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    a concise english grammar

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    172 views141 pages

    A Concise English Grammar

    Uploaded by

    Elena Lily
    a concise english grammar

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 141
    to deosebit de utild-tuturor elevilor deoarece prazinta fobiemele gramaticale foarte bine explicate, in maniéra in TRUS ind complementara manualelor ac RECCUEU Rec Cs eeu rapide in invafarea limbii ¢ngleze.” a ail A S| oo usor POC aus oe Pes iE oa accosits Por ‘ i Cleat Ni iy TE ce ee ed, pede ee Mee A CONCISE ENGLISH PV GRUPUS asupra acestei edit apartin in exclusivitat Editurii ,Grupus*. Tel./Fax 051/41. 03 .64; Mobil 094 320,903, ISBN — 973 -95814.5.5 Referenti: DORINA TARANU EDUARD MOSsSANG DAPHNE GODWIN DAVID HUDDLESTONE MELANIE EVANS Edifia a La—1992 ia a Tl-a~ 1996 Editia a M1-a—1998 INTRODUCERE east carte pentru a face prin intermediul ei humind pe preocupari actuale ale tuturor celor care doresc si-gi imba englezii. Ea se adreseazi micilor scolar elevilor cu precum si celor care poseda deja un volum important de cunostinfe privind structura acest Calitatea esenfiald a cari de fata este cdi ea asigurd o maxima accesibilitate celor care o consulta sau perioada in care isi acumuleaza sau perfectioneazi englezi. Cei care doresc si prospere profesional sunt constient de importanta ‘acestei limbi - instrument de comunicare intemationala in toate Gramatica de fata este conceputi in stilul gramaticilor traditionale si isi are utilitatea mai ales in invatimintul preuniversitar, cdci, dupa cum se vede, toate exemplele si paradigmele sunt traduse, iar structurile pe care le confine sunt prezentate intr-o maniera accesibili. In felul acesta se asigura color ce se vor stridui s-o studieze ingelegerea sa integral Se stie ci fir’ o temeinica insusire a gramati lor de limba engleza fara prezentarea, explicarea si fixarea prealabild a Structurilor, ce se dorese insusite,nu-siindeplinesc obiectivul propus. In carte se giseste o anexii care cuprinde simbolwrile fonetice ale celor 45 sunete din limba englezi. A invifa cuvintele acesteilimbii fir cumoasterea lor este ca si céndss-ar studia muzica fir invifarea si folosirea notelor ‘muzicale, $-ar stecura greseli sau am iar efortal invari ar fi nemiisurat ZO m E.Conjugarea verbelor pri 1.6.2.1. Future Perfec) Conjugarea verbelor la vitor anterior 125 1.6.2.1. trecut (The Pte in the Pas) noo WT Conjugarea verbelor la viitor in trecut 17 1.62.1.8, Viltorul apropiat (The Near Future = The Future of Intention) Alte modalitii de exprimare a vitorului 1.6.2.2. Modul subjonetiv (The Subjunctive Mood. 1.62.2.1. Subjonctivul I... A. Conjugarea verbelor au B. Conjugarea verbelor modale li C. Conjugarea verbelor principal ia subjonctiv II aspectal WD. Werveie principale ~ epoclul Continual -AbaheGA.AOTUNA.... JO fect / II (The Past Perfect 137 138 'B. Conjugarea verbelor modale la conditional prezent . Conjugarea verbelor principale ~diateza activi aspect comun ‘D. Conjugarea verbelor principale ~ diateza activa — aspect continu E, Conjugarea verbelor principale — diateza pasiva.. F. Conjugarea verbelor reflexive — aspectul comun .. G. Verbele reflexive -aspectul continu 2.3.2. Condtonaal pret (The Perit Conditional) ‘A. Conjugarea verbelor a B. Conjugaea verbelor modale la con¢ C. Conjugarea verbelor principale la condi activi on . Conjugarea verbelor principale la conditional perfect. SIV enn E eonjoarce Vetbelor reflexive ia conditional perfect ~ as jperativ (The Imperative Mood). 160 1.6.3. Modurile impersonale ale verbelor (The Non-Fi Forms of the Verb = The Verbal) 219 219 219 221 ZI 22 biale + prepoziti 2 particule adverbial = utive (Conjunctions of Result). 224 jelor cu autorl preficlor ive (Atiibtve Clase there is, there are avert 1.6.6. Timpul si timpul gramatical 1.7. ADVERBUL (The Adverb) ATA. Clasificare ooo Adverbe de mod (Adverbs of Manner Addverbe de timp (Adverbs of Time) Adverbe deloe (Adverbs of Place)... Adverbe de eauzii (Adverbs of Cause/Reaso Adverbe de seop (Adverbs of Purpose)... ine Subject Clause Conjunctions) ns 1.9.2, Alte cuvinte de legitura ..... 2.SINTAX A (The Syntax) 2.1. SINTAXA PROPOZITIEI (The Syntax of the Sentence)... 229 229 . Adverbe de eantitate grad (Adverbs of Quant oo | 1.7.2. Reversibilitatea pirfilor de vorbire - Pam: pat | eee Pai | 231 | 232 \ 233 1.7.4. Locul adverbelor ne Pep om { 2.1.44. Complemental circumstantial deloe (The Adverbial pa j F Place) on ae se j 7.4.4. Propozitii cu mi £5, Complemeial rcunstangal de tinp (Tie Advil 18. PREPOZITIA (The Pre 9 veneers 236 1.8.1, Expresii/structur ementuleiurnstanial demod (The Adverbial sau cu adjective . 2.1.46, Complementul ae snes 237 i 19. SONTONCTIA (The -mentul circumstantial de eauz’ (The mp 9.1. Clasificarea c | 1.9.1.1. Conjunetii coor 237 i Conjunction)... 217 | 1. Conjure copula ja 217 ST Conjunchi disunctive (Disunctive Conjunctions) 217 i Conjure adversave(ddversatve Conor ng ni { 10 eee 23) Agency)... 238 2.2. SINTAXA FRAZEI (The Syntax of the Compound and ‘Complex Sentence) ... nouns 238 é 239 FONETICA MEN CHASE) nen — en 239 2.2.3. Proporitia atributiva (The Atributive Clause)... 240 SUNETELE LIMBII ENGLEZE 7. tiva direct (The Object Clause)... 240 subordonati temporali (The Adverbial oso Vocale @ her [ho:) u; whe [hu:] Clause OfPl2Ce) a nrrnnsnnnsnenann 2 os 7 K 2.2.7. Subordonata de proportie The Clause of Proportion)... 241 ej usuer (ance) eee 2.28, Subordonata preferential (The Clause of Preference) ..... 242 e. hen {hen} co: car [ka] bal bol] 2.2.9. Propozitia circumstantial de mod si comparativi a (The Adverbial Clause of Manner and Comparison) 242 @ man [men] ‘4 but [bat] 9 dog [dog] 1 2.2.10. Propozitia subordonati eauzali (The Adverbial 2 suimseotCansefReason) 1 242 iftongi 243 ai_my [mai] ei say (sei) 2.2.12. Subordonata concesiva he ‘Adverbial Clause of Pa eet] ein (ent Concessi 244 i “boy [bol] uo sure [jus] 9a /o: your [jo] | Resultorthe C sonive Advert Clase) 244 2.2.14. Propozitia subordonati condiionali (The Adverbial | j ‘Clause of Condition or the Conditional Clause) mses 24S Triftongi Semiconsoane 2.2.15. Subordonata conditional - concesiva (The es [es] ‘Alternative Conditional Coneéssive Clause) . 246 aie fire [faio] i =i 23. CONCORDANTA TIMPURILOR (The Sequence of Tenses) ... 247 aue flower [flaua] we well [we 2.4, TRANSFORMAREA VORBIRIT DIRECTE iN i VORBIRE INDIRECTA .. : 248 2.4.1. Transformarea in vorbire indirecti a intrebarilor atcats SI Consoane perechi eipaseeanel alos P pay [pei] t toy {nish (86) 8 2.43. {ntrebiirile disjunetive (The Tag/Tail Questions) . 259 b dack [beek] d dog{dog] 3 measure [mesa] ds John [dson) 2.44. Citeva reguli de ortografie si punctuatie in limba englezi. ee 260 ¢ Despartirea euvintelor in silabe sso... sen, 262 k car ko] f fireffaio] ssi © three [Ori] Lista verbelor neregulate.. : 263 ro[ziorou) 8 thi 9 girl [gol] v very[veri] z 12 13 Consoane neperechi hh here (hio} m me [mi] 1 look {luk} n name [neim) Diagrama vocalelor 1, MORFOLOGIA (THE MORPHOLOGY) = form, logos = studi ia este parten gras (gr: morphe Me care cuprinde regulile de modificare a a studiaza pire de vorbire sub aspect imba englezi sunt: 6. VERBUL (The Verb) 7. ADVERBUL (The Adi sau determin un este este deja amatical care individualize: svedeste c& substantivul pe c care incep cu o consoana sau semiconsoani = mingea low [be “windau] = fereastra gi {in fafa cuvintelor care incep cu 0 vocal. the ap igular the girl (So gel] = fata the boy (80 boi] = baiatul ‘the tree (80 tr] = cops = pisica ‘apare intr-un mare nunmir de expresii: ‘on the one side/hand = pe de 0 parte on the other side/hand = pe de alta parte the aladjectivelor: cele mai bune le mai putine cele mai maxi teresant’, cei mai the least = cel mai putin, cea mai pu the bi ma the... =cucit..., cua ives ‘The earlier you come, the better itis. = Cu cat vii/veniti mai devreme cu atat emai bine, The more weare, jotdrat se intercaleaz de regula intre substantiv precedat de aceasta eae ee a house in the forest =o casi in padure ke = 0 bares pe lac = peste drum evening=seara : inthe lage ina theshade =| om Articolul hotirat poate fi intélnit in unele denumiti: aa ‘escare Tee Black Sea TheDanade The Carpathians TheThanes” TheHinahya Mountains Thesge if ¢ Atlantic Ocean The Indian Ocean ‘The Sahara De Phe Suez Canal The Caucasus ‘The Ucraine wert a The Pacific Oc ats -d Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland a ‘ommonwe of Australian States and Territories in the course of ime = in decursul propaitie i {in decursultimpuli, de-a aa inthe second half ine douajumgine nee simul 16 in the days/months that followed = ‘Mount Everestis the highest mountain in the world.=Mu cel mai nalt munte din lume. ‘Asticolul hotarat the se trad ele gi prin articolele posesive al, a, Alfred cel Mare limba romana prin articolele adjectivale ale. ‘Alfred the Stephen the Great = Stefan ‘The Second World War = Al 4.1.2. Articolul nehotirat (The Indefinite Article) Acestaeste a fnaintea cuvintelor care incep cu consoand sau ‘semiconsoani: a dog'[2 “dog]= un efine wall [2 ‘wol]=unid/perete a flower [a ‘flaus] = 0 floare ayear [2 ‘jie]=unan si an (an) ~ ina ‘an apple [on ‘epl] = un mar an ear [an ‘io] = o ureche “Articolul nehotarat introduce de obicei un element now, ‘I poate: a) in fata substantivelor in: precedate de adjective a good teacher = un profesor bun ‘a big house = o casi mare abook of proverbs = 0 carte de | proverbe a house on fire = 0 cas ‘cai byinunele structuri ca atobacconist’s =o tutungerie a blue-eyed girl= 0 fat cu ochi albastr abaker’s= 0 brutirie once upon a time ~a fost odati caniciodati ‘a greengrocer’s=un aprozar — two/three ata time= cite doi/trel o data a confectioners = 0 coft a jeweller’s = un magazin de bijuterii a chemist’s = 0 farmacie asstationer’s = 0 papetirie ‘Articolul nehotirat are in unele cazuri funcfie numeric ahundred = 0 suti a thousand = 0 mic two saucers and an ash-tray ~ dua farfurioare gi o scrumier’ 1.1.3, Articolul zero (The Zero Article) Atticolul zero apare: 4) in nume de continente, tri, persoane, zilele siptimnii ete. Africa, Asia, America, Europe, England, France, Italy, Romania, Sunday, Alice, Bob, George, John, Mary, Sunday, Monday ete. ’) in fata subsantivelor folosite in sens general: Children like sweets. = Copiilor leplac dulciurile 7 Oilis lighter than water, = Uleiul este mai ugor deeat apa, Boys like toys and lots of noise = Baiefilo le plac jucdrile si mult zgomot. fafa substantivelor abstracte sat numne de materi (un are, death, hatred, honesty, hunger, ‘Take care what you di =Foamea este Hunger is stronger than love. = Fos: rea Honesty is the best policy.= ‘Time is money. = Timpul costi bani. = Timp inseamni ban is power. = Stiinfa inseamnn putere Artis long, life is short. = Arta este lungi, viata este scurt ind. = Iubirea este oarba Salt seasons all things. = Sarea da gust tuturor Iucrurilor, 4) inaintea numelor de —culori: white, black, yellow, red, green, brown, pink, violet, orange, blue, black —sporturi si jocuri sportive: football, volleyball, basketball, hockey, tennis etc. ~limbi: English, Romanian, German, French, Italian, Spanish ete, a, dinner, supper from time to time = din cf good for food = come: in general = in general piece by piece = bucata cu bucati justin time=chiarla timp to keep in mind = a i iu to putin order ~a pune in ordine after three o’elock = dupa ora day by day = zi de zi day after day = 2i dup zi from end to end = de la cap la cap from place to place = din loc in loc to be on duty =a fi de ser to gotobed=amergela culcare —_tolook for help/aid = acuta gjutor ete, 1.2. SUBSTANTIVUL (THE NOUN) Substantivul (lat: substantivuss substans = substan sub = sub/dedesubt, stans= agezat) este partea de vorbire care denumeste fiinfe, obiecte, stiri, nofiuni, insusiret. 1.2.1. Clasificare Substantivele sunt: 1, comune (Common Nouns) dog (céine), eat (pisica), bird (pasate), boy (biiiat), water (apa) ipple (mir), girl (fata) 18 2- proprii (Proper Nouns) ohn, Alice, Italy, London, Europe, A '3—abstracte (Abstract Noun friendship (prieteni), joy (bucuri), wisdo theory (tcorie), gratitude (recunostints) et ‘4~ concrete (Concrete Nouns) carrot (morcov), tree (copac), book (carte) ete. 5~indidividuale (Individual Nouns) rman (birbat), house (cast), stone (pistr8), tree (copac) ete. 6~colective (Collective Nouns) team (echip@), army (a , July, Sunday, Great Britain ete. lepciune), safety (sigurantl), fleet (floti), erowd (mmuljime), ie (Names of Matter) water (api), air (aer), fire (foc), beer (bere), milk (l ‘gold (au), snow (zapada), wine (vin), tea (cea), s Substantivele se mai clasificd in: '8)—countables (substantive care se mumara) tree boy 'b)—uncountables (substantive carer se mumira) advice, air, anger, ance, baggage, behaviour, bread, busniss, cash, chaos, china, conduct, rryside, courage, damage, education, evidence, food, friendship frui furniture, gossip, grass, h lp, homework, hospitality, jealousy, jewellery, knowledge, laughter, love, luck, mac ery, money, mud, music, news, nonsense, patience, pert progress, safety, soap, steam, thunder, traffic, transport, violence, vocabulary, wealth ete. ©)—simple: boy, pen, tree ete. 4) compuse: pancake, snowball, schoolboy, schoolfellow ete 2), steel (oje), silver (sare) ete. 1.2.2. Genul substantivelor (The Gender of the Nouns) eh ehh eS rmasculin (masculine) ‘feminin (feminine) (he=el) (she = ea) pe actor = actor aetress=actrié bachelor = celibatar... _ spinster = celibatari_ Darman =barman ..sneeen barmald=barmanigs boy =biiat.. Es girl = fats - boy friend =p girl friend = prictend bridegroom = ginere ... Dbride=mireasi brother =frate = brother - in -law=cumnat. Dull=taur.. sister -in -Iaw=cumnatii cow =vaci 19 cock = cocos .. hen = ging ‘mam/mammy=mami Ditch = cajea 1 duck = raja -- countess = contest mother = mama ‘mother - in - law = soacts ~ in-law = socru fisherman = pescar vixen = vulpe * gipsy/gypsy woman .- gentlewoman = doamna ow goddess = zeit . grandmother/grandma = bunic& granddaughter = nepoata heroine = eroing mare = iapa hostess = garda ife = sotie vv queen = regina lass = fats landlady = proprietireasi lioness = leoaici lady = doamn& woman = femcie r8e= cal host = gazda husband = sof. king = rege lord = domn.. man =batbat ncn man-servant = servitor.. master = stipain monk = cllugir.... Mr. = domn negro = negra nephew = nepot OX = DOU sneer Papa/daddy = tata peasant = fran ‘Miss/Mrrs. = domnisoara/doamna egress = negresi sce = nepoati ew = vac’ mamma/mammy = mama . peasant woman = franc’, .« policewoman = politi rrineess = prinjesa saleswoman = vanzitoare vows Sehoolgitl = sco! madam = doamn: salesman = vanzator schoolboy = scolar... sir = do soldier = soldat... w= ginere . steward = stevard tom cat = piso’... turkey cock=curcan .. tutor =tutore uncle=unchi usher = plasator .. neutru (neuter) (it=eVea) eps) NE air=eer ball=minge book = carte ox=catie bread =pain Duillding=clacite .. bus autobuz crocodile = crocodil.. error=greseala. fish=peste . flag = drapel flute fiaut fork=furculita glory=glorie helicopter =elicopter honour= onoare house = cast impression =impresie kangaroo=cangur and = pimint . legend legend daughter=fick daughter -in-law=nori so. Stewardess =stevardesi pussy cat = pisicd turkey hen= cured governess guvernanti commun (common) (heishe=el/ea) associate = asociat/asociat ectVathitect . dient clienticlienta cmp ofcar™veny ema dancer = dan .. doctor = doctor/doctorita su» Greamer = visitor/visitoare iver sofer/oferi examiner examinatorexaminatoare fighter =luptitor/luptStoare friend=prieten/prietend guest=rmisafirmusafitt gular verbelor gal g net = plasa novel=roman. number=numit ‘occupation = ocupatie ocean= ocean oil=ulei age=paging Panie=panica.... part= pare... ear = pari. petal = petal Pi pot = oak root=ridacina.. scorpion = scorpion .. shark=rechin.. sparrow=vrabie sphere = sferi stage = sceni stick = ba sun = soare ... tea=ceai...... telephone=telefo tree =copac trick = tC weed =burtian’ whisper=soapti, 1.2.3, Ph pl = doctor/doctoritg + physicist= fiziciavfziciand Passenger = pasager/pasageré ‘manager =manager/manageri Philosopher = filozof +» Physiologist = fziolog tung +n Printer = tipograftipograt Prisoner = prizonier/prizoniera photographer =fotogratfotogratt Purchaser cumpiritor‘cumparitoare supporter = suporter/suportera . reader= .»« Feporter = reporter/reportera rival=rival/rivala scholar= invitavinvajata successor = succesor/suecesoare - theorist: weaver =tesit ve Welder = sudor/sudorita cou. Worker=mn riter = scriitor/sciitoare luralul substantivelor 1.2.3.1, Pluralul regulat al substantivelor Se formeazi prin adiugarea li book —books = carte — cart Litera s ~semn al [8] ~céind este precedat book [buk] — books {buks] to speak [Spik] — he speaks [hi the economist’s pen [i-konamists)=stiloul economiatuluy 22 eis, luiregulat substantivelor, al persoanei aI. saxon/sinttical substantivelor, se citest: i de consoane nesonore/surde = carte — cit avorbi 1 vorbeste aienstrannceritii ani ive [r’s) 'VZ] = a primi ~el primeste ’s flowers [52 “ge: ] = florile fetei : wet P| cand Ee precedati de 8, z, eh, sh sau consoane suicritoare/ =a preda/explica~ el pred = a (se) spa ~ else spa nrecedat de consoani primese sla plural, ar formeazi pluralul prin simpla adéugare la reiy seaflio vocal’ lay plays = pies —piese tay toys jue fuck ee ‘Substant Titereis. chiet [it] — ehiefs [its] = set ef cliff cliffs = stnca — stinci rin adjugarea grief griefs =supirare/mahnire ~suparari/mabniri Exc calf-eatves: 1—vitei Toaf-loaves= franzeli—franzele dnalf—halves = jumatate—jumatagi knife —Inives = cusit—cutite leaf—leaves= frunzi—frunze life—lives = visti — vi )—unele adaug’ terminatia es =cartof—cartofi hero heroes = crou ~ eroi potato —potatoes = cart ‘Mosquito—mosquitoes=infar-finjari tomato— tomatoes =tomatii—tomate Negro—negroes = negru—negri ‘oleano-voleanoes = vulean-vuleani )~altele adaugi doar litera s: ; ¢2sino~easinos=cazino—cazinouri piano— pianos =pian—piane 23 cuckoo ~ cuckoos = cuc~cuct radio radios =radio—radiouri embryo—embryos=embsion—embrioni photo—photos=fotografie— fotografi kangaroo—kangaroos=cangur-canguri_studio—studios= studio ~ ssudiouri man —Englishmen = englez—englezi n~ firemen = pompier —pompieri goose — geese = gisci— giste Touse— lice = piduche—piduchi man —men = barbat — bibs mouse ~ mice= soarece ~ soareci Postman — postmen = postas — posta sportsman ~ sportsmen = spor tooth — teeth = dinte/masea~ di woman —women = femeie—femei 1.2.3.3. Plurale strine Grecesti ysis— analyses ~analiza —analize = axes = axi—axe bases = bazii—baze crises = crizé—crize gnosis diagnoses = diagnostic —diagnostice agendum — agenda = agenda —agende alga~algae=algi~alge aquarium — candelabrum —candelabra/candelabrums = candelabra —candelabre erratum ~ errata = erati— erate 24 gymnasium —gymnasia/gymnasiums=gimnaziu—gimnazii ‘mausoleum —mausolea/mausoleums =mausoleu~mausolee jus stimuli = stratum —strata =strat~s 1.2.3.4. Plurale asimilate in limba englezit arena ~arenas =arenii—arene cireus— circuses = circ circuri dilemma dilemmas=dilema diploma —diplomas = umbrella—umbrellas=umbrels—umbrele drama—dramas=drama—drame 1.2.3.5. Pluralul substantivelor compuse blackboard = tabli ble mother - in ~ law = soacri Ww = soacte passer - by=pieton y =pietoni son-in-law =ginere sons in-law= gineri 1.2.3.6. Pluralul fractiilor zecimale ‘one quarter=un sfert one third=o time one fifth =o cincime ‘one seventh =o septime two sevenths= dou’ septimi ete. 1.2.3.7. Pluralul unor abres ‘Member of Parliament (M.P.) = membmu al parlament ‘Members of Parliament (M.P's) =membri ai parlamentului Mountain (Mt.)=munte ‘Mountains (Mts) muni Post-Office (P.0.) = oficiu postal Post-Offices (P.0.s)=ofici postale 1.2.38, Substantive eu forma doar de pI spectacles/glasses = ochelari scissors = foarfeci trousers = pantaloni clothes =haine 1.2.3.9. Substantive cu forma doar de advice = sfat anger = minie ash =Dani gheata conduct = comportament ngular assistance = ajutor bread = paine china = portelan courage= cura} 25 damage=vitimare ‘equipment = echipament/utila) gossip = barf help = ajutor hospitality = ospitalitate knowledge = cunostinte luggage = bagaj/bagaje money = bani music = muzicd news = stir jon = permisiune progress = progres seaside = ltoral soap = spun spelling = ortografie strength = forts sunshine = lumina soarelui traffic = trafic violence = vi vyorabulary = vocabular Where is your money? = Unde sunt ban work = mun ? 1.2.3.10. Subst: tive cu acecasi forma pentru singular si plural sheep = oaie—oi fish = peste pest Portughese = portughez —portughezi deer = caprioara—cSprioare 1e Chinese ~ two Chinese = un chinez— doi chinezi 1.2.4. Cazurile substantivelor (The Cases of the Nouns) Cazul este categoria gramaticald prin care se exprimi raportur sintactice ire cuvinte prin modificarea formelor acestora sau prin topica. 1.2.4.1. Cazul nominativ (The Nominative Case) Este cazal subiectului sirispunde la intrebaile: who? =cine?, what? ce? The boy is playing in the garden, = Baiatul se joacd in gradini, in the garden? = Cine se joaca in gridini? 4 John. ~ Who saw John’? ~’I did’ .= Eu l-am vizut pe Jobn.—Cine vizut pe John? -Eu. ‘The book is on the table. ~ What is on the table? ~The book is. = Cartea | este pe masa. ~ Ce este pe masa? ~ Cartea. Alice and Gabi are in the street. — Who is/are in the street? Gabi are, = Alice si Gabi sunt pe strad. —Cine este pe strad?— 1.2.4.2. Cazul voeativ (The Vocative Case) Este cara adtesiri sau al chemi George, will you help me? = jeorge, vrei si ma ajufi? 26 i 1.2.4.3. Cazul genitiv (The Genitive Case) Este cazul atributului sirispunde la intrebarile: whose? =al cui?, a cui?, ai cui?, ale cui?, which? = care?, which of? = care dintre?, what? = ce/care?, whose account? = becau: "2 = din cauza cui? Caza 2) saxor @) dub) b) prepozitional/analitie ©} implicit/aglutinant o)partitiv 1.24.3.1. Gen (The Saxon Genitive or the Possessive Case) Se formeazi la singular cu (apostrof) plusliteras gi se iteebuinjeazii cu substantive masculine gi feminine, all Shakespeare’s plays = toate piesele li Shakespeare (Clinton’s diplomacy = diplomatia lui Clinton the boy’s friend = prietenul bi this man’s gift = tal ata stone’s throw = Ia o distant de o aruncare de piatra at Shakespeare’s = la Shakespeare acas the night’s coolness = ricoarea 'snews = stirile de azi account = because of Ji the house of my sister’s husban the sun’s heat = caldura soarelui the sea’s roar = vuictul mii 0 g0 to the barber's = a merge la frizerie to his heart’s content = pe pofta ini without a moment’s rest = fird o clip de odin’ ten minutes’ talk =a talk of ten minutes = 0 discutie de zece minute Ik of two miles = o plimbare de dou end = a fin incurcdtur, afi la capa t's Dream = Visul unei nopti de vard = casa sofului sorei mele to be at one’s wi AMidsummer England’s football team = echipa de fotbal a Angliei . must go to Mr. Brown's house. = Trebuie si merg la domnul Brown acas ‘An old man’s sayings are seldom untrue, = Proverbele unui batrin rareori sunt neadevirate Aiman’s praise in his own mouth stinks.= Lauda de sine nu miroase a bine. 2 Sleep is the poor man’s medicine. = Somnul este doctoria stracului Arrich man’sjokeis always A good surgeon must have a =Unchirurg trebuie si alba He, that tellsa secret, ess. = Treburile tuturo: nu sunt treburile niminui. ivul prepozitional/analitie (The Prepositional/Analitical Genitive) Se formeazai cu prepozitia of si se foloseste cu substantive de toate genurile. smell ofthe flower flowers = mirosul flori/f riend = prietenul ils of the boy = the boy’s friends = some books of my friend = nite carti nostru/vostrw/lor ‘end = un frate al prietemului me a book of my sister = 0 carte a sorei mc of my good friends = un mei prieteni intre cei mai buni prieteni ai mei this interesting book of Helen’s = aceasti carte interesanta a Elenei a boy of eleven (years) = un baiat de unsprezece ani a walk of fen minutes = a ten minute walk = 0 pl our walk of ten minutes=our ten bare de zece minute © imbare de zece milecumasina | Y= 0 cAlitorie de doa ne fn gridina ribdaii i Proverbs are the children of experience.=Proverbele sunt copitiexperiente. 1.2.4.3.3. Genitivul partitiv (The Pattitive Genitive) cloud of dust=un nor de praf grain of rice=un bob de orez | abarrel of beer = un butoi de bere a jet of water = un jet de apa pair o glasses =o pereche de och a portion of food =o portie de mincare a vase of flowers ~ 0 vaza de flori ablade of grass ~un firde iarba allitee of oil = un litra de ulet abit of advice = un sfat agame of cards =un jocde carti aspecisofinsectsospeiedsinseete game of tennis =n joc de tenis aloaf of bread = o paine agame of bridge=un jocde bridge a basket offlawers=un cos de lori a pair of scissors = 0 foarfecd a circle of friends = un cere de prieteni erd of cattle =o cireada de jors=un echipaj de ‘marinar a group of people =un grup de amen. bottle of milk =o sticla de lapte a glass of water = un pahar cu apa a pair of shoes = o pereche de p apair ofsocks=0 pereche de sosete a crewof pair of trousers =o pereche de pantaloni ete. 1.2.4.3.4, Geni my friend’s birthday =the birthday of my friend = zi rul dublu (Group Possessive) denastere a law's birthday = ziua de nastere a giner my friend, Tom’s birthday = ziua de nastere a p someone else’s birthday = ziua de nastere a altcuiva ‘hat boy’s friend’s book = cartea prietemului baiatul ‘The smoke of a man’s own country is be lui meu, Tom aceluia fire of another’s.= Agood surgeon must have an = Un chirurg trebuie si aibi ochi He, that tells a secret, is another’s servant. = Cel, ce-si spune secretul, este sclavul altuia. ‘man’s slave. = Fii mai bine 1Limplicivaglutinant (The Implicit Genitive) ‘The United Nations Organisation =Organizajia Natunilor Unite Students Orga isation = Organizatia studs Z ‘ignition timing =reglarea aprinderii a heart disease =o boall de inima 29 1.2.4.4. Cazul datiy (The Dative Case) ‘Cazul dativ este cazal complementului indirect i rispunde la intrebirile: to whom? = who(m) ... to? = cui?, for whom? = who(m) ... fo = pentru Who(m) do I give two books to? = To wl dau eu dous carfi? Everybody is working for him. = Tofi lucreaz pentru el Who(m) is everybody working for? = For whom is everybody working? = Pentru cine lcreaza tot? Tam referring to John. = Eu ma refer la John, ‘Who(m) am [referring to? = To whom am Ireferring? =La cine ma refer eu? 1m do I give two books? = Cui datiy ~ acuzatiy. sone aouzativ ~ dativ Ihave brought John a book. = I have brought a book to John. |-am adus lui John o carte. =I-am adus o carte lui John. Din exemphul de mai sus se observa cd atunci, nd in propozitie acuzativul se folosesteoblizatorin particulato. offered my wife some flowers. =I offered some flowers to my wife. =I-am niste flori sotiei mele. me. = Carte artine mie, belong tome. aparfine mie. Who(m) does the book belong to? = To whom does the book belong? = aparfine cartea? He forgives us our mistake. ‘His coming is a mystery to me. = Venirea pentru mine, ‘The advantage is obvious to them. = Avantajul le este evident ‘What relation are you to this boy? = Ce ruda esti tu cu acest baiat? ‘The matter is open to discussion, = Chestiunea ramane in discut Give my friend that book, please! = Give that book to my friend, please! = Di prietenului meu cartea aveea, te Do not be cruel to animals! = Nu fi crud fefi de animale! His uncle gave him a present. = Unchiul siu/lui i-a dat un cadou. El nei 1.2.4.5. Cazul acuzativ (The Accusative Case) Este cazul complementului direct sirispunde la intrebarile whom? =e. cine?, what? = ce? see the boy every day. ‘Whom do I see every day? = Pe cine vad eu in fiecare zi? 30 emersacemmennrer tars ‘You see the book on the table. = Tu vezi cartea pe mast. ‘What do you see on the table? = Ce vezi tu pe masa? My sister is looking for a book. = Sora mea cauté o cate ‘What is my sister looking for? = Ce cauti sora mea? 1.2.5. Declinarea substantivelor (The Declension of the Nouns) ‘Trecerea tantiv (sau pronume) prin toate cazurile marul singu- Jarsilanumérul plural poartd numele de declinare. 1.2.5.1. Declinarea unui in si a unui substantiv femi singular plural N | boy = un baat Doys = baiefi agirl=o fata girls = fete G. | of a boy =a boy's =al, a ai, ale unui bai D. | (Go) a boy = unui baat (to) a girl = unei fete ‘A. | a boy = un bai agirl = 0 fati V. | boy! = baiete!, baiatule! girl! = fatal 1.2.5.2. Declinarea substantivelor cu articol hotirat singular plural N. | the boy = bitiatul the girl = fata the girls = fetele G. | of the boy = the boy’s = al, a, = the boys? =al, a, ai, ? je baiatul of the girl = the girl’s = al, a s= the girls’ = al, a, a, ai, ale fetei 31 singular plural fore-foreeast, forehead, foreknowledge, foresecing,foreteling,forewaming et smis-misapplying, misapprehensi misbeliel, misunderstanding D. | (to) the boy = bijatului (to) the boys = bai ouf- outbreak, ouiclassing, outgrowth, outpouring, oushining, outw (to) the girl = fetei over- overcharge, overcoming, overcooking, overd A. | the boy = baiatul the girl = fata udeciage ce Vv. under- underpayment, underrating, under etc. 1.2.5.3, Declinarea substantivelor neutre - ge, patronage, persiflage, voyage ete singular plural ‘denial, dismissal, frontal, hosp Fi ee arrogance, assurance, avoidance, con ea peta eag oman panes eee ey aristocracy, beaurocracy, buoyancy, effi the table= masa the tables = mesele Clea boredont, dukesos, feedam, G. | of a table = al, a, ai, ale uneil of tables = de mese mese of the tables =al, a, ai ale meselor ofthe table=al, a, ai, ale mesei D. | toa table=unei mese to tables = la/unor mese to the table = mesei to the tables = meselor A. | atable=o masa tables = mese 2 . attachment, disagreement, establishment, government etc |_| thetate= masa the tables = mesele Fy Gmvess, drys praia me = x, moderator, reflector 1.2.6. Substantive eu prepozitii spinster, youngster ete. “Yantipathy, assembly, cartography, directory, injury, privacy, victory etc, absence from = abs choice between contentment with = m dependence on = depen difference from = diferen fear of = teami de insistence on = 13. ADJECTIVUL (THE ADJECTIVE) Adjecivul este partea de vorbire care califici/determind un substantiv san ‘Wechivalent al unui substantiv, SEIN oI faithfulness to = credintii fay In imba englezs adjectivele stau inaintea substantivelor sau dupa verbul ete. tobe simu se acorda in gen, numar si caz cu substantivele pe care le determin’. The interesting book is on the table. = Cartea interesanta este pe mas co- co-e1 : - ' 1.3.1, Felul adjectivelor 1 calitative of Quality/Descriptive) dis- disarticulation, discharge, disagreement, disappearence, disapproval 2 posesive (Possessive) 32 5. cantitativelnehotiirite (Quantitaive-Indefinite) 6. compuse (ex. blue-eyed, good-natured, kind-hearted etc.) 17. derivate (ex. car factory, silver spoon, fur cap etc.) 1.3.1.1. Adjective calitative (Adjectives of Quality) clever = destept, desteapti, dest a clever boy = un baiat destept destepte clever girl=o fati desteapti = fete destepte sant, interesanti , bund, buni, bune ete. 1.3.1.2. Adjective posesive (Possessive Adjectives) my [mai]=meu, mea, mei, mele our [aula] = nostru, noastré, nostri, noastre your [jo'] = vostru, voastri, vosti, voastre their [39] =lor, dansilor, lor =i, sit, sa, sii, sale, dnsei Iuifei, sdu/sa, sdi/sal ich boy? = care (al cételea) baiat? which boys? = care (ai cdtelea) bai ich girl? = care (a cdta) fata? which girls? = care (ale ca ch house? = cate (a cita) casi? 2222 = care dintre fete? ch of the houses? = care dintre case? which of the trees? = care dintre copaci? what [Wot]? = ce?, cate? what boy? = celcare bait? what girl? = ce/care faté? what house? = ce/care casi? wl wl wi what boys? = ce/eare b what girls? = ce/care fete What houses? = ce/care case? 34 what tree? = ce/care copac? what trees? = ce/care copaci? what kind/sort of [/wot “kaind/‘so:t ov]? = ce fel de? what kind of boy? = ce fel de baiat? (what kind of boys? = ce fel de bai what kind of girl? =e fel de fata? (what kind of whatkind of house? = ce fel de casi? (what kind of houses? = ce fel de case?) what kind of tree? = ce fel de copac? (what kind of trees? = ce fel de copaci? whose boys? = ai cui biti? whose girls? = ale cui fete? whose houses? =ale cui case? whose trees? = ai cui copaci? whose girl? = a cui fati? whose house? = a cui casi? whose tree? = al cui copac? 1.3.1.3.2. Adjective relative who [hu] = care the boy who knows you = whose [hu:2] = a the boy whose father ‘the boy whose mother the boy whose parent ‘the boys whose father . the boys whose mother the boys whose fathers the boys whose parents .. ‘he girl whose mother ..= fata a cirei mami... the girl whose father ...= fata al cirei tati the girl whose parents ...= fata ai cirei pir the girls whose mother ...= fetele @ citor mama the girls whose father ...= fetele al caror tata the girls whose parents .. ai ctor paring the girls whose mothers the girls whose fathers baiatul care te cunoaste ale cirui/edrei/eiror casa ciel culoare «= case al cirei acoperig the houses whose colour .. = cascle a edror culoare the houses whose root .. = casele al c&ror acop the houses whose colours .. = casele ale ciror culor thehouses whose roofs... casele ale ciror acoperiguri the tree whose leaf .. = copacul a earui franz the tree whose leaves ... = copacul ale cfrui frunze {he trees whose leaves .. = copacii ale edrorfrunze Tue boy, whose book is on the table, is my brother. = Baiatul, « cirui ‘arte este pe mast est fatele meu, 35 ‘The playwright, whose play is Hamlet, is Shakespeare.—Dramaturgul, a | rai pies este Hamlet, este Shakespeare. to whom [tu hum] = cru, cdreia, cérora the boy whom you recommend the book to=béiatul cfruia i recomanzi cartea the girl to whom you recommend a book = fata cireia i recomanzi o carte the boys to whom you recommend a book = biiefi cirora le recomanzi o carte the girls to whom you recommend a book = fetele cirora le recomanzio carte whom [hu:mvhum] = pe care the boy whom you see = baiatul pe care il vezi the git] whom you see = fata pe care o v the boys whom you see ~ baiefii pe care fi vezi the girls whom you see = fetele pe care le vezi that/which [Setwit{] = care, pe care the colour that/which you like ~ culoarea care ifi place whieh of (wif ov] =care di you like. = Stiu ce/care carte Vsort of [wot ’kaind/so:t ov] = ce fel de know what kind of man hes, = I know what sort of man he is.~ Sti fel deomeste el. 1.3.1.4. Adjective demonstrative (Demonstrative Adjectives) is] = acest, acesta; aceastl, aceasta is tree= acest copac, copacul acest this book = aceasti carte, cartea aceasta aveste, acestea icestia these trees = acesti copeci, copa acestia these girls =aceste fete, feteleacestea these books = aceste citi, cifile acestea this girl = aceasta fat, fata aceasta ‘these [Siz] = ac these boys = acest baie! that [Beet] = acel, acela ; acea, aceea that boy acel baiat, baiatul acela that girlacea fat, fata aceca that tree=acel copac, copacul acela _ that book = acea carte, cartea acet 36 those (S2uz] = acei, ace those boys = acei baie, bi acele, acelea aceia those books =acele cart, acelea those trees = acei copaci the one who/that=acel/acela care, cel celcare; cea/aceea ‘The one, who knows us, is here. = Celicea care ne cunoaste este aici it=acela, accea Was it you? = Tu ai fost acela/aceea? the first [0 ‘fo:st] = cel, those girls acele fete, fetele acelea Pt ‘Heismy first friend. =F este primul meu prieten =Eleste cel dint pret the first boys= ‘the first boy =primul baiat the first gir]= prima fat thefirst book = prima carte the first tree =primul copac the last [8alaist} =o the first books =p first trees =pri Isthis your last decision thelast tree ultimul other (480) =a the last trees = other trees = other books =a harms ; fools- by their own. the other [8i/A80] = ce! theother boy =celialt baiat the other girl—cealalti casa the other house~celelalte fete the other boys = the other girls~c: the other houses = celelalte case another boy= sit bai Another tree= al another house = Another news = alte si another good news=al ~—Hewillbe staying in England for another year.=El vasta in Anglia Will you live in Rom: =astfel de, asemenea, asa fel de baiat, un asemenea baiat 7 such a girl=o astfel de fat, o asemenea fat 8 = aga baie, astfel de asa fete, astfel de fet such people= asa oameni, astfel de oameni people such as = oameni cum ar fi, oameni ca de exemphu ‘We hope never to have another such experience. = Sperm si nu mai avem, niciodati o astfel de experi the same tree=acelasi copac the same girls = aceleasi fete ‘the same trees =aceiasi copaci ‘one and the same [’wan on do ‘seim] = unul si acelasis una si aceeasi ‘one and the same boy ~unul si acelasi baiat one and the same girl = una si aceeasi fata one and the same book = una si acecasi carte one and the same tree unul si acelasi copac the same boys = ac the same books = aceleasi cdrfi jem: ‘Thisis the very book I needed. = Aceasta este chiar cartea de care aveam nevoie. 1.3.1.5. Adjective cantitative/nchotirate (The Quantitative/Indefinite Adjectives) Salt seasons all things. = Sarca di gust tuturor Iucrurilor. Death is a remedy for all ills. = Moartea este remedial tuturorlucrusilor. some [sam sam sm]=unii, unele,niste, vre Se foloseste in propozitileafirmative. (Cand apare in prop sd se objind un rispuns afirmativ.) sno great loss without some pain, = Nu existi nici o pirdere mart fird oarecare durere. Come to see us some Sunday! = Vino/venifi pe la noi ntr-o (zi de) duminicd [know him to some degree. = Il cunose intr-o oarecare masuri. 38 le interogativest __No pains, no gains. ‘Unele rele se indreapti prin dispret. out the truth some day. =Ei vorafla adevérul intr-o bun zi. has some importance. = Chestiunea aceasta are oarecare ‘You will meet some pei mn or other. = Vei intélni o persoand sau ata Do you see some peopk street? = Ve7i niste oameni pe strada? any [en] — in propozitile afirmative ~ orice, fiece; oricare He can come at any hour of the day. = El poate veni la orice ora din zi, ‘You may buy any book. = Pofi cumpara orice carte ‘You can come any time, = Poti veni oricénd, any? —in propozitile interogative= orice?,fiece?, reun?, veo? Do you like any book? =Iti place orice carte? Have you got any friends? = Ai vreum prieten?, Ai ceva prieteni? Can you lend me any of those books? = imi poti imprumuta vreuna dintre cirileacelea? any —in propozitiilenegative= nici un, Teannot find any exeuse. = Nu pot gis ‘We do not see any house. = Noi nu vedem ni Envy never enriched any man, ~Invidia nu a im! iciodata pe nimeni. Inthe land of hope there is never any winter. ~in fara speranfei niciodati meiams, ho [nau] ~se foloseste n {inlimba englea se folosest in propozitic Tseenoboy,no girland no house.=Nu vi at, nici o fata sinici o casa js. = El nu va cru Tean find no other solution. = Nu pot gis Addead bee makes no honey. = O albina moarta nu face miere Death keeps no calendar. = Moartea nu respect nici un calendar, ‘There is no little enemy. ~ Nu exist dusman mi Prettiness makes no pottage. = Frumuse{ea nu ine de foame. ‘Noman so wise but he may be deceived. =Nuexisti injeleptcare sinu fie inselat. Dead men have no friends. = Mortii nu au prieteni ‘There is no austerity like forgiveness. = Nici o pedeapsti nu este ca iertarea ‘guorance of the law excuses no man, =Necunoasterea legiinu scuz pe nimeni. _ certain ’sotn] =an &ectain boys univanumitibiiet certain girls=unele/anumite fete 39. ‘many [meni] =m ioameni ‘There are many people in the park. ~Sunt multi oemeni in pare. In many words a lie or two may escape. = Intre multe vorbe se strecoar’ $i tun anume/oarecare, 0 anume/oarecare aan inc, certain boy =un anume/anumitfoarecare baiat unasal . Fe ‘The devil knows many things because heis old. = Diavoluls ci este batran. ‘many of us/youthem =r certain books =uncle/anumite cixti certain people =unii/anun te lueruri i/multe dintre noi/voiei/ele plenty of le ‘We have plenty of time. =. Every man should know the truth. ~Fiecare om sie adevlrl Caen ee an iam oad ' ‘We ean go to the library every day.= Putem merge la biblitect in fiecare zi. 4 nas pot quite a few friends. = Are destu/m Fortune knocks once at least at every man’s door, = Norocal bate cel ema 2 0 dal Ta posta edi om ‘Avem multtimp. = Aven. iti fiecare om este ning is hard. = Fiecare . Every man has his faults. ~Fiecare om few [fj] = several of us/you/them = cativa dintre noi/voilei/ele Several of us went home on foot. =Mai tre noi au mers acasi pe jos. ine case. few of us'you/them = 1.3.2. Comparatia adjectivelor si adverbelor (The Comparison of Adjectives and Adverbs) afew [2 fu] Comparatia adjectivelor si adverbeloreste a) regulati/sintetic& (cele scurte) ©) mint (sintetic’ gi anal ) analiticd (cele lungi) a) neregulati ‘Comparajia adjectivelor se realizeaz la umatoarele grade: mu se raporteaza la ul substantivelor si cu joritatea (comparativ au inferioritatea 2) comparatiy, de superioritate), egalitatea (comparativ de egali ~Acomparativ de inferioritate) unui obiect/substantiv fata de al ___3)superlativ (lat: superlativuss super deasupra, latus = dusiridicat) ‘rin care se arati ci nsusitea obicctului/substanivului se afl fie in cea mai mare al e sitate (superlativul relativ), fie in foarte mare miisurd/intensitats 4. * ivae | superlat esate monoaTbie Abn consoane cn co cel aceasta este precedati de vocal seurta. P taller the 1.3.2.1. Comparatia sintetied/regulat mai finalt ‘cel mai inalt Gradual] comparativde | superlativ superiativ ee ermal a ores pozitiv superioritate relativ absolut ee eh Bee naan Eos : * thinner the thinnest | very thin big bigger the biggest very big , 7 mate mai mare celmai mare | foarte mare sujzctiab | maisve | __ elma bi dry drier ‘the driest very dry . Comparatia analitica a adjectivelor si adverbelor uscat ‘mai uscat cel mai uscat_ foarte uscat jer i 7 ‘aul | comparativ de superlativ superlativ, casy easier ‘heeasiest | very easy gradu : ; ‘uso ‘mai usor cel mai usor _| foarte usor = superior x a ; sci ; aes moreabject | tiemost abject | very abi 7 oc teat? [9 fee celmaijomic | forteosnie : Gaur mmore abrupt Mremost abrupt [very abrupt we ey | fom mae egret [ven eret | tnpt_| milan Ga — = " Sane |moreactive | themostactive [ very active fenclt bape [eben ioc: gS celia acy _| fea a7 salable} more amiable [the most amiable [ very amiable wert | tienardes [ver tard 4 tmable [Martens extmaipristens_| foarte rictenos attractive | more attractive the most attractive] very attractive at i atrigator ait fierbinte ‘mai fierbinte cel mai fierbinte | foarte fierbinte i ¥ Ca mai atrigttor cel mai atrightor foarte atrsgitor ; 7. ~ eaut ‘more beautiful | the most beautiful a eb 1 il wes Framoast, | mai frumoasi | ceamaifrumoasi | foarte frumoasi ia mary lei furious | more curious | the most curious very curious a eee ‘curios mai curios: cel mai curios _| foarte curios nice ‘very nice foolish more foolish | the most foolish] very foolish plicut/driguy | mai plicut cel mai plicut | foarte plicut prost(ese) | mai prost(esc) | cel mai prost(esc) foarte prost(esc) short shorter theshortest | very short huge more huge the most huge very huge scurt/scund. ‘mai scurt cel mai scurt ‘foarte scurt Uuriagimens | mai imens cel mai imens foarte imens ‘small ‘very small severe. more severe | the most severe | very severe mic/modest foarte mic “Severlaspru | mai sever cel mai sever foarte sever strong ‘stronger the strongest | very strong fiacere mmoresincere | themost sincere | very sincere tare mai tare, cel mai tare foarte tare peter mai sincer cel mai sincer foarte sincer 2 43 ee eee oe poe radul | comparativde | superlativ superlativ o pozitiv | superioritate relativ absolut grad rad A a - pozitiv | _superioritate relatiy absolu skilled moreskilled | themost skilled | very killed 5 ial priceput | maipriceput | celmaipriceput __| foarte priceput stupid ‘morestupid | themost stupid | very stupi sl aye = stupider ‘the stupidest : ae [each ee aera | prerdeccea le st ‘mai stupid cel mai stupid _| foarte stupi sociabil | mai sociabil | cel mai sociabil | foarte sociabil nl = e unfit more unfit | the most unfit | very unfit 4.3.2.4. Comparatia neregulati a adjectivelor si adverbelor nepotrivit _| mai nepotrivit | cel mai nepotrivit _| foarte nepotrivit qradul | comparativ de] — superlativ superiativ unjust more unjust | the mostunjust | very unjust | poritiv | superioritate relativ absolut injust/nejust | mai injust cel mai injust foarte injust Joodlwell | beter ‘haber very geodiwell urbane ‘the most urbane | very urbane | bunvbine | mai bunbine | cel mai bnbine _| foarte bunoine manierat cel mai manierat | foarte manierat padi ‘worse the worst very badill untidy ‘more untidy | the most untidy | very untidy iu mai rau cel mai rit foarte rau dezordonat_| mai dezordonat | cel mai dezordonat | foarte dezordonat_ | iitle Tess the Teast very litle i 7 | putinimic | mai putin/mic foarte putin/mic Din analiza exemplelor de mai sus rezulté cb Ia gradul comparaiv de | Srcirmany| more the most very macklranay) superioritate adjectivele cu comparatie analiticl se ajut& de adver>ul more, | ulvimulfi | mai mmulmulfi | cel mai mult” foarte mult/mulfi la superlativul relativ de adverbul most, iar la superlativul absolut de cei mai multi adverbele very, extremely, awfully, quite ete. i old, ‘older/elder ‘the oldest/eldest | very old oe err : |) pitinvechi | mai bitrin/vechi | cel mai batrén/vechi | foarte batran/vechi 1.3.2.3, Adjective cu comparatie mixtd (sintetick si analitica) 2 near nearer the nearest very near i fog ‘mai aproape i apr fo oape gradu comparativ de ‘superlativ superlativ = aproape aproaps panes ee foarte aproapt pozitiv | superioritate relatiy absolut late Tater the latest very late able more able the most able very able ‘tirziu ‘mai tarziu cel mai tarziu foarte tarziu abler the ablest 3 latter = ultinmul | the last = vltimul capabil mai capabil__| cel mai capabil__| foarte capabil din doi ample moreample | themostample | very ample tay farther/further | the farthest/furthest | very far ampler the amplest departe ‘mai departe cel mai departe foarte departe amphu mai amplu | celmai amplu _| foarte amplu in inner the inmost empty more emy themostempty | very empty Aninterior | mai in interior | cel mai liuntric " mptcr | theemptcst Cone 4 the innermost = a .e empties ReERIe gol mai gol cel mai gol foarte gol Juntrc a maximum rs goat outer/utter the outermost = strange | morestrange | themoststrange | very stran gute. A ttranger | thesteangest © DS eausy nexterior | mai in exterior | cel mai in exterior ciudat maiciudat | celmaiciudat | foarte ciudat : the utmostuttermost= in exterior Ia maximum 44 gradul | comparativde | superiativ superlativ pozitiv | superioritate relativ absolut ip upper the upmost sus ‘mai sus cel mai (de) sus the uppermost = sus fa maximum beneath | nether ‘the nethermost dedesubt | mai dedesubt _| cel mai de dedesubt hind the hindmost din spate cel mai din spate fore former in fata ‘mai fn fat \e first = primul i elder/eldest se referi la persoane din aceeagi familie dar se compari older than simu elder than, Din exempelele de mai jos se vede deosebirea dintre formele farther si further: ‘We went farther, = Noi am mers mai depart. ‘The teacher explained further. = Profesorul a explicat mai departe 1.3.2.5. Comparativul de egalitate a Serrealizeazi cu ajutorul conjunctillorcorelative: as... as. [a2 @z]= tot asa de... ca... =la fel de... ca. as interesting as ..= la fel de interesant ca as beautiful as ..=la fel de frumos ca. a = as strange Ia fel de ciudat/straniu ca Unele comparative de egalitate au dev: as quick as thought = jute ca gindul asswiftas an arrow —iute ca sigeatt as sweet as honey = dulce ca mierea as white as snow=alb ca zipada ete 1.3.2.6. Comparativul de inferioritate Se realizeaza cu ajutorul conjunc} sou@z] = nuagade...ca.., sau less deciitica 46 ive! not 0 «as les Saen] = mai pu —tnuch more beutifully (than) .. = nm ‘This film is not so interesting as that one. = Filmul acesta nu este asa de interesant ca acela ‘This man is not so old as that man, ~ Om acesta nu este usa de virstnic! bitrdn ca omul acela That house is not so big as this house, = Casa aceea m coum este casa aceasta, Mary is ess beautiful than Alice. = Mary este mai putin frumoasé ca Alice ste aga (de) mare 1.3.2.7. Comparativul de intensitate Consti din doux comparative de superioritate legate prin conj and (end/end/an/ndin] si se traduc prin structura din ce in ee a better and better = din ce in ce mai bine worse and worse = din ce in ce mai ri more and more = din cs Jess and less = din ce in ce mai pu fewer and fewer = din ce in ce mai bigger and bigger = di . ‘more and more interesting = din ce ince mai interesanvinteresanti! interesanjifinteresante ‘moreand more important=: ‘more and more beaut more and more careful 1.3.2.8, Pozitivul cu comparativul de superi much better (than). = mult mai bine/bun (ca/decat) ‘much worse (than) .. = mult mai rau (ca/decit), ‘much more (than) ..~ nuit mai mn ‘much less (than) .. = m ‘much older (than)... ma much easier (than) .. = mult mai ugor (ca/decit) much more difficult (than) . fereu (caldeca ‘tuch more beautiful (than) ..~ mult mai frumoasi (ca/decti ‘much moi much moi iportant (than) ...~ mult mai important (ca/dect ai framos (ca/decat) Iuch more carefully (than) ...~ mult mai atent (ca/decat) '£00d/great deal better (than) ..~ mult mai bine (ca/dectt) ‘Bood/great deal worse (than) ..= mult mai riu (ca/decét) 47 ‘a good/great deal more (than) a good/great deal less (than) a good/great deal older (than) .. a good/great deal earlier (than)... a good/great deal later (than) . ‘a good/great deal eas agood/great deal mo1 ‘a good/great deal more beauti 8 good/great deal more interestin a good/great deal a good/great deal ‘great deal more carefully (than) (caldecit). in/vechi (ca/decat) ‘mai devreme ( ai tarziu (caldec mai usor (ca/decst) .-=curnult mai frumos (caldeedt). = cu mult mai atent/prudent (caldecit) mai usor (ca/decét) V'greu (ca/decét) 1.3.2.9, By far + comparativul de superioritate = cu mult mai... ‘bun/bine (caldecst). rau (ca/decat).. = cu mmult mai mult (ca/decét) by far less (than)... = cu mult mai putin (ca/decdt) by far older (than)... = cu mult mai batran/vechi (ca/decét) by far earlier (than)... =cu mult mai devreme (ca/decat) ... by far later (than) ..~cu mult mai tirziu (ca/deca).. by far easier (than) ..= cu mult mai usor (ca/decat) by far more difficult (than) by far more beautiful (than) by fa by fa by far better (th by far worse by far more (than) = eu mul 48, | py farmore beautifully (than) ..~cu mult mai frumos (ca/decit) | pyfar more carefully (than) ..= cu mult mai atent/prudent (caecat). i constind din dou comparative cuatit..) 13.2.10. Struct de superioritate (cu cat the earlier, the better =cu cat mai devreme, cu atét mai bine | ‘The earlier I come, the better it is.= Cu cit vin mai devreme, ‘The more you learn, the more you forget. = Cu cat inveji mai mult, cu att i mult. fer, the worse = cu cit mai tarzi cu att mai rau the The later you arrive, the worse Cu cét ajungi ste mai rt, ‘The more beautifully Alice wil sing, the more money His flat is a little cheaper than yours. = Apartam jeftin decét al tit, : ‘Your flat is a lot cheaper than mine, = Apartamentul tiu este mult mai ieftin deca al meu Our flat is somewhat cheaper than theirs. = Apartamen fntrucdtva/pujin mai ieftin decdt al I | nostru este ; | 3 3 1.3.2.1. Superlativul absolut Se formeazi cu adverbele: awfully =nemaipomenit de inconeeivably ~incredibil de enormouslyrimmensely=enormde _perfeetly= perfect, ‘exceedingly = excesiv de quite= foarte, total terribly = teri extraordinary = extraordinar de extremely = extrem de fantastically ~ fantastic de a infinitde y= infloritor de tremendously =infinitde very=foarte quite well=foarte bine extremely well extrem de bine matchless playwrigl 1 far pereche ‘Neare awfully sorry. = Ne pare nespus de rau, ley have changed enormously, = Ei s-au schimbat enorm, 49 enough [i’naf] — adjectiv enough food = food enough = hrani suficienti/destulé to have money enough = to have enough money =a avea destui bani enough —adverb de comparatie Tam warm enough. = imi este destul de cald. difficult enough. = Exercitiul este destul de grev. What is good for you is good enough for me. = Ce este valabil pent tine este perfect valabil si pentru mine. Enough este singurul adverb de comparafie care sti dupa adjectivul pe care ‘il determina. is beer is good enough. = Berea aceasta este destul de bund. 1.3.2.12. Comparatia adjectivelor compuse fcomparativ de | superlativ superlativ rel absolut the best-paid very well-p mai bine plait foarte bine good-looking [better-looking | the best-looking | very good-looking. aritos jcel mai aritos. | foarte ardtos ssweet-natured| more sweet = natured ‘the most sweet - natured very sweet natured ‘bun a suflet mai bun la suflet|cel mai bun la suflet | foarte bun la suflet short-sighted more short- |the most short- _ | very short- sighted sighted sighted miop mai miop _|cel mai miop foarte miop ‘John isa good/great deal more careful than Bill.= John este mult mai atent! areful than his brother. ~ El este pusin mai putin prudent decat fratele lui. i He loves her more than I (do). =El o fubeste pe ea ral bese eu He loves her more than me. = El o iubeste pe ea mai mult decdt pe mine. ‘They know her better than I (do).~ Ei o cunose pe ea mai bine decat/ca mine. ‘They know her better than me, =i o cunosc pe ea mai bine decdt pe mine. 30 ; 1.3.2.13. Adjective eu prepo: absent from = absent dela angry about/at smth. =supfrat de ceva ful angry with smb.~supiratpe cineva ashamed of = jenat de aware of smth. = constient de ceva content with = mulpumitow different from = diferit de ete. ful to smb, = cred f= plin de jealous of smb. = gelos pe cineva kind to = amabil fata de married to ~ cisatorit cu ready for smth. = gata de ceva sad about smth. = trist de ceva ios cuiva 1.3.2.14, Formarea adjectivelor cu ajutorul prefixelor a achromatic, amoral, assymettical, typical et over- overdue, overgrown, overjoyed, oversea, overweening etc. per- permanent, perpetual, persistent, perspicacious, perspicuous etc. , precedented, precocious, predictable, predominant ete e, retrograde, retrogressive, retrospective etc. sub- subconscious, subcutancous, submarine, submissive, subordinate etc. super- superabundant, superfine, superhuman, supernatural, supersonic etc. ‘rans- transalpine, transatlantic, transcendental, transeuropean etc. 31 Itrasonicete, ‘underfed, undermentioned ete. ‘ltra- ultramarine ultramontane,ulravio ‘nder- undercooked, underbred, unde 4.3.2.15. Formarea adjectivelor en ajutorul sufixelor able, avoidable, detestable, dshonourtbl iogcal, arterial, autumnal, bes “an American, Anglican antedih nantiguarian, eutortaran, Romanian cl ascendant, , auricular, circu cular, regular, si “Ary customary, judiciary, luminary, or vary, salutary, visionary vate adequate, affectionate, A880 erate, inadequate etc “ea desinterested, deceased, distingus! earned, married, tired etc. een, drunken, earthen f0zen, £018 readen, wooden, woolen ett rene dent, efficent, nen frequent, permanent tc. ‘southem, westem etc jsgraceful, hopeful, painful ete vnanian, Sbakespeatian et sensible, tangible, visible eto. sragmatic et. fC. Byronian, » sudible, divisibh | 4 \ sy, devilish, elfish, foolish, greenish, (demonstrative, destructive ete. 7 less, hopeless ete ly crumbly, daily, -ous autonomous “ome bothersome, fulsome, handsome, ave some, tiresome ete. “Fy nappy, cy Tacky, moody oils Peaks ‘peppery, risky, sedentary, Saaky ete 1.4, PRONUMELE (THE PRONOUN) promumete este pasta de vrbirecare inoouleste substantiv (o fins, un obiecteete.). 1.4.1. Clasificare 41 persomale (the Personal Pronouns) F tterogative (the interogative Pronouns) 52 3, Relative (the K« 4, Posesive (the Possessive Pronouns) §. Demonstrative (ihe Demonstrative Pronouns) #:Pepersonale/Generale {he Impersona/General Pronouns) 7 Rellexive (the Reflexive Pronouns) 8. Emfatice (the Emphatic Pronouns) 9, Nehotirate (the Indefinite Prono 40. Reciproce (the Reciprocal Pronouns) 1.4.1.1. Pronumele personale (The Personal Pronouns) Tai) =u you (ul = he [hiJ=el, dénsul, dumnealui she ji) =ca, dansa, dumneaei itfit}=el e2 we [wi (dv) ans le, yor ‘they [6

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