CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION .................................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.1

AIM OF DISSERTATION ................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.2

ABOUT BREAST CANCER .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3 MATHEMATICS IN COMPUTING TECHNIQUESError!

not defined.

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1.3.1

Principal Component Analysis ......................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3.2

Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm ...................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3.3
Scaled Conjugate Gradient Back Propagation AlgorithmError!
not defined.

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1.3.4

Back Propagation Algorithm .........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.3.5

Hybrid Learning Algorithm ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

1.4

ORGANIZATION OF CHAPTERS ..... Error! Bookmark not defined.

LITERATURE SURVEY ......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

NEURAL NETWORK ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.1

INTRODUCTION ............................. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.2 BIOLOGICAL NEURAL NETWORK (BRAIN)Error!

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3.3

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ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK .... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.3.1

Advantages of Neural Networks ....................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.4 BASIC ENTITIES OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK .......... Error!

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3.5

NETWORK ARCHITECTURES ......... Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.1

Single-Layer Feed Forward Networks ............Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.2

Multilayer Feed Forward Networks ...............Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.5.3

Recurrent Networks .....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6

LEARNING PROCESSES ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6.1

Supervised Learning ....................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6.2

Reinforcement Learning ...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.6.3

Unsupervised Learning ................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.7

ACTIVATION FUNCTION ................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.7.1

Identity Function .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.7.2

Binary Step Function ...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.7.3

Bipolar Step Function ..................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.7.4

Sigmoid Function ........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8

NETWORK PARAMETERS .............. Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8.1

Number Of Neurons In The Hidden Layer .....Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8.2

Learning Rate ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8.3

Momentum ..................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8.4

Training Type ..............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8.5

Epoch..........................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

3.8.6

Minimum Error ...........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

IMPLEMENTATION OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK IN CANCER

DETECTION ........................................ Error! Bookmark not defined.
4.1 WISCONSIN BREAST CANCER DATABASEError! Bookmark not
defined.
4.1.1

4.2

Data Description .........................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

FEATURE SELECTION ................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3 PRINCIPAL COMPONENTS ANALYSISError!

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4.3.1

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Linear Algebra .............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3.2
Proof of Principal Components Analysis (PCA)Error!
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4.3.3

Principal Components Analysis in six steps ..Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3.4

Generating a correlation matrix ...................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3.5
Correlation Between Pairs of Attributes in Cancer Database ...............Error!
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4.3.6

Box Plot .......................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

4.3.7

Scree Plot ....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK MODEL .......... Error! Bookmark not

defined.
5.1 LEVENBERG-MARQUARDT ALGORITHMError!
defined.

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5.1.1
Implementing the model to Breast Cancer databaseError!
defined.
5.1.2

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Result analysis ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

5.2 SCALED CONJUGATE GRADIENT BACKPROPAGATION ...... Error!

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5.2.1
Conjugate Gradient Method as a Direct MethodError!
defined.

not

5.2.2
Conjugate Gradient Method as an Iterative MethodError!
defined.

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5.2.3
Implementing the model to Breast Cancer databaseError!
defined.

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5.2.4

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Result Analysis ............................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

NEURO-FUZZY HYBRID MODEL ........... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1

FUZZY LOGIC FUNDAMENTALS .... Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1.1

Crisp Set .....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1.2

Fuzzy Set.....................................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1.3

Membership Function ..................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1.4

Fuzzy Set Operations ...................................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.1.5

Fuzzy Inference Process ...............................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.2

NEURO-FUZZY HYBRID SYSTEMS Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.3

COMPARISON OF FUZZY SYSTEMS WITH NEURAL NETWORKS

Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4

ADAPTIVE NETWORK BASED FUZZY INFERENCE SYSTEMS

Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4.1

Flowchart Of ANFIS System .........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4.2

Back Propagation Algorithm .........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

6.4.3
Implementing The Model To Breast Cancer DatabaseError! Bookmark not
defined.
6.4.4

6.5
7

Hybrid Learning Algorithm ...........................Error! Bookmark not defined.

RESULT ANALYSIS ........................ Error! Bookmark not defined.

MODEL EVALUATION .......................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.1

CONFUSION MATRIX ..................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

7.2 RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE ............. Error!

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7.3
8

COMPARISON TABLE .................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

CONCLUSION ...................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.

WISCONSIN BREAST CANCER DATASET.......................................... 70

LIST OF TABLE CAPTIONS .............................................................. 89

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................... 90
REFERENCES .......................................... Error! Bookmark not defined.