PRIMARY "BigListofRedFronts."TimesHerald:Washington'sIndependentNewspaper8Dec.1947:n.pag.The U.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration.Web. Aprimarysourcepublishedin1947,thisarticlereportedthattheAttorneyGeneral,TomClark,had releasedanewlistofsubversiveorganizations.Itisbiasedinsupportofhimandthereporterwrote thatClark"deservessomeapplause."Itdescribesthatthelistservedasaguideforallloyal Americans.Readingthisarticlegaveustheinsightthatthelistwasinformationforthepublic.A precursortoablacklist,itrestrictedtheopportunitiesofmany,regardlessiftheyactuallywereathreat, orhadhadaminorassociationinthepast.ThearticlegaveusrawevidenceofAmericansturningtheir heads,andperhapsrightfullyso,atallthosewhowereinvolvedinorganizationsthatposedsome possiblethreat.AswellasnarrowcontextabouttherootsofMcCarthyism,thispassagealsohelped usfurtherunderstandourtopic'srelationshiptothetheme:TheFBIwasinvolvedintheinvestigationof theseorganizations,andthisresponsibilityfitintotheFBI'sgeneralroleofinvestigationandwasalso appointedbythegovernment. Churchill,Ward,andJimVanderWall.

TheCOINTELPROPapers:DocumentsfromtheFBI'sSecret WarsAgainstDomesticDissent.Boston,MA:SouthEnd,1990.Print. TheCOINTELPROinitiativewasavitalparttotheFBI'santisubversiveactions.Therecordsofit arepublishedinthisbook,withinsightfulcommentaryfromtheauthors,whohavebothwrittenbooks onthissubjectbefore.ThecommentaryisbiasedbecauseitportraystheFBIasessentiallyevil,and makesit'sactionsseemunnecessary,liketheFBIdidnothavetheresponsibilitytogothatfar.Even so,theimagesoftheCOINTELPROrecordshaveprovideduswithstrongprimarysourcesthatgive informationontheFBI'ssecretactivities. "DeathforASpies:RosenbergsGetTopPenaltyinAtomTrial."UniversalInternationalNews.N.d. PublicDomainArchivalStockFootage.EasyStreetProductions,LLC.Web. Whileresearching,weoftensawthecaseofEthelandJuliusRosenbergmentioned,butdidnotlook muchintoit.Weconcludedthatitwasnecessarytogainthisnarrowcontextabouthowtherewasreal threatofSovietspiesandhowitcontributedtothefear.Thispublicnewsreelairedin1951asthe Rosenbergcaseendedandappearstohavenobias.However,onecouldarguethatisagainstthe Rosenbergs,astheyclaimedinnocence.WelearnedthattheRosenbergsleakedsecretstotheSoviet UnionduringtheColdWar.Afterviewingthis,wehaveabetterunderstandingofthiscaseandwill understandreferencestoitandhowitvalidatedfear. "DominoTheoryPrinciple,DwightD.Eisenhower,1954."DominoTheoryPrinciple,DwightD. Eisenhower,1954.N.p.,n.d.Web.14Oct.2013. <http://coursesa.matrix.msu.edu/~hst306/documents/domino.html>. Eisenhower'sDominoTheorywasanimportantpartofhowAmerican'sapproachedCommunism duringtheSecondRedScare.ThisprimarysourceisthetextofEisenhowerexplainingthistheoryto reporters.WefounditonMichiganStateUniversity'sonlinearchives,andwehavebeenabletolocate

thesametextinotherplacesaswell,whichleadsustobelieveitislegitimate.Additionally,thistext provideduswithnarrowcontext,onhowMcCarthyismfitintoCommunisminAmerica. Evans,M.Stanton."TheTruthAboutJosephMcCarthy&"McCarthyism""InterviewbyHowardPhilips. Youtube.ConservativeCaucus,19Nov.2012.Web. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QV4qiFNmtn8>. EvanswasacollegestudentduringtheMcCarthyera.HenowownstheFBIfilesfromtheMcCarthy Trials.Heisaconservative,andtheinterviewispublishedbyaconservativeorganization.Through overadecadeofcollectingevidence,EvansclaimshehasprovedthatSenatorJoeMcCarthywas rightaboutSovietAgentsintheU.S.governmentEvansjustifiesSenatorMcCarthy'shardcore anticommunismandactions.Hedeniesthatrightsofinnocentcivilianswererestricted,becausefact theyweresovietagents.HebelievedthethreatofcommunismwasrealandthatitwasAmerica'sand theFBI'sresponsibilitytocombatit.Thissourceisclearlybiasedwhichisimportanttogiveusa deeperunderstandingofwhythegovernmentandFBIfeltsoresponsibletoridthenationofSoviet andcommunistthreat. "Home."OurDocuments.U.S.DepartmentofState'sInformationUSAWebsite,n.d.Web.13Oct.2013. ThetranscriptsandactualimagesofJoseph'sMcCarthy'scensureaftertheWelchMcCarthyhearings provideuswithformalevidenceofwhyMcCarthywascensuredforhisactswhileincourt.McCarthy wascondemnedofactingcontrarytosenatorialtraditionandethics.Inthesedocuments,detailed descriptionsofhiswrongdoingsareprovidedwithquotationsofhiswordsduringthecourtsession whichledhimtobeingcensured.Weknowthatthissourceiscrediblebecauseitisaprimarysource ofrecordsfromtheU.S.DepartmentofStatethatdisplaysandprovidestranscriptsoftheoriginal legaldocumentusedin1954. Hoover,JohnEdgar.InterviewbyGeorgeSmathers.FloridaMemory.FloridaDepartmentofState,ca. 1960.Web.<http://www.floridamemory.com/items/show/232413>. ThispublicfilmedinterviewbyaFloridasenatorwasfoundintheFloridaDepartmentofStateonline archive.IttookplacejustseveralyearsaftertheplightoftheMcCarthyera.JohnEdgarHooverwas thedirectoroftheFBI,whichhadamajorroleininvestigatingsuspectedCommunistsubversion duringtheSecondRedScare.TheinterviewdisplayshisparanoiatowardsaforcefulCommunist takeover.Itshowsthateventhoughthescarewasover,individualsstillfeltthreatened.Theinterview gaveusoneprimaryexampleofthefearandhatredofcommunismthatlingeredonafter McCarthyism.ItshowedthattheRedScaresurvivedformorethanthespanofaboutsixyearsin whichMcCarthyhadtheUnitedStatesinthepalmofhishand. Hoover,JohnEdgar."TestimonyBeforetheHouseCommitteeonUnAmericanActivities."Washington, D.C.26Mar.1947.Speech. TheHouseCommitteeonUnAmericanActivities(HUAC)wasasubcommitteeoftheUnitedStates HouseofRepresentatives.Itwasestablishedin1938toinvestigatesuspecteddisloyaltyand subversiveness.Thisprimarysourcegaveusvitalinformationregardingrightsandresponsibilities.J.

EdgarHooverledtheFBIduringtheSecondRedScare.ToHUAC,helistedtheresponsibilitiesthe FBIhadtoprotecttheUnitedStatesfromCommunism,whichsolelyincludedinvestigation.Healso explainedwhyactionsneededtobetakenandwhyitwastheFBIandthegovernment'sresponsibility. Matthews,J.B."RedsandOurChurches."TheAmericanMercury(1953):314.UNZ.org.Web.21Sept. 2013.<http://www.unz.org/Pub/AmMercury1953jul00003>. J.B.MatthewswasMcCarthy'sresearchdirector,soitcameasnosurprisewhenwereadthisarticle andfoundoutitwasincrediblybiased.Itportrayedanticommunistsasheroesandcommunists, specificallyclergymen,asenemies.ItwasinterestingtoreadanarticlefromtheMcCarthyismera,to givemeanideaofwhatinfluencedthepeopleofthattime.Eventhoughthisarticlewasmainly attackingclergymen,itdidhavesomequotesfromFBIdirectorJEdgarHoover,whichhelpedto showhowinvolvedhewasduringthewholeera. TheMcCarthyYears.Prod.EdwardR.MurrowandFredW.Friendly.ByRussBensley.Dir.SamRoberts. CBS,Inc.,1991.DVD. AsacollectionofprimarysourceswithsomecommentarybyaCBSNewsanchor,thisdocumentary allowedforustomakeourownconclusionsaboutthematerial.Itprovidedfirsthandvideosof speechesthatshowedushowMcCarthyinfringedonpeople'srights.Italsogavepersonalstoriesof peoplewho'sliveswereaffectedbyhim.AlthoughitdidnottalkabouttheFBI,Morrow's commentarygavesimplebroadcontextofhowMcCarthyismfitintoCommunism.Uponresearching EdwardR.Morrowwediscoveredthatheisa"great"ofbroadcastjournalism,andhesetthe standardformanyothers.Thisdocumentary,inaddition,wonanEmmywhichconfirmedforusthatit isastrongandreliablesource. "McCarthyWelchExchangeDuringtheArmyMcCarthyHearingsOnlineSpeechBank." McCarthyWelchExchangeDuringtheArmyMcCarthyHearingsOnlineSpeechBank. AmericanRhetoric,2001.Web.11Sept.2013. WefoundthissourceoffoftheAmericanRhetoricwebsitethathadapagewithlinkstothetopone hundredspeechesinAmerica.Thewebsite'screatorisagraduateoftheUniversityofTexasandhas hisPhDinspeechandcommunication.TheMcCarthyWelchExchangewasrankedonthesiteasthe ninetyninthbestpoliticalspeechinAmericainthe20thcentury.Thespeechisfamousforexposing therecklessnessofMcCarthyinhispursuittoridtheU.S.ofcommunismduringtheColdWarEra. Thisprimarysourceincludedavideooftheactualsupremecourthearingwithatranscript.Forus,this sourceisgreatevidencetosupporttheactionsofMcCarthyincludinghisabuseofresponsibilityasan FBIleaderwhenaccusingpeoplelikeMr.Welchwithalmostnoorillegallyobtainedevidence. N.d.Photograph.TheNationalArchives.TheU.S.NationalArchivesandRecordsAdministration.Web.6 Oct.2013. TakenfromaTimesHeraldWashington'sIndependentNewspaperclippingpublishedonDecember 8,1947,thisprimarysourceprovidedhandsonknowledgeaboutthenamesof"red"organizations andschoolsaroundthetimeoftheSecondRedScarereleasedbyAttorneyGeneralTomC.Clark.

Thisclippingprovidesuswithspecificdetailsthatincludethenamesofcertainorganizationspossibly associatedwithcommunismthatwillallowustodofurtherresearchonourtopic.Therightsofmany oftheseorganizationswereinfringedupon,andwecanusethesespecificcasestosupportourthesis abouttheSecondRedScareandMcCarthyism.Weknowthatthissourceiscrediblesinceitisana nationalarchiveandofficialrecordoftheHouseofRepresentatives. SchiffShannon,Dorothy.Personalinterview.28Oct.13. DorothySchiffShannongaveusinterestinginsighttowhattheactualMcCarthyerawaslike.When shewasincollegeherteacherwasbroughtbeforeHUAC,andmanyotherpeopleshehadheardof wentthroughthesamething.ShewasbiasedagainstCommunists,whichmakessensebecauseshe didhaveareasontodistort,sinceherteacherwassomeonewhowasaffected.Herstoriesabout"fifth amendmentcommunists"spurredustodomoreresearchinthattopic,whichaddedtoourargument greatly.Overall,shewasveryhelpfulforaddingsmallbitsofinformationtomakeourargumentbetter. "SpeechExplainingtheCommunistThreat|TeachingAmericanHistory."TeachingAmericanHistory. AshlandUniversity,n.d.Web.14Oct.2013. InoursearchtoseebothperspectivesoftheethicsintheFBI'sactionsaftertheSecondRedScare, wefoundthetranscriptsofSenatorMcCarthy'sspeechontheTeachingAmericanHistorywebsite sponsoredbyAshlandUniversity.OnthetopicofCommunistThreatinAmerica,McCarthyspokeon June2,1950abouthisofopiniontowardcommunistsandexpressedhisconcernofAmericafallingto communism.WefoundthatMcCarthy'sconcernactuallymatcheduptomanyAmericans'concernof thespreadofcommunismwhereChinawouldfall,thenthePacific(Asia),andfinallyAmerica.Seeing McCarthy'sreasoningforhisradicalactioninapublicspeech,weknowthathiswordsmaynotbe necessarilyaccurateofhistrueopinionormotivessincehewantedtobevotedintoofficeatthetime ofhisspeech.However,thissourceisareliable,primarysourcethatgaveusfurtherperspectiveon ourtopic. Spina,Pasquale.Personalinterview.11Nov.2013. PasqualeSpinajoinedtheUnitedStatesmilitaryatagefourteenin1943becauseofhisstrong patriotismduringtheSecondWorldWar.HewasinthearmyduringtheSecondRedScare,and statedthatanyonewhowasinthearmyhadfelttheresponsibilitytoprotectAmericafromallthreats, whichatthattimeincludedCommunism.Eventhoughhewasawarethatmuchofthefearwascaused bypropagandaandexaggerationbythegovernment,hebelievedtherealwayswasathreatofa communisttakeover.HetalkedtousabouttheGreatDepressionanditcausingmanytojointhe CommunistPartyintheiryoungeryears,whichguidedourresearchtowardsthisbroadcontext.He criticizedCommunismasawhole,explaininghowtheideologyofequalitywasgood,butinrealityit hasproventofail.Areasontodistortcouldhavebeenhispatriotism,whichoftencorrelatedwith anticommunism.However,healsomentionedtheaggressiveassumptionsofMcCarthyandhis followers,showinghisunderstandingofbothsidesofthestory.Spina'sremarksgaveusaprimary sourcefromamilitarypointofview,whichwehadnotyetresearched,andalsopointedusinthe directionoftheFifthAmendmentrightsandpropaganda.

"TheTruthAboutJ.EdgarHoover."TIME22Dec.1975:n.pag.TIME.com.TIMEInc.Web.14Oct. 2013. AsJ.EdgarHoover'scareerandlifecametoanend,itbecameapparenttotheAmericanPublicthat hismotivesweretwistedandthathewaspowerhungryandselfish.TIMEmagazinepublishedthis articlefollowinghisdeath,andsuggestedthatcouldhave"caredlessaboutcrimethanabout perpetuatinghiscrimebustingimage."LearningaboutHoover'ssecretiveactionsshowedusthathe waslessconcernedwithprotectingcivilrightsthanpower.Thepartsofthearticlethatfocusedonthe 1940sand1950sgaveusnarrowcontextabouthowHooverandtheFBIrestrictedrightsof Americans,suchaswiretapping.ThearticlemostdefinitelyshowsbiasagainstHooverbecauseit focusesonwrongdoingsandscandalandthetitleimplieswhatissaidistrueitoffersnocounter arguments.ItisasecondarysourcethatdoesincludequotesfrommenwhoknewHoover. UnitedStates.DepartmentofJustice.TheUSAPatriotAct:PreservingLifeandLiberty.N.p.:n.p.,n.d. Web.6Dec.2013.<http://www.justice.gov/archive/ll/what_is_the_patriot_act.pdf>. TheUSAPatriotActisvitaltoourargumentonhowMcCarthyismlivesontodaywithactssimilarto thoseenactedduringtheera.TheActisaprimeexampleofthisargument,andsinceitwaspublished fromtheDepartmentofJusticeonlineweknowitiscredibleandarealprimarysource.Althoughthe actissorecent,itstillhelpsusasaprimarysourcesinceitisagovernmentpublicationthatshowshow manythemesfromtheMcCarthyismeraarestillaroundtoday. UnitedStates.ExecutiveOrder9835.ByHarryS.Truman.N.p.:n.p.,1947.TheAmericanPresidency Project.Web.05Oct.2013.<http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=75524>. TheloyaltyreviewprogramsformedbythisexecutiveorderwerevitaltotheFBI'sdevelopment duringtheMcCarthyEra.Throughtheseprograms,governmentagencieshadtosubmitthenamesof suspiciouspeopletotheFBItobeinvestigated.Inmanyofoursources,thisexecutiveorderistalked about,sowewerehappytobeabletoreadthefulltext.TheAmericanPresidencyProject,wherethe textcamefrom,isareliabledatabasewithmanyotherdocumentspublishedbyAmericanpresidents. TheorderwasbiasedheavilyagainstCommunists,ascouldbeexpected.Evenso,itgaveusprimary informationontheLoyaltyReviewBoardsrunbytheFBI. UnitedStates.SubversiveActivitiesControlActof1950.BySamRayburnandAlbenW.Barkley.N.p.: U.S.StatutesatLarge,81stCong.,IISess.,n.d.ROHAN.SanDiegoStateUniversity.Web.5Oct. 2013.<http://wwwrohan.sdsu.edu/dept/polsciwb/brianl/docs/1950InternalSecurityAct.pdf>. TheMcCarranInternalSecurityActwasoneofthemostimportantpiecesoflegislationfromthe McCarthyera.Thisdocumentgaveustheinformationthatmanyofourothersourceshadbeen alludingorreferringto.Beingaprimarysource,thisdocumentwasbiasfree,andgaveustheability toformourownargumentaboutit.Weaccessedthissourcethroughacollegedatabase,whichisvery reliable.Thisdocumentwillbeakeypartofourargument,asitshowsintexthowthegovernmentfelt responsiblefordealingwith"subversives". UnitedStates.VetooftheInternalSecurityBill.ByHarryS.Truman.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.TrumanLibrary

PublicPapersofthePresidents:HarryS.Truman.22Sept.1950.Web.05Oct.2013. <http://trumanlibrary.org/publicpapers/viewpapers.php?pid=883>. InresponsetotheproposedSubversiveActivitiesControlActof1950,HarryTrumanwroteaveto tocongress.Thetextofthevetoissignificanttohistorybecauseitshowstheothersideofthe argument,ofhowtheactwouldhurttheAmericanpopulationratherthanhelpit.Additionallyit providesinsightsthetextoftheactdidnot.TheTrumanLibraryandMuseum,wherewefoundthe textisareliabledatabasethatincludesmanydocumentspertinenttoTruman'spresidency. "VENONADocumentsApril1945."VenonaDocuments.NationalSecurityAgency,15Jan.2009.Web. 29Sept.2013.<http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/venona/apr_1945.shtml>. TheVenonaTelegramsthatweredecodedbytheAmericangovernmentwerekeypiecesofevidence thatledtothearrestofmany.Theywerekeptclassifieduntilrecently,andnowtheycanbeseenon theNSA'swebsite,whichleadsustobelievetheyarelegitimate.Thetelegramsdonotprovidemuch contextsurroundingoursubject,butasaprimarysourcetheyarebiasedcommentaryfreeandthey showuscausebehindmuchoftheFBI'sfeelingofresponsibility.TheNSAwebsiteingeneralhas impressedus,anditsvaultofprimarydocumentshasprovedtobeajackpot. "Video:TheFileandMcCarthyism:APersonalOdyssey|WatchTheOpenMindOnline|PBSVideo."PBS Video.TheOpenMind,03Aug.1984.Web.29Sept.2013. Wewereveryexcitedtofindthissourceofaninterviewofapersonallyaffectedbyaninvestigation doneonhim,asacommunistlivinginAmericaduringtheMcCarthyperiod.Thisvideogaveus reallifesituationevidenceofMcCarthyism.Theinterviewee,PennKimball,livedinAmericaasa nonconformistademocratandsupporterofRoosevelt'sNewDeal.Althoughthebreadthofthis videoconcernsitselfmostlyaroundKimball'spublishingofhisbookTheFile,thevideoprovidedus withwordsofapersonwhoactuallylivedthroughthearea.However,wedidnotethatthereisalarge biasinthisvideo,sincetheintervieweespokeagainstMcCarthyandAmerica'sunfairsecuritysystem, drivenbyhispassionforthesubjectthatpersonallyaffectedhim.WefoundthisvideoonthePBS website,acredibleandstrongsiteaboutpublicbroadcasting.Thissourceisaprimarysourceofa personwholivedthroughtheMcCarthyera,speakingonaccountofhisownstoriesandexperiences. "WisconsinHistoricalImages."WisconsinHistoricalSociety.N.p.,n.d.Web.05Oct.2013. <http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/feature/mccarthy/timeline.asp>. McCarthy'slifestartingfrombirthtodeathandmajoreventsinhislifetimearealldocumentedinthis onesource,datebydate.TheWisconsinHistoricalSocietypublishedMcCarthy'sCareertimelineina conciseyetdetailedonlinemanner.Fromthissecondarysource,wewereabletoseewhereevents liketheMcCarthyArmyhearingfitintothebiggerpictureofMcCarthy'slifeaswellasgathercontext aboutMcCarthy'searlylife.Usingthissource,wewerefurtherabletochronologicallydiscoverhow McCarthyallowedtheFBItoinfringeuponcommonrightsofAmericans.Weknowthatthewebsite iscrediblesinceitisastategovernmentrunwebsitecreatedtoprovideadatabaseforresearch. SECONDARY

"TheAtomSpyCase."FBI.FBI,21May2010.Web.13Oct.2013. <http://www.fbi.gov/aboutus/history/famouscases/theatomspycase>. MuchofthecauseofMcCarthyismandtheSecondRedScarestemsfromtrialsandeventssuchas theRosenbergtrial.ThiswebpagepublishedbytheFBIgaveusthoroughinformationwhichgaveus insightintohowthegovernmentcameaboutfeelingtheresponsibilitytoactinresponsetosuspected Communists.Itwasfromcaseslikethesethatmadethepublicandthegovernmentverywaryof Sovietthreats.SincethewebpagewaspublishedfromtheFBIwetrustthattheinformationiscorrect. Wealsohavenoticedabitofbias,sinceitshowsnoneoftheopposingargumentthatmayhavemade theRosenbergsseeminnocent. "ABriefHistoryoftheFBI."TheFBI:FederalBureauofInvestigation.U.S.Government,n.d.Web.11 Sept.2013.<http://www.fbi.gov/aboutus/history/briefhistory:>. TheFBIprovidesachronologicalhistoryofitsdevelopmentandimportantevents,withalargeportion ontheanticommunistaffairsofthemidtwentiethcentury.Itisextremelybiasedpublicsourceand hardlyrecognizesthatitisatfaultinanyway.However,itisimportanttoincludethispointofviewin ourresearchandlearnwhytheFBIfounditsoimportantandbeneficialtoAmericatocarryouttheir actionsduringtheMcCarthyistera.ThissourcewashelpfultounderstandwhytheFederalBureauof Investigationfeltresponsibletoinvestigatesuspectedcommunists.Evenregardingtheexecutionof JuliusandEthelRosenberg,whichmostpeopledisdain,theFBIalmostjustifies.Thissourcemadeus evenmoreawareoftheimportancetocontinueresearchingsourcesfromvariedpointsofviewin ordertohaveabetterunderstandingofourtopic. "TheChineseRevolutionof1949."OfficeoftheHistorian.U.S.DepartmentofState,n.d.Web.25Oct. 2013.<http://history.state.gov/milestones/19451952/ChineseRev>. ThisunbiasedarticleontheChineseRevolutionhelpedprovideuswithverycredible,indepth,and accurateinformation.WewereinterestedintheChineseRevolutionbecausewewantedtoseehowit fedintotheAmericanfearsofCommunism,andthisarticlehelpedtoexplainhowtheexpansionof CommunismfrightenedAmericans.SincethearticlewaspublishedbytheU.S.DepartmentofState weknowthatitisreliable,andwewerepleasantlysurprisedtofindhowunbiaseditis.Perhapsbest ofall,isthatthewebsitegivesrecommendedlinkstoeventsaroundthattimeperiod,soitwillhelp leadustoothervaluableinformation. "TheColdWar."JohnF.KennedyPresidentialLibrary&Museum.N.p.,n.d.Web.28Sept.2013. <http://www.jfklibrary.org/JFK/JFKinHistory/TheColdWar.aspx>. ThisinformativearticleispostedbytheJohnF.KennedyPresidentialLibraryandMuseum.Itisan establishedorganizationthatstudentsandscholarsoftenrefertobecauseoftheirrichsourceofmid nineteenthcenturyAmerica.SinceitispublishedbyanAmericanorganization,thefactsaboutthe ColdWarmaybeslightlybiased,however,itdoesnotappeartobeoverpowering.Thearticlewas overtwopagesofsecondarysourcetext.ReadingabouttheColdWargaveusbroadcontextabout theSecondRedScare.Itinformedusofthecausesofthecoldwarandoftheintensetensions

betweentheSovietUnionandtheUnitedStates,bothwhichcontributedtoMcCarthyism. DeLauder,Jesse."TheSeattleSeven:TheSmithActTrialsinSeattle(19521958)."Communismin WashingtonState:TowardaHistoryofWashingtonStateCommunism.PacificNorthwestLabor andCivilRightsHistory,Apr.2008.Web.14Oct.2013. SponsoredbytheUniversityofWashington,thePacificNorthwestLaborandCivilRightsHistory websiteledustoapageofanticommunisttrialsduringtheMcCarthyerainWashingtonState.One trial,calledtheSeattleSeven,gaveusspecificevidenceoftheFBI'squestionableaccusationsagainst sevenmembersoftheWashingtonPressUnionwhowereacclaimed"communist."Inthesetrials,the FBIusedtheSmithActtojustifytheiraccusationsofthecitizens,whohadadvocatedanoverthrowof theAmericangovernment,buthadnotyettakenaction.However,theFBIfeltthatundertheSmith Act,theywereresponsibleformakingsurethatanysubversiveactivitiesweremonitoredand controlled.Underthisfoundation,theFBI'sattemptresultedinprotestandaninvasionofrightsinto thelivesoftheseseven,creatingasituationquestionableoflegalityonthegovernment'spart.This secondarysourcealsoprovideduswithrealimagesfromthetrialsaswellastranscriptsfromthecourt hearingstosupportitscredibility. TheDevelopmentofFBIDomesticIntelligenceInvestigations.Rep.N.p.:n.p.,n.d.AARCLIbrary, 1975.Web.22Sept.2013. <http://www.aarclibrary.org/publib/church/reports/book3/pdf/ChurchB3_7_Development.pdf>. Althoughinthismassivereportonlyafewpagesrelatedtoourtopic,wefounditratherhelpful.It helpedtoprovidecontextfortheFBIsideofourargument,notjusttheMcCarthyismside.Itwas slightlybiasedagainstintelligenceagencies,butevensoitprovidedlotsoffactsthatmaybeusefulfor ourargument.Inadditiontothesourcesbeingcitedinthereport,wehavereadsomeofthesame informationinothersources,whichincreasesthecredibilityofthisreport.Thisreportwasincludedina seriesofreportsgivingcriticalinformationofUSintelligenceagencies.TheAARCLIbrary,whereit wasfound,hasover1500reportsandbooksonlinefromthroughoutAmericanhistory. Gordon,Tom.TheStoryofUs.Issuebrief.NorthwestMichiganCollege,2010.Web.12Sept.2013. <https://www.nmc.edu/tgordon/storyofus/hst112/9_acoldera/2ndredscare.html> ThewebsitepagewefoundthissourceonwasacumulativetimelineofAmericaneventsdatingfrom years1845to1965.TheauthorwasTomGordon,andthepagewassponsoredbyNorthwestern MichiganCollegewhopublishedthiswebsitein2010.Throughoutthewebsite,theColdWarand reconstructioneraweresummarizedinabriefparagraphortwo.Theonewespecificallyreadinto wasabouttheSecondRedScareandgaveusabasicoverviewofwhoMcCarthywas.Wefoundthis paragraphtobeinformativebutbias,withcommentsthatstronglycondemnedMcCarthyandhis actions.However,wewereabletolearnalotofinformationaboutMcCarthy's"reignofterror"and howitabruptlycametoanend.Thissiteprovidedabroadcontextpicturethatwellsummarizedthe SecondRedScarefromitsprovocationtoitsend. Guariglia,Matthew."VisionsofRed."VisionsofRed.Wordpress,27May2007.Web.12Sept.2013. <http://blogs.dickinson.edu/histfbi/tag/citizenscommissiontoinvestigatethefbi/>.

Asecondarysourcepublishedin2012,thisblogsponsoredbyWordpresshasunbiasedinformation gatheredfromcredibleoutsidesourcesthatarecomposedintoaclear,wellsupportedarticle. However,thissourcewasnotveryhelpfulinbroadeningourgeneralknowledgeofourtopic.It discussedthefallofMcCarthyismasaresultofthepublic'sdiscoveryoftheCOINTELPROprogram launchedunderMcCarthy'sleadership.Fortunately,isprovideduswithanimageofanewspaper clippingthatisaprimarysourcewecanuseasavisualforourwebsite.Wewerealsoabletoget somesmalldetailsinanareathatwehadn'treadalotaboutyet.Wewereabletogetasenseofthe FBI'sactionsinoverestimatingandabusingtheirresponsibilitiesthatweretakentoaninappropriate levelandhowitdirectlyinfringedonpeople'srightstoprivacy. Herman,Arthur.JosephMcCarthy:ReexaminingtheLifeandLegacyofAmerica'sMostHated Senator.N.p.:Free,1999.Print. ThisbiographyofsortsgavegreatinsightintoMcCarthy'slife.Thiswasbothablessingandacurse, becausealthoughitgavedetailedinformationonhowheinfringedonpeople'srights,itdidnottalk nearlyatallabouttheFBI.Also,itwasextremelybiased,makingMcCarthyseemlikeavillainin AmericanHistorywhileshowinghowsignificanthewas.Thisbookdidnotprovidemuchcontext surroundingouractualtopic,thesecondredscare,butmoresurroundingMcCarthy'slife.Theauthor, ArthurHermanisahistoryprofessoratGeorgeMasonUniversity,andtheauthorofafewother historybooks,whichhelpstoreassureusthatitisareliablebook.Additionally,thereisabibliography intheback,whichwillhelpleadustoothersources. Hoyt,Alia."HowMcCarthyismWorked."HowStuffWorks.HowStuffWorksInc,n.d.Web.12Sept. 2013.<http://history.howstuffworks.com/historicalfigures/mccarthyism.htm>. TheHowStuffWorkswebsitebroughtustoapageaboutMcCarthyismthatprovidedabroad,well organized,anddecentlydetailedeightpageoverviewofJosephMcCarthy'sriseandfallofpowerand thebackgroundofMcCarthyism.HowStuffWorksisawebsitesponsoredbyDiscoveryCompany. Thegoalofthesiteistoprovidea"credible,unbiased,andeasytounderstandexplanationofhowthe worldactuallyworks."AliaHoytisacrediblecontributingauthorofthewebsitewithanunbiased perspective.Throughthisonlinesource,wewereabletoobtaincontextandcommentaryof McCarthyismthatputthetopicintoabiggerpictureandelaboratedonsomeimportantconceptsand topicsinvolvedinMcCarthyismsuchastheFirstandSecondRedScare.Alongtheway,thearticle wasabletopointmetootherwebsitewithcredibleinformationandprimarysources.Wewereableto findanoutsidesourcethatevenshowedmodernsignificanceintheconceptofMcCarthyism.Weare verypleasedwithandconfidentinthissourceasawhole. Johnson,Haynes.TheAgeofAnxiety:McCarthyismtoTerrorism.Orlando:Harcourt,2005.Print. ThissourceprovidesanarrativeaswellashistoricalcommentarybyHaynesJohnson,aPulitzerPrize recipientforjournalism.Itprovidedsomebroadcontextofthecoldwar,butmoreimportantlynarrow contextoftheoriginsofMcCarthyism.ThenarrativeendsaroundthetimeofMcCarthy'sdeath, followedbyanextensiveportiononthelegacyofthistimeperiod.Thebook'sstoryistoldthrough"the lensofitsrelevancetoourowntime,"whichgaveusonthesignificanceofMcCarthyisminAmerican

history.Itwaswrittenin2003whenAmericansfearedterrorismratherthancommunism,butJohnson relatesthetwotimesofanxietyclosely.Inbothsituations,heargues,ourcivillibertiesandConstitution areatstakebecauseofthiswidespreadfear. Joseph,HyderP."EspionageInformation."McCarthyism.AdvamegInc.,2013.Web.27Oct.2013. WefoundthissourcewhensearchingforinformationonMcCarthy'ssuccessininvestigatingand arrestingorganizationsorpeople.Withinthefewspecificdetailsinthisonlinesource,wewereableto findbroadinformationonaninvestigationMcCarthyhadconducted,calledtheOverseasLibrary Program.Wehadneverheardofthisbeforesowefoundthistobeakeypartoftheusefulnessofthis source.Weknowthatthesourceisprobablybiassinceitisfromawebsitethatexemplifiesespionage committedthroughoutworldhistory.However,theinformationwegotfromitwasfactsoweknow thatitisnotasswayedasotherpartsofthearticle.Thissecondarysourceiscrediblesinceitiswritten byaknowledgeableattorneyfromJacksonville,Floridawhohadadegreeinhistory. "JosephR.McCarthy."History.com.A&ETelevisionNetworks,n.d.Web.11Sept.2013. <http://www.history.com/topics/josephmccarthy>. Beingarelativelybriefbutdetailedoverview,thisonlinearticlefromTheHistoryChannelgavemea solidunderstandingofwhatMcCarthyismwas.TheHistoryChannel,whichhasbeenairingfor18 yearsnow,publishedmanyarticlesonlinethatprovideaccurateandvaluableinformation.Althoughit didnottalkaboutthedevelopmentoftheFBI,itexpandeduponhowSenatorMcCarthyinfringedon therightsofmanywhichwasveryinteresting.Thearticlealsoincludedlinksforrecommendedarticles onthesameorsimilarsubjects,whichwillhelpfurtherresearch.TheHistoryChannelingeneralhas provedtobeaqualityplaceforinformation. Lichtman,RobertM.TheSupremeCourtandMcCarthyeraRepression:OneHundredDecisions. Urbana:UniversityofIllinois,2012.GoogleBooks.UniversityofIllinoisPress.Web. Althoughwehavebeendiscussingoftenthatcitizen'srightswereinfringedupon,whilemakingthis generalizationdiagram,itbecameclearthatweneededmoresamples."TheSupremeCourtand McCarthyeraRepression"gaveusjustthenarrowcontextweneededaboutspecificcasesduringthe McCarthyera.Thispublicsecondarysourcehaslittlereasontodistortandsupportsitsarguments withlawsandrulesthatwerebrokenordecisionsweremadeunderintheSupremeCourt.Itwillhelp usfurtherourunderstandingofrightsandresponsibilitiesbygivingusinformationonrightsviolations. RobertM.LichtmanisaWashington,D.C.lawyerfornearlythirtyyearsthathaspracticedinSan Franciscosince1986. "McCarthyEra."TrackedinAmerica:.ALCU,2012.Web.06Oct.2013. TheTrackedinAmericaWebsite,crediblebysponsorshipofthetheAmericanCivilLibertiesUnion, wasaveryusefulsourcetousinseveralways.Thewebsiteprovideduswithachronologicaltimeline ofmajoreventssurroundingandduringtheMcCarthyEra.Mostoftheseeventsareknowntous,but thetimelineputtheminaneasilycomprehensibleformatthatgivesusanideaonwhatweneedto furtherresearchandwhatwealreadyknowalotabout.Thiswebsitealsoprovideduswithprimary

sourcesofthepersonalstoriesfromVincentandConnHallinan,EricHellangren,andCharles Muscatine,allofwhomhadtheirrightsinfringedbyFBIinvestigationsandtheHUAC.Theirstories wereportrayedthroughpicturesandrecordingsoftheirpersonalexperiencesoffeelingasthoughthey wereconstantlyunderFBIsurveillance. McDonough,John."RelivingTheScare:LookingBackOn'RedChannels'"NPR.NPR,22June2010.Web. 06Oct.2013. WefoundthissecondarysourceontheNPRwebsite,asanaudiobroadcastwithtranscripts. Althoughtherecordingwasjustashortfiveminutes,wewereabletogatherfirsthandknowledge abouttheRedChannelsduringtheearlyfiftiesandtheirsubtle,yetdamagingeffectsonthelivesof manyfamouspeopleduringtheMcCarthyEra.ThroughthepersonalstoryofMarshaHunt,avictim oftheRedChannel'sclaims,welearnedaboutthedirtywaysthattheFBIwouldaccusepeoplebased onlittleevidence,andthestrugglepeoplehadoftryingtohavetheirnameclearedoncethey,or someoneintheirfamily,hadbeenaccused.TheNPRwebsiteisahighlycrediblesourcewithno reasontodistortinformation,andclaimsthatitsmissionisto"createamoreinformedpublic." Robarge,David.Rev.ofChasingSpies:HowtheFBIFailedinCounterintelligenceButPromotedthe PoliticsofMcCarthyismintheColdWarYears.IntelligenceinRecentPublicLiteraturen.d.:n. pag.CentralIntelligenceAgency.Web.6Oct.2013. <https://www.cia.gov/library/centerforthestudyofintelligence/csipublications/csistudies/studies/vo l47no3/article07.html>. DavidRobargeisontheCIAhistorystaff.Thisgovernmentsponsoredsecondarysourceisareview of"ChasingSpies"whichfocusesmainlyontheFBI'stransgressionsduringtheMcCarthyismyears. RobargetendstoagreewithAthanTheoharisinthattheFBI'sactionswereineffectivebecausethey wereillegalandwronglyaimed.Thereviewprovidedseveralvitalquotesfromthebook,inmost probability,thestrongestpointsofthebook.AlthoughRobargecriticizesthebook'sexplanationof Hoover'simpactonthecurrentFBIandfailuretoanswerallquestions,wefocusedmainlyonthe informationthatwasprovidedinthereview.Notmanyofourprevioussourceshadinformationonthe wrongdoingsoftheFBIconstitutionally,andhadfocusedontheeffectsoncivilianlife.Thisreview pointedusinthedirectionofinvestigatingfurthertheFBI'sillegalactionsandhowtheystuntedtheir success. Roberts,Sam."ADecadeofFear:How'McCarthyism'TurnedAmericanagainstAmericanintheDecade afterWorldWarII."NewYorkTimesUpfront.StudentEdition,15Mar.2010.Web.28Sept. 2013. Theauthorofthisonlinemagazinesource,SamRoberts,istheNewYorkTimes'Correspondentof UrbanAffairsandgraduatedfromCornellUniversityin1968.Robertshasreceivednumerous awards,suchasthePeterKhissAward,forhisreportingandjournalismskills,aswellasthe publishingofhismanybooks.ThissecondarysourcegavemeadditionalinsightintoJoeMcCarthy andhisaffectonturningAmericansagainsteachotherduringhis"witchhunt."Italsoprovidedmewith insightfulcontextabouttheFirstRedScareduringbeforetheMcCarthy's"reign,"aswellasother casesofMcCarthyismpresentbeforeandafterthetermwascoined.Datingbackto1798,wewere

alsoabletoseehowJohnAdam'screationoftheAlienandSeditionActscreatedanenvironment wheresomeonelikeMcCarthycouldcontinuallyfeedoffoffearofthepeopleandjustifyhis lawfulnessinaccusingcommunistswithoutevidence.IalsowasabletoreadaboutBushandhisclose encounterwithMcCarthyismafterthe911attacks.Iwasabletorecognizefromthisarticlethat McCarthyismseemstothrivewhenAmericafeelsendangeredbyforeignterroristthreatsandpanicin themidstoffindingasafesolution.Thispaniccausesthemtoassumehigherresponsibilitiesthanthey wouldnormallyneedtohave,ofteninfringingonpersonalrightsofotherstoensuretheirownsafety. Schmidt,Regin.RedScare:FBIandtheOriginsofAnticommunismintheUnitedStates,19191943. Copenhagen:MuseumTusculanum,UniversityofCopenhagen,2000.Print. Thisincrediblyindepthbookwasnotquitewhatweexpected.ThebookwasnearlyallontheFirst RedScare,withonlyachapterattheendgivinginformationontheSecondRedScare.Itdid, however,endupbeingveryhelpfulbyidentifyingothersourcesandgivingimportantcontext informationonhowMcCarthyismfitintotheRedScaresinAmerica.Sincethebookincludedmany annotationsandallofthesourcescited,webelieveitprovideduswithaccurateinformation,andithad asurprisinglysmallamountofbias.Theauthor,ReginSchmidt,isaresearcherattheUniversityof Copenhageninthehistorydepartment,andthisbookwaschosenfortheChoiceOutstanding AcademicBooksin2002. Schrecker,Ellen."TheGrowthoftheAntiCommunistNetwork."St.Martin'sPress,May2007.Web.14 Oct.2013.<http://www.writing.upenn.edu/~afilreis/50s/anticomnetwork.html>. EllenSchrecker,theauthorofthisexcerpt,hasprovenherselftobeoneoftheleadingexpertsonour topic.Inthisexcerpt,sheprovidedthoroughcontextinformationonhowMcCarthyismfitintoanti communisminAmerica.Itwasslightlybiasedtowardsbelievingthatthegovernmentoverreacted.It alsogaveusinsightastowhythegovernmentfelttheresponsibilitytoactonthelittlestsuspicions. SchreckerexplainshowtheAmericanfearofCommunisthadbeenaroundforawhilebeforeeventhe firstredscare,butwhenitreallygotoutofcontrolwasduringMcCarthyism. Schrecker,Ellen.ManyAretheCrimes:McCarthyisminAmerica.Boston:Little,Brown,1998.Print. EllenSchreckeriswidelyrecognizedasaleadinghistorianonMcCarthyism.Afterearningher doctorateatHarvardUniversity,shehastaughtatfiveuniversities,includingthreeIvyLeagueschools. Hermostfamouswork,"ManyAretheCrimes:McCarthyisminAmerica",waspublishedin1998 anddrawsonmanyprimarysources.SchreckerlivedthroughtheSecondRedscare,andhasbeen describedas"thedeanoftheantiantiCommunisthistorians."Thebookdefinitelyiswrittenwitha negativetonetowardsMcCarthyismanditsinfringementoncivilliberties,butdoesnotdenythatthe UnitedStatesfacedsomethreat.ThissourceprovidedextensivenarrowcontentaboutMcCarthyism's actionsandeffects.Thebookcontainsphotographsandnumerousspecificexampleswhichwillhelp usunderstandourtopicasawhole,butalsogiveusspecificandnotableinformation.Italsogaveus ampleinsightonthelonglastingimpactthatthiserahadonAmerica. Schrecker,Ellen."McCarthyism:PoliticalRepressionandtheFearofCommunism."SocialResearch71.4 (2004):127.ELibrary.Web.29Sept.2013.

EllenSchrecker,theauthorofafewotherveryhelpfularticles,hasonceagainproducedanessaythat gaveusintelligentandaccurateinformation.Thisarticle,ascholarlyjournal,includednumerousstories ofdifferentpeoplewho'srightswereinfringedbythegovernmentbecausethegovernmentfeltithada responsibilitytoact.Itgaveamplenarrowcontext,explaininghowtheSecondRedScarefitinto Communismasawhole.Lastly,Schreckerincludedherworkscitedattheend,whichwillhelpleadus tomanyprimarysources. Schrecker,Ellen."CommunismandNationalSecurity:TheMenaceEmerges."TheAgeofMcCarthyism:A BriefHistorywithDocuments.N.p.:St.Martin's,1994.N.pag.ModernAmericanPoetry. UniversityofIllinois.Web.22Sept.2013. <http://www.english.illinois.edu/maps/mccarthy/schreker1.htm>. ThisexcerptbyEllenSchreckerisapublicsecondarysource.Asanestablishedhistorianonthistime period,Schreckerappearstohavenoreasontodistort.ThepassageexplainshowCommunistspies werearealthreatandthatsabotagewaspossible.Italsosuggeststhatmanyaccusationswere exaggerationwhichconcernedpolicymakers.Thisaccountedforacrackdownonunions.Thissource helpedusanswerthequestion"why?"regardingthestrictpoliciesenactedduringtheSecondRed Scare.Itmadeusmoreawareofthethreattonationalsecuritythatcommunistsdidpose,butalsothat theexaggerationrestrictedtherightsofmanyinnocentcitizens. Schroeder,Christy."RedScarePropagandaintheUnitedStates:AVisualandRhetoricalAnalysis."Thesis. GeorgiaStateUniversity,2007.EnglishHonorsTheses.DepartmentofEnglishatDigitalArchiveat GeorgiaStateUniversity.Web. ChristySchroeder'sthesisprovidesanindepthdiscussiononpropagandaandthetwoRedScaresin Americanhistory,butweonlyfocusedontheSecondRedScareportions.Althoughthereisno apparentreasontodistort,itinevitablyseemscriticaloftheAmericangovernmentforusing propaganda.Itisasecondarysource,andalthoughSchroederwasastudentwhenthiswaspublished soshowslittlepastreliability,thisworkhasbeenacceptedforinclusioninEnglishHonorsTheses.This sourcegaveusinsightonhowpropagandawasusedtocreateawidespreadAmericanhatredandfear ofcommunism.Schroederprovidespropagandistimagesandexplainsspecificelementsthatwere usedtomakecommunistslookinferiorandevil.Italsodiscussedcivilrights,andhowalthough Americaportrayeditselfaspluralisticandprogressive,inrealitythecivilrightsofmanywereviolated. "SenatorJoeMcCarthyandtheRedScare."MountHolyokeCollege,n.d.Web.11Sept.2013. <http://www.mtholyoke.edu/~lillsie/McCarthyism/homepage.html>. AlthoughthissourcehardlymentionedtheFBI,itgavevaluableindepthinformationonSenator McCarthy.Itwascompletelyunbiased,anditincludedonlyhardfactsanddates.Notonlydiditgive biographicalinformation,itgaveinsighttowhatleadtohisdownfallaswell.Itwasusefulespeciallyin theearlystagesofresearchbecauseithelpedprovideinformationwithoutinfluencingmetoagreeor disagreewithanargument.SinceitwaspublishedunderMountHolyokeCollege,ahighlyselective women'scollege,wecanbeconfidentintrustingtheinformation.Plus,thesourceswereincludedin thewebpage,whichmadeitthatmuchmorecredible.

"AShortHistoryoftheDepartmentofState."U.S.DepartmentofStateOfficeoftheHistorian.Officeof theHistorian,BureauofPublicAffairs,UnitedStatesDepartmentofState,n.d.Web.12Oct.2013. WedecidedtoresearchAmericanForeignPolicybeforeandduringtheColdWarerainordertogain furtherinsightastowhytheFBIandgovernmentfeltsuchalargeresponsibilityforkeeping communistsoutofthecountry.ThisgovernmentsponsoredwebsitegaveusaplethoraofUnited StatesforeignpolicyofContainmenttowardWesternEuropeandAsia.Wegatheredlotsofcontext fromareliablesecondarysourcethatregardedtheSecondRedScareandMcCarthyism.Wecanuse thisinformationtogiveusunderstandingoftheFBI'sactionsintheUnitedStatesduringtheMcCarthy era. Simkin,John."McCarthyism."SpartacusEducational.N.p.,1997.Web.22Sept.2013. <http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/USAfbi.htm?menu=USAred>. WewereabletofindextensiveinformationonMcCarthyism.Thewebsitehasoveronehundredlinks toinformationonimportantfigures,groups,andevents.WemainlyfocusedontheFBIsectionbut wereabletogaininformationfromothersectionsaswell.Thispublicsecondarysourceaddressedthe importantfiguresinthebureauduringthispoliticallyheatedtime.Itappearstohaveabiasagainstthe FBI,asmostoftheinformationgivenisaboutsecrecyandmanipulation.Wewereabletolearnabout adifferentaspectoftheFBIthanwehaveseeninothersources,includingtheleaders'viewstowards otherfigureheadssuchasMartinLutherKingJr.Inaddition,EdgarJ.Hooverandhissecretfileswere discussedalongwithotherleadersoftheFBIandtheirscandals.Readingthisarticleshowedusthe wrongdoingsoftheFBIandhowtheiractionswereunconstitutional. Tanenhaus,Sam."UnAmericanActivities."TheNewYorkReviewofBooks,n.d.Web.29Sept.2013. <http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2000/nov/30/unamericanactivities/?pagination=false>. "UnAmericanActivities"isaverywellthoughtoutreviewof"JosephMcCarthyReexaminingthe LifeandLegacyofAmerica'sMostHatedSenator".Itprovidedsimpleyetindepthsummariesof manychapters,anditgavecriticismsoftheauthorthatwereinterestingtoread.Hearingadifferent perspectiveonthesamesubjecthelpedtoshowusthattherecanalwaysbemorethanonewayto lookatsomething,whichremindedustobewaryofbiaswhenresearching.Sincethisreviewcame fromTheNewYorkReviewofBooks,awellestablishedmagazine,andithassourcescitedatthe end,wefeltconfidentthatthisreviewgaveuslegitimateinformation. "TeachingWithDocuments:TelegramfromSenatorJosephMcCarthytoPresidentHarryS.Truman." TelegramfromSenatorJosephMcCarthytoPresidentHarryS.Truman.N.p.,n.d.Web.29 Sept.2013. TheonlineNationalArchiveswebsiteprovideduswithasourcethissecondarysourceaboutthe eventsleadinguptoMcCarthyismandtheSecondRedScare.Thisarticlegavemenewinformation aboutCommunistslikeKlausFuchandAlgerHiss,whosecaseswenowcanresearchforfurther backgroundonMcCarthyismandtheSecondRedScare.Wewerealsoledtotwoprimarysources: McCarthy'sdocumentedtelegraphtoPresidentTruman,andTruman'sunsentresponse.Thenational

archiveswebsiteisacrediblesource,withofficialdocumentsfromthegovernmentthatexistatthe archive,butonline. Trueman,Chris."TheRedScareinthe1920."TheRedScareinthe1920.N.p.,2000.Web.29Sept. 2013.<http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/red_scare_1920s_America.htm>. InsearchofasourcethatprovideduswithcontextaboutbeforetheSecondRedScare,wecame acrossthissecondarysourceonline.Afterusingit,weabletogathernotesaboutAmericaduringthe 1920'sandleadinguptotheSecondRedScare.ThissourcespokeaboutthecurtailingofAmerican rightsunderthelawtowardothercommunistspriortotheRedScareandSecondRedScare.It specificallygaveexamplesoftheJudicialBranchturningitseyeawayfromtheactionsoftheFBIin fearandhatredoftheanarchistsandcommunists,whomadeup.01percentoftheAmerican population.TheauthoroftheHistoryLearningWebsite,ChrisTrueman,graduatedwithaBachelors inhistoryandMaster'sdegreeinmanagement,fromEngland.Truemanstatedthathisgoalwastotell historyas"unbiasedandobjectiveaspossibleinpresentingthefactsandinterpretingevents."This sourceisacredibleworkthatgavemedeeperinsightintoAmerica'sopiniontowardCommunists, priortotheColdWar. Watson,Jerilyn."AmericanHistory:Lifeinthe1950s."VOA.N.p.,n.d.Web.28Sept.2013. <http://learningenglish.voanews.com/content/americanineteenfiftiesfamilylife/1263187.html>. Thissecondarysourceimmersesthereaderinwhatitwasliketoliveinthe1950s.Thepassageis actuallyaimedatforeignerstogaininsightonAmericanculture.However,Ithasnobiasandcovers boththepositiveandnegativeaspectsoflife,suchaspopularcultureandtheColdWar.Itincludes photographsfromthetimeperiodofpoliticalhappenings.Thebroadcontextthatthissourcegaveis usefultousinunderstandingwhatlifewaslikeotherthanthefearfulatmosphere.Welearnedthat althoughtheentiretyofAmericafacedthreatsfromtheColdWarandandanxietyfromMcCarthyism, somefoundescapismandtriedtoignorethesituationbyfindinglightinwork,theboomingeconomy, suburbanlife,andpopularculture.ThissourceiscrucialtoourunderstandingofAmericaasawhole duringthe1950s,ratherthanjusthowMcCarthyismaffectedthelivesofmany. Weiner,Tim.Enemies:AHistoryoftheFBI.NewYork:RandomHouse,2012.Print. EnemiesbyTimWeinerisaverycomprehensivehistoryoftheFBI'sformationanddevelopment. WeinerhaswrittenafewotherbooksontopicssuchastheCIAandthepentagon,andEnemieshas receivedveryhighratings.Thatbeingsaid,itwasslightlybiasedalthoughithadthefacadeofbeing justfacts.Manyfactsweknewwereleftoutandsomesmallfactsweremadetoseemlikebigger deals,allsothatJEdgarHooverlookedlikeahero.Despitethis,theinformationwasquality, especiallythechapterthatwoveMcCarthyandtheFBItogether.Thereweremanyexamplesofthe FBIinfringingonrights,andofHoovertryingtogainmoreresponsibility.Thisbookprovidedalotof goodinformationthatwilladdtoourargument. Wills,Charles.Americainthe1950s.NewYork:FactsOnFile,2006.Print. Americainthe1950sprovideduswithclearandcomplexcontextonthestateofAmericasurrounding

McCarthyism.Weoriginallycheckedoutthisbookbecausewewerelookingforcontext,butonce wegotthebookwerealizeditcontainedanentirechapterdedicatedtoMcCarthyism,whichgaveus somegoodinformationforourargument.Additionally,inthebackofthebookisalargelistof"further reading"titleswhichgaveussomegoodideasforwhattolookfornext.Thebookisapartofaseries offactbooks,whichhavereceivedverygoodreviewsonAmazonbooks. PICTOGRAPHY

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