:

-
-1
-2
-3
-
-1
-2
-
-1
-2
-3
-
-1
-2



)(
:
CONDENSATION
ADDITION


.

:
-1

.
-2

O
) ( C O

) (-NHCO-
.
-3

.
-4

1

 .Trimer
.
.%1

:

M + M M 2 Dimer
M 2 + M M 3 Trimer
M 2 + M 2 M 4 Tetra
M 3 + M 2 M 5 Penta
M 6 Hexa
M 7 Hepta
M 8 Octa

.
:

.

)-( :

COOCH3 + 2HCOH2CH2OH

HO-CH2-CH2OOC

CH3COOC

OH + 2CH3OH COOCH2CH2

275C


.
) 6 (
A
) (110C 50C .4000-300


) (
:
-

) Initiatiation ( .

- ) Propagation (.
- ) Termination (.

-1

-2
.

-3 .

-4
.

-5

.
3

 : )( ) (initiators


.
-1 :
:
- .
- .
-2 :
) (.
)R- O& - + OH- + M+(n+1

R-O-OH + M+

-3 : ) ( ) (uv
.
-4 :
.
:

:
:
4

)M& x + M& y M ( x + y

-
) (

M& x + M& y M x + M y

&I R
&R& + M M

M& 1 + M M& 2
&M + M M

M& x + M M& x+1

M& x + M& y M x+ y
M& + M& M m M
x

)
( )(

.

-1

-1

-2 :

-2 :

.BF3, SNSo4

)( H2So4 ,
.H3Po4

.
-3

.
) ( .
:

.
:
.
:

- :
-

A-B-B-A-B Random :

A-B-A-B-A-B Alternated

- AAAA-BBBB-AAAA-BBBB Blocked
6

B
B
A-A-A-A-A-A-A
B

Drafted

.
:
150C .
:
.
:
.
: ) (
.
:

.

)-(
Viscoelasticity

.
.

Polymer
Viscoelastic
:

Fluid
-1 .Spring Model

Solid

-2 .Dashpot Model

.

= x

= x .

:

1
=
f

= .viscosity
= f .fluidity

.

x = vt

dv
dy
dyne
)
cm2 .Sec

( = poix

= .
dv
dy

= .

T ):(Arhenius
Q
RT

= e

:Q .
J
:R
mol. K

8.314

Boltzmanequation

E KT

n = n e

n = ground state.

n = excited state.

-1 Maxwell Model
- )-(
-:

1 = x 1
2

2 =

= = =
2

) = 1 = 2 (1
:

) = 1 + 2 (2
1
1
) = 1 + 2 (2
x

Q 1 = 2
1 1
) = ( + ) (3
x
- :creep

) (3:

1
=

) (
) (t :

+ t
x

x
+
( t ) + xt

= ) (t

= ) E ( t

:relaxation

recovery
.

relax

creep

1
1
o= +
x

= at t = t

x
( )t

time

(t ) = exp

 )( .Kelven, Vogt
-1-

) 1 = x 1 (1
) 2 = 2 (2

)+(.

) = 1 + 2 (3
:
=1 = 2
= x 1 + 2

- :creep

= x1 + 2
) = (1 exp( x )t

dn

dt

.
RT

= e

= Q .

.

n = n e

t
):(n
4

= e

= e

:
10 35 Poise 217 C 10 7 P
30 C 1010 P

= 1035
= 107
= 1010

T= 217 C
T= 30 C
? =T
:

n = n e

Q
RT

= e

KT

Q
RT

ln = ln

Q
) (1
)8.31(217 _ 273
Q
ln 10 7 = ln
) (2
)8.31(30 + 273

ln 10 35 = ln

12700
8.31 T

ln 1010 = ln
T = 232 K.

:
N
4cm
m2
N

m2

1200 5.6cm 42

600 20 C:

-1 .
-2 90.
N
-3 25 C
m2
N
42 . 90 . 15 C
m2
5

. 1000

400

 = e

600 =1200 e

42

42

= 61 days T 20 C
ln 600 = ln 1200

2) 90 = e
90 =1200 e

90

61

ln 90 = ln 1200
90 = 274

90
61

N
m2

42
3) = e

42

ln
400
ln
1200
=

= 38 days T = 25
= e

RT

Q
8 .3 ( 20 + 273 )
Q
ln 61 = ln
(1)
8 .3 ( 293 )
Q
ln 38 = ln
( 2)
8 .2 298
ln = ln

Q = 16350 J
ln 15 = ln
ln 15 = ?

16350
at 15 C
8.3 288

15 = 102 days
= e

90

102

ln = ln 1000

90
N
= 412 2
102
m
6

 ) (
CH3

H
CH3

CH3
H

H
CH3
H
CH3

CH3

CH3
H

H
CH3

n2
E
(= 2 exp
)
n1
KT
7

 :K .
: E E
E .







.
) ( ) Steel
(like fiber ) (1200mpa
1


:
1- Isotactic.
2- Syndiotactic.
3- Atactic.

CH2

CH2

CH2 C

Isotactic CH2 C
H

x
H
C CH2 C CH2 C CH2
x
H
H
x

Syndiotactic CH2

x
H
x
C CH2 C CH2 C CH2 C CH2
x
H
H
H

Atactic

CH2

:
- .Cis
- .Trans

CH2

H
C

C
CH2

CH2

C
CH2

Cis

CH2

CH2
H

CH2

C
H

H
C

C
CH2

Trans

Cis ) (H
.
Trans ) (H
.
Degree of Polymerization :
) )(repeated unit

:
= RMM
)(
: .1000
CH 2 CHCl
12 2 + 1 3 + 35.5 = 62.5
RMM
M .W
RMM
= 1000
62.5
RMM = 62500 / mole
=D

) ( Polytetrafloruethylen
)( .
).(Phenolic resin
2

 66

106 .
106 66 .
:



.

:

)(CH2 CH2 O)n -----(1

)----(2

(CH2 CH2)n

. )poly(Vinyl alcohol

) ( poly vinylacetate
.
:

)(


)( :
O
O
H
(N(CH2)6NH C (CH2)8C

) (

:
O

O
( CH2CH2O C

) C O

:
.
IPAC


IUPAC
:
-1 :


CH CH2
CH3

CH
CH3

CH2

 -2
.
) (.

) ( CH2

) (O CH2CH2

-3

:

:
) -27-4 1- -13 (

)n

)Poly (7,2 nephtal, 1,4- phenylene- 1,3- cyclohexelyen

-4

:
Cl
O
( O C CH2NH CCH2 )n
Cl



/1000
8000/mole

.

. .
-

:Average number molecular weight

) (=

x

n M
n
x

= Mn

:
- .
- .
- .
- ) 20000
(



6



:
RT 2
T =

H m
T K
=
C Mn

=Mn .
=R .
=T .
=K .
Heat (-mcT) =H
- :
Osmosis


AB AC AC AB
) (
:

RT
=
C Mn
=T =R . .

=C .

= .

=Mn .
.
7

 -4.

-1 : -2 ..CCl4 -3 .

Solvent A Solution

:
308
n x 10

19.1

17.8
13.2

20

1, 12.5
10

50
Mw x103/mole

1011

n M
x

286.5
312.5
612.5
594
1805

40

20

30

Mx x103
15
25
35
45
120

10

n x108
19.1
12.5
17.8
13.2
62.6

1805 1011
= 28.83 10 3
8
62.6 10

CH2 CH= 8x12 + 8x1

C6H5 = 96 + 8
= 104

-2

Mw

) (.
8

n M
n
x

= Mn

M n 28.83 10 3
=
= 288
Mw
104

=D





:
4
4
F1 = ( r 3 r 3 ) g
3
3

= .
= .
=g .
=r .

F 2 = 6 r

= .

=r .
= .

F2= F1
)F1= F2 (Stock,s Low
4
4
( r 3 r 3 ) g = 6 r
3
3

:
9

- .
f = M (1 V ) w2 x
:f .
:M .
:V .
= .
= .
:x .
:

5 ).gm 103 x(15 13 11.5 10 8
1013

62
125
201.25
292.5
412.5
1093.25

Mx x103
7.5
12.5
17.5
22.5
27.5
87.5

x1010
8
10
11.5
13
15
57.5

x 1010gm

10

:
1093.25 1013
= 18.97 10 3 / mole
10
57.5 10

= Mw

Mw
18.79 10 3
=
= 0.45 10 3 = 450
=D
) M w (monomer
42

Light Scattering




.
I

ln I
l

=I .
= I .
=l .

11

 = :
r
.
32 3 ( n 1) 2
=
34 N

=n .
=N .
= .
H
1
2C
=
+
M w RT

=H .
= .
=C .
=R .
=T .
= M w .
= .
:
:
- .

- .

-

12


.
- :


.
.

.
) (Diamines


.

13

 Placticizers
:



)(coal- tar
.
) (dispersior


.



.

compatibilitity

.
.

.
.
1

 -
5

-2 .

-3 -4 . .

-1 .

40

-5 .

0.6

20
0
0.4

0.2

2
1

20
40

)
(.
Tc


. .


.
Mechanism of Plasticizati :


Interstructural
.Interbundle


.Intrabundle
Tg
.
Tg
-1 .
-2 .

80
Tg C
60
40
20
25

15

Percentage Content

T .p
Tg = g
k
+1
Vf

=k.
=Vf .
Tg Vf


.

 )(Diffusion :

) (Burshchov :
RT
6 r N A

=D

=R .
=NA .
= .
=r .
D .

dc
s
dx

-3

Q= D

= dc .

dx

=s .cm2
= .

)1 (2 ) (1.
g . cm2 . cm cm2
Q
=D
=
=
2
dc
sec
g
cm
.
.
sec
s
dx

Gas Permeability :
)
(
.
4

desorption


.
Selective Permeatility


.
Fick,s Law
dc
d 2c
=D 2
dt
dx

= dc .
dt

=D .
dc
dx

Q=D

=Q .
= dc .

dx

P
D
P = D

=P .
= )(.
=D .

Cm3. cm/cm2. sec atm.

10-14 -10-7

10-10 -10-14

10-7 -10-10

10-6 -10-7

10 -10-5

103 -10

20C
P x108

D x106

x102

30

7.2

4.16

11.3

4.62

2.44

3.91

2.08

1.88

1.48

2.71

0.54

7.47

3.66

2.04

) (
] [
:
20

H2

He

N2

O2

Co2

1.00

0.59

0.17

0.46

2.6

0.65

0.08

0.29

1.9

1.14

0.04

0.18

0.77

4.4

0.012

0.06

0.01

.
:

-1 :Molding and Casting

) ... 22-1( .

.
.

-2 :Compression molding

) 22-1( .
.

hot compression
)( .

.
.

-3 : Injection molding

) 22-2(
1

 extruder ) 22-2
( .

.
.

-4 :Blow molding

.22-3

-5 :Rotational molding

-6 :Extrusion

. 3

.
.

-7 :Coextrusion

:
.

 -8 :Film extrusion .

22-4

.
.
.

-9 :Pull extrusion

-10 :Calendering

) .(22-5

.
.

-11 :Laminating and Coating

) ( .

- :Spray coating

.
.

 - :Dipp coating

.
.

- :Painting coating

- :Layer coating

.
.