Review

ABSTRACT:

One of the challenges of globalization to developing countries is to increase

agricultural production quantitatively but also to improve the quality of the product so that it
can go well in the world market. Agrochemicals responsibible for making India self sufficient
through Green revolution are no longer able to sustain the productivity to the extent on
account of all the ill-effects it had on the agro system during the process.
Biofertilizers i.e. Biological Based Product are most advanced biotechnology
necessary to support developing organic agriculture sustainable agriculture, green agriculture
and non-pollution agriculture.

1. Introduction:
During the past four decades we have witnessed doubling of human population
and a concurrent doubling of food production. On the contrary we have entered the third
millennium with more than a billion people and we are facing a Herculean task of providing
food to this rapidly increasing population particularly in developing country like India
[Dhaliwal And Arora, 2003].(2)
To cope up with the need of increasing the agricultural productivity in
accordance with the population and to improve the quality of the product in terms of nutritional
value has resulted in misuse and excessive use of chemical fertilizer. Poorly managed use of
these chemical N and P fertilizers have created several environmental problems such as
deterioration of soil quality, leaching, acidification ,denitrifiction,air pollution, reduced
biodiversity, disrupting the fragile ecosystem.(1,2).
Thereby to overcome these ecological problems, to minimize the use of
chemical fertilizers we are now directing ourselves towards the potential use of ecofreindly
approaches such as the use of Biofertilizers and Biopesticides to sustain high production,
allow more efficient nutrient utilization and thereby provide solutions for present and future
agricultural practices. In this review article a brief overview on the potential use of

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“Biofertilizer”a Biological Based Product as an alternative for sustainable agriculture is being
discussed.

2)What are Biofertilizers?

Biofertilizers are natural and organic fertilizers.Biofertilizers are preparations
containing cells of microorganisms which may be nitrogen fixers, phosphorus solublizers,
sulphur oxidizers or organic matter decomposers. They are called as bioinoculants-bacterium
or fungi which on supply to plant improve their growth and yield. (13)
These bioinoculants can reside on the surface of the plant or form endophytic
association or else interacts with other microbes in the rhizosphere or phyllosphere thereby
influencing the plant growth.
Production of chemical fertilizers require fossil fuel energy while microbes do
not thereby proving to be cost effective ecofreindly with the simple methodology of
production and thereby no hazard to the agro ecosystem(13,10)
Biofertilizers thereby might assume a special significance towards development
of strategies for improving productivity and economizing the production cost, minimizing our
dependence on synthetic chemical fertilizers.

Let us move towards a more comprehensive description of microbial biofertilizers.

The most limiting nutrient for plant growth are Nitrogen(N) and
Phosphorus(P).Some microorganisms used as Biofertilizers fix atmospheric Nitrogen and
while others increase availability and uptake of nutrients such as ‘P’and other key
micronutrients such as copper,manganese,molybdenum etc.Thereby these Biofertilizers
increase the crop yield tremendously.

3] N2 Fixing Bacteria as Microbial Biofertilizers:

Air consists of approximately 80% nitrogen gas (N2), representing about 6400 kg
of N above every hectare of land. However, N2 is a inert, stable gas, normally unavailable to

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plants. Although abundant and ubiquitous in the air Nitrogen is the most limiting nutrient for
plant growth because the atmospheric N is in the most stable form and is therefore not
available for plant uptake. Most of N is tied up in soil organic matter. Symbiotic and non-
symbiotic microorganisms have the ability to fix N2 and convert it into NH4+, a form that can
be easily absorbed by plants. These organisms convert the atmospheric Nitrogen into
ammonia and amino acids which can then be used up by plants to build up proteins. This
process is known as “Biological Nitrogen Fixation”. (11)
The close proximity of these microorganisms to their host plants allows efficient
of fixed N.
These bacteria capable of N2 fixation are of following types:-
1) There are many free living N2 fixing bacteria in soil.
2) Some have adapted to symbiosis; intimate endophytic association with plants.
3) Some live in close association in the plant root zone (rhizosphere) without forming intimate
endophytic symbiosis.

Let us evaluate their use as biofertilizers.

I) Symbiotic N2 fixers:

(1) Rhizobia:-
The best known and most exploited symbiotic N2 fixing bacteria belonging to
family Rhizobiacea include the genera such as Rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium etc.These bacteria
infect legumes and have global distribution. However N2 fixing capability of Rhizobia varies
greatly depending on the host plant species. Therefore selection of best strains must take
Rhizobia host compatibility for selection of Biofertilizers. (13, 11)
Legumes (such as beans, soybean, chickpea) inoculation is an old practice that
has been carried out especially when local/resident rhizobial population in the soil are
low.Rhizobial inoculum can be produced and applied in numerous ways such as granular,
liquid or powder formulation. (11)
However the success depends upon strain and environmental condition.
Therefore it is essential to evaluate inoculation programme, type depending on field
experiments, microbiological assays and cost benefit analysis.

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2) Frankia:

Frankia is the genus of N2 fixing actinomyctes capable of fixing N2 similar to

rhizobial symbiosis. Frankia can fix N2 at normal O2 concentration at the rate sufficient to
support its growth N2 fixation is accompanied by the development of terminal swelling known
as vesicles in which nitrogenase enzyme are protected by restrictingO2diffusion. In addition to
symbiotic properties of strain characteristics such as age of the inoculum cellular
concentration and the method of preservation greatly effect the inoculum infectivity. (11)
Since a universal strain adapted to different environmental host genotype does not
exist, best plant Frankia combination should be selected and customized for a target area and
target species.

3) Cyanaobacteria:
Cyanaobacteria are ecologically important in N2 fixing organisms especially in
rice cultivation. Anabaena azollae is a symbiotic heterocyst nitrogen fixing Cyanaobacteria
which lies in fronds in the pores of the Azolla.(6)
Contribution of the Cyanaobacteria to Total N uptake by rice seedlings was assessed using
free-living and immobilized A.azollae in the presence of different combined Nitrogen sources
using 15 N dilution technique.(6)

Methods(6)
The cyanobiont Anabaena azollae(AS-DS
azollae )is grown in N free BG-11 medium
immobilized on Polyurethene(PUF) and Sugarcane waste(SCW) was used for this study.
30 days grown free living and immobilized Cyanaobacterial culture were used as inoculants.
A Paddy seed (cultivar ADT36) were soaked for 12 hours in water and was later on allowed to sprout.
The freely living and immobilized A.azollae were then inoculated in Nfree medium at 500 mg fresh
weight Cyanaobacterial biomass along with sprouted seeds. The combined N2 in the form of urea,
potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate with 10% atom excess 15N was added at to the growth
medium at weekly intervals. After 30 days rice seedling were dried, powdered, total N was determined
by micro-Kjeldahl digestion and distillation method and Mass spectrometry.

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The percent N derived from combined nitrogen source ( %Ndff) and percent N derived from
Cyanaobacteria (%Ndfc) of total N content of rice seedlings were calculated using the formula.

%Ndff=Atom percent excess 15 N in inoculated plant*100/Atom percent 15

N in uninoculated plant

%Ndfc=100-%Ndff
Effect of inoculation of A.azollae (AS-DS)with different Combined Nitrogen on total N
content and 15N recovery in rice seedlings.
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Total N N recovery
(mg plant) (atom excess %)
Cyanaobacterial Combined N source Combined N source
culture Contro Potassium urea NH4 Potassium urea NH4
l nitrate SO4 nitrate SO4

Free living 1.2 3.9 5.9 1.5 3.29 3 2.77

.89
PUF immobilized 1.4 4.3 6.5 1.5 3.15 3 2.74
.82
SCW immobilized 1.4 4.6 7.8 2.3 2.96 3 2.75
.69
Uninoculated 0.6 3.9 3.5 2.4 4.69 4 3.11
Control .80
Interaction(p<0.05) 0 0
.19 .24

Result:
SCW and PUF immobilized cyanobacterial inoculation recorded 28% and 16%
more N2 in rice seedlings than free living culture. Among combined N2 sources urea was more
superior followed by potassium nitrate and ammonium sulphate in terms of N2 uptake. The N2
uptake by immobilized culture was much higher than free living culture which was higher
compared to uninoculated culture.
Thereby we could conclude that immobilized cyanobacterium in combination with urea has
contributed more biologically fixed N2 to the crop.

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 Exploitation of azolla as a biofertilizer is a practical possibility in flooded soil
condition. It is used as both green manure before planting and intercropped with rice after
planting. The latter practice has wide adaptability and is more economical as Azolla
decomposes within two weeks releasing about 67% of Its N.The increase in grain yield due to
Azolla green manuring is about 0.5-2 tonnes per hectare.
Thereby cyanobacteria should be seriously considered as biofertilizer with a great potential as
these cyanobacterial (especially immobilized) have resulted in higher heterocyst frequency
growth,nitrogenase activity and increased ammonia excretion and have also increases
availability of micronutrients like iron. manganese in the soil.(6,9,11)

II] N2Fixing associated Bacteria:

In addition to symbiotic bacteria infecting plant roots, numerous taxa of less
intimately associated N2 fixing bacteria can be considered for crop yield improvement such as
Acetobacter, Azospirullum, Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Enterobacter etc.

1) Azospirillum
This genus includes spirally curved bacteria which not only lives in rhizosphere of
grasses but can also enter root cortex. It is an associative micraerophilic Nitrogen fixer which
not only colonizes root mass and fixes N2 in close association with plant in an environment of
low O2 tension. These bacteria induce plant roots to secrete mucilage substances which
creates low O2 environment and helps to fix atmospheric Nitrogen.It has a wide host range,
high N2 fixation capacity, low energy requirement, tolerance to high soil temperature thereby
makes these suitable for tropical condition.(13)
The positive aspect of this inoculant is that they produce plant growth
promoting substance in addition to fixing the Nitrogen and has ability to differentiate into cyst
under stress that enables its persistence for a long time in field condition.Azospirillum bears
great promise as a growth promoting Nitrogen fixing biofertilizer.It has been recorded that
Azospirillum inoculation may be used as biofertilizer for wheat ,rice thereby reducing use of
urea N by approximately 20%(9,11).
Along with its growth promoting properties its commercial production is
inexpensive as inoculum produced can be applied as peat formulation which can be directly

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utilized in field research and agricultural applications. However for alternative carriers and
application procedures needs further research.

2)Acetobacter:
It is a non symbiotic (micrsymbiont) bacteria which is mostly associated with
sugarcane crop. It grows inside the root as well as stems to some extent and fixes atmospheric
nitrogen and benefits the crop. It is rather difficult to isolate the organism and grow artificially
on a large scale.(3,13)
Therefore the potential of it as a biofertilizer will depend on finding suitable
techniques to grow it fastly in laboratory. If this is done successfully we may save huge
quantity of chemical nitrogenous fertilizers.

3) Klebsiella:
They fix N2 under anaerobic condition as these have no means of protecting
nitrogenase enzyme from O2.These organisms have flexibility to grow under both aerobic and
anaerobic environment. In the laboratory Klebsiella has been shown to reproduce Nitrogen
under micraerophilic condition(11). Therefore use of Klebsiella as a biofertilizer will require
several field trials and future research.

4) Bacillus
Nitrogen fixing Bacillus Polymyxa and Bacillus macerans were isolated from cotton
phylloplane.These bacteria show an increase in yield of cotton due to its ability to fix nitrogen
produce Indole Acetic Acid and Gibberelic acid production. The foliar spray on this
phylloplane bacteria was showing an increased growth,yield,increased Nitrogen fixation and
an increased chlorophyll ,nitrogen, phosphorus content.(7,11,13)
Similarly Bacillus subtilis inoculation on chilli plant through the phyllosphere have
resulted in increase in chlorophyll content ,photosynthetic quotient and eventually increased
growth.(1)

III] Free living N2 fixing Bacteria:

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Many free living bacteria also fix atmospheric N2.Example includes Azotobacter, Beijerinckia
and Clostridium.

1)Azotobacter::
This is a group of bacteria which are free living nitrogen fixer. Sufficient
research work has been carried out on the role of Azotobacter culture in sugarcane cultivation.
The result in general have indicated that application of Azotobacter at the rate of 5kg per
hectare helps in reducing nitrogen dose by 50kg per hectare with increase in yield of cane by
5 to 10 %.
The mechanism by which plants inoculated with Azotobacter derive its
benefits such as increased biomass ,Nitrogen uptake is attributed to increase in nitrogen input
by Biological nitrogen fixation, development and branching of roots ,production of plant
growth hormones,vitamins,enhancement in uptake of nitrate, ammonium orthophosphate,
potassium and iron improved water status of the plant and antifungal compounds.(3,11,13)
If environmental conditions allow nodulating bacterial symbionts (ex Frankia)
of plant roots can also fix N2 when not in symbiotic association. Estimation of Nitrogen
fixation by free-living bacteria is difficult.

2.Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria :

Phosphorus is the second most limiting plant nutrient required for better crop
yield. Indian soil contains on an average 0.05% Phosphorus which constitutes 0.2%dry
weight.(5)
Most of the soil Phosphorus pool is not in forms available for plant uptake or
the soil might contain insufficient amount of available phosphate to support plant growth. As
a result of application of phosphatic fertilizer is therefore essential for optimum crop yield.
However the main problem concerning phosphatic fertilizer is that its fixation with soil
complexes within a very short period of application rendering more than two third
unavailable.(9,11,13)
Many organisms possess the ability to bring sparingly soluble/insoluble
inorganic and organic Phosphorus into soluble forms by secreting organic acids. These
organic acids lower soil pH and in turn brings about dissolution of unavailable forms of soil
Phosphorus making it available for plant growth and development. Some of the hydroxyl

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acids may chelate calcium, Aluminium,Iron and Magnesium resulting in effective availability
in soil. Use of Phosphate solubilizing bacteria as bioinoculants could reduce the phosphate
dose by 50% and could be applied in the form of Rock phosphate which is cheaper source of
Phosphorus.(1,9)
The most commonly tested organisms of this group belong to the genera Bacillus and
Pseudomonas.
There were two method of phosphobactrium application i.e. seed treatment
(500ginoculum per hectare) and soil application (200g per hectare).(9)
Pretreatment of seeds of cereals with phosphobactrium has been reported to help in reducing
fertilizer phosphate requirement of the crop and increasing its grain yield.

Potential use as Biopesticide:

Although extensive research has been made on utilization of Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria
in order to provide soluble forms of phosphate to plants while some of them were found to release
antifungal compounds.
An attempt in this direction was made to screen 25 bacterial cultures from the rhizosphere of
various crop and culture of Pseudomonas striata(P-27 for their antifungal activity against Asperigillus
niger),Fusarium oxysporum,Pythium aphanedermatum,Curvularia lunata and Rhizobia solani by Spot
test method.

Spot test method:

Bacillus culture were spotted on Luria Bertani plates preseeded with respective fungal spores
all the bacteria showed large variation (0 to 130%) in inhibition of different fungi. Of them four
cultures 6P, 10P, 12P, 14P showed broad range of antifungal activity against all the fungal pathogens.
Rest of the culture showed variable activity against organisms or no inhibition. (5)

Therefore Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria like these with antifungal activity

could be exploited as biofertilizer as well as biopesticide.The combination of the above 2
attributes will be of great advantage in crop production.

5] Fungi and their potential as biofertilizer:

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 Mycorhizal fungi form mutualistic symbiosis with a wide variety of plants.ie fungi
infects the plant roots.
Three general types of Mycorrhizae are known such as Ectomycorrhizae,
Endomycorrhizae and endoectomycorrhizae.
Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza:
They are obligate symbionts that occur in 90% of vascular plants. It improves plant growth
and enhances the uptake of more nutrients generally unavailable to host plant especially ‘P’
from soil. It also increases the water uptake or alters plant physiology to reduce stress
response to soil drought. It can also withstand high temperature, increase heavy metal
tolerance of plants as well as make the plant less susceptible to root pathogens.
VAM may also prove useful in successful establishment of micro propagated plantlets
in field who face difficulty due to their weak root system and transplantation
shock.Microprpogation is a powerful tool in plant tissue culture. VAM (Glomus fasciculatum)
infected micro propagated plants i.e. exvitro (adding spores in plants)and invitro VAM
infected plants were transferred to polyurethane bags containing field soil and then
maintained in glasshouse. In the field sandy soil having low levels of ‘P’ ,using one half and
three fourth recommended dose of phosphorus were applied along with recommended urea
dose of 325kg per hectareUninoculated micro propagated plants served as control.

RESULTS:
Colonization of invitro grown sugarcane roots by VAM

Days after Inoculation % Colonization

10 48
20 68
30 78
Thus Colonization was maximum after 30 days cocultivation.Root Dry weight was
more invitro VAM infected plant is 2.45g than 1.97 g for control. These plants almost two fold
increased root biomass than control plants in addition to better survival rate of 89.6% than
non mychorrizal plant.
Thus field investigation revealed that successful mychorrhization improved survival
rate, 25% saving of phosphatic fertilizer by proving strong rooting system and improved
growth along with improved crop quality i.e. sugar content, cane height, cane yield.

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.(3,13)Though the role of VAM in improving plant growth and nutrition is an established fact,
field application of these obligate fungi has remained limited due them being an obligate
parasite.
Some ectomycorrhizae like Pisolithus tinctorius could be surveyed for its use because
they generally have host range, extensive geographic distribution. Hence they could be
considered for commercial exploitation.

Multiple/Co Inoculation among potential Biofertilizers :

This refers to the practice of inoculation and introduction of more than one fungus and
/or bacterium into target crops as Multiple/Co Inoculation.
Different combinations of organisms are being tested against different crops. A field
study was conducted on three microbial biofertilizers ie Premium
Azotoplus(Azotobacter),Premium Azosphiplus(Azospirillum)and Premium
Phosphofix(Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria)on wheat, mustard each singly or in combination
The results obtained when 3 were used singly on wheat, mustard was in the range10-
16%,18-19% respectively.Whereaes when used in combination they not only increased the
yield tremendously but lowered doseie250ml per gram per acre is recommended for each of
biofertilizers in combination taking into consideration cost: benefit ratio.(12)

Cereals such as rice constitute major fraction of poor mans diet in most Asian
countries including India. Application of inorganic fertilizers have brought about an
spectacular increase in crop production but over a long period of time have resulted in
imbalanced supply of nutrients, affecting soil quality and agrosystem.Therefore attempts to
develop Integrated Nutrient Management package for rice i.e. application of farmyard
manure combined with Azospirillum and Phosphobacteria in combination with recommended
fertilizers gave 17.2 to 23.4% higher grain yield over application of nutrients through
Inorganic fertilizer along with higher Benefit: Cost ratio of 2.80 to 3.25.(10)
In case of these Biofertilizers the residual effect is more for chemical fertilizers on
succeeding wheat crop. Similarly field trials of several other combinations of organisms could
also be tested for several other cereals.
Phosphate solubilizing bacteria like Pseudomonas striata(P-27) have a high P
solubilzation activity and high anti fungal activity. Use of several such bioinoculantswith

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combined attribute of fertilization and antipathogenic activity can provide long-lasting
effective solutions for sustainable agriculture.
Combined treatment with Phosphobacteria and mychorhizal fungi in several
agriculturally important crops ex chillies, brinjal resulted in an increase in plant height, root
length, biomass as well as total nitrogen and phosphorus content.(1,13)
Combined inoculation of Azospirillum and VAM increased growth yield, nutrient
uptake of plant than with no bacterium added extraneously.
Co inoculation of Rhizobia and Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms is synergistic
and results in better phosphate utilization and higher yield. Some of the Phosphate
solubilizing microorganisms increase the uptake of nitrogen too.(1)
Thus right kind of bacteria and fungi in root zone fix nitrogen, release minerals and
provide protection against disease causing organisms too. Thus multiple inoculation has a
very important role in the future of biofertilizers to develop Integrated Nutrient Management
package for various crops thereby reducing our dependence on synthetic chemical fertilizers,
decreasing the production cost and in long term benefits of soil and ecosystem for sustainable
agriculture.

7)Present Status and Future Prospect for Emerging Biofertilizers In Global

Market/India:
One of the challenges of globalization and green revolution is not only to increase the
yield but is also to improve the nutritional quality of product so that it matches global
standards. The world over is Undergoing a shift from inorganic conventional farming towards
organic ecofreindly farming methods. This not only requires the isolation of bioinoculantswith
high potential for use as biofertilizersbut also several other factors right from proper
application procedures to correct Marketing practices also being economically cheaper(2)

Proper Application Of biofertilizers:

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 It has a very important role in deciding the optimum activity of the microorganisms.
There are several ways of application i.e. liquid formulations, granular or powdery forms,
carrier based preparation etc.(1,2)
For example Liquid formulations of Azospirillum was more efficient than carrier based
preparation .Similarly foliar spraying alone increased protein content by 14% whereas along
with it the addition of bacterium as soil drench did not only improve any of the parameters
significantly.(2)
It also includes co inoculation techniques where 2 organisms for example
Azospirillum, Azotobacter and Phosphate solubilizing bacteria increased the cost: benefit ratio
also decreasing dosage of per bacterium. Such practices could play a ,major role in the future
of these biological Based Products. Similarly VAMwhere exvivo and in vivo culture methods
can be used to infect plants however various abiotic, biotic factor limit growth and
development of VAM, thereby limiting its commercial application. Here In vivo culture
methods act as an alternative to solve some of these problems. Hence in cases of VAMinvivio
culture methods could prove more successful.(1,9,1213)
As in the cases of cyanobacteria urea as a combined nitrogen source was proved to be
far superior, also urea and sugarcane waste immobilized cyanobacterial Inoculation proved to
be most efficient ways of practical application of biofertilizer should be found out to improve
the yield.
With Azolla biofertilizers which can be used as both a green manure bfore planting
and intercropping with rice after planting .However latter practice has been found to be
widely adaptable and more economical.
Hence great emphasis should be on using correct biofertilizer application as this could
result in an optimum activity and lower production cost and improve the yield by 10 to 15 %
under field conditions but also reflects an increase in yield of succeeding crop in measurable
quantities.
Therefore following strategies have to be planned for increasing awareness and
implementation of Biofertilizers and its long term benefits.

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Future strategies:
Biofertilizers have been in use since 1960 but still Biological Based Product
consumption has not picked up to expected levels. The major cause being too low acceptance
by farmers.
Quality and Pricing:
Any new method to be adopted by farmers has to face initial resistance. To
overcome this significant exhibitionism of Biofertilizers as a highly input extensive
agricultural system need to be demonstrated.
For this it is very important that the product entering the market is of standard quality
and has passed through statutory laws or quality enforcement agencies as in developed
countries.(2)
Thus with proper Quality control of Biological Based Product will help in restoring
the faith of farmers who will then be ready to try out these new techniques in their fields.
Another important aspect for small marginal farmers in India is cost. There is
remarkable discriminating variation in selling prices of various biofertilizers which need to be
standardized that more farmers could be ready to experiment with it. Here the Government
plays an important role.

Role of Government in Promoting the use of Biofertilizers:

Government has to ensure that the Biological Based Product entering the market has
met with the standard quality laws set by them. Also the Government in the initial years of
Biological Based Product promotion could highly subsidize the product which will help small
marginal farmers especially to adopt it.(2,13)
Concentrated efforts of the Government and Private firms to take into confidence local
bodies will help to assess and adopt the technology. An proper marketing strategy depending
on the Socioeconomic condition ,market heterogeneity and buying capacity of the consumer
need to be planned to decide on various intermediaries for distribution and adoption of new
technology by farms.(2)
Later on awareness on the proper application procedures, limitations of product, and
long term benefits of product needs to be created in farmers especially in interiors of the
country. The Government could also encourage the private firms and research institutes to
come together cooperate and promote training extension activity at farm level for farmers.

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 Poor microbial load, higher contamination and the use of improper strains resulted in
mixed response of biofertilizers.Here the research institutes have a great responsibility
towards ensuring the correct and the high quality product enters the market along with
Government and thereby ensuring that substandard product do not enter the market.
New practices take time to pick up success or failure of new entrants entering the
market will depend on the proper marketing, branding, promotional policies of government
for which study needs to be conducted at every level of production and consumption and
factors affecting them.(2)

Conclusion:
Despite these factors Biofertilizers have made a rapid growth during last 15 years in
country. National BiofertilizerDevelopment Centre has estimated the requirement of
Biofertilizers to extent of 507032 MT of N2 mixed, 255340 MT of Phosphate mobilizing
Bacteria. Though above figure represents theoretical potential of Biofertilizers it reflects the
immense scope of Biological Based Product though far from reality.(2)
Thus for this to turn into reality we could begin with the use of biofertilizer reduce the
doses of chemical fertilizers, Thus we could ensure that optimum productivity and healthy
returns under Integrated Nutrient Management system. This would help in cost benefit
analysis help the farmers realize the worth ,potential, long term commercial benefits,
economical aspects of using Biofertilizers an Biological Based Product which would then
result in acceptance of this new improving tehnology,thereby would go on a long way in
encouraging investment in Biological Based Product sector. It would then result in standard
new Biological Based Product entering the market and thereby this ecofreindly renewable
product would become an indispensable part of sustainable agriculture which will usher in
another environmental eco friendly Green revolution.

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