Seminar By Lauren Humphrey

Young Coconut ! Contains large quantity of water. Water suspends endosperm during its nuclear phase of development ! Water contains antioxidants, potassium, and minerals (iron, phosphorus, zinc)

Mature Coconut ! Endosperm deposits along the walls becoming the edible coconut flesh, from which the milk and oil are derived. Contains very little water.

Coconut Products ! Coconut oil can be derived from the kernel, charcoal can be obtained from the hard shell, and coir from the fibrous husk. ! The milk and oil are commonly used in cooking and frying. ! The oil can also be used in soaps and cosmetics.

Processing of Coconut Oil

Dry Method Wet Method

Step 1
Dried coconut (copra) is pressed (wedge, screw, hydraulic) to obtain the oil. Extraction of the cream directly from the coconut milk.

Step 2
The oil is extracted and refined, bleached, and deoderized (RBD). The emulsion is broken in order to fraction off the oil. Process produces virgin coconut oil.

Marina AM., Che Man YB., Amin I. Virgin coconut oil: emerging functional food oil. Trends in Food Science & Technol. 2009; 20: 481-487.

!! Its

an edible oil extracted from the kernel or meat of matured coconuts harvested from the coconut palm
!! Grown in tropical climates

!! It

is:

!! Heat stable !! Slow to oxidize !! Resistant to rancidity

!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!

Superpowers are what coconut oil has

!! Dr. Mehemet Oz says

Diabetes Weight Loss Bone & Dental Health http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/ Kills viruses
!! Can cure AIDS!

Kills bacteria Benefits come from composition

!! MCTs !! Lauric Acid (12:0) !! Myristic Acis (14:0)

!! Composition

!! 92% of fat is Saturated Fat

"! FDA, WHO, DHHS, AND, AHA, Dietitians of Canada & British NHS recommend limiting consumption

!! 40% LCTs & 60% MCTs !! Lauric (12:0) and Myristic (14:0) Acid

Dyslipidemia

Cardiovascular Disease
Diseases of the heart and blood vessels, most often caused by atherosclerosis.

High blood cholesterol levels. Too much cholesterol can increase you chance of getting heart disease, stroke, and other problems.

Total Cholesterol all the cholesterols combined

!High density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol !Low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol

Atherosclerosis: condition that includes the build up of plaque in the walls of the arteries.
!The buildup narrows the arteries, making it more difficult for blood to flow. !Decreased blood flow can lead to a Myocardial Infarction (heart attack) or stroke.

USDA AHA

Mitochondria
! SCFA, MCFA ! Acyl CoA synthetase ! AcylCarnitine > Carnitine-acyl Carnitine Transferase

Peroxisomes
! LCFA ! No ATP syn ! Catalase > Hydrogen Peroxide > water & o2 ! Carnitine acyltransferase

St-Onge MP, Bosarge A. Weight-loss diet that includes consumption of medium-chain triacylglycerol oil leads to a greater rate of weight and fat mass loss than does olive oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87:621-626.

!! Purpose:

!! To investigate the effect of coconut flakes on the serum cholesterol levels of human subjects with moderately raised serum cholesterol. !! Double-blind Randomized Crossover Design !! 14-week period, consisting of four 2-week experimental period each separated by a 2-week washout period !! 21 final subjects !! Inclusion Criteria:
"! Moderately raised cholesterol level, 30-55 years old, no cholesterol-lowering drug intake, no complications "! 17 Female; 4 Male

!! Study

Design:

!! Subjects:

!! Methods:

!! Subjects fasted overnight (10-12hrs) prior to study. !! Subjects were weighed, had their blood pressure taken, and a sample blood from their forearm vein taken. !! Subjects given test foods each day to consume, except Fridays they received enough to last through weekend !! Day 15 blood sample was taken again. Lipid profile included:
"! Subjects recorded their own food intakes for duration of experiment

"! Total cholesterol, HDL and TG were measured using clinical chemical analyzer. "! LDL was determined using: LDL = (total cholesterol HDL) (TG/2.2)

!! Daily

consumption of 15% and 25% dietary fiber from coconut flakes with the usual meal reduced serum total and LDL cholesterol and triglycerides in humans
!! Greater reduction was seen in individuals who ate the 25% coconut flakes.

!! Results

were similar to oat bran flakes. !! The fiber in coconut may be beneficial in lowering LDL and TG levels, but not any differently than other grain sources of fiber

!!

Purpose:

!! To investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with coconut oil on the biochemical and anthropometric profiles of a population of women of low socioeconomic status living in Alagos and suffering from abdominal obesity. !! Randomized, double-blind clinical trial !! 40 women selected from outpatient unit located in Marechal Deodoro. !! Inclusion Criteria: !! Exclusion Criteria:
"! Age 20-40y/o, low socioeconomic status, presenting abdominal obesity as defined by WC "! Pregnant women, women w/ arterial hypertension, chronic degenerative diseases, endocrinopathies or BMI>35kg/m2

!! !!

Study Design: Subjects:

!! Methods:

!! Subjects randomly divided into 2 groups, paired according to BMI

"! Group S: Soybean Oil "! Group C: Coconut Oil

!! Subjects received dietary counseling throughout 12-weeks

"! Asked to follow a diet that was balanced in respect to macronutrients with increased consumption of fruits and veggies and reduced consumption of simple CHO and animal fat. "! Asked to drink adequate water, and reduce or eliminate alcohol consumption, and smoking. "! Subjects took part in a PA program 4 days/week consisting of elongation and 50 minutes of walking

! 30mL of soybean oil

! 30mL of coconut oil

Group C

Group S

!! Dietetic

supplementation with coconut oil does not cause dyslipidemia and seems to promote a reduction in abdominal obesity.
!! In lower socioeconomic women

!!

Purpose: !! To investigate the effects of high-protein Malaysian diets prepared with palm olein, coconut oil (CO), or virgin olive oil on plasma homocysteine and selected markers of inflammation and CVD in healthy adults.

!!

!!

Study Design: !! Randomized crossover intervention with 3 dietary sequences of 5 weeks each. Subjects: !! 45 healthy adults, volunteers from the staff of the Malysian Palm Oil Board
!! 36 women, 9 men average age 30 years

!! Inclusion Criteria: "! Healthy subjects with BMI between 18-29.9 !! Exclusion Criteria: "! BMI>30kg/m2 or < 18.0, chronic ds (diabetes, Coronary artery disease, cancer, liver disease, renal disease, blood dyscrasia, and HTN, TC > 7.8mmol/L, hx of alcohol abuse, chronic smokers, pregnant.

!!

Methods !! At baseline, subjects put on 3-wk standardization diet comprised of 30% of kcals from fat, 15% of kcals from protein, and 55% of kcals from CHO. !! Subjects then randomly stratified to 1 of 3 treatment groups. "! Treatment fats: Palm Olein (palmitic acid 16:0), Coconut Oil (lauric & myrisitic acid), and Olive Oil (oleic acid 18:0). "! Each fat contributed 2/3 of the total dietary fat of the subjects diet, which comprised of 30% of kcals from fat, 20% of kcals from protein and 50% of kcals from CHO. !! A uniform 5-day rotation menu was provided. !! 12-hour fasting blood samples were collected from subjects at week 2 and at end of week 5.

!!

The Co diet had a higher fasting serum TC, HDL and LDL concentration.
!! CO diet had a significantly higher non-fasting serum TC concentration than the PO and OO diets. !! The CO diet had a higher non-fasting serum HDL and LDL levels compared with those of the OO diet. "! Total cholesterol for both the PO and OO diets and all fasting lipid indexes for the OO diet were significantly lower than for the Co diet. "! The CO diet was shown to decrease postprandial lipoprotein (a).

!!

Coconut Oil does not seem to cause dyslipidemia, however it has been shown to increase LDL-C levels as well as HDL-C levels.
!! Coconuts do seem to have some nutritious contents. !! There is some evidence that the processing of coconut oil and thus virgin coconut oil may be less damaging to the heart then conventionally processed coconut oil.
"! Since other vegetables oils such as Olive, Canola, or other liquid oils can actually lower LDL-C and raise HDL-C, it is not recommended to replace these oils with coconut.

!!

May be an alternative to Butter in baking.

!! Age: 55 !! Weight: 202lbs. !! Height: 58 !! BMI: 30.7 !! BP: 130/80

Real Life!

mm Hg !! Lipid Panel:
!! TC: 213 mg/dL TG: 170 mg/dL HDL-C: 34 mg/dL LDL-C: 116 mg/dL Non-HDL-C: 139 mg/dL

!! !!

Medical Dx: HTN for 5 years Family/ Occupational/ Social History

!! Father with HTN; died aged 72 years of MI !! Mother diagnosed with type 2 DM for 16 years and has peripheral neuropathy; 74 years !! One sister, 50 years, with HTN !! Married, no children, is an accountant for energy company !! Never smoked, exercises irregularly; uses alcohol (beer) on weekends

!! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !! !!

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. (2012). Evidence Analysis Library. http://andevidencelibrary.com/conclusion.cfm? conclusion_statement_id=251412 American Heart Association. (2012). http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/ Assuncao ML., Ferreira HS., Dos Santos AF., Cabral CR., Florencio TM. Effects of Dietary Coconut Oil on the Biochemical and Anthropometric Profiles of Women Presenting Abdominal Obesity. Lipids. 2009; 44:593-601. Baker F. (2012). Is coconut a superfood? Body+Soul. http://www.news.com.au/news/is-coconut-a-superfood/story-fnelnuip-1226479855288 Fife D. (2012). Coconut Research Center. http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/index.htm Fife D. (2012). The Coconut Oil Miracle: Where is the evidence? Coconut Research Center. http://www.coconutresearchcenter.org/The%20Coconut%20Oil%20Miracle-Where%20is%20the%20Evidence.htm Gropper SS., Smith JL., Groff JL. (2009). Advanced Nutrition and Human Metabolism. Fifth Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Marina AM., Che Man YB., Amin I.Virgin coconut oil: emerging functional food oil. Trends in Food Science & Technol. 2009; 20: 481-487. Nelms M, Sucher KP, Lacey K, Ruth SL. (2011). Nutrition Therapy & Pathophysiology. Second Edition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. PubMed Health. (2012). High blood cholesterol levels. Date Retrieved November 2012. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/ PMH0001440/ Schardt D. Coconut Oil. Lose weight? Cure Alzheimers? Clog your arteries? Nutrition Action Healthletter. June 2012. Shilhavy M., Shilhavy B. (2012). Coconut Oil and Heart Disease. CoconutOil.com. http://coconutoil.com/coconut_oil_heart_disease/ St-Onge MP, Bosarge A. Weight-loss diet that includes consumption of medium-chain triacylglycerol oil leads to a greater rate of weight and fat mass loss than does olive oil. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008; 87:621-626. Trinidad TP, et al. The Cholesterol-Lowering Effects of Coconut Flakes in Humans with Moderately Raised Serum Cholesterol. J Med Food. 2004; 7(2):136-140. USDA. (2012). Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. http://www.health.gov/dietaryguidelines/dga2010/DietaryGuidelines2010.pdf USDA. (2012). Nutrition Evidence Analysis: What is the effect of saturated fat (SFA) intake on increased risk of cardiovascular disease or type 2 diabetes, including effects on intermediate markers such as serum lipid and lipoproteins levels. Date Retrieved November 2012. http://www.nel.gov/conclusion.cfm?conclusion_statement_id=250194 Voon PT, Wai Kg TK, Mun Lee V, Nesaretnam K. Diets high in palmitic acid (16:0), lauric and myristic acids (12:0 + 14:0), or oleic acid (18:1) do not alter postprandial or fasting plasma homocysteine and inflammatory markers in healthy Malaysian adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011; 94:1451-1457. Wikipedia. (2012). Coconut Oil. Date Retrieved November 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_oil Wikipedia. (20120. Coconut. Date Retrieved November 2012. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut

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