.

,
. ,

E
n
n
n
n
n Case study:

n

EY
178/2002:

(EFSA)

( )
: ,
,
,

EY

( : 93/99/)


:

,
-
.

Enterprise Directorate-General

:

:
1.
2.
3. HACCP
4.
5.

( 96/23/)

n

( )

:

:
( )

(RASFF)

;
n :
():
(, , , )
():

n :
(.. ..)
n :


H
,
link :
http://www.efet.gr/
&
:
http://www.efet.gr/health.html

: ,
,

,
,

 RASFF
n

4- (07/2003 - 07/2007) Alerts

RASFF:
:
-
-
-

44%
27% } 71%
17%

:
- EU
-
- &
- (non-EU)

27%
25%
17%
11%

RASFF
n

:
- (Seafood)
- ,
- , ,

30%
15%
15%

:
- (Sudan dyes, Para Red)
- (Cd, Hg, Pb)
- (NFs, CAP, MG)
- (sulfite, histamine)
- (OPs, dimethoate)
- (ITX)

21%
16%
14%
11%
7%
6%





.
n

.
n

n
n

:
(
)
(
): - ,
, /

.

:
,
, -

 :
http://www.efsa.europa.eu/

EFSA
n

2004 2009:

1118 scientific opinions of panels / SC

n 64 opinions from CONTAM panel
80 statements of panels / SC
34 guidance of panels / SC

n EFSA

Journal:

http://www.efsa.europa.eu/cs/Satellite/en/efsajournal/scdoc/e831.htm?emt=1

EFSA Journal

:
n

ISI Web of Knowledge - Keywords:

Dietary exposure AND risk assessment
727 , :
2009:
13.6%
2008:
22.8%
2007:
15.8%
>73%
2006:
10.8%
2005:
10.5%

 :
n

Journals:

JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY

FOOD AND CHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY
FOOD CHEMISTRY
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES
FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS
REGULATORY TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY
HUMAN AND ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY
SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
RISK ANALYSIS
FOOD CONTROL
JOURNAL OF FOOD COMPOSITION AND ANALYSIS
JOURNAL OF FOOD QUALITY
CRITICAL REVIEWS IN FOOD SCIENCE AND NUTRITION

:
http://www.who.int/ipcs/food/jecfa/en/

10

 :
http://www.inchem.org/

(risk
assessment) 4 :
(i) ,
(ii) ,
(iii) ,

(iv) .

11

WHO:
n
n
n
n
n

PTWI: Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake

DI ADI: Tolerable Acceptable Daily Intake

: ALARA (As Low as Reasonable
Achievable)
g/Kg bw
: 60 70 kg
:
Total Diet Studies (TDS)
Household Budget Surveys (HBS) ..

,

,

(risk management)
(risk
communication)

.

12


n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

(, ,
) (Additives)

(flavourings)
(Contaminants)



-

13

http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/index_en.htm

http://legislation.selamat.net/default.aspx

14

Contaminants
(Pb, Cd, Hg, inorg.Sn)
n (3-MCPD)
n PAHs
n & PCBs
n
n (, ,
, Fusarium)
n

Contaminants
n
-

Ethyl Carbamate

15

 -
n

1881/2006/

(MRL) Pb, Cd g, Sn,
, , , PCBs,
3--1,2- (3-MCPD),
.

1881/2006/
n

Pb ( MRL)

0,02 mg/Kg

0,1 mg/Kg

0,5 mg/Kg

0,2 mg/Kg,
, , , , ,
, , .. 0,4 mg/Kg
0,5 mg/Kg,
1,5 mg/Kg,

1,0 mg/Kg
, , ,
, , ..

16

 1881/2006/
n

Cd ( MRL)

0,05 mg/Kg,

0,2 mg/Kg

0,5 mg/Kg

1,0 mg/Kg

0,05 mg/Kg,
, , , , , ,
, , ..
0,1 mg/Kg

0,5 mg/Kg,

1,0 mg/Kg,

1,0 mg/Kg
, , ,

1881/2006/
n

Hg ( MRL)

0,5 mg/Kg,

, , , ,
, , , , ,
, ..
1,0 mg/Kg

17

 333/2007

Pb, Cd, Hg,
Sn, 3-MCPD [a]

n:

, , ,
, , .

n:

.

.

333/2007

:

.
1 kg, .
:
. ,

.

18

 333/2007
n

:
, ,
, .

( )

:

.
(
, ,
, )

333/2007
n

:
1. :
, (1
kg).
2. :
(kg)

<50

50 500

>500

10

19

 333/2007
n

:
3. :

1 25

25 100

5%, 2

(2-5 )
5%, 10

(5-10 )

>100

333/2007

1/10
RL, MRL Pb <0,1 mg/Kg.
, 1/5.

1/5 RL,
MRL Pb <0,1 mg/Kg. ,
2/5.

()

Horratr HorratR
2 ( )

80-120% ( CRM)

20


n
n
n
n
n
n

: Pb, Cd, Hg
: As TBT (OTCs)

(Pb)
: , Pb,
,

(Cd)
: , (Pb,Cu),
(, ,
, , )

(Hg)
: ,
(, , ,
, , ,
, , ,
)

21

( )

Zn ( )

( 2)

, (MeHg)

<100 - 500 g/d

(10-50% )

10 - 50 g/d (5-20% )

(50-1400 ng/g)
90% CH3Hg (90% )

22

WHO:
n

n
n

PTWI: 25 g/kg bw (, , )
TDI: 3,5 g/Kg bw

PTWI: 7 g/kg bw TDI: 1 g/Kg bw

PTWI: 5 g/kg bw ( Hg)

PTWI: 1,6 g/kg bw (MeHg - 2003)
. PTWI: 15 g/kg bw TDI: 2 g/Kg bw
(s). TDI: 0.25 g/Kg bw

13804:2002
Foodstuffs Determination of trace elements
Performance criteria and general considerations
n
n

333/2007

: , ,
() (
Cr, Ni, Fe, Mo,
), (), ,
.
: , (
!)
: -40C .
-, ,
, .

23

 13804
Foodstuffs Determination of trace elements
Performance criteria and general considerations
n

:
:

:
( )
, :
.
.
.
: (
). .

13804
Foodstuffs Determination of trace elements
Performance criteria and general considerations
n

:
stomacher ( ).
: + ,
:
. ,
. ,
.
: .
.
: ,
, 5 min.
, .

24

 13804
Foodstuffs Determination of trace elements
Performance criteria and general considerations
n

: (supra pur, Traceselect ..).
, ,
( > 5 cm)
: , .
: . , ,
PTFE, . .
(PFA).
: ,
, 10% HNO3
. DD-DI (
)
: Al, Cr, Zn, Fe, Cu .

.

13804
Foodstuffs Determination of trace elements
Performance criteria and general considerations
n

25


n
n
n
n

ISO:

: , , generic

AOAC: 70.
.
: (
)
.
LK

pr 14082: Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe, Cr / AAS/ Dry ashing
pr 14083: Pb, Cd, Cr, Mo / AAS/ Pressure digestion
pr 14084: Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Fe / AAS/ Microwave
digestion
:
n (Dry ashing)
n (Pressure digestion)
n (Microwave
digestion)

26


Pt (50ml)
10-20 g (10mg)
: . 100C 50C/h 450C (24h)
: , 1-3 ml H2O,
450C 1-2 h,
- .
5 ml HCl, ,
10-30 ml 3
(FAAS, GFAAS, ICP-AES, ICP-MS)
- ( UV,
200C)
.

27


0,2-0,5 g (< 1 g)
.
n 4-5 ml HNO3 + 1-2 ml H2O2

n :
:
n

(W)

(min)

250

3-5

600

450

20-25

As
As As(III) As(V)
.
: 10 g L-1
As,
( As)
As
(2002)
?
MRL As ?

28

29

 As
As(III)

DMAs

AsBet

0,06

0,26
0,30
0,20
0,11
0,25

5,98
3,50
2,96
5,06
22,59
23,11
11,28
11,29
1,24
18,04
5,97
2,72
24,18
22,11
10,57
5,21
7,18
5,51

0,10

0,15
0,20
0,30
0,27
0,40
0,35
0,35

mg As/kg dry mass

AsCol Gly sugar Pho sugar sum of species

0,87
1,13
1,28
1,42
1,81

1,92
1,36
1,58
1,19
3,56

0,55
0,31

0,73

1,42

sample

9,09

mussels

Gr01

6,29

mussels

Gr02

6,02

mussels

Gr03

7,88

mussels

Gr04

28,21

mussels

Gr05

23,65

Anchovy

Gr06

11,28

Anchovy

Gr07

11,60

Anchovy

Gr08

1,24

Seabass

Gr09

18,04

Squid

Gr10

8,27

mussels

Gr15

2,92

Sea bream Gr16

24,48

Anchovy

Gr17

22,38

Anchovy

Gr18

10,97

Sardines

Gr19

5,21

Seabass

Gr20

7,53

Sardines

Gr23

5,86

Sardines

Gr24

30

 As
As:
-
- , (hijiki)
- (
, bran, germ)
- As
- 70% As

- 70% As
As(V) As(II)

As
n

EFSA (2010):

DI: 0,13 0,56 g/Kg bw ( )

DI: 0.37 1.22 g/Kg bw (95th perc. )
- : 1 4 g/Kg bw
-
2-3 ( 2.6 g/Kg bw).
- PTWI 15 g/kg bw

31


, ,


.

I.

(insecticides)
(herbicides)
(fungicides)

II.

32




.
:

:

:




, .

:

.
:


.


(ADI).

33


396/2005 :


.
299/2008:
1 2008
396/2005 MRLs
.

470/2009: MRLs

.

MRLs (Maximum Residues Levels)

MRL

,


.

34

http://ec.europa.eu/sanco_pesticides/public/index.cfm

http://www.pesticides-online.com/

35


1.
2.

3.


4.



5. -
6.
7.
(NSAIDs)

36


:
n
n (
-)
n ()
n
(phenylbutazone, ,
)

: 2377/90/E..
( IV)


(Maximum Residue Limit, MRL)

v
v

470/2009/E..
MRL 37/2010/E..
:
96/22/E.. 96/23/E..
A:
:

:
2002/657/..

37


http://www.codexalimentarius.net/mrls/vetdrugs/jsp/vetd_q-e.jsp

12
2002
96/23/E

2002/657/

38

.
1 96/23/E

LC GC MS

A B

on-line off-line
.
3 ( B) 4 A)

LC GC IR

A B

LC -DAD

LC-FLD

2-D TLCUV/VIS

HPTLC
.

GC- FID

LC-UV/VIS

,
.

..


.

.

, (
),
.
,

.

39




( ),
,

.
n

:

() ,

.
.

(on-line)
(off-line).

GC-MS
LC-MS

.
LC.

:


,
,
0,5 % GC 2,5 % LC.

40



A
MS,
(full scan)
(SIM), MS-MSn,
(SRM), MS MSMSn .

.

(% )

EI-GC-MS
()

CI-CG-MS, CG-MSn, LC-MS,

LC-MSn ()

> 50 %

10 %

20 %

> 20 % 50 %

15 %

25 %

> 10 % 20 %

20 %

30 %

10 %

50 %

50 %

.
T MS

(LR)

1,0

LR-MSn

1,0

LR-MSn

1,5

HRMS

2,0

HR-MSn

2,0

HR-MSn

2,5

41

:

10 %.


SIM: A I
96/23/, 4 .
B
96/23/, 3

(n = )

GC-MS (EI CI)

GC-MS (EI CI)

2 (EI) + 2 (CI)

GC-MS (EI CI) 2

2 ( A) + 2 ( B)

LC-MS

GC-MS-MS

1 2

LC-MS-MS

1 2

GC-MS-MS

2 , 1

LC-MS-MS

2 , 1

LC-MS-MS-MS

1 , 1 , 2 . 2

5,5

HRMS

2n

GC-MS LC-MS

2+2

GC-MS HRMS

2+1

42


2002/657/C


:
1.

6.

2. /

7.

3.

8.

4.

9.

5. E

1.
n
n

n
i.
ii.
iii.

20

43

2./
6 CRM

n ,
(%)

(%) =

x 100 /
n

CRM
:
n

18
6
1, 1.5 2
MRPL 0.5, 1, 1.5 MRL

% =100 x /

CV 6

44

< 1g/kg
> 1g/kg 10g/kg
> 10g/kg

-50% +20%
-30% +10%
-20% +10%

3.
(CV)
,
,

Horwitz:
CV=2(1-0.5log C)
C (g/g)
10
:
< 100g/kg

45

1/2CVHorwitz < CV < 2/3CVHorwitz

n

CV < CV
n

MRL :

CV < CV
0.5MRL

4.

,



Youden

46

5.

(.40).

A.
n

:
-20oC

10

+4oC
10

+20oC
10

10

47






100%

(%) = Ci x 100/Cfresh
Ci = i
Cfresh =

B.

5



-20oC
1, 2, 4 20

48

6.

n
n
n

:
6 1MRPL 0.5MRL
6 1.5MRPL 1MRL
6 2MRPL 1.5MRL
,
, CV%
2 (54 )

CV

7.

n
n
n

:
6 1MRPL 0.5MRL
6 1.5MRPL 1MRL
6 2MRPL 1.5MRL
2 (54 )

,
CV(%)

49

8. (CC)
MRL CC
:
i.

MRL . ,
CC = CMRL + 1.64 SD . (=5%)
ii. 20
MRL.
,
CC = CMRL +1.64 SD
(=5%)

9.

i.

ii.

MRL CC
:


MRL .

. ,
CC = CC + 1.64 SD . (=5%)
20

. ,
CC = CC + 1.64 SD
(=5%)

50

10.
n

i.

ii.

:
5
( 0)

,


.

51


n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n

(Aspergillus)
(Aspergillus & Penicillium)
(Fusarium)
& (Fusarium)
(Aspergillus, Penicillium & Byssochlamys)
Ergot
Citrinin
Cyclopiazonic acid
Monilinoformin

( )

http://www.chem.uoa.gr/chemicals/chem_aflatoxins.htm

http://ec.europa.eu/food/food/chemicalsafety/foodcontact/index_en.htm

52

 (BPA)
H3C

HO

CH3

OH

(65%)
(25%)
(10%)

2,2--[4-o]
: 228

(BPA)

()


;

( >90C)

( )
-

(Tolerable Daily Intake), TDI: 0,05 mg Kg-1 bw d-1

(Specific Migration Limit), SML: 0,6 mg Kg-1

53




X
EDCs (Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals)
( 17- (2)

( )

(EDCs)



-

.
,
, , ,
.

54



,
.

-,
' ,

.
().

55

 ()
n

()
,
.

,
.

56

 ()
n

-
, ,
,
(metabolic clearance).
, ,
,
.
,
.

,

(sexual development).

57

58

,
,
(mimics - agonists).

,
,
' ,
(Blockers, antagonists, antiandrogens or anti-estrogens).

w (Stimulators). -

w (Hormone flushers).
.
.. PCBs ,
.

w (Enzyme flushers).

,
,
.

w / (Destructors).
.

59

EDCs
n

(intact)
,


European Commission, 1996

, , ,

,
, ,
/
US EPA, 1997

60

()
(Steroids)(?)
(Alkylphenols)
(Bisphenol A)
(Phthalates)
(Pesticides)
(PCBs)

(PAHs)
TBT ( )
(daidzein, genistein)
M ()
.

EDCs

Estrone

17-Estradiol

17-Ethynylestradiol

n(Cl)

Benzo(a)pyrene

(Cl)n

PCBs

61

 EDCs

Triclosan

DDT

Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP)

H3C

CH3

OH

HO

4-n-Nonylphenol

4-tert-octylphenol

Bisphenol A

(OTs)
R(n)SnX(4-n)
,
R = ( , , )
X = .. , ,
n = 1 4
MBT, DBT, TBT
MPhT, DPhT, TPhT, ,

- - OTs
PVC

- OTs
( ,
)

62

OTs

R3SnX > R2SnX2 > RSnX3 > R4Sn

n
n
n
n

imposex

OTs

(UV)

n
n

(
)

63

OTs

105

OTs

IMPOSEX

Ca2+

64

 OTs
1.
2.
:

PVC
: ,
, ,
,

,

OTs: Endocrine Disrupting Compounds

WHO: TDI for TBT 0.25 g/day/kg bw,
TPhT 0.5 g/day/kg bw
EFSA: TDI for OTs (BTs+TPhT+DOT)
0.25 g/day/kg bw

n
n

OTs?
EU (MRL)?

65

 OTs
- TDI (Tolerable Daily Intake
)

BTs (MBT, DBT, TBT), TPhT, DOT OTs

:
0,25 g kg -1 -1

- TARL (Tolerable Average Residue Level

)
TARL =

[TDI (g kg )] [ (60kg )]
[ (g )]
-1

-1

-1

, 1998
1999 (Household budget survey)
6258 .

.
.
(95%)
(g -1 -1).

, 1999 (Food Balance Sheets)

66

n
n
n
n
n

' (, ,
, , , , ,
).
' (, ,
, , , , ).
' (, , ,
, , ).
(', ' ' ).
(, ,
, , , ).
(, ,
, , , ).
,
, , , .

(1999)

(g -1 -1)
(g -1 -1)
th

(95th)

(95 )

(%)

6,0

36

41

95

15

6,1

36

37

89

16

18

71

41

95

41

5,5

36

39

89

14

2,6

18

37

95

6,4

3,4

24

31

71

9,8

1,5

10

12

34

13

45

247

280

672

67


: 98
: n=6 (3 , 3 )
: n=2 (2 )
: n=13 (8 , 5 )
: n=13 (5 , 1 , 4 , 2
, 1 )
: n=37 (8 , 6 , 19 , 3
, 1 )
: n=19 (5 , 5 , 1 ,
1 , 3 , 4 )
: n=8 (4 , 2 , 1 , 1
)

OTs

(ng g-1)

(n=6)

<4 12,5

7,92

7,50

6,90

(n=2)

29,3 31,2

27,55

27,55

27,31

(n=13)

<4 491

74,11

38,00

27,36

(n=13)

<4 54,2

9,40

7,50

5,81

(n=37)

<4 109

29,79

17,00

17,10

(n=19)

<1 29,0

5,44

2,00

3,59

(n=8)

<15

<1 491

24,93

7,50

10,13

68

D (ng g-1)

(n=6)

<13

(n=2)

<13

(n=13)

1,00 20,0

5,45

5,00

4,20

(n=13)

<10 371

67,62

6,50

21,57

(n=37)

5,00 366

43,11

15,00

18,84

(n=19)

<1 230

49,05

6,50

8,51

(n=8)

<10 1117

173,1

49,40

36,61

<1 1117

50,00

6,50

12,61

M (ng g-1)

(n=6)

1,00 17,3

4,72

2,75

2,74

(n=2)

<7

(n=13)

1,00 49,1

7,08

1,50

2,74

(n=13)

<7 21,5

6,54

3,50

5,13

(n=37)

1,10 151

17,77

7,87

7,84

(n=19)

<1 30,9

7,16

3,50

3,09

(n=8)

<6 18,9

5,33

3,50

4,23

<1 151

10,70

7,50

4,72

69

TPhT (ng g-1)

(n=6)

<13

(n=2)

<13

(n=13)

4,40 49,0

10,49

6,00

7,69

(n=13)

<13

(n=37)

1,80 201

18,24

5,00

8,30

(n=19)

<1 90,4

13,86

5,00

4,30

(n=8)

<13

<1 201

12,64

5,00

6,37

(n=6)

(n=2)

(n=13)

(n=13)

(n=37)

(n=19)

(n=8)

TBT

72

100

80

18

39

24

DBT

12

66

43

56

90

MBT

28

16

18

20

10

BTs

100

100

100

100

100

100

100

1.

2. TBT

70

 OTs TARL

(n=98)

COTs
(ng g-1)

TARL

(ng g-1)

TARL

(ng g-1)

%TARL

%TARL

TBT

10,13

348,0

63,0

2,9

16,0

DBT

12,61

348,0

63,0

3,6

20,0

MBT

4,72

348,0

63,0

1,4

7,5

TPhT

6,37

348,0

63,0

1,8

10,1

BTs

27,46

348,0

63,0

7,9

43,6

OTs

33,83

348,0

63,0

9,7

53,7

Uncertainty
~20%

Uncertainty (?)

Adopted by:

71


1 :
(g kg -1 -1) =
ADIbw (Average Daily Intake) :
-1
-1
-1
[ADIbw ] = [ (g g )] [ (g )]
[ (70kg)]

(g kg -1 -1) =
MDIbw (Maximum Daily Intake) :
-1
-1
-1
[MDIbw ] = [ (g g )] [ 95% (g )]
[ (70kg)]

2 :
(g/kg /) =
ADIbw,c (Average Daily Intake) :

-1
-1
-1
[ADIbw, c] = [ (g g )] [ (g )]
[ (70kg)]

(g/kg /) =
MDIbw,c (Maximum Daily Intake)
-1
-1
-1
[MDIbw, c ] = [ (g g )] [ 95% (g )]
[ (70kg )]

72

(g kg
-1 -1)

TBT

DBT

MBT

TPhT

BTs

OTs

0,0024

0,0024

0,0088

0,0108

BTs

OTs

0,0201

0,0246

0,0024

(95%)

0,0160

0,0070

0,0011 0,0007

0,0020

(95%)

0,4980

0,0203 0,0497

0,0497

5%
:
512.630

199% TDI

(g kg
-1 -1)

TBT

DBT

0,0160

0,0025

0,0016 0,0045

(95%)

0,6664

0,0271

0,0666 0,0665

267% TDI

MBT

TPhT

5% 41%

: 210.180

73

(g kg
-1 -1)

TBT

DBT

MBT

TPhT

BTs

OTs

0,0032

0,0120

0,0029

0,0181

0,0181

(95%)

0,0689

0,4719

0,0273

5% 14%

: 71.770

189% TDI

(g kg
-1 -1)

TBT

0,0090

0,0100 0,0041 0,0044 0,0231

(95%)

0,1484

0,4969 0,2049 0,2731

DBT

199% TDI

MBT

TPhT

BTs

OTs

0,0275

5% 6,4%

: 32.808

74

TBT

0,0016

0,0038 0,0014

0,0019

(95%)

0,0294

0,2332 0,0313

0,0917

0,0063 0,0007

(95%)

0,5425 0,0092

DBT

MBT

TPhT

217% TDI

BTs

OTs

0,0067 0,0086

0,0070 0,0070

5% 13%

: 66.640

(g kg -1 -1)

(g/kg /)

(g kg
-1 -1)

0,70
0,60
0,50
TBT

0,40

DBT

0,30

MBT

0,20

TPhT

0,10

TDI

0,00

(n=6)

(n=2)

(n=13) (n=13) (n=37) (n=19)

(n=8)

75

 TBT

Degradation by
boiling

18000

16000

MW

steaming

14000

Pan fried
wine

ng

10000

oil

12000

FP-2

FP-3

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
Raw

MW- 1

MW- 2

FP-1

FP- S1

FP- S2

ST- 1

ST-2

ST- 3

K- 5

K- 10

K-20

K- 30

K- 60

sample

TBT

Industrial cooking
14000
12000
10000
TBT

ng

8000

DBT
6000

MBT

4000
2000
0

Raw sample

Steamed

Steamed,
pasteurised in
vinegar

76

EFSA adoption

n
n

( - ?)

(, ,
MRLs, TDIs,
PTWI, ALARA)

( ,
, )

( )

77

,
,
(emerging contaminants)

(EFSA, SANCO)

:
,

1.

Pb , ,
.
2.
(Pb)

Zeeman (Zeeman
Electrothermal Atomic Absorption Spectrometry, ZETAAS).

283.3 nm Pb,
.

78


3.
(3)
(Pb)

4.
(MilliQ grade, Millipore).
(supra pur 3).
Pd-Mg 1g L-1 0,6 g L-1 . 100 L
Pd 60 L Mg
1 mL
.

5.
5.1.
.
..
5.2.
. PerkinElmer 4110ZL
(Transversely Heated
Graphite Atomizer, THGA) Zeeman.

79


6.
6.1.

,
6.2

10,0 g L-1.
, .
7.

:
[Pb] (g/g) = CPb (g/L) V (L)/ m (g)

8.
9.
10.
11.

80

ntho@chem.uoa.gr
http://trams.chem.uoa.gr

81