<area .n aproape ori*e !*op A(i<io%o2i*9 i2ieni*9 in" !tria%9 re*reati8 et*.C. Cea mai 2ra8# imp%i*aie e!te *ea a! pra !#n#t#ii "i8er!e%or !pe*ii "e p%ante 3i anima%e *are tr#ie!* .n ape !a 8in "ire*t !a in"ire*t .n *onta*t * a*e!tea. ,ie*are !pe*ie are ne*e!it#i%e ei *antitati8e 3i *a%itati8e 3i poate (i a(e*tat# mai m %t !a mai p in 2ra89 mai m %t !a mai p in "ire*t9 "e po% area ape%or9 prin me*ani!me (oarte "i(erite. S r!e%e "e po% are 3i po% anii 2enerea<# ma%a"ii in(e*ioa!e tran!mi!e prin ap# 3i ma%a"ii nein(e*ioa!e "atorit# pre<enei .n ap# a nor ! &!tane *=imi*e. 0a%a"ii%e 2enerate 3i tran!mi!e prin interme"i % apei a *a ori2ine ape%e <ate or#3ene3ti !a in" !tria%eE ! &!tane *=imi*e pro8enite "in aer9 !o% !a *=iar "in ape%e <ate. 0a%a"ii%e in(e*ioa!e tran!mi!e prin ap# ! nt 2enerate "e po% anii rm#tori @ - &a*terii *are 2enerea<#@ =o%eraAa(e*i ne &a*terian# "i2e!ti8# pro%i(erat# "e n 2ermeneCE (e&ra ti(oi"# pro%i(erat# "e &a*i% % ti(i*9 Sa%mone%%a tKp=iE "i<enteria 2enerat# "e &a*i%ii "i<enteri*i9 S=i2e%%a "i<enteriaieE %epto!piro<e%e 2enerate "e %epto!pire pato2eneE - para<ii *are 2enerea<#@ ami&ia<a !a "i!enteria ami&iana9 *ea mai r#!p?n"it# para<ito<# "e nat r# =i"ri*#E %am&%ia<aE tri*omonia<a9 ma%a"ia e!te "eterminat# "e n (%a2e%atATri*omona! 8a2ina%i!C (oarte p in re<i!tent .n me"i % e7tern n"e "i!pare .n *?te8a ore. >n pri8ina ma%a"ii%e in(e*ioa!e9 "atorate nor ! &!tane *=imi*e "in ap# Aminera%e9 ra"ioa*ti8e9 to7i*eC !e menionea<# ma%a"ii%e rm#toare9 a8?n" *a pro8enien# @ - ! &!tane%e minera%e@ 2 3a en"emi*#9 *aria "entar#9 &o%i%e *ar"io8a!* %are9 "atorate %ip!ei "e *a%*i 3i ma2ne<i "in apa "e &# t - ! &!tane%e to7i*e9 pre<ente .n ap#9 aer 3i !o% "in *e .n *e mai m %t9 .n rma in" !tria%i<#rii 3i *=imi<#rii a2ri* %t rii9 *on" * %a *ontra*tarea a "i(erite ma%a"ii "intre *are !e menionea<# *e%e *are *on" * %a into7i*area * nitrai ANO$C !a mai e7a*t * nitrii re< %tai prin tran!(orm#ri9 *a rmare a n i pro*e! "e re" *ere9 .n perioa"e%e *a%"e a%e an % i. A%te ! &!tane to7i*e po!i&i%e pre<ente .n ap# @ p% m&9 mer* r9 *a"mi 9 ar!en. - ! &!tane ra"ioa*ti8e a*ionea<# n mai *?n" a*e!tea "ep#3e!* ra"ioa*ti8itatea nat ra%# 3i at n*i "atorit# (o%o!inei ! &!tane%or ra"ioa*ti8e e7tra!e "in mine 3i (o%o!ite .n "i(erite !*op ri.

2.4.

Compor !m$" '+ po+'!#%+or &" !p(

E8o% ia *on*entraiei nei an mite ! &!tane aD n!e .n ap#9 "epin"e "e *ara*ter % rea*ti8 !a non-rea*ti8 a% ! &!tanei9 "e "imen!i nea a*e%ei ma!e "e ap#9 "e timp % me"i "e re<i"en# a apei A.n a*e% %a*9 r? !a a*8i(erC 3i "e inten!itatea pro*e!e%or "e ame!te* 3i "i( <ie .n a*ea ma!# "e ap#.

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Cea mai mare parte a ! &!tane%or aD n!e .n ap# n ! nt *omp%et nonrea*ti8e .n !en! % *# n !e *omport# e7a*t *a apa. Se pot pre*ipita9 pot (i a&!or&ite pe ro*i9 *omp%e7ate !a (i7ate pe parti* %e%e .n ! !pen!ie9 in*% !e .n "i8er!e *i*% ri &io%o2i*e9 ! (erin" "i8er!e pro*e!e *=imi*e !a (oto*=imi*e et*. So"i %9 3i *%or % pot (i apro7imate &ine *a nonrea*ti8e .n r? ri 3i %a* ri9 %a (e% triti %. Dimen!i nea ma!ei "e ap# 8aria<# enorm9 * *in*i !a 3a!e or"ine "e m#rime. Timp % "e re<i"en# a nei mo%e* %e "e ap# poate atin2e n an .n *e%e mai % n2i r? ri9 !e*o%e .n %a* ri%e mari 3i mi%enii .n ne%e a*8i(ere * ape F(o!i%eF.

2.6.

Imp!0 '+ po+'!"#%+or1-5/2

!oluarea cu nitrai pro8ine mai a%e! "in a2ri* %t r#. A<ot % repre<int# e%ement % e!enia% pentr 8ia# 3i .n ape ! (er# (oarte m %te pro*e!e *=imi*e 3i &io*=imi*e. Apare mai a%e! *a a<otat9 a<otit9 amoni 9 a<ot 2a<o! 3i *e% (i7at .n *omp 3i or2ani*i9 2r pe .ntre *are e7i!t# *ontin e tran!(orm#ri I tran<it#ri9 (orm?n" -!e F*i*% % a<ot % iF. E7*e! % " *e %a e tro(i<are9 *ontaminarea a*8i(ere%or9 po!i&i%a a(e*tare a !#n#t#ii mane@ met=emo2%o&inemie %a *opii9 *an*er 2a!tri*... S r!e%e "e a<otai .n ape ! nt nat ra%e 3i antropi*e. S r!e%e nat ra%e ! nt @ -"in pre*ipitaii@ o7i<i "e a<ot "in atmo!(er#9 pro" 3i "e ( %2ere 3i "e ar"erea *om& !ti&i%i%or (o!i%iE aport % prin !p#%area A"in ro*i 3i *en 3# "e 8e2etaie ar!# aD n!# .n apeCE -"in nitri(i*area amoni % i Aprin mi*roor2ani!me%e nitro!omona! 3i notro!o*o** !C 3i a nitrii%or Aprin nitro&a*terCE -"in i<8oare .n rma "i<o%8#rii %or %a a"?n*ime .n ro*i Anitrat % a8?n" !o% &i%itate *re!* t# .n apeCE -"in ero<i nea !o% ri%or *e *onin a<otat. A*e!te ! r!e Fnat ra%eF ! nt a"e!ea in"ire*t tot antropi*e. S r!e antropi*e F"ire*teF ! nt *e%e p n*ti(orme A"e8er!#ri "e ape <ate *onin?n" a<otaiC 3i "i( <e9 .n prin*ipa% a<otaii pro8enii "in a2ri* %t r#9 "in .n2r#3#minte%e *=imi*e 3i "in .n2r#3#minte%e nat ra%e - 2 noi "e 2raD" - ap%i*ate pe *?mp ri9 !a "e %a %atrine. DeDe*ii%e *onin "e (apt ree 3i amoni 9 *are !e tran!(orm# .n a<otat "e *#tre mi*roor2ani!me prin nitri(i*are. >n"ep#rtarea nitrai%or "in apa pota&i%# e!te !* mp# 3i *omp%i*at#. S-a e7perimentat te=ni*i *=imi*e A!*=im&#tori "e ioniC 3i &io*=imi*e !a !e re* r2e %a ame!te*area ape%or *ontaminate * a%te%e * *on*entraie mai re" !# "e a<otai. Dar e m %t mai 3or 3i ie(tin !# pre8ii. >n p% !9 pentr ! r!e in"i8i" a%e A(?nt?niC pre8enia e !in2 ra 3an!#9 a%t(e% tre& ie a&an"onate. >n apa ! &teran#9 NO$- e!te mo"i(i*at9 tran!(ormat "e mi*roor2ani!me9 rea*ionea<# * (ier9 ! %(ai !a &i*ar&onai et*. A!t(e% !o% % e!te n F(i%tr F & n "ar "a*# i !e "ep#3e3te *apa*itatea9 *on*entraia "e a<otat 8a *re3te &r !* .n ape%e "e ! pra(a# !a ! &terane !a n 8a *re3te a<otat % *i ! %(at % pe *are .% "e<%o* ie3te "in *om&inaii a<otat %.
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A<otaii a a! pra or2ani!m % i anima% e(e*t "e to7i*itate prin m %te me*ani!me9 "ire*t !a prin a%i *omp 3i pe *are .i (ormea<# Aa<otii9 nitro<amine et*.C. %cidifierea apelor " %*i 8ine .n prin*ipa% "e %a p%oi%e a*i"e. E%e a (o!t o&!er8ate .n*# "in !e*o% % LVII .n An2%ia. Termen % "e p%oaie a*i"# %-a intro" ! *=imi!t % Ro&ert An2 ! Smit= .n 1+/29 8#<?n" * m p%oaia ata*a p%ante%e 3i *%#"iri%e. Doar "in anii M): !-a *on!tatat *# pro&%ema e tran!(ronta%ier#. Ca <a prin*ipa%# ! nt &io7i" % "e ! %( 3i o7i<ii "e a<ot "e2aDate .n atmo!(er#. Pe p%an 2%o&a% ! r!e%e nat ra%e a a*eea3i ma2nit "ine * *e%e antropi*e9 *are ! nt .n prin*ipa% ar"erea *om& !ti&i%i%or (o!i%i9 "ar *are .n <one in" !tria%e %e e*%ip!ea<# pe *e%e "e ori2ine nat ra%#. S-a re 3it *a emi!ii%e "e &io7i"e "e ! %( !# n mai *rea!*# &a *=iar !a !e re" *# " p# 15/: .n #ri%e "e<8o%tate9 .n!# *e%e "e o7i<i "e a<ot *ontin # *re3terea. 0e*ani!m % "e (ormare a p%oii a*i"e *on!t# .n o7i"area .n atmo!(er# a o7i<i%or "e a<ot 3i ! %( %a a*i" a<oti* 3i ! %( ri* !a aero!o%i "e a<otat 3i ! %(at9 prin pro*e!e *omp%e7e in*omp%et e% *i"ate "e oameni. AD n2 pe !o% 3i .n ape pe *a%e me"# !a !*at#. Pe *a%e me"# aD n2 prin p%oaie !a nin!oare. Staionarea .n atmo!(er# " rea<# .n me"ie mai m %te <i%e9 permi?n" a!t(e% a(e*tarea nor re2i ni "ep#rtate. Pe *a%e !*at# aD n2 prin "i( <ie *a 3i 2a<e !a .n parti* %e "e aero!o%i9 *a a<otat "e amoni !a ! %(at "e amoni . >n a*e!te *a< ri !taionea<# p in .n atmo!(er#9 a!t(e% *# a(e*tea<# mai m %t re2i nea .n*onD r#toare n mari%e "ep#rt#ri. O a%t# ! r!# important# "e ape a*i"e 8ine "e %a po% area !o% % i * amoni 9 *are &a*terii%e .% nitri(i*# re< %t?n" .n!# 3i ioni "e =i"ro2en9 *e "a a*i"itate. De a!emenea "in minerit pirita e7p !# %a aer 3i mi"itate e%i&erea<# B N a*i"i(i*?n" p terni* ape%e. So% ri%e 3i ape%e a *apa*itatea "e a ne tra%i<a a*i"itatea prin &i*ar&onaii "e *a%*i 3i ma2ne<i . Capa*itatea .n!# e %imitat# 3i !e pier"e %a &om&ar"area * n a(% 7 ri"i*at "e ioni "e =i"ro2en 3i "e ! %(at !a a<otat. A*i"i(ierea %a* ri%or n e "atorat# nor pro*e!e *omp%e7e me"iate "e !o%. A*i"i(ierea ape%or n apare .n <one *a%*aroa!e. >n %ip!a *ar&onai%or9 a*i"itatea e ani=i%at# "e a% mino!i%i*ai9 "ar n a3a "e e(i*ient9 e7i!t?n" ri!* % a*i"i(ierii. Pot ap#rea a*i"i(ierii temporare Fnat ra%eF %a topirea <#pe<i%or9 "ar maDoritatea ! nt "in *a <e antropi*e. S*#"erea pB- % i atra2e o *re3tere a !o% &i%it#ii meta%e%or 2re%e9 to7i*e pentr 8ia#9 *are ! nt mo&i%i<ate "in !e"imente !a n !e mai !e"imentea<#. Une%e meta%e to7i*e pot (i "e<%o* ite 3i mo&i%i<ate *=iar "in *om&inaii !ta&i%e "in !o%. !oluarea cu compu'i organici biodegradabili Pentr a e8a% a a*ea!t# po% are !e "etermin# in"i*atori in"ire*i * m ! nt *on! m % *=imi* "e o7i2en ACCOC 3i *on! m % &io*=imi* "e o7i2en AC6OC9 p% ! *on*entraia o7i2en % i. 0 %i !pe*ia%i3ti *on!i"er# *# CCO 3i C6O ! nt m %t prea 2enera%i 3i in(ormaia re< %tat# n e!te ! (i*ient#. E8o% ia ni8e% % i "e *omp 3i or2ani*i "e2ra"a&i%i a8a% "e o "e8er!are .ntr- n r? !e poate mo"e%a 3i *ore%a &ine * e8o% ia o7i2en % i "i<o%8at9 "io7i" % i9
1+

amoni % i9 a<otii%or 3i a<otai%or9 a &a*terii%or9 proto<oare%or9 a%2e%or9 *r !ta*ee%or 3i roti(ere%or9 pe3ti%or et*.9 e7i!t?n" ! **e!i ni tipi*e pre8i<i&i%e. Cea mai tipi*# po% are * *omp 3i or2ani*i &io"e2ra"a&i%i e!te *ea * ape (e*a%oi"-menaDere. A%te po% #ri (re*8ente * *omp 3i or2ani*i &io"e2ra"a&i%i pro8in "e %a in" !trie9 mai a%e! "e %a *ea a *e% %o<ei9 a%imentar# et*. 6io"e2ra"a&i%itatea !*a"e m %t p?n# %a <ero "a*# ! nt pre<ente .n ap# ! &!tane to7i*e !a in=i&itoare pentr &a*terii%e *e rea%i<ea<# &io"e2ra"area *omp 3i%or or2ani*i. Compu'ii organici "in %a* ri 3i r? ri !e o7i"ea<# 3i "e!*omp n9 !a !e "ep n *a parti* %e pe ( n" % ape%or. E7i!t# 3i "e2ra"are (oto%iti*#9 "ar re" !#9 &a<a (iin" "e2ra"area mi*ro&io%o2i*#. Da*# e7i!t# o7i2en "i<o%8at "e!t % "e2ra"area e!te aerob9 * *on! m "e o7i2en 3i pro" *ie "e &io7i" "e *ar&on 3i ap# Are!piraieC. Da*# o7i2en % e in! (i*ient9 !e tre*e %a pro*e!e anaerobe * m ! nt "enitri(i*area9 "e<aminarea9 re" *erea ! %(at % i9 (ermentarea. A*e!tea pro" * o7i2en % ne*e!ar "e!*omp neri ! &!tane%or or2ani*e "ar 3i *omp 3i ne"orii pre* m =i"ro2en % ! %( rat9 metan % et*. A*e!te pro*e!e anaero&e ! nt rare .n r? ri "ar (re*8ente .n %a* ri a"?n*i 3i *om ne .n m%a3tini. Aparent para"o7a%9 "a*# n r? e po% at * ! &!tane or2ani*e &io"e2ra"a&i%e9 e "e "orit !# (ie po% at 3i * a<otai9 *#*i prin "enitri(i*are &a*terii%e pot o&ine o7i2en % ne*e!ar "e!*omp nerii ! &!tane%or or2ani*e9 a%t(e% r? % "e8ine ano7i*9 "e*i po% area * nitrai *ontra*area<# po% area * *omp 3i or2ani*i &io"e2ra"a&i%i. "ioxidul de carbon CO2 !-a "o8e"it a n (i tot"ea na *ore%at * ni8e% % "e .n*#r*are or2ani*#9 mai a%e! *?n" ! &!tane%e or2ani*e .n *a <# ! nt p in !a "e%o* &io"e2ra"a&i%e !a *?n" * r2erea e!te t r& %ent# 3i "e*i CO 2 !e "e2aD# 3or .n atmo!(er#. !olurile petroliere - *a< parti* %ar "e po% #ri * ! &!tane or2ani*e - ! nt n mare " 3man a% ape%or9 "eoare*e * %oarea9 2 !t % 3i miro! % ! nt a(e*tate *=iar %a *on*entraii re" !e. S nt 2ra8 a(e*tate m %te or2ani!me a*8ati*e9 *eea *e " *e %a "e<e*=i%i&r e*o%o2i*. ,iin" mai 3oare *a apa9 pro" !e%e petro%iere (ormea<# pe%i* %# %a ! pra(aa apei9 *e .mpie"i*# o7i2enarea. >n ape ! &terane ! nt 3i mai per!i!tente9 *#*i &io"e2ra"area e re" !# !a a&!ent# .n %ip!a o7i2en % i 3i % minii. >n ape%e na8i2a&i%e pro8in "e %a a**i"ente * petro%iere !a "e %a !p#%area i%e2a%# a re<er8oare%or na8e%or. Suspensiile )n r*uri 'i lacuri. S !pen!ii%e ! nt n tran!portator maDor "e n trieni 3i po% ani or2ani*i 3i anor2ani*i. Parti* %e%e tran!portate "e r? ri n ! nt "oar ! !pen!ii%e *%a!i*e *i 3i parti* %e%e "ep !e pe ( n" % apei. S !pen!ii%e pro8in "in po% are9 "ar 3i "in ero<i nea nat ra%# 3i "in pro" *ia en"o2en# "in ape A*are pro8ine "in a%2e - p?n# %a 2: m2 I %itr .n ape e tro(e - 3i "in pre*ipitarea *ar&onat % i "e *a%*i %a ape " re 3i a%*a%initate ri"i*at#C. A*ti8it#i%e mane *e%e mai mari 2eneratoare "e ! !pen!ii ! nt ar#t ri%e - mai a%e! pe pant# -9 ! prap#3 nat %9 "e!p#" riri%e9 e7p%oatarea p#" ri%or * "r m ri "e tra*tor !a p?rtii "e a% ne*are .n pant#9 in*en"ierea 8e2etaiei 3i mai p terni* *a toate

15

minerit % %a ! pra(a#. 0aDoritatea ! !pen!ii%or n aD n2 .n o*ean *i !e "ep n pe ( n" % ape%or9 .n %a* ri !a .n <one%e in n"ate. S !pen!ii%e "epin" m %t "e panta r? % i9 "e nat ra 2eo%o2i*# a re2i nii et*. Apa pota&i%# n tre& ie !# *onin# ! !pen!ii. Ce%e or2ani*e 3i anor2ani*e (ine ! nt 2re "e .n"ep#rtat 3i *reea<# pro&%eme@ .n( n"are (i%treE 2 !t 3i miro! nep%#* tE pert r&area "e<in(e*iei9 tran!port % "e to7i*e9 meta%e 2re%e9 po% ani "i8er3iE *re3te C6O)- %. >n r? ri *on*entraia "e ! !pen!ii e!te (oarte 8aria&i%# .n timp 3i *=iar .n *a"r % !e*i nii pe n r? 9 *eea *e o (a*e mai 2re "e monitori<at *ore*t. +utrofi area !e "e(ine3te *a .m&o2#irea apei * ! &!tane n triti8e pentr p%ante - .n prim % r?n" a<ot 3i (o!(or A*ei%a%i <e*i "e *omp 3i ne*e!ari "e<8o%t#rii (iin" (oarte rar %imitaiC - *on" *?n" %a o *re3tere p terni*# a a%2e%or 3i ma*ro(ite%or AF.n(%orireFC *are apoi mor9 * *on!e*ine 2ra8e@ -!*#"erea *a%it#ii apei A* %oare9 2 !t9 miro!9 t %& rare9 !*#"erea o7i2en % i9 *re3terea *on*entraiei "e (ier9 man2an9 &io7i" "e *ar&on9 amoni 9 metan9 =i"ro2en ! %( rat et*.CE -*oro"area *on" *te%orE a(e*tarea ( n*i ni%or re*reati8e At r&i"itate *re!* t# a apei 3i miro! *e o (a* neatra*ti8#9 a(e*tarea .not#tori%or prin "ermatite 3i *onD n*ti8ite "e *onta*t * apa a%*a%in#9 ri!* *re!* t "e "i8er!e &o%i e7. !*=i!to!tomia<#9 ri!* &o%i "iarei*e %a .n2=iirea apei .n*#r*ate * to7i*e a%2a%eCE -a(e*tarea pi!*i* %t rii Amorta%itate pi!*i*o%#9 "e<8o%tarea !pe*ii%or ne"oriteCE -a%te *on!e*ine "i8er!e@ .n( n"area (i%tre%or9 e8i%or et*. Une%e &o%i apar mai "e! o"at# * e tro(i<area "eoare*e ea "etermin# *re3terea ma*ro(ite%or Ap%ante "e ap#C *e (a8ori<ea<# *re3terea nor or2ani!me *e ! nt 2a<"e a%e para<ii%or. De a!emenea9 .nm %irea a%2e%or a%&a!tre " *e %a pro" *ere "e to7ine *e pot otr#8i anima%e%e *are !e a"ap# 3i *re!* 3i nitraii "e pot pro" *e met=emo2%o&inemie. Uneori p%ante%e a*8ati*e *re!* te e7p%o<i8 3i e7*e!i8 pot &%o*a na8i2aia pe r? ri 3i %a* ri. E tro(i<area !e pro" *e mai rar .n r? ri 3i e mai p in 2ra8# *a *ea pe %a* ri. E tro(i<area !e pro" *e .n m %te <one 3i pe *a%e nat ra%#9 "ar "e re2 %# %ent. E tro(i<area !e poate re8er!a9 "ar tre& ie o mare 2riD# "eoare*e (enomen % e!te (oarte *omp%e7 3i .n *i "a inten!e%or *er*et#ri e!te .n*# in*omp%et * no!* t 3i .ne%e! "e oameni. %genii patogeni *are aD n2 .n ape pot (i &a*terii9 8ir ! ri !a para<ii. Ei pro8oa*# %a om 3i anima%e &o%i tran!mi!e =i"ri*9 (ie prin in2e!tie (ie prin *onta*t "ire*t !a in=a%are "e aero!o%i "in apa *ontaminat#. 0aDoritatea &a*terii%or ! nt !pe*i(i*e "e !pe*ie9 "ar ! nt 3i ne%e *e pro8oa*# &o%i 3i %a om 3i %a anima%e. Vir 3ii ! nt !pe*i(i*i (ie*#rei !pe*ii9 nein(% en?n" a%te !pe*ii. 6o%i%e pot (i "e *onta*t Apie%e9 m *oa!eC9 "i2e!ti8e !a 2enera%e. >n pra*ti*# "e re2 %# n !e "etermin# pre<ena a2eni%or pato2eni .n ape9 *i pre<ena *ontamin#rii (e*a%e9 *are in"i*# 3an!e *re!* te *a !# e7i!te 3i pato2eni. In"i*atorii "e po% are (e*a%# A*o%i(ormi tota%i9 *o%i(ormi (e*a%i9 !trepto*o*i (e*a%i et*.C .n!# n ! nt a"e*8ai e!tim#rii ri!* ri%or "e &o%i tran!mi!e prin *onta*t * apa9 n prin
2:

in2e!tie. >n p% !9 ape "e<in(e*tate prin *%orinare pot a8ea in"i*atorii "e po% are (e*a%oi"# * 8a%ori (oarte Doa!e9 in"i*?n" teoreti* 3an!e re" !e "e e7i!ten# a pato2eni%or. Dar *%orinarea n "i!tr 2e m %i "intre 8ir 3i 3i para<ii9 moti8 pentr *are .n a*e!te *a< ri 8a%oarea Fin"i*atori%orF e!te re" !#. 0onitori<area &a*terio%o2i*# e!te o&%i2atorie ori*?t "e per(e*t# ar (i *on!i"erat# o !taie "e ep rare !a tratare. Ep rarea *%a!i*# n re 3e3te !# e%imine "e*?t paria% a2enii in(e*io3i. Contaminarea salin a apelor e!te *ea mai r#!p?n"it# po% are a ape%or ! &terane "ar a(e*tea<# in"ire*t 3i ape%e "e ! pra(a#. Ca <e%e ! nt .n prin*ipa% iri2aii%e 3i in(i%traii%e ape%or marine .n a*8i(ere%e " %*i. S r!e%e "e !a%ini<are ! nt naturale Ae8aporaie *re!* t#E "i<o%8area "e minera%eE !area "e mare a" !# "e 8?nt pe *ontinentE ape 8 %*ani*e !a "e mare !a%ine *e er pC 3i antropice Airi2aiiE e7(i%traii "in *ana%e 3i =a%"e "e 2 noiE "e<2=earea 3o!e%e%or * !areE e7tra*ia petro% % i !a a%te%e9 in*% !i8 minerit =i"ra %i* pentr !areC. ,ier % e!te (re*8ent .n e7*e! .n ne%e ape9 ! &terane 3i .n apa proa!p#t# n !e 8#" mo"i(i*#ri9 "ar %terior re< %t# n pre*ipitat &r n "e =i"ro7i" "e (ier. La (e% 3i &or % .n *on*entraii e7*e!i8e A*e apar mai a%e! .n <one 8 %*ani*eC e!te to7i* pentr p%ante. Prin*ipa%a ! r!# "e !a%ini<are a ape%or r#m?n iri2aii%e e7*e!i8e. Se apre*ia<# *# pe!te ):; "in apa pre%e8at# pentr iri2aii "e (apt n aD n2e %a "e!tinaie. >n p% !9 "in *a <a ap%i*#rii .n e7*e!9 "oar ':-+:; "in ap# e!te e(e*ti8 F*on! mat#F "e p%ante9 re!t % !e e8apor# A"ar !#r ri%e r#m?nC !a !e in(i%trea<# .n !o% %a a"?n*imi mai mari "e*?t *e%e a%e r#"#*ini%or AaD n2?n" .n apa (reati*# " p# *e pe "r m a "i<o%8at !#r riC !a !e !* r2e %a ! pra(a# 3i "i<o%8# "i8er!e ! &!tane 3i %e antrenea<# .n ape. Din *ana%e%e "e!*=i!e 3i "in %a* ri%e "e a* m %are *reate pentr iri2aii !e pro" *e e8aporare inten!# 3i "e*i *re3te minera%i<area a*e%or ape. O a%t# mare ! r!# "e *ontaminare !a%in# e!te minerit %9 .n !pe*ia% *e% pentr *#r& ne9 (o!(ai 3i rani 9 3i .n oare*are m#! r# *e% pentr meta%e. E(e*t ?n" -!e ! & ni8e% % (reati*9 .n (ie*are <i !e pompea<# ape "e min# (oarte minera%i<ate. >n p% ! ape%e "e 3iroire "i<o%8# !#r ri "in =a%"e%e "e !teri%. E7tra*ia petro% % i imp%i*# 3i ea mari *antit#i "e ape !#rate9 *e tre& ie p !e .n &a<ine "e e8aporare !a reinDe*tate pro( n". Pe 3o!e%e !e mai p ne %a noi m %t# !are9 .n !*=im& .n m %te #ri "e<8o%tate !e ren n# pe *?t po!i&i%. Sa%initatea *re!* t# .n prin*ipi n a(e*tea<# "ire*t !#n#tatea9 "ar "e2ra"ea<# teren ri%e a2ri*o%e 3i ! r!e%e "e ap# pota&i%#. S nt .n!# !#r ri *e a impa*t "ire*t ne2ati8 * m ar (i *e%e "e (% or9 "e (ier9 ! %(at % et*. !oluarea cu metale grele. Pro&%ema !-a mani(e!tat a* t .n anii M): - M/: .n #ri%e "e<8o%tate. 0eta%e%e 2re%e in*% " p% m& %9 ar!en %9 mer* r %9 *a"mi %9 *o&a%t %9 ni*=e% %9 !e%eni %9 (ier %9 ar2int %9 <in* %9 *rom %9 *o&a%t %9 man2an %. De re2 %# n !e aD n2e %a into7i*aii a* te9 .n!# meta%e%e 2re%e a proprietatea "e a !e *on*entra .n or2ani!me%e 8ii9 mani(e!t?n" -!e to7i*itatea *roni*#. Ni8e%e%e to7i*e ! nt re%ati8 &ine * no!* te pentr om9 "ar ni*i pe "eparte pentr imen!a "i8er!itate "e or2ani!me a*8ati*e. Contaminarea om % i "epin"e m %t "e
21

o&i*ei ri%e a%imentare9 8?r!t#9 !tare "e !#n#tate et*. Contea<# (oarte m %t 3i (orma9 ni8e% % "e a&!or&ie 3i "e to7i*itate (in" "i(erit .ntre Cr $N 3i Cr-N !a .ntre mer* r % meta%i* 3i *e% %e2at or2ani*. A% mini % a pro" ! neori morta%itate pi!*i*o%# !a a a%2e%or. Prin*ipa%e%e ! r!e "e po% are a ape%or * meta%e 2re%e ! nt@ - ! r!e 2eo%o2i*e Anat ra%eCE in" !tria minier# 3i pre% *r#toare "e meta%eE - ti%i<#ri%e in" !tria%e 3i *a!ni*e a%e !#r ri%or "e meta%e 2re%e "e e7emp% *e%e "e *rom %a t#&#*#rii9 *e%e "e * pr 3i ar!en .n pe!ti*i"e9 !a p% m& % .n &en<in#E - "in e7*reii%e mane 3i anima%eE - "in in(i%traii%e "e %a =a%"e%e "e 2 noi. 0onitori<area *on*entraii%or "e meta%e 2re%e e!te "e!t % "e "i(i*i%#. Micropoluanii organici ! nt *omp 3i or2ano-*%or rai9 (eno%i9 *etone et*. 0 %i intr# .n *%a!a &io*i"e%or Ape!ti*i"e9 ( n2i*i"e9 ier&i*i"e9 in!e*ti*i"e et*.C. E7i!t# pe!te 1: mi%ioane "e *omp 3i *=imi*i9 "in *are <e*i "e mii ! nt .n < .n in" !trie9 *eea *e (a*e *a .n ap# !# poat# aD n2e o ria3# 8arietate9 impo!i&i% "e i"enti(i*at 3i "o<at in"i8i" a%. De a*eea !e monitori<ea<# n mai *omp 3ii mai (re*8eni 3i mai to7i*i. E7i!t# .n %e2i!%aie %i!te * ! &!tane prioritare *e tre& ie e%iminate. ,re*8ente ! nt pe!ti*i"e%e or2ano-*%or rate 3i or2ano-(o!(ori*e9 tria<ine%e9 "eri8ate%e "e ree9 er&i*i"e%e tip =ormon 8e2eta%9 !o%8enii "e < *a!ni*9 ! &!tane%e "e !inte<# 3i rea*ti8i "in in" !trie9 "e e7emp% *ei pentr (a&ri*area "e po%imeri. Une%e pro" !e * m ! nt DDT 3i a%te pe!ti*i"e or2ano*%or rate a (o!t inter<i!e aproape .n toate #ri%e !a ! nt (oarte !tri*t *ontro%ate9 " p# *e !-a *on!tatat *e "e<a!tre a pro" !. E(e*te%e to7i*e a%e "i8er3i%or mi*ropo% ani pot (i %eta%e !a ne%eta%e9 at?t pe termen !* rt *?t 3i %a e7p nere *roni*#. 0ari pro&%eme 3i *ontro8er!e ! nt * pri8ire %a e(e*te%e *an*eri2ene 3i 2enoto7i*e .n 2enera% %a e7p neri *roni*e %a *antit#i re" !e "e ! &!tan#9 "eoare*e in(ormaia 3tiini(i*# e in*omp%et#. De2ra"a&i%itatea &io%o2i*# 3i *=imi*# a "i8er3i%or mi*ropo% ani e!te e7trem "e "i(erit#. Unii per!i!t# !#pt#m?ni A"e e7emp% in!e*ti*i"e or2ano(o!(ori*eC9 a%te%e % ni Atria<ine "e e7emp% C iar a%te%e (oarte m %t A1: ani DDT- %C. Pentr i"enti(i*area mi*ropo% ani%or !e (o%o!e!* meto"e "e %a&orator (oarte "i8er!e@ e8aporare9 %tra(i%trare9 !p mare9 e7tra*ie9 !*=im& "e ioni9 a"!or&ie pe *ar&on a*ti8at9 pe o7i" "e a% mini 9 pe n#mo% a*ti89 pre*ipitare * !#r ri "e (ier !a a% mini 9 *romato2ra(ie 2a<oa!#9 !pe*tro(otometrie et*.

22

CAPITOLUL III.
REGLE9ENT:RI PENTRU CALITATEA APEI

3.1. R$;+$m$" (r% p$" r' 0!+% ! $! !p$% *$ )'pr!.!#( 11-2

Prime%e %e2i pri8in" a!i2 rarea *a%it#ii ape%or a (o!t emi!e .n An2%ia .n 1$$+ 3i apoi .n ,rana .n 1':'. C %e2erea "e %e2i!%aie "e ape a Germaniei are n mai p in "e - 8o% me. >n !tate%e mem&re a%e UE !tan"ar"e%e *are normea<# *a%itatea apei pota&i%e !e &a<a pe Dire*ti8a +:I//+IEEC O ap# "e!tinat# *on! m % i man. Dire*ti8a a (o!t a"optat# .n 15+: *a rmare a nei prop neri "in 15/) 3i a rm#rit re*oman"#ri%e O0S "in 15/:. A*ea!t# Dire*ti8# a !ta&i%it pentr prima "at# !tan"ar"e o&%i2atorii pentr *a%itatea apei pota&i%e .n #ri%e *om nitare. Dire*ti8a in*% "e -' "e parametri9 '' "intre ei (iin" o&%i2atorii 3i ne*e!it?n" monitori<area re2 %at# a *on(ormit#ii %or. O no # Dire*ti8# re(eritoare %a *a%itatea apei pentr *on! m % man 5+I+$IEEC a (o!t prop !# "e Comi!ia E ropean# .n 155) 3i a"optat# *a %e2e *om nitar# .n noiem&rie 155+. State%or 0em&re %i !-a *er t !# tran!p n# no a Dire*ti8# .n %e2i!%aii%e naiona%e p?n# %a 2).12.2::: 3i !# !e *on(orme<e %a prin*ipa%e%e *erine a%e a*e!teia p?n# %a "ata "e 2).12.2::$. O&ie*ti8 % Dire*ti8ei 5+I+$IEEC e!te "e a proteDa !#n#tatea man# .mpotri8a e(e*te%or a"8er!e *a <ate "e *ontaminarea apei pota&i%e. Dire*ti8a !ta&i%e3te *on"iii "e *a%itate pentr apa pota&i%#9 apa ti%i<at# pentr 2#tit9 prepararea =ranei9 pentr (o%o!ine 2o!po"#re3ti9 in"i(erent "e ori2inea ei !a mo"a%itatea "e "i!tri& ie - reea p &%i*#9 re<er8or9 !ti*%e !a *ontainere. A*e%ea3i re2%ement#ri ! nt 8a%a&i%e 3i pentr apa ti%i<at# .n in" !tria a%imentar#9 * *on"iia *a a*e!tea !# n a(e*te<e *a%itatea pro" ! % i a%imentar (init. E8a% area *a%it#ii apei !e (a*e prin pri!ma in"i*atori%or or2ano%epti*i9 (i<i*i9 *=imi*i9 "e ra"ioa*ti8itate9 &io%o2i*i A"e e tro(i<areC 3i mi*ro&io%o2i*i. State%e 0em&re 8or % a toate m#! ri%e ne*e!are pentr a a!i2 ra o ap# pota&i%# * rat# 3i !ano2en#9 *eea *e .n!eamn# .n"ep%inirea rm#toare%or *on"iii@ aC !# n *onin# mi*ro-or2ani!me9 para<ii !a ! &!tane *are prin n m#r !a *on*entraie9 !# *on!tit ie n peri*o% pentr !#n#tatea om % iE &C !# .n"ep%inea!*# *erine%e minime a%e Dire*ti8ei. Va%ori%e re*oman"ate pentr *ontaminanii potenia%i ai apei9 repre<int# a*e%e *on*entraii *are n imp%i*# ni*i n ri!* !emni(i*ati8 pentr !#n#tatea *on! matori%or9 "a*# a*e3tia ar &ea ap# pe par* r! % .ntre2ii 8iei. Con*entraii%e !ta&i%ite pentr parametri "in Dire*ti8# in*% " (a*torii "e !i2 ran# * no!* i p?n# .n pre<ent 3i ti%i<ai .n e!timarea ri!* % i. C?i8a noi parametri a (o!t a"# 2ai *a rmare a %time%or "o8e<i 3tiini(i*e e7i!tente9 o&in?n" -!e o %i!t# "e )) "e
2$

parametri *on!i"erai "e *#tre toate #ri%e *om nitare a (i e!enia%i pentr proteDarea !#n#t#ii. State%e 0em&re a %i&ertatea "e a e7tin"e %i!ta 3i amen"a 8a%ori%e parametri%or .n !*op % proteD#rii !#n#t#ii9 "a*# *on"iii%e %o*a%e o imp n. Cea mai important# mo"i(i*are a Dire*ti8ei o repre<int# re" *erea *on*entraiei ma7im a"mi!e a p% m& % i "in ap# "e %a ):m2I% %a 1:m2I%. Dire*ti8a !ta&i%e3te *erine minime "e monitori<are9 %#!?n" %a %atit "inea a torit#i%or %o*a%e "e*i<ia re(eritoare %a (re*8ena9 n m#r % 3i tip % parametri%or "e ana%i<at. Pentr ana%i<a parametri%or !e 8or pre(era meto"e%e !tan"ar"i<ate9 "ar ! nt a"mi!e ori*e a%te meto"e *are .n"ep%ine!* *erine%e "e per(orman# imp !e "e Dire*ti8#. A*e!t % *r permite State%or 0em&re !# !e a"apte<e pro2re! % i te=ni* 3i 3tiini(i*9 (#r# a (i ne*e!ar# mo"i(i*area pre8e"eri%or Dire*ti8ei. State%e 0em&re tre& ie !# ia toate m#! ri%e pentr in8e!ti2area *a <ei ori*#ror a&ateri "e %a !tan"ar"e%e !ta&i%ite. Dire*ti8a a!i2 r# n *a"r (%e7i&i% "e "ero2#ri *are "# po!i&i%itatea ori*#r i Stat 0em&r !# reme"ie<e ori*e ne*on(ormitate .n !*op % .n"ep%inirii *erine%or !tan"ar"e%or9 a proteD#rii !#n#t#ii 3i a!i2 r#rii "i!tri& iei apei *#tre *on! matori9 .n *on"iii "e "ep%in# !i2 ran#. Con! matorii tre& ie !# (ie in(ormai "e!pre ori*e m#! r# "e reme"iere .ntreprin!#. State%or 0em&re %i !e *ere !# ( rni<e<e *on! matori%or in(ormaii a"e*8ate 3i a*t a%i<ate "e!pre *a%itatea apei pota&i%e9 !# p &%i*e n raport "e!pre a*e!t ! &ie*t %a n inter8a% "e trei ani 3i !# trimit# o *opie a raport % i9 %a Comi!ia E ropean#. A"aptarea %e2i!%aiei %a A*P i!- % Com nitar tre& ie !# *ontin e 3i " p# a"erare9 repre<ent?n" o oport nitate pentr o ar# *an"i"at# !# .3i or2ani<e<e 3i "e<8o%te in!tit ii%e9 pro*e" ri%e 3i !# .3i pre2#tea!*# per!ona% % pentr !ar*ini%e %e2ate "e imp%ementarea 3i imp nerea %e2i!%aiei. A*e!t pro*e! are trei e%emente *=eie@ < Tr!")p'"$r$! - a"aptarea !a mo"i(i*area %e2i!%aiei naiona%e a!t(e% .n*?t %e2i!%aia re%e8ant# a UE !# (ie *omp%et in*% !# .n %e2i!%aia naiona%#. ,orma tran!p !# a Dire*ti8e%or re(eritoare %a me"i % .n*onD r#tor tre& ie .n!# trimi!# Par%ament % i pentr apro&are9 .n *e%e mai m %te "intre *a< riE < Imp+$m$" !r$! - a!i2 rarea in!tit ii%or 3i a & 2et % i ne*e!ar pentr imp nereE < Imp'"$r$! - a!i2 rarea miD%oa*e%or "e *ontro% 3i !an*i ne pentr a!i2 rarea *on(orm#rii %a %e2i!%aie. Dire*ti8a "in 155+9 pre8e"e o 8a%oare o&%i2atorie "e :I1::m% pentr E. *o%i 3i a*ea!t# 8a%oare tre& ie re!pe*tat# 3i monitori<at# %a ro&inet % *on! mator % i. Prop nerea %e2i!%ati8# menine 8a%oarea pentr E. *o%i9 *a pe n in!tr ment "e proteDare a !#n#t#ii p &%i*e9 3tiin" -!e *# "ete*tarea E. *o%i .n apa *are ie!e "in <in# !a e!te !to*at# .n re<er8or9 in"i*# pre<ena nei po% #ri (e*a%e. Le2ea nr.')+ "in + i %ie 2::29 pri8in" *a%itatea apei pota&i%e9 re2%ementea<# *on"iii%e "e *a%itate a%e a*e!teia9 a8?n" *a o&ie*ti8 prote*ia !#n#t#ii oameni%or .mpotri8a e(e*te%or ori*#r i tip "e *ontaminare a apei pota&i%e prin a!i2 rarea ei "e ap# * rat# 3i !ano2en#.
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Stan"ar" % naiona% pre8e"e 8a%ori o&%i2atorii pentr a% mini 9 (ier9 man2an9 * %oare9 t r&i"itate9 miro! 3i 2 !t9 Dire*ti8a 5+I+$IEEC n pre8e"e 8a%ori o&%i2atorii pentr a*e3ti parametri. Ei ! nt "en mii parametri in"i*atori 3i a rm#toare%e 8a%ori@ a% mini 2::m2I%9 (ier 2::m2I%9 man2an ):m2I% 3i !pe*i(i*aia *# 8a%ori%e tre& ie !# (ie .n *on(ormitate * 2ra" % "e a**epta&i%itate a% *on! matori%or 3i !# n e7i!te mo"i(i*#ri anorma%e "e * %oare9 t r&i"itate9 miro! 3i 2 !t. A!pe*t % e!teti* a% apei Aparametri or2ano%epti*iC e!te (oarte important pentr *on! mator 3i "# "rept % In!pe*torate%or "e S#n#tate P &%i*# !# *ear# *ompanii%or pro" *#toare "e ap# !# .3i .m& n#t#ea!*# meto"e%e "e tratare 3i !# mo"erni<e<e !i!tem % "e "i!tri& ie. Stan"ar" % naiona% re2%ementea<# o 8a%oare a " rit#ii apei * prin!# .n inter8a% % 2: O $: 2ra"e 2ermane. >n *eea *e pri8e3te 8a%oarea !o"i % i9 Stan"ar" % naiona% n are ni*i o pre8e"ere9 "ar *on(orm Dire*ti8ei a*e!ta e!te n parametr in"i*ator normat %a 2::m2I%. Pentr pB9 Stan"ar" % re2%ementea<# o 8a%oare * prin!# .n inter8a% % -9) O /9' "ar n mai m %t "e +9) .n timp *e Dire*ti8a n imp ne o 8a%oare pentr a*e!t parametr . Va%ori%e !ta&i%ite pentr pB tre& ie !# (ie mai mari !a e2a%e * -9) "ar !# n "ep#3ea!*# 59) * meni nea *# apa n tre& ie !# (ie a2re!i8# pentr !i!tem % "e "i!tri& ie. >n pra*ti*# !e "etermin# "oar nii "intre in"i*atorii *=imi*i !pe*i(i*i9 .n !*=im& !e mai "etermin#@ "e&it %9 temperat ra9 *on" *ti8itatea9 " ritatea permanent#9 " ritatea temporar#9 " ritatea tota%#9 n m#r "e 2ermeni tota%i me<o(i%i A neori 3i *o%i(ormi (e*a%i 3i !trepto*o*i (e*a%iC9 "i8er3i in"i*atori &io%o2i*i9 !apro&itatea9 .n*#r*area para<ito%o2i*# A*=i!te "e Giar"ia9 o # "e 2eo=e%mini...C 3i 8ir !o%o2i*# A&a*terio(a2i et*.C. Dire*ti8a !ta&i%e3te 8a%ori 3i pentr rm#torii parametri in"i*atori@ amoni 9 *%or ri9 C%o!tri"i m per(rin2en!9 nit#i (ormatoare "e *o%onii9 ! %(ai9 ra"ioa*ti8itate9 *ar&on tota%9 triti 3i t r&i"itate pentr apa *are ie!e "in <ina "e tratare. Ne.n"ep%inirea a*e!tor *erine n .n!eamn# .n mo" ne*e!ar *# apa n e!te * rat# 3i !ano2en#. Apa ( rni<at# pentr !*op ri *a!ni*eI2o!po"#re3ti 3i pentr in" !tria a%imentar# e!te *on!i"erat# * rat# 3i !ano2en# "a*# .n"ep%ine3te rm#toare%e *on"iii@ aC n *onine@ 1. ni*i n mi*ro-or2ani!m A"intre *ei normaiC !a para<itE 2. ni*i o ! &!tan# A"intre *e%e normateC9 La o *on*entraie !a 8a%oare *are !# *on!tit ie n peri*o% pentr !#n#tateE &C n *onine ni*i o ! &!tan# Anormat# !a n C %a o *on*entraie *are .n pre<ena a%tor ! &!tane "in ap# A(ie *# ! nt normate !a n C !# repre<inte n peri*o% potenia% pentr !#n#tatea man#E *C n *onine ! &!tane%e %i!tate9 %a *on*entraii *are !# "ep#3ea!*# *on*entraii%e ma7im a"mi!e.

2)

3.2. I"*%0! or% *$ 0!+% ! $ !% !p$+or =% +%m% $+$ !*m%)$ &" #!r! "o!) r(
Datorit# importanei apei pentr om 3i !#n#tatea % i9 *?t 3i m %tip%e%or ti%i<#ri a%e a*e!teia9 a (o!t ne*e!ar# rm#rirea *a%it#ii apei (o%o!ite. Apre*ierea *a%it#ii apei !e (a*e pe &a<a nor in"i*atori *are re"a *ara*teri!ti*i%e *a%itati8e 3i *antitati8e a%e apei %a n moment "at. Apa "in nat r# !er8e3te .n m %te !*op ri "ar *ea mai important# (orm# "e ti%i<are a apei e!te *ea "e &# t re!pe*ti8 ap# pota&i%#. >n &a<a !ta&i%irii in"i*atori%or "e *a%itate *?t 3i %imite%e a*e!tora a !ta&i%it rm#ri%e *on! m % i a*e!tor ape a! pra !#n#t#ii pop %aiei. Sta&i%irea *on*entraiei %imit# a in"i*atori%or "e *a%itate !-a rea%i<at prin raportarea %a 2re tatea norma%# a n i a" %t 3i %a *on! m % me"i <i%ni* "e ap# a"mi!# a ne8oi%or (i<io%o2i*e a%e a*e!t ia. Con"iii%e "e pota&i%i<are imp !e apei ! nt "eterminate "e *ara*teri!ti*i or2ano%epti*e A 2 !t9 miro!C9 (i<i*e A temperat r#9 t r&i"itate9 * %oare9 ra"ioa*ti8itateC9 *=imi*e A ! &!tane * a*i ne no*i8#9 ! &!tane in"e<ira&i%e9 ! &!tane in"i*atoare a%e po% #rii &a*teoro%o2i*e A 2ermeni me<o(i%i9 2ermeni *o%i(ormi9 entero*o*i9 &a*terio(a2ienteri*i C 3i &io%o2i*e. Apre*ierea pota&i%it#ii nei ! r!e "e ap# !e (a*e &a<a 8a%orii in"i*atori%or "e *a%itate * prin3i .n STAS 1$'2-51. A*e!ta * prin"e toi in"i*atorii "e *a%itate *er i apei pota&i%e9 prin interme"i % norme%or !anitare e7i!tente %a ora a*t a%# .n ara noa!tr#. Tre& ie pre*i<at *# n .n toate #ri%e ! nt a*e%ea3i norme !anitare "e3i *riteri % " p# *are !e !ta&i%e!* a*e!te norme ! nt a*e%ea3i. Or2ani<aia 0on"ia%# a S#n#t#ii !ta&i%e3te pentr o !erie "e ! &!tane n inter8a% %imit# "in interior % *#r ia !e pot a"opta norme%or "i8er!e%or #ri9 e7primate prin interme"i % *on*entraii%or ma7ime a"mi!e Am2I"m$C.

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CAPITOLUL IV.
9ONITORI>AREA CALIT:II APEI S pra8e2=erea *ontin #9 e8i"enierea !*=im&#ri%or .n !tarea me"i % i 3i e8a% area imp%i*aii%or e*o%o2i*e 3i !o*ia%e !e rea%i<ea<# prin m#! r#tori perio"i*e a%e (a*tori%or *are in"i*# !tarea me"i % i .n*onD r#tor9 n mit .n 2enera% 0ONITORINGUL 0EDIULUI.G1/91+91592:H >n*ep t % ori*#rei a*ti8it#i "e prote*ie a me"i % i "intr-o ar#9 *a po%iti*# "e !tat9 *oerent# 3i e(i*ient#9 !e (a*e * or2ani<area 3i a!i2 rarea ( n*ion#rii !i!tem % i "e ! pra8e2=ere Amonitorin2C a me"i % i9 .n an!am&% 9 3i a *omponente%or !a%e. Or2ani<area n i a!t(e% "e !i!tem %a ni8e% naiona% pre! p ne e%a&orarea nei *on*epii mo"erne9 *are9 o "at# 8a%i"at# 3i apro&at# "e a torit#i%e *entra%e9 !e materia%i<ea<# .n timp. E(ort % (inan*iar pentr or2ani<are e!te "eo!e&it 3i pre! p ne pentr #ri%e .n tran<iie n !priDin ! &!tania% internaiona%. Pentr monitorin2 % me"i % i9 %a ni8e% mon"ia% e7i!t# Q 0onitorin2 % "e (on" 2%o&a% inte2rat a% po% #rii me"i % i R - IG60 3i Q Si!tem % 2%o&a% "e monitorin2 a% me"i % i R GE0S. Prim % !e o* p# "e monitorin2 % "e (on" A.nainte "e inter8enia po% #riiC9 iar a% "oi%ea "e monitorin2 % "e impa*t A" p# inter8enia po% #riiC. Componenta GE0S pentr ape a (o!t %an!at# .n 15//9 * prin<?n" pe!te $:: "e !taii "e monitori<are r#!p?n"ite .n toat# % mea. GE0S are norme 3i monitori<ea<# <e*i "e parametri "e *a%itate a apei9 pentr "i8er!e *ate2orii "e ap#9 in*% !i8 nii * m ! nt *%oro(i%a9 &or %9 =i"ro2en % ! %( rat9 mo%i&"en %9 8ana"i %9 n mero3i *omp 3i or2ani*i *are n ! nt ana%i<ai "e r tin# .n m %te #ri. 0onitori<area *a%it#ii apei 3i raportarea re< %tate%or !e 8a (a*e pe &a<ine !a <one "e apro8i<ionare * ap#. A*e!tea ! nt mai 3or "e a"mini!trat 3i e8a% at "e*?t nitatea !tati!ti*# repre<entat# "e o <on# "e!er8it# "e o <in# "e ap# !a "e o %o*a%itate. Parametri *are tre& ie ana%i<ai 3i n m#r % "e pro&e ! nt !ta&i%ite .n *on*or"an# * p n*te%e "e pre%e8are 3i *on"iii%e %o*a%e. ,re*8ena an a%# a pre%e8#rii pro&e%or !e !ta&i%e3te pe &a<a n m#r % i pop %aiei "e!er8ite9 % ?n" -!e .n *on!i"erare e(i*iena <inei "e ap# 3i !tarea ree%ei "e "i!tri& ie. G'H E7i!tena n i !i!tem "e monitorin29 per(e*ionarea 3i optimi<area % i9 prin e7tin"erea *a%itati8# 3i *antitati8#9 re< %t# "in rm#toare%e ne*e!it#i a*t a%e @ - ne*e!itatea * noa3terii e8o% iei *a%it#ii *omponente%or "e me"i - ne*e!itatea 2r p#rii9 !e%e*t#rii 3i or"on#rii in(ormaii%or9 a *ore%#rii %or * in(ormaii "e a%t# nat r# Ate%e"ete*ie9 <onare e*o%o2i*#9 <onare pe"o%o2i*#9 !tarea "e !#n#tate a pop %aiei et*C E - ne*e!itatea o&inerii "e in(ormaii *ompara&i%e * in(ormaii%e %a !*ar# re2iona%#9 *ontinenta%# !a 2%o&a%# - ne*e!itatea * noa3terii 3i e8a% #rii rapi"e a !it aiei .n *a< ri "e a**i"ente !a in*i"ente antropi*e9 "e*i a impa*t % i a! pra me"i % i

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- ne*e!itatea "e<8o%t#rii &a<ei "e * no3tine pentr !ta&i%irea 3i ( n"amentarea nor a*i ni "e prote*ia me"i % i9 "e re*on!tr *ie e*o%o2i*#9 "e e8a% are a impa*t % i 3i pentr e8i"enierea nor e(e*te .n*# ne*ontro%ate a! pra &io"i8er!it#ii9 a !#n#t#ii 3i a & n ri%or materia%e. Date%e ne*e!are *are tre& ie o&in te .n !taii%e "e monitorin2 "e (ont a%e me"i % i AIG60C ! nt@ %i!t# a po% ani%or prin*ipa%i "e ori2ine antropi*# *are rmea<# a (i rm#rii <one%e e7p !e impa*t % i po% #rii (re*8ena o&!er8aii%or o&!er8aii *on*omitente !a ! p%imentare. A%e2erea amp%a!ament % i !taii%or pentr IG60 !e (a*e .n *on(ormitate * rm#toare%e re*oman"#ri@ amp%a!amente%e 8or (i a%e!e "eparte "e *entre%e pop %ate m#rimea <onei 8a (i *on!er8at# &iota .n <on# 8a (i *on!er8at# !e 8a e8ita mo"i(i*area *on"iii%or nat ra%e. >n Rom?nia ( n*ionea<# Sistemul #aional global de monitoring al mediului GE0S-RO 3i Monitoringul #aional de fond global integrat al polurii mediului IG60-RO9 * ! &!i!teme pentr aer9 ap# 3i !o%. Pentr ap#9 e7i!t# %a noi .n ar# Q !e*i ni "e re(erin# R9 "ar p?n# .n pre<ent n ! nt p !e .n ( n*i ne !taii "e monitorin2 "e (on"9 *eea *e .n2re nea<# e8a% #ri%e impa*t % i. >n ! &!i!tem % naiona% GE0S-RO pentr ap#9 monitorin2 % !e (a*e .n (% 7 in(ormaiona% rapi" 3i %ent. A*ti8itatea .n (% 7 in(ormaiona% rapi"9 e8a% ea<# <i%ni* *a%itatea ape%or .n -) "e !e*i ni "e *ontro% pe &a<a nei ana%i<e ! mare a apei9 *are a!i2 r# .n mo" operati8 * noa3terea !it aiei *riti*e "e po% are a apei9 ( rni<?n" e%emente%e ne*e!are po% #rii9 iar .n 1) "in *e%e -) "e !e*i ni !e e(e*t ea<# "etermin#ri !#pt#m?na%e a%e ni8e% % i "e .n*#r*are a apei * ioni "e meta%e 2re%e. A*ti8itatea .n (% 7 in(ormaiona% %ent9 e8a% ea<# ten"ine%e 2%o&a%e a%e *a%it#ii apei .n "e* r! % n i an. Se (a* "etermin#ri % nare .n 2/) "e !e*i ni "e *ontro% "e or"in I pe D n#re9 r? ri prin*ipa%e .n !pe*ia% *e%e *are prime!* ape%e re<i" a%e "e %a ora3e 3i in" !trii importante. Se*i ni%e "e or"in II ! nt p%a!ate pe a(% eni "e mi*# importan# "in p n*t "e 8e"ere a% po% #rii. Pornin" -!e "e %a e7periena e7i!tent# anterior .n *a"r % Si!tem % i Naiona% "e S pra8e2=ere a Ca%it#ii Ape%or9 pentr Si!tem % "e 0onitorin2 Inte2rat a% 0e"i % i .n Rom?nia9 !e "i!tin2 "o # tip ri "e a*ti8it#i@ - acti$itatea operati$ de culegere a datelor9 a8erti<area nor po% #ri a**i"enta%e 3i % area nor m#! ri "e prote*ie a (o%o!ine%or E - acti$itatea de caracteri are a calitii mediului9 pe termen % n29 e8a% area ten"ine%or "e e8o% ie 3i a m#! ri%or "e prote*ie a"e*8ate. Perio"i* Aan a%C9 !e 8or e"ita !inte<e%e "e *a%itate a me"i % i 3i pro2no<a e8o% iei.

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Pornin" -!e "e %a nat ra 3i tip % parametri%or *e tre& ie rm#rii prin Si!tem % "e 0onitorin2 Inte2rat a% 0e"i % i .n Rom?nia9 !e "i!tin2 rm#toare%e e%emente !pe*i(i*e @ Ree%e "e!tinate ! pra8e2=erii imi!ii%or Aaer atmo!(eri*9 * r! ri re*eptoare "e ap#C. A*e!te ree%e a o !tr *t r# mi7t# "e or2ani<are9 in?n" -!e *ont "e me"ii%e "e in8e!ti2aie 3i "e parametrii rm#rii9 re!pe*ti8 @ - !tr *t ri %a ni8e% "e &a<in =i"ro2ra(i* E - !tr *t ri %a ni8e% D "eean E - <one "e tran<itare po% ani atmo!(eri*i E - <one "e ! pra8e2=ere a impa*t % i tran!(ronta%ier E - p n*te "e po!te8a% are impa*t antropo2en. Contro% % po% #rii %a emi!ie *are !e "i(erenia<# prin rm#toare%e e%emente @ - *on*entraii%e9 parametrii 3i (re*8ene%e "e rm#rire ! nt "i(erite *a ni8e% ri9 2am# 3i perioa"# "e timp E - a%#t ri "e .nre2i!trarea 8a%ori%or "eterminate9 a*ti8itatea "e *ontro% imp ne ne*e!itatea a!i2 r#rii *on"iii%or "e inter8enie .n pro*e!e%e te=no%o2i*e "e (a&ri*aie 3i "e ep rare a ape%or9 re!pe*ti8 p ri(i*area aer % i9 pentr a a" *e parametrii rm#rii .n %imite%e pre!ta&i%ite. Ree%e%e "e emi!ie !e re(er# %a @ - ape <ate E - e8a* #ri "e po% ani .n atmo!(er#. E8a% area 3i *ontro% % e(i*ienei 2%o&a%e a m#! ri%or "e prote*ie a me"i % i. Str *t ra or2ani<atori*# pentr a*e!t o&ie*ti8 * prin"e @ - <one "e prote*ie nat ra%#-re<er8aii nat ra%e E - e*o<one E - <one "e re*on!tr *ie e*o%o2i*#. Prelucrarea i folosirea datelor de baz Date%e "e &a<# ! nt *on!tit ite "in re< %tate%e m#! r#tori%or e(e*t ate pe teren9 re< %tate *are !ta %a &a<a !t "ii%or "e impa*t9 e!te o&%i2atori !# !e a%inie<e *a "en mire9 pre<entare9 nit#i "e m#! r#9 !tan"ar"e%or naiona%e 3i internaiona%e pentr a p tea (i .n!*ri!e .n &#n*i%e "e "ate. C aD tor % *a%* %ator % i !e !ta&i%e!* me"ii <i%ni*e9 % nare9 an a%e 3i !e *on!tr ie!* =#ri <ona%e *are pre<int# !it aia me"i % i. Ima2ini%e "in !ate%it9 ima2ini%e terma%e9 pre* m 3i te=ni*a %a!er % i ( rni<ea<# n 8o% m mare "e "ate9 a!i!tate "e *a%* %ator. Pro2no<a e8o% iei .n timp a po% #rii !e !priDin# pe a*e!te "ate. ,nformarea )n domeniul proteciei mediului Si!tem % or2ani<at "e re(erin# 3i in(ormare n mit IN,OTERRA * !e"i % %a Sto*So%m9 e!te parte inte2rat# a Pro2ram % i Nai ni%or Unite pri8in" me"i %AUNEPC.

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IN,OTERRA O p ne %a "i!po<iie rapoarte te=ni*e9 "ate9 &i&%io2ra(ie9 a**e! "e "ate "in 1': ari repre<ent?n" mai m %t "e 55 ; "in pop %aia G%o& % i. A (o!t %an!at .n 15/)9 Pro2ram % Internaiona% "e E" *aie a! pra me"i % i IEEP *are e"itea<# re8i!ta TConne*tU *e apare .n - %im&i. Pe p%an naiona% IN,OTERRA a*ionea<# prin P n*te ,o*a%e Naiona%e P,N-IN,OTERRA. Or2ani<area IN,OTERRA RO0VNIA e!te inte2rat# .n reea a 2%o&a%# pentr !*=im& "e in(ormaii pri8in" me"i % 3i 2e!tionea<# *ea mai mare &i&%iote*# !pe*ia%i<at# pentr me"i "in Rom?nia. Po% atorii mari ! nt o&%i2ai !# .3i (a*# a tomonitori<are 3i .n p% ! ! nt *ontro%ai "e Compania Naiona%# FApe%e Rom?neF. A*e!t % *r n e!te 3or "e (#* t. De a*eea .n a%te #ri !-a ima2inat tot (e% % "e pro*e"ee. Un % e!te "e a o&%i2a po% ator % !# ia "e!9 *=iar "e mai m %te ori pe <i9 pro&e "e ap# pe *are %e *on!er8# 3i %e p#!trea<# nepre% *rate mai m %te !#pt#m?ni. Apoi ! nt ana%i<ate9 iar re< %tate%e ! nt *omparate * *e%e rea%i<ate "e a toritatea "e me"i . G591:H

-.1. 9o"% or%"; ) r'0 'r!+ 1 232

-.1.1. Ap$ *$ )'pr!.!#( 0'r;( o!r$. A*e!t !i!tem a * no!* t *ea mai %ar2# "e<8o%tare "intr-o !erie "e *on!i"erente9 "intre *are9 in prin*ipa%@ - in 2enera% 9re! r!e%e "e ! pra(a# ! nt *e%e mai importante pentr !*op ri "e a%imentare * ap#E - e8a* #ri%e "e ape <ate !e (a* in ape%e "e ! pra(a#9 "oar .n !it aii parti* %are ti%i<?n" -!e ape%e parti* %areE - p%an ri%e "e 2o!po"#rire a ape%or9 in*% !i8 !i!tem % "e monitorin2 a(erent9 ! nt mai a**e!i&i%e pentr ape%e "e ! pra(a#. E+$m$" $ 0!*r'. Or2ani<area !i!tem % i "e monitorin2 pentr ape%e "e ! pra(aa * r2#toare are %a &a<#9 in pre<ent9 a&or"area inte2rata %a ni8e% "e &a<in =i"ro2ra(i*9 rm#toare%e *riterii *a"r 9(iin" *on!i"erate .n a*e!t !en!@ %bordarea multifuncional. , n*i ni%e !i ti%i<#ri%e "i(erite a%e * r! ri%or "e ap# pot (i in"enti(i*ate "in po%iti*i%e e7i!tente %a ni8e% naiona%9 re2iona% !i internaiona%9 p%an ri%e "e a*i ni !trate2i*e pentr &a<ine%e =i"ro2ra(i*e pri8itoare %a a!i2 rarea a*ti8it#i%or mane !i a ( n*i ni%or e*o%o2i*e !pe*i(i*e. ,o%o!ine%e "e ap# pot *rea !it aii *on(%i*t a%e9 .n parti* %ar .n !it aii%e "e "eteriorare a *a%it#ii re! r!ei "e ap#. %bordarea ecosistemic. A*ea!ta e!te imp !# "e pro&%eme%e *are pot a8ea 2ene<e "e a!pe*t (i<i*o-*=imi*9 &io%o2i*9 mor(o%o2i*9 =i"ro%o2i* 3i e*o%o2i* .n me"ii "i(ereniate. Surse multiple. 0 %tip%e%e ! r!e "e po% are a ape%or re8en"i*# o a&or"are inte2rat#9 !pe*i(i*# ariei re!pe*ti8e. Da*# po% area pre"ominant# !e "atorea<# nei ! r!e p n*ti(orme9 !o% ia optim# o *on!tit ie monitori<area e(% ent % i re!pe*ti8.

$:

>n 2enera% .n!#9 ! r!e%e p n*ti(orme %a ni8e% "e &a<in =i"ro2ra(i* ! nt n meroa!e 3i n .ntot"ea na &ine "e(inite9 iar ! r!e%e "i( <e "in a2ri* %t r# 9 in" !trie9 "e %a pop %aie !a "atorate "ep neri%or atmo!(eri*e pot a8ea o pon"ere re%e8ant# .n &i%an % 2%o&a% "e po% are. %bordare integrat )n controlul polurii apelor. >n *ontro% % po% #rii ape%or !e ti%i<ea<# (re*8ent "o # mo" ri "e a&or"are @ A1C *on!i"erarea emi!ii%or O ! nt imp !e %imite a"mi!i&i%e %a e8a* are9 *are ! nt monitori<ate perio"i*9 .naintea "e!*#r*#rii .n re*eptorE 3i A2C rm#rirea imi!ii%or O porne3te "e %a !it aia a*t a%# a *a%it#ii apei re*eptor % i9 .n &a<a nor !tan"ar"e "e *a%itate "in *are "e* r2 *on"iii%e "e e8a* are 3i !tr *t ra a"e*8at# "e monitorin2 a(erent. T%p'r% *$ ) !#%%5 $rm%"o+o;%$5 *$) %"!#%%. Pentr "e!*rierea "i(erite%or !taii 3i ree%e "e monitorin2 !-a a"optat rm#torii termeni@ - Staii statuate9 pentr ( rni<area "e "ate pri8in" .n*a"rarea .n *on"iii%e "e *a%itate %a ni8e% naiona% !i I!a internaiona%. - Staii de referin9 pentr <one pe *?t po!i&i% %ip!ite "e impa*t % antropi*E pentr (ie*are <on# e*o=i"ro%o2i*#. - Staii de grani- pentr *ara*teri<area tran!(er % i "e (% 7 ri "intre #ri9 re2i ni !a .ntre me"ii A mareIo*ean9 ape "e ! pra(a#Iape ! &terane C - Staii de impact- *ontro% ! r!e "e po% areIarii "e(inite. - Staii repre entati$e- pentr *ara*teri<area impa*t % i antropi* %a ni8e% &a<ina%. - Staii operaionale- (o%o!ite %a mana2ement % "e <i * <i a% *a%it#ii ape%or9 "e *#tre a2enii%e %o*a%e9 re2iona%e !a naiona%e. - Staii de cercetare *are !e in!ta%ea<# 3i operea<# pe timp % proie*t % i 3tiini(i*. T%p'r% *$ mo"% or%"; =% m$*%% %"?$) %;! $ . La ape%e "e ! pra(a# !e "i!tin29 .n 2enera%9 "o # *ate2orii "e a*ti8itate "e monitorin2@ - monitorin2 % operaiona% "eri8at "in o&%i2aii%e naiona%eIinternaiona%e9 * ro% % "e a!i2 rare a in(ormaii%or ne*e!are re2%ement#rii9 ( rni<#rii 3i ti%i<#rii apeiE - *e% "e rm#rire a *a%it#ii apei %a re! r!e *o%a&orat * "eterminarea *%a!ei "e *a%itate9 &io"i8er!it#ii9 pentr *are !e "i!tin2 a%te patr tip ri "e !taii Are(erin#9 "e &a<#9 repre<entati8e 3i "e impa*tC. T%p'r% *$ pro,$. Pentr monitorin2 % *=imi* !e "i!tin2 patr tip ri "e pro&e@ aC. pro&e in!tantanee9 re*o%tate man a%9 %a (re*8ene "e timp pre!ta&i%ite 3i momente "e pre%e8are pentr (ie*are !taie &C. pro&e "e *ompo<iie me"ie orar# re*o%tate *ontin E a*e!tea a 2ra" ! perior "e repre<entati8itate 3i !er8e!* .n !pe# "ete*t#rii po% #ri%or a**i"enta%e 3i a%arm#riiE *C. pro&e *omp !e "in mai m %te e3antioane pre%e8ate a tomat pe o perioa"# pre!ta&i%it# "e timp "C. pro&e "e ap# proporiona%e * "e&it %9 (o%o!ite %a *ontro% % *a%it#ii e(% eni%or !a %a !taii "e (% 7. V!r%!,%+$ *$ mo"% or%3!r$. Pentr monitorin2 % < a% a% ape%or9 prin*ipa%ii "eterminani a"aptai ne*e!it# pre<entarea rm#toare%or o&!er8aii@
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- in"i*atorii "e imp ri(i*are !pe*i(i*i A meta%e 2re%e9 pe!ti*i"e 3i a%te ! &!tane or2ani*e C tre& ie !e%e*tai .n &a<a e7i!tenei nei ! r!e potenia%e "e po% are "in <ona in8e!ti2at#E - "ate%e "e *a%itate tre& ie *ore%ate * *e%e "e *antitate -.1.2. L!0'r% Timpii "e retenie ai apei .n %a* ri%e nat ra%e 3i arti(i*ia%e9 pro*e!e%e !pe*i(i*e "e !trati(i*are9 ame!te* !e"imentare9 *e%e "in inter(a# !e"imente-ap#9 .n"eo!e&i "in p n*t "e 8e"ere a% *ara*teri<#rii *ir* %aiei nor !pe*ii *=imi*e9 N9 P9 C9 meta%e 2re%e9 (a* *a monitorin2 % *a%it#ii ape%or "in %a* ri !# (ie "i(ereniate "e *e% a% r? ri%or. O&ie*ti8e%e !pe*i(i*e *are !ta %a &a<a a*ti8it#ii "e monitorin2 a% *a%it#ii %a* ri%or ! nt !tr?n! "epen"ente "e *e%e pentr ape%e "e ! pra(a#9 * meni nea *#9 !pre "eo!e&ire "e r? ri9 inter8in o !erie "e in"i*atori proprii. >n *eea *e pri8e3te (re*8ena "e monitori<are9 ea e!te !it at# .ntre %imite%e '-+ oriIan9 "eterminanii (iin" !imi%ari * *ei ai ape%or "e ! pra(a# * meni nea *# !e rm#re!*9 .n !pe*ia%9 "o # e%emente @ 1C2ra" % "e tro(ie9 re!pe*ti8 !en!i&i%i<area %a* % i in8e!ti2at %a pro*e!e "e e tro(i<are 3i 2C a* m %area "e meta%e 2re%e 3i mi*ropo% ani or2ani*i .n !e"imente. Pentr %a* ri%e "e a* m %are9 ! p%imentar mai ! nt ne*e!are rm#toare%e in(ormaii@ - an % p nerii .n ( n*i neE - mo" % "e * r#ire a% * 8etei %a p nerea .n ( n*i neE - mo" % "e (o%o!in# a% teren ri%or "e &a<inE - *ara*teri!ti*i *%imati*eE - *ara*teri!ti*i mor(ometri*e a%e %a* ri%or@ % n2imea ma7im#9 % n2imea ma% ri%orE - *ara*teri!ti*i =i"ro%o2i*e@ "e&it % me"i m %tian a%9 8ariaia "e&ite%orE - mo" % "e e7p%oatare a %a* ri%or@ timp % "e retenie a% apei .n %a* A min9 ma79 me"i C. P'"0 $ *$ pr$+$?!r$. Pre%e8area "e pro&e !e e(e*t ea<#9 pentr n %a*9 "e %a rm#toare%e amp%a!amente@ - intrarea prin*ipa%i%or in(% eni .n %a*E - .n <one "e a"?n*ime ma7im#E - %a ie3irea "in %a*9 *are %a a* m %#ri *ore!p n"e * <one "e a"?n*ime ma7im#E - .n *a< % .n *are %a* % are o ! pra(a# mare9 .n a(ara "e <ona * a"?n*ime ma7im#9 !e mai a%e2e 3i n % !a mai m %te p n*te .n miD%o* % %a* % iE - p?n# %a %#imi "e '::- ):: m e!te ! (i*ient n !in2 r p n*t "e pre%e8are pentr (ie*are pro(i%9 !ta&i%it9 .n 2enera%9 pe (ir % 8#iE - .n pro( n<ime9 ni8e%e%e "e pre%e8are ! nt %e2ate "e@ ! pra(aa apei9 %a 2:-$: *m ! & o2%in"a "e ap#E %imita <onei (oti*e ( n" % %a* % i.
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La proie*tarea 3i imp%ementarea pro2rame%or "e monitorin2 a(erente ape%or ! &terane e!te (oarte important a !e a8ea .n 8e"ere "i(erenieri%e .n *ara*teri!ti*i%e !paio-tempora%e "intre re! r!e%e "e ape ! &terane 3i *e%e "e ! pra(a#. La ape%e ! &terane inter8ine o "i!tri& ie tri"imen!iona%#9 .ntr- n *a"r 2eo%o2i*9 *ara*teri<at prin mo"i(i*#ri %ente. >n *on!e*in#9 intera*i ni%e "intre apa ! &teran# * &io!(era 3i %ito!(era "i(er# !emni(i*ati8 (a# "e *e%e proprii ape%or "e ! pra(a#. Toto"at#9 %a ape%e ! &terane e!te ne*e!ar# 3i o e8a% are a 8 %nera&i%it#ii pe termen !* rt 3i % n29 re< %tat "in ti%i<area a*e!tora pentr "i(erite !*op ri. >n e%a&orarea ! &!i!tem % i "e ! pra8e2=ere a *a%it#ii ape%or (reati*e9 !e a .n 8e"ere rm#toare%e prin*ipii@ - pr%"0%p%'+ r$p!r %#%$% )p!#%!+$ a re! r!e%or a*8i(ere (reati*e9 .n &a<a *#r ia !e ana%i<ea<# e8o% ia *a%it#ii re! r!e%or9 pe mari &a<ine =i"ro2ra(i*e9 pe re2i ni mor(o%o2i*e 3i !tr *t ri a*8i(ereE - pr%"0%p%'+ ) r'0 'r!+% (#%%5 *are in"i8i" a%i<ea<# pro&%emati*i%e "e *a%itate a ape%or (reati*e9 pe !tr *t ri =i"ro2eo%o2i*e9 *a entit#i a%e re! r!e%or a*8i(ere ! &terane9 proprii n mai nei !in2 re !tr *t ri9 .n *are e%emente%e "e *antitate9 "inami*# 3i *a%itate ! nt !pe*i(i*e9 nep t?n" (i *on!i"erate *a i"enti*e 3i a%tor !tr *t ri =i"ro2eo%o2i*eE - pr%"0%p%'+ *%?%3(r%%5 *are o(er# po!i&i%itatea rm#ririi e8o% iei *a%it#ii ape%or (reati*e9 .n *a"r % !tr *t ri%or =i"ro2eo%o2i*e9 .n p%an ori<onta%E - pr%"0%p%'+ 'rm(r%r%% 0ro"o+o;%0$9 o(er# *ontin itatea * noa3terii pro*e! % i e8o% iei *a%it#ii pe !tr *t ri =i"ro2eo%o2i*e9 "e %a re2im nat ra%9 %a re2im ri%e in(% enate "e (a*tori e7o2eniE - pr%"0%p%'+ 0o"$B%'"%%5 permit rm#rirea e8o% iei *a%it#ii a*8i(er % i (reati* .n !tr?n!# "epen"en# * e%emente%e "e *onta*t9 at?t ! & a!pe*t *antitati89 *?t 3i *a%itati8E - pr%"0%p%'+ 0!'3!+% (#%%9 o(er# e%emente "e !ta&i%ire a ten"ine%or "e e8o% ie a *a%it#ii a*8i(er % i (reati*9 pre* m 3i a *a <e%or *are 2enerea<# .ntr- n p%an po<iti8 !a ne2ati8 e8o% ia *a%it#ii apei prin in"i8i" a%i<area *are o in(% enea<#. Cara*teri<area *a%it#ii ape%or (reati*e !e rea%i<ea<# at?t * aD tor % nor in"i*atori "e *a%itate 2enera%i *are !e re(er# %a re2im % nat ra%9 *?t 3i a nor in"i*atori !pe*i(i*i9 !ta&i%ii .n ( n*ie "e e8ent a%e%e tip ri "e po% #ri e7i!tente .n <ona a*8i(er % i. T%p'r% *$ r$#$+$. >n 2enera% !e "i!tin2 trei tip ri "e ree%e @ .eele de ba . A*e!tea !i2 r# in(ormaii%e 2enera%e pri8itoare %a *a%itatea apei ! &terane9 prin pro2rame * *ara*ter permanent pe o perioa"# % n2# "e timp .eele specifice. S nt *on!tr ite pentr monitori<area nor arii repre<entati8e "in p n*t "e 8e"ere a% ! r!e%or p n*ti(orme "e po% are9 a*ion?n" "e*i *a !taii "e impa*t .eele temporale. A*e!tea ! nt !taii%e "e impa*t 3i operea<# "oar pe perioa"a n i proie*t9 p t?n" a8ea o "en!itate ri"i*at# "e p n*te. A*e!tea !er8e!* %a *er*et#ri %e2ate "e tran!port % po% ani%or .n ! &teran.
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 D$")% ! $! p'#'r%+or *$ o,)$r?!r$. La ni8e% % UE "en!itatea optim# "e !taii !e !ta&i%e3te .n ( n*ie "e tip % apei ! &terane 3i a% ! pra(eei #rii9 pre8#<?n" -!e "in a*e!t p n*t "e 8e"ere pentr reea a internaiona%# *e% p in *in*i p ri %a ni8e% % (ie*#r i !tat. La ree%e%e "e impa*t "en!itatea me"ie e!te "e o !taie %a 2) Sm2 a*8i(er. Den!itatea tre& ie 8eri(i*at# .n (a<e pi%ot9 "in p n*t "e 8e"ere a% 2ra" % i "e a*operire a% ne*e!ar % i "e "ate 3i a% po!i&i%it#i%or "e a2re2are a% a*e!tora %a ni8e% "e a*8i(er. 8r$0?$"#$ *$ pr$+$?!r$. ,re*8ena "e monitori<are "epin"e "e tip % "e in(ormaie rm#rit9 8aria&i%itatea intern# "e *a%itate 3i *antitate 3i "e pre*i<ie9 re!pe*ti8 *on(i"en# a**epta&i%# %a re< %tate. D p# proie*tarea nei ree%e9 .n prim % an "e e7p%oatare (re*8ena "e ! pra8e2=ere e!te mai ri"i*at# A --+ oriIan C. U%terior9 " p# * anti(i*area *ara*teri!ti*i%or 2enera%e !e poate !ta&i%i (re*8ena optim#9 *are poate "i(eri ( n*ie "e a"?n*imea a*8i(er % i. La ree%e%e 2enera%e "e ! pra8e2=ere (re*8ena e!te "e 2 pro&eIan. I"ea%9 o pre%e8are tre& ie e(e*t at# %a ni8e%e%e ri"i*ate a%e apei ! &terane *are *ore!p n" (ina% % i perioa"ei "e in(i%trare ma7im# 3i a%imentare a re<er8or % i. A "o a pre%e8are e!te in"i*at a !e (a*e .n perioa"a ni8e%e%or minime a%e !trat % i9 re!pe*ti8 .n *on"iii "e in(i%traie minim# 3i *aptare ma7im#. >n !it aia e7i!tenei nor a*8i(ere "e mare a"?n*ime9 pro&e%e a*e!tora 8or (i pre%e8ate .n para%e% * *e%e "in (reati*. Pentr arii * rate mari "e in(i%trare (re*8ena "e re*o%tare 8a (i aD !tat# .n *on*or"an# * e7p%oatarea !e<onier# a p ri%or .n <one%e *ara*teri<ate printr-o a*ti8itate t ri!ti*# "e<8o%tat#. D$ $rm%"!"#% )$m"%.%0! %?%. >n 2enera%9 !e "i!tin2 3apte 2r pe "e in"i*atori "e *a%itate ne*e!ari a (i rm#rii@ 1. in"i*atori "e!*ripti8iE 2. ioni maDoriE $. parametri a"iiona%i '. meta%e 2re%eE ). ! &!tane or2ani*eE -. pe!ti*i"eE /. mi*ro&i. .

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