(extinction):

dI e = k I ds

k: (cm2 gr-1)
( + )
:

k=
k + ks

dI s = j ds

( + ds)
j: (W m-1sr-1gr-1)

22/11/2013

ds

I+dI

dI =
dI e + dI s =
k I ds + j ds

:
ks=0, k

dI
=
I + J ,
k ds

j=0
(
)

: J j / k
. , -

 Beer-Bouguer-Lambert
s

1
dI
dI
=
I =
k ds
k ds
I
0
0

I ( s1 )

s1

I (0) exp k ds

s1

: u = ds
0

s1

: = k ds
0

=
I ( s1 ) I =
(0)e k u I=
I (0)T
(0)e

k u
=
F ( s1 ) F=
F (0)e
(0)e

dI = I ( s ) I ( s + ds ) = k I ( s )ds
22/11/2013

. , -


z2

g : u g = g dz
z1

g
: qg
,
a
:

p2

dp =
p1

1 2
=
qg dp
g p1

( )

z2

g dz
z1

z2

dz
=
g

ug

z1

, qg = . u g =

p
qg , ( p = p1 p2 )
g

( ) : = k , u

22/11/2013

. , -

: ( s ) = k ( s ) ( s )ds
0

: ( s ) = k u ( s )

: ( z )
=

k ( s )dz k (=
s )cos ds
=

cos ( s )

dI =
I k ds =
I nds =
I ds

k: (cm2 gr-1)
: (cm2 molec-1)
: (km-1)

u: (gr cm-2)
nds: (molec cm-2)
s: (km)

22/11/2013

. , -


CO2 ~390 ppmv.
9951005 hPa;

CO2 1000 hPa

296 K 700.39 cm-1 16.3 m2 kg-1.

60;

22/11/2013

. , -


:
O
s: ( s )
=

k ( s )ds n( s )ds
=

=
z: ( z )

n( s)cos ds ( s )cos
=
s

z: I ( z ) =
I ( )e ( z ) sec =
I ()e ( z ) / [ o = cos o ]
I ( )e ( s ) =

:
dI ( z )
=

I ( z )dz}
{ n( z )=

n( z ) I ( )e ( z ) / sec dz

( )

z :

o
q ( z=
)

dI ( z )
= I ( ) n( z )e ( z ) /
dz /

ds

, n

ds
I(z)

22/11/2013

. , -

dz

I(0)


q ( z=
)

dI ( z )
= I ( ) n( z )e ( z )/
dz /

' :
n( z ) = n(0)e

z
H

z

z
1
q ( z ) = I ( ) n(0)exp n(0) He H
H

q ( z )?
)
)
22/11/2013

. , -

,
Fact
22/11/2013

. , -

dq ( z )
q ( z ) :
=0

dz z = zm
1
+ n(0) sec e
H

n(0) I ()

z
z

n (0) H sec e H
H

0
=

z
m

1
H
H
+ n(0) sec e = 0 e = n(0) H sec
H

( z ) = n( z ) sec dz = n(0)e

z
H

sec=
dz n(0) sec e

z =
zm : ( zm ) =
n(0) sec e zm

z
H

1
=

zm

= 1

22/11/2013

. , -


z
m
zm
q=
( zm ) n(0) I () exp n(0) H sec e H
H

I () 1
q ( zm ) =
e
H sec

z

z
1
q ( z ) = I ( ) n( z )exp n(0) He H
H

z zm
q( z )
zm z
=
: r ( z ) =
exp 1
exp

q ( zm )
H

z zm
z*
H
=
r ( z*)
22/11/2013

q ( z*)
= exp 1 z * exp ( z *)
q (0)
. , -

z*

r(z*)

22/11/2013

-2<z*<2, 2
(2 = z zm)


. ( n(z)
).

,



.
,


. ( ()
)

. , -

 UV =1
To zm
zHm

(0)
sec
e
n
H

Z(km)

()
22/11/2013

. , -


Z(km
)

22/11/2013

. , -

()

Direct Irradiance (mW m-2 nm-1)

40
10
20
30

50

O2 density (molec cm-3)

2E+018

4E+018

6E+018

120

I320nm
O2
O3

Altitude (km)

80

40

0
0

1E+012

2E+012

3E+012

4E+012

Ozone density (molec cm )

-3

22/11/2013

. , -

5E+012

22/11/2013

(VIS)

(IR)

. , -

2 (red
bands), 3 (Chappuis band),

(H2O)


(Rayleigh)

2 CO2

N2O, CO CH4

Reading
Liu, An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation
1.4, 3.2.1, 3.2.3
Wallace and Hobbs, Atmospheric Science
4.4.3

22/11/2013

. , -

:
: ()
:

F ( z ) = F ( z )d

(broadband)

z:
K (net flux) :
1

( ) Fnet ( z ) = F ( z ) F ( z ) = 2 I ( ) d
1

( ) Fnet ( z ) = F ( z ) F ( z ) = 2 I ( ) d
1

z:

+ Fbot
: Ftop
, ,

: Ftop + Fbot
= - = -

22/11/2013

. , -

.. z:
( z ) F ( z ) F ( z + z )
F=

{F = Fnet ( )}

:
F ( z ) =
c p z

T
T

&
z
0

>

> 0
(
)
0
F
z

<

t
t

1 F ( z ) g F ( p )
T
=

=
c p p
c p z
t

(dp =
gdz )

( 0 C: c p = 1.0035 kJ kg 1 K 1 )

:
(2, 3, 2, C2)


22/11/2013

. , -

2








2

22/11/2013

Fnet
=
( z ) F ( z ) F ( z )
. , -

.
St

Net .

..

Cs = 0.7
St = 10

..

Fnet
=
( z ) F ( z ) F ( z )
22/11/2013

Reading: Liu, An Introduction to Atmospheric Radiation . 3.5

. , -