Unit - 1

MOKSHAGUNDAM VISVESVARAYA

Sir Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya (1861 - 1962) was born in 1861 in Muddenahalli situated in Karnataka state. He is a notable Indian engineer, scholar, statesman and worked as the Diwan of Mysore during 1912 to 1918. He was the recipient of the Indian Republics highest honour, the Bharat Ratna, in 1955. He was knighted as a Commander of the British Indian Empire by King George V for his myriad contributions to the public. He received accolades internationally as a pre-eminent engineer of India. He was the chief designer of the flood protection system for the city of Hyderabad as well as the chief engineer responsible for the construction of the Krishna Raja Sagara Dam in Mysore. We celebrate Engineers Day on the occasion of his birthday on 15 September every year.

Pre-Reading
1. 2. 3. 4. Name some popular professional courses you intend to choose for higher studies? Why do you think that students migrate to other countries for higher studies? Do you prefer to serve your country or go abroad? If you prefer to stay in India how best and what do you intend to contribute to your country?

Epitome of Wisdom
Remember, your work may be only to sweep a railway crossing, but it is your duty to keep it so clean that no other crossing in the world is as clean as yours - Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

On the 15th of September 1861, more than a century ago a little boy was born in Muddenahalli
in the Chikkaballapur Taluk of Kolar District (Mysore State). His father Srinivasa Sastry and his mother Venkatalakshmamma named him Visvesvaraya. Srinivasa Sastry was a great Sanskrit scholar of those days. Both he and his wife were good and pious couple who led a very simple and spiritual life. Even though they were not very well off, both of them decided to educate the little boy. Right from his childhood days, Visvesvaraya learnt from his parents deep respect for the culture and the traditions of the land. His father enrolled him in a school in their tiny Taluk itself and Visvesvaraya completed his early education there. He was a good and a diligent student and was keenly interested in pursuing his studies. So with his parents consent and blessing, he set out to Bangalore in order to go in for higher education when he was around fifteen years old. In Bangalore, he joined the Central College. But unfortunately, his pocket was empty and he had no roof over his head. But this helpless state did not bog Visvesvaraya down. Instead he started looking for a job that would sustain him and pay for his studies. He found a family from Coorg, who was looking for a tutor for their children. Visvesvaraya, himself a student at that time, became their tutor. He lived with them and earned a few rupees with which he completed his education. As a student he earned every rupee by his hard work. Discipline was ever his watchword. All through his student days he worked hard and in a systematic way. He was an early riser and started his work quite early. Though he was povertystricken, he continued to study well and stood high in the B.A. Examination. When he was twenty, he managed to get some help from the Government of Mysore and joined the Science College in Poona to study Engineering. Three years later, by sheer determination and hard work, he ranked first in the L.C.E. and the E.C.E. Examinations (these were like the B.E. Examination of today). As soon as the results were out, the Government of Bombay offered him the post of an Assistant Engineer at Nasik. Visvesvaraya was very happy and he worked with utmost commitment and excelled in his post. When he was 32 years old, a very difficult task was assigned to him where he was asked to find a way of supplying water from the river Sindhu to a town called Sukkur. He prepared an ingenious plan, which amazed the other famous engineers. He developed a new system called the Block System where he devised steel doors; these could stop the wasteful flow of water in dams. Even British officers of those times were astonished by his dexterity and they were full of praise for the invention.

Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

The Government appreciated Visvesvarayas genius and sincerity. He was promoted to higher positions. From Bombay, Visvesvaraya went to Hyderabad as the Chief Engineer. Here he showed an extraordinary performance that was simply impossible at that time. The river Musi divided the city of Hyderabad into two. When rains lashed, the river was in floods and the waters of the river poured into many houses, and men and cattle were carried away. He got the entire area of the river Musi surveyed and went through official records of the previous floods. He collected data of rainfall in the neighbouring Bombay and Madras provinces. He studied the figures of heavy rainfall in different parts of the world. He found that in the catchment area of the river Musi, above Hyderabad, there were 788 small tanks, which worked out at five tanks to every three square miles of catchment area. Of these, 221 tanks gave way owing to the recent floods. He identified the place where the heaviest rainfall had occurred and where and when the reservoir broke down during floods. The water which flowed out had a speed of four miles per hour. He found that smaller the catchment area, greater the effect of the floods. He proposed the construction of one dam across the Musi at a distance of eightytwo miles above the city, and another across the Esi, a tributary of Musi, at a distance of six and a half miles. He planned dams to tame the Musi and also suggested that lovely parks should be laid out on the banks of the river. The work was undertaken in 1913 and before the construction was completed, Visvesvaraya had become the Dewan of Mysore. But he continued to visit Hyderabad to supervise the construction of the dams and other schemes taken up by him. These dams, known as Himayatsagar and Osmansagar, provide water to the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Visvesvaraya was instrumental for all the privileges Hyderabad has got, such as improved drainage system, plenty of water resources, electricity even today. The resourcefulness of Visvesvaraya earned him the position of the Chief Engineer in the Mysore State. But Visvesvaraya was not just interested in buildings, roads and bridges. He saw that the people of India were in a miserable condition. There were very few schools and only six persons out of every hu ndred could read and write. Many people were just farmers who depended completely on the rains for their food. He saw that ignorance, poverty and sickness plagued the people and he wanted to bring about a change. Krishnaraja Sagar Dam, in the vicinity of the renowned Brindavan Gardens, is reminiscent of Visvesvarayas ingenuity. The dam was conceived not only for the purpose of irrigation, but

Epitome of Wisdom

also for providing electricity to the Kolar goldfields. As the work of construction was proceeding, the river Cauvery rose in spate. Visvesvaraya directed the work to be carried out with greater enthusiasm. He advised 2,000 more labourers to be taken in where 10,000 had already been employed. The gold company asked him to give an assurance of supplying power by July 1915 in order to pay extra money to the workers. This was an additional incentive to complete the work in time. He directed the work to be carried on non-stop day and night, advising the use of bright Washington lights during the night. Doctors were appointed to treat workers afflicted by malaria. He directed the Chief Engineer, the Inspector General of Police and the Deputy Commissioner of the District to camp at the spot to speed up the work, to look after the security of the persons and property, and supervise the work in general. By facing all unexpected problems and difficulties with courage, he got the work completed well in time. Power was also supplied to Kolar goldfields by July 1915. Visvesvaraya suggested that an Economic Conference had to be set up to find ways of removing ignorance, poverty and sickness. He can be credited with economic planning in India. He started agricultural and horticultural shows and established agricultural schools and experimental farms. Rehabilitation of the handloom industry was also taken up. A Central Government weaving factory was established to provide weavers with latest designs and techniques in weaving. The State Bank of Mysore was founded in 1913 for financing the projects. Prior to 1916, sandalwood was being auctioned in Mysore and the purchasers used to export it to France, Italy, and Germany where it was treated to yield sandal oil, the base for various perfumes and toiletries. Rice mills, oil mills, sugarcane crushing mills and power looms sprang up everywhere. Thus industrialisation in the state picked up momentum. It was Visvesvaraya who gave the clarion call - Industrialize or Perish. Visvesvaraya continued to be the Chief Engineer of Mysore for three years. In 1912 when he was 51, the Maharaja of Mysore chose Visvesvaraya as his Dewan or his Chief Minister. Soon after Visvesvaraya became the Dewan, one of his relatives went to him. He asked Visvesvaraya, Can you get me into a higher post for a better pay with your recommendation to the Maharaja? Visvesvaraya who was very straightforward, answered No to him. At the same time, he was kind hearted and as long as the relative was alive, he paid him a hundred rupees every month from his pocket. He was always neatly dressed and ready for work by seven in the morning. He was known everywhere for his discipline and tidiness. There was not

Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

a crease or a wrinkle anywhere on his clothes. As the Dewan, he got a car from the Government for his use. He used the Government car for government work and for his private work he used his own car. Those were days when people had to work by candle light. He used, for official work, the stationery and the candles supplied by the Government; for his private work he used stationery and candles, which he had bought. He was such an honest man. Once, one of his friends was advised rest after some illness. He wanted to spend some days in Bangalore. The friend wrote a letter to him asking for a house for some days. He thought the Dewan would give him a Government Guest House, free of rent. The Dewan did give him a Government House; but as long as the friend stayed there, Visvesvaraya himself paid the rent of Rs. 250 a month. It showed his honesty. Visvesvaraya planned everything smoothly, methodically and without any hurry. Visvesvaraya realized that industry was the backbone of a country. So he developed the existing industries. He also got experts from other countries to help the local craftsmen by teaching their skills. Thus many new industries came up during his tenure as the Chief Minister. He started the Sandal Oil Factory, the Soap Factory, the Metals Factory, the Chrome Tanning Factory and Bhadravati Iron and Steel Works. He also brought in many hotels into Mysore and played a major role in the laying of railway lines. Visvesvaraya always believed in the value of education. When he became the Dewan, there were about 4,500 schools in Mysore State. In six Years about 6,500 new schools were opened. He also stressed on education for women. He established the Maharanis College in Mysore where the first hostel for girls was also opened. He also made arrangements for the government to give scholarships to intelligent students to go to foreign countries for studies. Visvesvaraya achieved much in six years what others could not have accomplished in sixty years. People asked each other, Is he a magician? many a time. But for Visvesvaraya it was no magic. He always believed only in hard work. He once said, The curse of our country is laziness. At first sight everyone seems to be working. But in fact, one-man works and the others watch him. As someone said with contempt, It looks as if five men are working. But really only one- man works. One man will be doing nothing. One man will be resting. Another man will be watching them. Yet another man will be helping these three. Sir Visvesvaraya was also a fearless patriot. In those days the Englishmen considered themselves the Lords of the country. The Maharaja of Mysore had the tradition of holding a

Epitome of Wisdom

Durbar during the Dasara festivities every year. On the day of the Durbar, the Europeans were given comfortable chairs but Indians were required to sit on the floor. Visvesvaraya went to the Durbar for the first time in 1910. The arrangements pained him. The next year he did not attend the Durbar. When the officers of the palace made enquiries, he frankly gave the reason. The very next year all the Europeans and Indians were given chairs. Following this a British officer wrote a letter to him. In his letter he said, In the Maharajas Durbar, I want a cushion to rest my feet because the chair is too high. Visvesvaraya promptly got the legs of the chair shortened and wrote back saying- the height has been reduced. It showed his fearlessness. In 1918 at the age of 57, he took voluntary retirement. He went to the Palace in the Government car and gave the letter and returned in his own car. After retirement he went abroad numerous times, for some work or the other. Wherever he went, he used to keep a notebook and a pencil in his hand. He made notes on every new information with which he could help the country. After his retirement when the Bhadravati Factory was in trouble, he worked as the Chairman giving advice for its restoration. At that time, the Government had not decided the salary for him. It took them some years to do so but by then the Government owed him more than a hundred thousand rupees. When they finally decided to pay him, Visvesvaraya said, I will not touch a single rupee. Start an institute where boys can learn some profession. The government followed his wish and wanted to name it after Visvesvaraya. But he said, Name it after the Maharaja of Mysore. Thus the Sri Jayachamarajendra Polytechnic Institute of Bangalore came about. In 1944, an association arranged a conference where Visvesvaraya was the Chairman. The Governor of Berar, an Englishman, was to open the conference. In those days the Governors were very powerful, highly respected and obeyed. The conference was to discuss a resolution that India should have a national government. The Governor said that the resolution should not be discussed. Otherwise, he said, I will not come. Visvesvaraya was unperturbed by the objection and said to his friends, All right. Why wait for him? Let us go on with the conference. Such was his commitment towards the country that he did not care a powerful person who hindered the growth. Because of his genius, experience and mellow wisdom people wanted to hear him and quite often he was to make speeches. Whenever he had to make a speech he would think about

Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

what he was going to say, write the speech, get it typed and utter every word and revise it. He would revise it four or five times and give it a final shape. Once he visited a Primary School in his native village, Muddenahalli. He gave the teacher ten rupees and asked him to distribute sweets to the children. The teacher requested him saying, Please say a few words to the children, sir. Sir Visvesvaraya spoke for five minutes and went away. But later he was unhappy because he had spoken without preparation. Some days later he prepared a speech and went to the school again; once again he distributed sweets to the children and made his speech to his satisfaction. He toiled on briskly though old age crept around him. When he was around 92, he went to Fatna where he was called to study a plan for a bridge across the Ganga. The sun was cruel and the heat was unbearable. There were parts of the site to which he could not go by car. The Government had arranged to have him carried in a chair. But he refused to use the chair. He got off the car and started walking briskly much to the amazement of the rest. In 1955 when he was 94 years of age, Visvesvaraya was honoured with Bharat Ratna or the Gem of India by the Government of India. His memory even when he was almost a hundred years old remained pristine. Fifty years after he had tamed river Musi, at the age of 97, there was a discussion about the river with certain others where some references were made to some intricate details. Visvesvaraya called a servant and pointing to a bookshelf, said, Bring the three or four books in the middle of the third row. Then he opened one of them and pointed exactly to the detail under discussion on that page. When he finally turned 100, people all over India showered their affection and respect on the Grand Old Man. The Government of India also brought out a stamp in his honor. Somebody once said to him, You have done great service to the country. You are like Bhishmacharya. He replied, You make me remember what a small man I am. What am I before Bhishmacharya? He was so modest. Even at the age of 100, he rose to receive a visitor; he got up again when the visitor was leaving. Visvesvaraya silently passed away on 14th of April 1962. Then his age was 101 years. Success in life depends on action, that is, on what you do, and not what you feel or think and the price of success is hard work. This was, in fact, exemplified by Visvesvaraya during his lifetime. He was by birth poor, by tradition a gentleman, by occupation an engineer, by circumstances a Dewan, by ideology a scientist, and by efforts an industrialist. He had the

Epitome of Wisdom

courage of conviction and strength of mind to act accordingly. He had been a combination of endeavor, adventure, courage, intellect, capacity and strength. He led the country to the path of progress and his each and every creation was considered mighty and magnificent. But far mightier and far more magnificent was the matchless Dreamer, Achiever and Leader who paved the way to modern India.

Glossary
diligent pious watchword ingenious dexterity lash instrumental resourcefulness plagued vicinity reminiscent spate rehabilitation momentum clarion call perish methodical contempt numerous unperturbed mellow toil on pristine intricate conviction endeavour magnificent : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : : hard-working devout, religious slogan clever skill in performing tasks a swift and sweeping movement active, influential creativity troubled surrounding area recollective, remindful a sudden outpouring flood restore impetus, energy an urgent call to action die disciplined, systematic dislike many, plentiful untroubled, undisturbed matured, developed hard and continuous work pure, uncorrupted complex a firmly held belief effort wonderful, outstanding

Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

Text - based Questions

A. Say whether each of the following statements is TRUE or FALSE.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Visvesvaraya ranked first in the L.C.E. and the E.C.E. Examinations. Esi is a tributary of Sindhu river. Power was supplied to Kolar Gold fields in 1915. In 1955, when he was 89 years old, Visvesvaraya was honoured with Bharat Ratna. Visvesvaraya compared himself with Bhishmacharya.

B.

Answer the following questions in about 100-150 words each.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Write briefly about Visvesvarayas education. Describe the construction of Krishna Sagar Dam. What was the system Visvesvaraya devised for solving the water problem in Nasik? How did Visvesvaraya plan for the growth of Indian economy? How did Visvesvaraya solve the water problem in the twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad?

C.

Answer the following questions in about 200-250 words each.

1. Visvesvaraya is known as the versatile genius. Describe his contribution to the development of our Nation. 2. 3. 4. 5. Visvesvaraya is the father of technologically Independent India. Explain. Discuss the role of Visvesvaraya as a true patriot. Explain the incidents which reveal Visvesvarayas modesty and humility. What according to you is more important between knowledge and wisdom? Justify your answer with suitable examples from the lesson.

Vocabulary
PREFIXES AND SUFFIXES
Prefixes and suffixes together are called affixes. Affixes, when added to the base/root words new words are created. Prefixes are those which are added at the beginning of a word while suffixes are those which are added at the end of a word. For example, mis- is a prefix in the word mismatch and ness is a suffix in the word darkness.

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Epitome of Wisdom

Some common prefixes and their meanings are: pre missub inter before bad(ly) under between postin-/im-/il-/unresemi after not again half

Most of the suffixes change the parts of speech of a word. Here are a few common ones: -tion/-ion/sion -ly -ness -en -ous -ful verb to noun adjective to adverb adjective to noun adjective to verb noun to adjective noun to adjective collect-ion slow-ly dark-ness strength-en glory-ous beauty-ful

Exercises

A.

List any five words ending with the following suffixes. You can pick some of the words from the text or write the words by guesswork.
- ous ........................................................................................................ - eer ....................................................................................................... - ment....................................................................................................... - ly .......................................................................................................

- ism ....................................................................................................... - able ....................................................................................................... - ion ....................................................................................................... - er - cy ....................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................

- mis .......................................................................................................

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B.

Look at the following words.

keeness i) darkness kindness gentleness

These are abstract nouns. These are derived from the adjectives, keen, dark, kind and gentle respectively. -ness is an affix which when added to an adjective changes the adjective into an abstract noun. Can you list 10 more abstract nouns which are derived from adjectives by adding the suffix -ness.

ii)

We can also derive adjectives from nouns. For example, the adjectives like delightful and beautiful are derived from the nouns delight and beauty. Here the suffix used is -ful. Can you list 10 adjectives derived from nouns by the addition of the suffix -ful? -ly is another suffix which when added to an adjective, we obtain adverb forms. For example, the adverb desperately is derived from the adjective desperate. Can you list 10 more adverbs which are derived from adjectives by the addition of the suffix -ly? What are the other suffixes you know which can be used to derive words belonging to one parts of speech from words belonging to other parts of speech? Mention each of them with at least two examples. courage (N) ........................ ........................ ........................ courageous (adj) ........................ ........................ ........................ courageously(adv) ........................ ........................ ........................

iii)

iv)

For example:

C.

Full in each blank with an appropriate form of the word given in brackets. You will have to use prefixes and/or suffixes to make it a meaningful sentence.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. He was acting in ....................................... . (child) Some of the big towns are dreadfully ........................................ . (crowd) The team that he supported was able to win the ........................................ .(champion) The leader is ........................................ of doing service to people.(capability) I couldnt find any ........................................ in his theory. (weak) He wants to be a ........................................ when he grows up. (mathematics) There were only a ........................................ of people at the match. (hand)

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8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20.

Epitome of Wisdom She arrived late at work because she had ........................................ . (sleep) They had to ........................................ the lion before they could catch it. (tranquil) He needed to ........................................ the temperature. (regular) The officer was prosecuted for ........................................ the funds.(use) I am ........................................ to contact him on telephone.(able) She looked at her ........................................ in the mirror. (reflect) The committee has ........................................ the chairmans decision. (approval) She had no ........................................ of going to see him. (intend) The principal ........................................ the flag and hoisted it. (furled) The film was ........................................ good. (surprise) The band ........................................ the crowd with its music.(rock) I dont like him at all. Hes so ........................................ . (satisfy) The film was so ........................................ that we left before the end. (bore)

D.

Match the following words with their meanings.

A 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. ridicule ensconce idiosyncratic recluse penetrate sabotage abdicate callous venial ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ( ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) A. B. C. D. E. F. G. H. I. J. B a man devoid of kind feeling and sympathy incapable of being effaced one who lives in solitude peculiar to the individual to give up a throne voluntarily a pardonable offense to pass through fix firmly a deliberate act of destruction behavior intended to mock or humiliate

10. ineffaceable

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Vocabulary
JOINING IDEAS BY CONJUNCTIONS
Look at the following sentences from the lesson about Visvesaraya: 1. 2. 3. 4. He lived with them and earned a few rupees. Though he was poverty-stricken, he continued to study well. When he was twenty, he managed to get some help from the Government of Mysore. As soon as the results were out, the Government of Bombay offered him the post of an Assistant Engineer at Nasik.

In each of these sentences, we see that two ideas are connected. For example, in the first sentence, two ideas, (i) Visvesvaraya lived with some people and (ii) he earned a few rupees are joined. These two ideas are joined by what we call conjunction and. Can you list the conjunctions used to connect ideas in the rest of the sentences? There are two types of conjunctions (i) coordinating conjunctions and (ii) subordinating conjunctions. Coordinating conjunctions are words like and, or and but. The sentences formed by using these are compound sentences. Therefore the sentence in (1) above is a compound sentence. On the other hand, subordinating conjunctions create complex sentences. In the sentences (2), (3) and (4) above, though, when and as soon as are the subordinating conjunctions and the sentences are complex sentences.

Coordinating conjunctions
Coordinating conjunctions can join two or more words, phrases or sentences. For example, small and beautiful a dog and a cat She is a doctor and her husband is a lawyer. (two adjectives) (two noun phrases) (two sentences)

There are mainly three coordinating conjunctions, viz., and, or and but. Would you like some tea or some fruit juice?

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Epitome of Wisdom

I had a banana, some corn flakes and a cup of coffee for breakfast. They offered lunch but I didnt eat.

Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions combine the main idea with a subordinate idea. Some of the important conjunctions are so, because, that, when, though, even though, and although. For example, Though he is rich, he is not happy. Here he is happy is the main clause and though he is rich is the subordinate clause. Main clauses are independent while subordinate clauses are not. Each subordinate conjunction conveys a specific meaning. For example, a because-clause talks about a reason. Study the following complex sentences containing subordinate clauses. a) b) It began to rain, so I didnt go out. It began to rain, but I went out.

In sentence (a), the subordinate clause gives the expected result but in the sentence (b), the subordinate clause gives the unexpected result. Similar is the case with the following sentences: c) d) Because I was thirsty, I drank water. Though I was thirsty, I didnt drink water.

Although, even though and though have the same meaning. So substituting one for the other does not change the meaning of the sentence. Though/Although/Even though he studied day and night, he wasnt able to get a good score in TOEFL. You can change the order of the clauses in the above sentence, yet the meaning does not change. Some conjunctions like after, before and and refer to time. For example, look at the following sentences: We started the party after my friend came / had come home. Did you reach the station before the train arrived / had arrived? When the teacher came / had come into the classroom, all the students stood up.

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Conditional Clauses
Conditional clauses begin with the subordinating conjunction if. Thats why, they are called ifclauses. There are three types of conditional clauses, namely, (i) those that refer to real situations (ii) those that refer to present/future imaginary situations and (iii) past imaginary situations. The following sentences illustrate these: i) ii) If it rains, I will not go to college. (It is possible that it rains) (Real condition) If the teacher saw this, she would punish us. (It is least possible that she sees us.) (Imaginary condition present/future) iii) If you hadnt come on time, you would have missed the opportunity. (You had come on time.) (Imaginary condition past) Notice the tenses in the above sentences. In the first one, the if-clause is in present simple tense and the main clause is in future. In the second sentence, the if-clause is in past simple tense and the main clause contains the auxiliary would and the main verb. Lastly in the third sentence, the if-clause contains past perfect and the main clause has would+have+verb. Meanings of Conjunctions Each conjunction, whether it is coordinating conjunction or subordinating conjunction, adds two or more ideas and bears some meaning. Given below are some conjunctions and their common meanings: Coordinating Conjunction and or but so either or neither ... nor Meaning Addition Alternatives Contrast Result Choice Negation of choice

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Subordinating Conjunctions

Epitome of Wisdom

Meanings Time Cause Concession Comparison Manner Purpose Condition

when, whenever, before, after, as soon as because, for, as, since though, although, even though while, whereas as if, as though so that if, unless

Exercises

A.

The following ideas are from the lesson on Visvesaraya. Find them and join them with an appropriate conjunction.
1. 2. 3. The rains lashed. The river was in floods. Visvesvaraya worked with utmost commitment. He excelled in his post. Visvesvaraya completed the construction work in Hyderabad. He became the Dewan of Mysore. Visvesvaraya earned the position of Chief Engineer in the Mysore State. He was not just interested in buildings, roads and bridges. Visvesvaraya became the Dewan. One of his relatives went to him for recommendation for higher pay. There was not a crease on his clothes. There was not a wrinkle on his clothes. Visvesvaraya became the Dewan. There were about 4,500 schools in Mysore State. The officers of the palace made the enquiries. He frankly gave the reason. The Bhadravati Factory was in trouble. He worked as the Chairman giving advice for its restoration. Visvesvaraya was 94 years of age. He was honoured with Bharat Ratna by the Government of India.

4.

5.

6. 7. 8. 9.

10.

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B.

The following conjunctions are also used in the lesson Visvesaraya to join ideas. Find them in the text, write at least one sentence illustrating each conjunction and say what meaning does the conjunction convey there.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. though not only but also where because as long as

C.

Combine each pair of sentences with a conjunction given below.

while as as if so that as soon as before if as because after when till

1.

a) b)

I was standing in balcony. I saw your car. Please ring me up. You reach the station. Ram should introduce the team to the Chief Guest. Ram is the captain of our team. They went to see a movie. They had their lunch. Uma looked very beautiful. I met her last time. Harish hit the ball. He was a professional cricket player. We couldnt go out. It was raining. Rajan reached the station early. He could catch the first train to Hyderabad.

2.

a) b)

3.

a) b)

4.

a) b)

5.

a) b)

6.

a) b)

7.

a) b)

8.

a) b)

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9. a) b) 10. a) b) It is very hot. I will not go to college.

Epitome of Wisdom

Rima was watching TV. Her husband was reading the newspaper.

ADVERBS
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb or an adjective. An adverb usually answers questions like how? how often? when? where? and why? Most of the adverbs are derived from adjective by adding the suffix ly. For example, happily, slowly, brightly. The children were happily singing the happy birthday tune. However some adverbs are irregular. They do not end with the suffix ly. For example: We worked very hard on the project. The Indian team played well this time. Depending on what they mean, adverbs can be classified into different classes. We shall look at them briefly. Adverbs like quickly, legibly, and clearly are called adverbs of manner as they describe the way something is done. He spoke clearly. They quickly finished the work and went to bed. (manner) (manner)

There are certain adverbs that tell us when something happens/ happened. These are called adverbs of time. Can you come to gym tomorrow? (time)

There are yet some other adverbs which talk about the place of action. These are called adverbs of place. I kept the book here, but I dont find it now. (place)

The other class of adverbs which are very common are adverbs of frequency. He often visits the library. (frequency)

Some adverbs show how sure we are about some action and those are known as adverbs of probability. Perhaps he knows the answer. Probably she comes home early.

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Adverbs may also give information about the extent or degree of something. These are called adverbs of degree. It is an extremely interesting film. She talks a lot.
Exercises

A.

Write the adverbs formed from the adjectives given below and use them in your own sentences.
1. comfortable.................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... 2. merry .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... 3. quiet .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... 4. amicable .................................................................................................... .................................................................................................... 5. heavy .................................................................................................... ....................................................................................................

Listening
A. Listen to the conversation (TRACK - 1) on the CD and answer the following questions.
1. Which one of the following statements is true? a. Both the speakers are new students. b. Karthik is a new student. c. Priya is a new student. d. None of them is a new student. ( )

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2.

Epitome of Wisdom Where do you think the conversation is taking place? a. Library b. Classroom c. Canteen d. Sports room ( )

3.

Where are Karthik and Priya from? a. Vizag b. Vijayawada c. Khammam d. Kurnool

4.

Where is Priya from? a. Vizag b. Vijayawada c. Karimnagar d. Warangal

5.

What does Priya say about homework? a. Teachers dont give homework. b. Teachers give a lot of homework. c. Teachers give a little homework. d. Teachers sometimes give homework.

B.

Listen to the conversation (TRACK - 2) on the CD and answer the following questions.
1. What was Karthik confused about? a. about a course b. about college c. about a classroom d. about a friend ( )

Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya 2. When did Priya do the EDC course? a. in her Intermediate b. in the last semester c. in the previous year d. two semesters back 3. Who teaches EDC course? a. Prof. Bharat b. Prof. Bharani c. Prof. Bharati d. Prof. Bhanumati 4. ( (

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)

Which of the following statements is true about the Grade that Priya got in EDC? a. She got a B grade. b. She didnt get a better grade. c. She got a better grade in EDC than any other subject. d. She got a C grade. ( )

5.

Which of the following statements is true about Karthik? a. He is more confused after talking to Priya. b. He is not going to stay in EDC class. c. He doesnt like EDC class. d. He is relieved after talking to Priya

Listening
Here are some common expressions used for responding to opinion - based questions.
In my opinion / view Generally speaking, I think To my mind ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

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Id just like to say As far as Im concerned Im quite convinced that

Epitome of Wisdom ............................................... ............................................... ...............................................

(use this expression only to express a very strong opinion!) To be quite honest / frank If you ask me ............................................... ...............................................

Personally, I havent the faintest idea about / whether... (starting with this expression may be interpreted as off-hand and could suggest that you have nothing else to say!)

Exercise

Now frame appropriate questions related to the issues highlighted given below. And also write meaningful responses to the questions framed and enact a role play based on the guidelines given by your teacher.
1. Eve teasing Q) .................................................................................................................. Ans: Yes, I do think there is a need for constant police patrolling . Apart from using advance chips in the mobiles that could timely detect and record the incident and reported to the authorities with a call trace techniques . . 2. Fashion Designing Q) .................................................................................................................... Ans. ................................................................................................................. 3. Teen drug use Q) .................................................................................................................... Ans. ................................................................................................................. 4. Use of Cell phones Q) .................................................................................................................... Ans. .................................................................................................................

Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya 5. Genetically-engineered food

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Q) .................................................................................................................... Ans. .................................................................................................................

Reading
THE PALM ISLANDS
Since the 1980s, Dubai has come to the forefront of global business and tourism. The ruler of Dubai, Sheik Mohammed bin Rashid al Maktoum, pursued development in tourism as a way to eliminate the emirates dependence on dwindling oil supplies. But Dubais development is limited by geographical setting. It is a small desert nation with a coastline of only 37 miles long. High-rise buildings and hotels gobbled up Dubais Persian Gulf coast in the 1990s, standing like a wall of buildings. In 1993, construction of the future home the Burj Al Aram, a seven-star hotel began on Dubais first man-made island. The striking structure stands out from the surrounding skyscrapers, and it is located 919 feet out into the sea. This keeps its shadow from interfering with a nearby beach resort. The success of Burj Al Arabs offshore encouraged the Arabs to formulate an even grander plan: enormous artificial islands. Sheik Mohammed first sketched the palm design as a way to have the properties a maximum view of the beach. The longest frond on the smallest island spans about a mile of sea and contains property on both sides. The Palm Islands of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates are the worlds largest artificial islands, each manmade island designed in the shape of a palm tree. It is considered the eighth wonder of the world. Claiming the title of the largest manmade archipelago in the world, the Palm Islands can be seen from space. Each of them is shaped like a palm tree, but remember there are no actual palm trees in it. The Palm Islands consisting of the three islands - the Palm Jumeirah, the Palm Jebel Ali and the Palm Deira that make up the Palms, made Dubai a more popular travel destination. Sheik Mohammed teamed

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Epitome of Wisdom

up with Dubai-based developer Nakheels Properties to create islands for the emirate, whose desert climate and short coastline limited tourism development. The addition of the Palms in fact increased the coastline of the small emirate by 166 percent, according to a Dubai trip guide. The whole project took just four years to complete and each island required nearly 12 million pounds of rock and more than 53 million pounds of sand from the ocean floor to construct. Jumeirah, the only island open to the public, houses the Burj Al-Arab seven- star luxury hotel. The Palm Jumeirah also includes residential property as well as commercial attractions like The Trunk, 16 Fronds and Crescent. The first residents, who include David Beckham, moved to Jumeirah during the summer of 2007. In all, the Palm Islands house 60 luxury hotels, 4,000 residential villas, 1,000 water homes, 5,000 shoreline apartments and multiple marinas, restaurants, shopping malls, sports facilities, health spas, cinemas and dive sites.
Exercises

A.

Choose the correct answer from the given options to complete each sentence.
1. Dubais development is limited by geographical setting. It is a small desert nation with a coastline of only ................................................ a. 73 miles long. 2. b. 37 miles long. c. 919 feet long d. 60 fronds long.

The construction of the Burj Al Aram, ................................................ began on Dubais first man-made island. a. a seven-star hotel b. palm island c. skyscraper d. enormous island

3.

................................................ hotels gobbled up Dubais Persian Gulf coast in the 1990s, standing like a wall of buildings. a. islands b. high rise buildings c. palm trees d. desert climate

4.

The whole project took just ................................................ years to complete. a. 7 years b. 14 years c. 6 years d. 4 years

5.

The island required nearly ................................................ million pounds of rock and more than ................................................ million pounds of sand from the ocean floor to construct. a. 12 and 53 b. 53 and 12 c. 21 and 35 d. 119 and 919

Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

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B.

Answer the following questions:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Why did the ruler of Dubai want to develop tourism? What is the advantage of having a palm tree design? Which island is used as a residential area? What is the increase in the coastal line because of the Palm islands? Where was the sand taken from to make the islands? What unique features make the Palm Island the eighth wonder of the world?

Writing
PARAGRAPH WRITING
Structure of a paragraph A paragraph is the basic unit of writing. It consists of three parts, namely, (i) a topic sentence (ii) supporting sentences and (iii) a closing sentence. Topic Sentence The topic sentence is the first sentence in a paragraph. It introduces the main idea of the paragraph. In other words, it indicates to the reader what the paragraph will be about. Supporting Sentences Supporting sentences occur after the topic sentence, making up the body of a paragraph. They give details to develop and support the main idea of the paragraph. Supporting sentences are used to talk about facts, details and examples which substantiate or illustrate the topic sentence. Closing Sentence The closing sentence is the last sentence in a paragraph. It restates the main idea of the paragraph. Now let us look at an example paragraph and identify its parts.

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Epitome of Wisdom

More recreational time is required for students for better concentration on lessons in class. As a matter of fact, a student who takes a break of more than 45 minutes consistently scores better on tests immediately following the break. It is further suggested by clinical analysis that physical exercise improves the ability of the students to focus on academic materials. Longer periods of break are clearly necessary to allow students to be successful in their studies.

TOPIC SENTENCE

SUPPORTING SENTENCES

CONCLUDING SENTENCE

How do I write a paragraph? Before writing

Before you actually begin writing, form a mental picture of the paragraph. Follow the six steps given below to form a mental picture:

Six steps for mind mapping

1. Think carefully about what you are going to write. Ask yourself: Who is my audience? What am I going to write in this paragraph? What is the most important part of my paragraph? What is my introductory sentence? What facts or ideas can I use to support my introductory sentence? What can I add to make this paragraph interesting? Do I need more facts on this topic? If yes, where can I find more facts on this topic? Now write down your answers to the questions in your notebook. Dont spend a lot of time doing this; just write what is necessary for you to write the paragraph. Write down facts related to the topic. Make sure that the facts you are writing are related to the topic of your paragraph. Avoid all unnecessary details. Write down your own ideas. Choose the main idea from the ideas you have noted down. If you are not able to decide the most important point, just choose one point and stick to it throughout your paragraph. Organize your facts and ideas. Remember the organization of facts and ideas should develop your main idea. The organization should lead your reader from one point to another.

2.

3.

4. 5.

6.

Mokshagundam Visvesvaraya

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Writing stage
Once you have made the sketch of the ideas related to the topic, you are ready to write the paragraph. This is the writing stage. Follow the steps given below at this stage: 1. 2. 3. 4. Write the topic sentence, supporting sentences, and closing sentence. Write clear and simple sentences to express your Ideas. Focus on the main idea of your paragraph. Use the dictionary to find the words you need to express your ideas.

Editing stage
At this stage, check your paragraph for mistakes and correct them. There may be different kinds of mistakes. Follow the steps given below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Exercises

Check spelling. Check grammar. Read the paragraph again. Make sure each sentence is grammatically correct. See if subjects and verbs in all the sentences agree with each other. Check the verb forms and tense in each sentence. Make sure that each sentence makes sense.

Jumbled Sentences A. Rewrite the following sentences meaningfully by changing the order of the words.
1. ever after I out school go hardly.

Example:

Answer: I hardly ever go out after school. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. week play twice usually We a football sister late My school always for is go I on often Saturdays swimming cooked My pizza dinner for a fantastic father Spain you with Did grandparents in your stay school last walked every We to day week

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8. 9. 10.

Epitome of Wisdom at you CDs Did listen the any weekend to new like some Id buy shoes to friends with On to I some a Saturday party went

B.

Arrange the following jumbled sentences to make a paragraph.

1. In addition, circulars of the University Grants Commission on ragging, rulings of the High Court and Supreme Court in ragging cases, and other related literature, are being circulated among the students. 2. But what was common among all these colleges was the orientation on anti-ragging measures. Each college had charted out the day differently for the students. The boards and complaint boxes are already put up or are in the process of being readied with names and numbers of new members from the college and also that of the Police Department. Colleges have already constituted fresh anti-ragging committees or are in the process of constituting one with representatives from the second and third-year students.

3. 4.

5.

C.

Arrange the following jumbled sentences to make a paragraph.

1. Sri Krishna College of Arts and Science that reopened in the second week for the seniors had the freshers come in on last Friday. Students, along with parents, spent the whole day in college familiarising themselves. There were a few colleges that decided to go about it differently. There were even some small mementoes to remember their entry into college life. The customary welcome with chocolates and roses was made, besides a few cultural events.

2. 3. 4. 5.

D.

Write a paragraph on each of the following.

1. 2. True friendship Your immediate goal.

E.

Mention your long term goals. Then write a paragraph on each of them.