SHMEIWSEIS GRAMMIKHS ALGEBRAS

SOFIA DASKALAKH
Genik Tmma, Poluteqnik Sqol, Panepistmio Patrn

29 Oktwbrou 2012

Perieqmena

PINAKES
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Prxeic Ep twn Pinkwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Eidikc Morfc Pinkwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2
3 6 9 10

' Alla Stoiqea Pinkwn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Snjetoi Pnakec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Grammik Sustmata Exissewn - Apaloif

2.1 Apaloif

Gauss

14
16

Gauss

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ORIZOUSA PINAKA
3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Anptugma Orzousac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Orzousa kai Grammik Sustmata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Idithtec Orizousn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20
21 22 25 27

Upologismc Orzousac

Keflaio 1 PINAKES
Pnakac Mhtro:
Ditaxh stoiqewn se

11 12 21 22 A= . . . . . . m1 m2
Paradegmata

1n 2n = (ij )mn . . . mn

grammc kai

stlec.

Oi pnakec sumbolzontai sunjwc me kefalaa grmmata.

1.

1 0 3 1 3 1 A= 2 1 1 0 1 1 B = (ij )34 ,
pou

2.

ij =
1 2 1 3 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 5

1 , me i+ j 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 6 1 7 1 8

Epomnwc:

1i3

kai

1 j 5.

B=

distash tou pnaka orzetai wc (o arijmc twn grammn

m)

(ton

arijm twn sthln

n).

H distash tou pnaka A sto pardeigma 1 enai

34

kai tou B sto pardeigma 2 enai 'Otan

3 5.
tetragwnikc.

m=n

o pnakac lgetai

Me to smbolo me stoiqea ap to

Mmn (K ) dhlnoume louc touc pnakec distashc m n snolo K

2

Dinusma enai nac pnakac distashc

n1

1n

Pardeigma

x1 x2 x= . , yT = . . xn

y1 y2 . . . yn

Ta diansmata sumbolzontai sunjwc me mikr grmmata. Gia na mhn uprqei sgqush sumbolzoume me skta mikr grmmata ta diansmata distashc

n1

en bzoume to dekth

tan to dinusma enai distashc

1 n.

1.1

Prxeic Ep twn Pinkwn

Isthta Pinkwn:

Do pnakec

tan qoun tic diec diastseic

Prsjesh:

A kai B lgontai soi kai grfoume A = B kai isqei ij = bij , (i, j ).

C = A + B cij = ij + bij , (i, j ).

H prsjesh pinkwn epitrpetai mnon tan oi pnakec enai diwn diastsewn.

Paradegmata:

1.

2 1 1 2 3 3 3 0 + 3 1 = 0 1 0 4 1 2 1 6 1 2 3 3 2 1 5 2 + 4 0 3 1

2. To jroisma

den uprqei.

Idithtec:

1. 2.

A+B =B+A A+0 = A

pnakac)

(antimetajetik idithta)

(Uprqei to

oudtero stoiqeo pou enai nac pnakac o-

poiasdpote distashc me mhdenik stoiqea kai onomzetai

mhdenikc

3.

A + (B + ) = (A + B ) + = A + B +

(prosetairistik idithta)

Pollaplasiasmc

Orzontai do eidn pollaplasiasmo, me arijm kai me pnaka. a.

Pnaka me arijm m:

Amn = (ij )mn

Pardeigma

2 1 4 2 2 3 0 = 6 0 0 4 0 8
Idithtec:
1. 2. 3. 4.

1A = A

(oudtero stoiqeo to 1) (prosetairistik) (epimeristik wc proc prsjesh pinkwn) (epimeristik wc proc prsjesh arijmn)

(A) = ()A

(A + B ) = A + B ( + )A = A + A

(**) O pollaplasiasmc me (-1) dnei ton antjeto pnaka kai orzei thn afaresh

A B = A + (B ) AA=0 A = (ij )mn

kai

Idithta:

b.

Pnaka me pnaka: 'Estw do pnakec

B = (ij )np ,

gia

touc opoouc to pljoc twn sthln tou A enai so me to pljoc twn grammn tou B. Tte to ginmeno

C =AB

orzetai wc o pnakac

C = (cij )mp

pou

1j 2j Cij = [i1 , i2 , ..., in ] . = i11j + i22j + . . . + innj = . . nj

Paradegmata
B A
1.

n k=1

ikkj

3 2 1 2 1 2 0 = 5 1 0 23 1 2 32

0 4 17 10

22

Sto parapnw ginmeno parathrome ti to pljoc twn sthln tou enai soc me to pljoc twn grammn tou

B,

epomnwc o pollaplasia-

smc enai efiktc. To apotlesma enai nac pnakac

22

B A

2.

3 2 2 0 1 2 32
tou

1 2 1 5 1 0

23

7 8 3 4 2 = 2 9 4 1 33 B
enai so me to pljoc twn grammn

Epeid to pljoc twn sthln tou

A to ginmeno B A nac 3 3 pnakac.

enai epshc efikt. To apotlesma mwc enai

Sumperanoume ti ston pollaplasiasm pinkwn den isqei h antimetajetik idithta (

A B = B A).

Antjeta, isqoun oi paraktw idithtec.

Idithtec:

1. 2.

(A B ) C = A (B C ) = A B C (A + B ) C = A C + B C

(Prosetairistik)

(Epimeristik wc prc th prsjesh)

Paratrhsh:
isqei

'Estw do pnakec

A=0

kai

B = 0.

Tte enai dunatn na

AB =0

Paradegmata

1 1 2 2 1 1 1 1

1 2 1 2 1 1 1 1

= =

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
'Estw do diansmata:

Pollaplasiasmc Dianusmtwn:

x1 x2 x= . . . xn

y1 y2 y= . . . ym

O pollaplasiasmc metax touc epitrpetai mnon tan to na ap ta do gnei orizntio. 1. 'Otan gnei orizntio to prto dinusma tte to ginmeno orzetai mno ef' son

n = m.

To apotlesma enai to

eswterik ginmeno twn do

dianusmtwn kai enai bajmwt mgejoc.

 y1 y2 xT .y = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )1n . . = (x1 y1 + x2 y2 + . . . + xn yn ) . . (eswterik ginmeno) yn n1

2. Antjeta, tan gnei orizntio to detero dinusma tte to ginmeno orzetai akma kai tan

n = m.

To apotlesma enai pnakac distashc

n m. x1 x1 y 1 x1 y 2 x2 x2 y 1 x2 y 2 xy T = . (y1 + y2 + ... + ym )1m = . . . . . . . . . . . xn n1 xn y 1 xn y 2 x1 y m x2 y m . . . xn ym nm

Dunmeic Pinkwn:

Orzontai mno gia tetragwnikoc pnakec.

A2 = A A, A3 = A2 A,. . . , Ap = Ap1 A
Idithtec:

Ap Aq = Aq Ap

(oi dunmeic antimetatjentai)

1.2

Eidikc Morfc Pinkwn

Monadiaoc Pnakac:

tetragwnikc pnakac me 1 se la ta stoiqea thc

diagwnou kai 0 se la ta uploipa.

1 0 0 1 In = . . . . . . . . . 0 0
Paradegmata

0 0 . . . 1 nn

I2 =

1 0 0 1

1 0 0 , I3 = 0 1 0 0 0 1

Idithtec:
1.

AI =I A=A

(oudtero stoiqeo ston pollaplasiasm pinkwn)

Paratrhsh:

Ston pollaplasiasm pinkwn enai dunatn na isqei

AC =

kai

C = I.

Pardeigma

25 20 30 24

25 20 30 24

625 600 500 + 480 750 720 600 + 576

25 20 30 24

Dia gnioc Pnakac:

Tetragwnikc pnakac me mhdn se la ta stoiqea

ektc thc kurac diagwnou.

d1 0 0 d2 D= . . . . . . 0 0
sunoptik

0 0 . . . dn

D = diag (d1 , d2 , ..., dn )

Idithtec:
1. Ston pollaplasiasm do diagnioi pnakec antimetatjentai:

D1 D2 = D2 D1
Pardeigma

2 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 1 0 . 0 4 0 = 0 0 0 3 0 0 6 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 . = 0 0 6
2. Gia tic dunmeic diagwnwn pinkwn isqei:

0 0 4 0 0 18 2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 3

k k Dk = diag (dk 1 , d2 , ..., dn )

Pardeigma

2 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 . 0 1 0 = 0 1 0 0 0 3 0 0 3 0 0 9

Anstrofoc Pnakac:

'Estw pnakac

A = (ij )nm .

O anstrofoc pna-

kac tou opoo

A sumbolzetai me A ij = ji , (i, j ).

kai orzetai wc o pnakac

B = (ij )mn

gia ton

Pardeigma

A=

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

1 5 2 6 AT = 3 7 4 8

Idithtec:
1. 2. 3. 4.

(AT )T = A (A + B )T = AT + B T (A)T = AT (A B )T = B T AT
Pardeigma
(to pardeigma pou qrhsimopoijhke ston orism tou

pollaplasiasmo)

3 2 1 2 0 2
BT

1 5 . 2 1 = 1 0
AT

0 17 4 10
B T A T

0 4 17 10
(AB )T

5. Gia kje tetragwnik pnaka

kai

k>0

isqei

(Ak )T = (AT )k
enai summetrikc an

Summetrikc Pnakac:

'Enac pnakac

A = (ij )nn

ij = ji , (i, j ).
Pardeigma

'Enac summetrikc pnakac enai pnta tetragwnikc.

1 4 5 4 2 6 5 6 3
' An antjeta isqei Tte ja isqei

Profanc isqei

A = AT

AT = A tte o ij = ji , (i, j ) kai

'Enac pnakac

pnakac

A lgetai antisummetrikc. ii = ii ii = 0, i
onomzetai:

Tri gwnikc Pnakac:

A = (ij )nn

' Anw Trigwnikc, an la ta stoiqea ktw ap th diagnio enai mhdn

ik = 0, i > k )

p.q.

1 0 3 0 5 1/2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 5 0 3 1/2 0

Ktw Trigwnikc, an la ta stoiqea pnw ap th diagnio enai mhdn

ik = 0, i < k )

p.q.

1.3

' Alla Stoiqea Pinkwn

'Iqnoc Pnaka:

Orzetai mno gia tetragwnikoc pnakec (

n n) kai enai to

jroisma twn stoiqewn thc diagwnou.

T r(A) =
i=1
Idithtec:

ii

1. 2. 3.

T r(A + B ) = T r(A) + T r(B ) T r(A B ) = T r(B A) T r (A A T ) =

n i=1 n j =1 2 ij

Apdeixh thc (2):

T r(A B ) = (11 11 + ... + 1n n1 ) + ... + (m1 1m + ... + mn nm ) = (11 11 + ... + m1 1m ) + ... + (1n n1 + ... + mn nm ) = (11 11 + ... + 1m m1 ) + ... + (n1 1n + ... + nm mn ) = T r(B A)
Pardeigma gia thn (3):

A=

3 1 2 0

AT =

3 2 1 0

A AT =

10 6 6 4

T r(A AT ) = 14

32 + (1)2 + (2)2 + 02 = 14

Par gw goc Pnaka:

'Estw pnakac nartseic tou

A = (ij )mn

pou

ij = fij (t)

paragwgsimec su-

t.

Tte orzetai h pargwgoc tou pnaka A wc o pnakac:

dA dt

dij dt

mn

Gia tic paraggouc twn pinkwn isqoun oi kannec paraggishc:

d(A B ) dA dB = B+A dt dt dt
mnon ef' son thretai h seir twn pollaplasiasmn. 'Etsi qoume:

dA2 = dt
Oloklrwma Pnaka:

dA dt

A+A

dA dt

= 2A

dA dt

Me parmoio trpo orzetai kai to oloklrwma tou

pnaka

A.

A dt =

ij dt

1.4

Snjetoi Pnakec

'Enac pnakac pou qei pnakec gia stoiqea onomzetai

snjetoc.

'Enac o-

poiosdpote pnakac mpore na grafe san snjetoc pnakac me diaforetikoc trpouc. Gia pardeigma o pnakac:

1 2 7 0 3 A = 9 3 5 7 2 3 1 6 5 8
mpore na grafe me th morf:

1 A= 9 3

2 7 3 5 1 6

0 3 7 2 = 5 8

A11 A12 A13 A21 A22 A23

akma kai me th morf:

10

1 2 7 A = 9 3 5 3 1 6

0 3 B11 B12 7 2 = B21 B22 B31 B32 5 8

Oi algebrikc prxeic stouc snjetouc pnakec ektelontai metax twn upopinkwn san na tan stoiqea. 'Etsi an

A11 A21 A= Am1

kai an

A1n A2n Amn B1n B2n Bmn

tte

kA11 kA21 kA = kAm1

kA1n kA2n kAmn A1n + B1n A2n + B2n Amn + Bmn

B11 B21 B= Bm1

tte

A11 + B11 A21 + B21 A+B = Am1 + Bm1

Gia to ginmeno pinkwn, stw

U11 U12 U21 U22 U = Um1 Um2 Uik

U1p U2p Ump

kai

V11 V21 V = Vp1

V12 V22 V p2

V1n V2n Vpn Vkj .

O pollaplasiasmc touc epitrpetai mnon en o arijmc twn sthln kje upopnaka 'Etsi: enai soc me ton arijm twn grammn tou kje upopnaka

W11 W12 W21 W22 U V = Wm1 Wm2

W1n W2n Wmn AT

kai

Wij = Ui1 V1j + ... + Uip Vpj

O anstrofoc (snjetoc) pnakac

enc snjetou pnaka

A orzetai wc

o anstrofoc twn anastrfwn upopinkwn tou pnaka

A.

Dhlad, en

A11 A12 A21 A22 A= Am1 Am2

A1n A2n Amn

tte

AT 11 AT 12 T A = AT 1n

AT 21 AT 22 AT 2n

AT m1 AT m2 AT mn

'Enac snjetoc pnakac A lgetai

tetragwnikc snjetoc pnakac en

11

1. o A enai tetragwnikc 2. oi upopnakec sthn diagnio enai epshc tetragwniko

O orismc autc uponoe ti o pnakac A qwrzetai se upopnakec tsi ste na paramnei tetragwnikc.

Pardeigma:

Ap touc paraktw pnakec,

A=

1 1 9 4 3

2 1 8 4 5

3 4 7 1 1

1 1 1 3 5

6 8 7 6 9

B=

1 1 9 4 3

2 1 8 4 5

3 4 7 1 1

1 1 1 3 5

6 8 7 6 9

mno o B enai snjetoc tetragwnikc.

'Enac snjetoc pnakac lgetai

snjetoc diagnioc tan oi upopnakec pou

brskontai pnw sth diagnio enai mh mhdeniko kai oi uploipoi mhdeniko.

Pardeigma:

O paraktw pnakac

enai snjetoc diagnioc, en san

aplc pnakac den enai diagnioc.

D=

1 1 0 0 0

2 1 0 0 0

0 0 7 1 0

0 0 1 3 0

0 0 0 0 9

Pardeigma:

1 2 A= 3 4 0 0 E 0 F G ER 0

1 1 2 3 0 B= 4 5 6 2 33 0 0 0 R 0 S T

1 1 1 34 1 3 T A = 2 4 1 0 0 0 2 33

A=

B=
22

22

AB =

ES + F T GT

22

12

ER =

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 +

= 1 0

9 12 15 19 26 33 [1] = 3 7 + 1 0 = 4 7

ES + F T =

GT = [2] [1] = 2 9 12 15 A B = 19 26 33 0 0 0 4 7 2

Sunepc

13

Keflaio 2 Grammik Sustmata Exissewn - Apaloif

'Ena ssthma

Gauss

n grammikn exissewn me n agnstouc x1 , . . . , xn grfetai wc: 11 x1 + 12 x2 + ... + 1n xn = b1 21 x1 + 22 x2 + ... + 2n xn = b2

. . .

ij , bj R

(2.1)

n1 x1 + n2 x2 + ... + nn xn = bn
H eplush enc ttoiou sustmatoc mpore na gnei me arketoc trpouc. Ed ja dome prta th mjodo pou baszetai sthn apaloif agnstwn ap kpoiec exisseic me skop thn eukolterh eplus touc.

Pardeigma
'Estw to ssthma 3 exissewn me 3 agnstouc:

2x1 3x2 4x3 = 1 x1 + 4 x2 + 5 x3 = 2 x1 3x2 4x3 = 3

1 sto

Bma: Prosjtoume th 2 ap thn 3 :

sthn 3

exswsh kai apalofoume ton gnw-

x1

2x1 3x2 4x3 = 1 x1 + 4 x2 + 5 x3 = 2 x2 + x3 = 1

14

Bma: Pollaplasizoume th 2

ep 2 kai prosjtoume sthn 1

exswsh.

'Etsi apalofoume ton gnwsto

x1

ap thn 2

exswsh:

2x1 3x2 4x3 = 1 5x2 + 6x3 = 3 x 2 + x3 = 1

3

Bma: Pollaplasizoume th 3

ep

kai prosjtoume sthn 2

exsw-

sh. 'Etsi apalofoume ton gnwsto

x2

ap thn 3

exswsh:

2x1 3x2 4x3 = 1 5x2 + 6x3 = 3 x3 = 8

To apotlesma twn prohgoumnwn bhmtwn enai na kainorgio ssthma pou qei thn dia lsh me to arqik, all enai eukoltero sthn eplus tou, giat enai

trigwnik. Xekinntac ap thn

exswsh, upologzetai h tim tou

x3 : x3 = 8
Sth sunqeia eisgetai aut h tim sth 2 tou

exswsh kai upologzetai h tim

x2 : 5x2 + 6(8) = 3 x2 = 9
Tloc, me th bojeia twn timn autn kai thc 1

exswshc upologzetai h

tim thc

x1 : 2x1 3 9 4(8) = 1 x1 = 2

H mjodoc pou mlic efarmsthke baszetai sthn ida ti to ssthma lnetai eukoltera an me katllhlec prxeic metax twn exissewn metasqhmatiste se llo pou h ma exswsh qei nan gnwsto, h deterh do agnstouc kai h trth treic. Gia na gnei aut se kje bma apaitjhke h epilog tou

katllhlou pollaplasiast thc exswshc pou ja bohjsei sthn apaloif. Dhlad, to kje bma apaite paratrhsh kai efarmog thc katllhlhc prxhc. Enai de katanoht ti oi prxeic pou efarmsthkan den mpore na enai monadikc. Me diaforetikc epilogc stic prxeic ja katalgame endeqomnwc se diaforetik trigwnik ssthma, pnta mwc me thn dia lsh. Sth sunqeia ja gnei mia prospjeia susthmatopohshc autc thc diadikasac, tsi ste na enai eukolterh h automatopohs thc.

15

2.1

Apaloif

Gauss
Ax=b

To ssthma (1.1) mpore na grafe sunoptik me th bojeia pinkwn:

pou .

A = [ij ]nn , x = (x1 , x2 , ..., xn )T A

onomzetai

kai

b = (b1 , b2 , ..., bn )T x
dinusma twn a-

O pnakac

pnakac twn suntelestn, to

gnstwn kai to

dinusma tou deutrou mlouc. 'Opwc enai faner ap to

prohgomeno pardeigma se kje bma aut pou allzei enai o pnakac twn suntelestn kai to dinusma tou deutrou mlouc. 'Etsi kat th susthma-

topohsh autc thc diadikasac den uprqei lgoc na grfoume kje for to metasqhmatismno ssthma. Arke na katagrfontai oi allagc stouc pnakec

kai

b.

Gia suntoma de oi do auto pnakec grfontai wc nac snjetoc,

dhl. me th morf

[A b ]
kai lgetai

epauxhmnoc pnakac. stoiqeideic grammoprxeic, pou enai stoi-

Gia thn eplush tou sustmatoc xekinme me ton epauxhmno pnaka ston opoo ektelome tic legmenec

qeideic algebrikc prxeic qrhsimopointac tic grammc tou kai oi opoec isodunamon me prxeic ep twn exissewn tou sustmatoc. Gia na gnei de

aut entelc susthmatik apofaszoume na xekinme ap ton arijm pou brsketai sthn pnw arister gwna kai me th bojei tou mhdenzoume louc touc arijmoc pou brskontai ktw ap autn. Sth sunqeia, qrhsimopoiome ton epmeno arijm pnw sthn diagnio tou pnaka twn suntelestn kai mhdenzoume louc touc arijmoc pou enai ap ktw tou. Epanalambnoume An o pna-

ta bmata mqri na ftsoume sthn teleutaa gramm tou pnaka.

kac twn suntelestn enai tetragwnikc kai uprqei akribc ma lsh gia to ssthma, tte h diadikasa aut ja metasqhmatsei ton

se trigwnik.

Ja efarmsoume autn th diadikasa sto ssthma pou lsame prohgoumnwc.

16

3 4

1 4 5 1 3 4
A b

1 2 3

r2 ( 1 )r 2 1

3 4
5 2

0 1
A1

3 4

1 3 2 3
b1

1 r3 2

3 4
5 2

1 3 2
5 2 b2

r1 0 0
A2

3 2 2

Me tic do parapnw grammoprxeic to ssthma qei metasqhmatiste se isodnamo, pou o gnwstoc

x1

qei apaloife ap thn 2h kai 3h exswsh. Gia

na gnei aut qrhsimopoijhke o arimc "2 pou katqei th jsh tou prtou stoiqeou sth diagnio. Sto prto bma gia na mhdeniste to stoiqeo

21

afairome ap ta stoiqea thc 2hc grammc to

1 2

pollaplsio thc pr-

31 afairome ap ta 1 stoiqea thc 3hc grammc to pollaplsio thc prthc grammc. Enai endia2
thc grammc. Antstoiqa, gia na mhdeniste to stoiqeo fron na anaferje ed ti oi grammoprxeic pou mlic perigryame mporon na perigrafon kai wc ginmena me sugkekrimnouc pnakec, touc legmenouc

stoiqeideic pnakec,

oi opooi qoun la ta stoiqea touc, ektc enc, dia me

ton monadiao pnaka. 'Etsi gia na mhdeniste to zetai ap arister me ton stoiqeidh pnaka

21

o pnakac A pollaplasi-

1 0 0 E = 1/2 1 0 , 0 0 1
en gia na mhdeniste to ton stoiqeidh pnaka

dhl.

A1 = E A

31

o pnakac

A1

pollaplasizetai ap arister me

1 0 0 0 1 0 , F = 1/2 0 1

dhl.

A2 = F E A

17

1 0 0 1 0 0 2 3 4 0 1 0 . 1/2 1 0 . 1 4 5 = 1/2 0 1 0 0 1 1 3 4 1 0 0 2 3 4 2 3 4 1/2 1 0 . 1 4 5 = 0 5/2 3 1/2 0 1 1 3 4 0 3/2 2

Epshc

b1 = E b

kai

b2 = F E B ,

dhlad

1 0 0 1 1 1/2 1 0 . 2 = 3/2 1/2 0 1 3 5/2

o

Suneqzontac me to 2 niste to stoiqeo

bma thc apaloifc, o stqoc enai tra na mhde-

32

me th bojeia tou stoiqeou

22 .

Aut epitugqnetai

tan afairsoume ap ta stoiqea thc laplasou thc

grammc ta stoiqea tou

2s

3/2 pol5/2

grammc.

3 4
5/2

3
5/2

4 3 1/5
b3

3/2 5/2
b2

0 3/2 2
A2
Dhlad o pnakac pnaka

r3

3/2 r 5/2 2

0 0

3/2 8/5

0
A3

A2

pollaplasizetai ap arister me ton stoiqeidh

1 0 0 G= 0 1 0 0 3/5 1 1 0 0 2 3 4 2 3 4 0 1 0 0 5/2 3 = 0 5/2 3 0 3/5 1 0 3/2 2 0 0 1/5

Epshc

b3 = G b2

18

1 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 3/2 = 3/2 0 3/5 1 5/2 8/5

Anakefalainontac, gia ton metasqhmatism tou pnaka gwnik

ston nw tri-

A3

ginan oi prxeic:

A3 = G F E A

pou

1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1/2 1 0 = 1/2 1 0 GF E = 0 0 3/5 1 1/2 0 1 1/5 3/5 1

nac ktw trigwnikc pnakac. Antstoiqa gia to 2

mloc:

b3 = G F E b.

19

Keflaio 3 ORIZOUSA PINAKA

H orzousa enc tetragwniko pnaka enai nac monosmanta orismnoc arijmc pou upologzetai qrhsimopointac la ta stoiqea tou pnaka. dsoume prta ton orism thc orzousac gia ton Ja

33

kai sth sunqeia ja genikesoume ston

22 n n. 11 12 21 22

pnaka, met gia ton

22

Pnakac: 'Estw o pnakac

A=

. H orzousa tou A

sumbolzetai me

|A|

me

detA

kai upologzetai ap ton arijm

|A| = 11 22 12 21
Paradegmata:

1 2 3 4

= 4 6 = 2,

1 2 3 6 1 0 0 1

=66=0

1 9 5 20

= 20 + 45 = 25

=1

33
tou

Pnakac: 'Estw o pnakac

11 12 13 A = 21 22 23 . 31 32 33

H orzousa

dnetai ap ton arijm

|A| = 11 22 33 +12 23 31 +13 21 32 31 22 13 32 23 11 33 21 12

H parstash aut mpore na grafe sunoptik wc:

20

11 (22 33 32 23 ) 12 (21 33 31 23 ) + 13 (21 32 31 22 ) = 22 23 21 23 21 22 11 det 12 det + 13 det 32 33 31 33 31 32

H kfrash aut genikeetai kai gia pnakec megalterhc distashc.

3.1

Anptugma Orzousac

'Estw o

nn

pnakac

11 12 . . . 1n 21 22 . . . 2n A= . . . . . . . . . . . . n1 n2 . . . nn

Dnoume prta do orismoc. Onomzoume

elssona orzousa

Mij

tou stoiqeou

pou prokptei an afaireje h gramm

ij , i kai

thn orzousa tou upopnaka h stlh

j.

kai

sumpollaplasiast

Aij

tou stoiqeou

ij , to ginmeno tou stoiqeou (1)i+j

ep thn elssona orzousa

Mij . Aij = (1)i+j Mij

H orzousa tou pnaka

dnetai wc:

det A =
j =1
isodnama wc:

ij Aij

(anptugma wc proc thn

gramm)

det A =
i=1

ij Aij

(anptugma wc proc thn

stlh)

Paradegmata:

21

1. Anptugma wc proc thn

gramm:

det A =

n i=1 1j A1j

= 11 A11 + 12 A12 + ... + 1n A1n

1 1 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 det 1 3 1 = 1(1) +1(1) 1(1) 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 0 2 (1) 1 = 2 2

2. Anptugma wc proc thn

gramm:

det A =

n i=1 2j A2j

= 21 A21 + 22 A22 + ... + 2n A2n

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 +3(1) 1(1) det 1 3 1 = (1)(1) 2 0 1 0 1 2 1 2 0 2 + 3(1) + 3 = 2 3

3. Anptugma wc proc thn

stlh:

det A =

n i=1 i3 Aj 3

= 13 A13 + 23 A23 + ... + n3 An3

1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 +0(1) 1(1) det 1 3 1 = (1)(1) 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 2 0 1+3=2

3.2

Orzousa kai Grammik Sustmata

'Estw na grammik ssthma 2 exissewn me 2 agnstouc:

11 x1 + 12 x2 = b1 21 x1 + 22 x2 = b2
Me aploc algebrikoc upologismoc to ssthma qei th lsh:

22

x1 =

b1 22 b2 12 11 22 21 12

b1 b2 11 21 11 21 11 21

12 22 12 22 b1 b2 12 22

b1 12 b2 22
det A

x2 =

11 b2 21 b1 11 22 21 12

b1 12 b2 22
det A

O tpoc autc, gnwstc wc tpoc tou ssthma

Ax = b

gia to opoo o

Cramer, epektenetai kai gia na n n gnwstoc xi dnetai ap ton tpo: xi = Di D A b.

pou

D = detA,

kai

Di

h orzousa tou pnaka pou prokptei ap ton

antikajistntac thn

stlh me to dinusma

Pardeigma:

'Estw to ssthma

2x1 3x2 4x3 = 1 x1 + 4x2 + 5x3 = 2 x1 3x2 4x3 = 3

O pnakac twn suntelestn qei orzousa

det A =

2 3 4 1 4 5 1 3 4

= 1

H lsh tou sustmatoc enai:

x1 =

1 3 4 2 4 5 3 3 4
det A

2 1

=2

x2 =

2 1 4 1 2 5 1 3 4
det A

9 1

=9

23

x3 =

2 3 1 1 4 2 1 3 3
det A

8 1

= 8

Paratrhsh:

Jewrome kai pli ton pnaka twn suntelestn tou proh-

goumnou sustmatoc:

2 3 4 4 5 A = 1 1 3 4
Anptugma wc proc thn

gramm:

2(1)(16 + 15) 3(1)(4 5) 4(1)(3 4) = 2(1) + 3(1) 4(1) = 2 3 + 4 = 1

Anptugma wc proc thn

gramm:

(1)(1)(12 12) + 4(1)(8 + 4) + 5(1)(6 + 3) = 4(4) 5(3) = 16 + 15 = 1

Sto parapnw paradeigma an proume (ac pome kat ljoc!) ta stoiqea thc deterhc grammc kai touc sumpollaplasiastc thc prthc grammc ja qoume:

(1)(1)2 det

4 5 +4(1)3 det 3 4

1 5 +5(1)4 det 1 4

1 4 1 3

(16 + 15) 4(4 5) + 5(3 4) = 1 + 4 5 = 0

To apotlesma pou parathrsame sto pardeigma den enai tuqao. An sto anptugma thc orzousac kat opoiadpote gramm stlh qrhsimopoisoume touc sumpollaplasiastc miac llhc grammc stlhc tte to apotlesma enai pntote mhdn

Sunepc mporome na gryoume:

n j =1 ij Akj n i=1 ij Aik

= 0, k = i = 0, k = j

24

3.3

Idithtec Orizousn

1. Kje pnakac qei thn dia orzousa me ton anstrof tou.

det AT = det A
2.

det[A] = n det[A]
p.q. ston

22

pnaka:

11 12 21 22

= 2 [11 22 21 12 ] = 2 detA Ann detA = 0.

antisum-

Lmma: Ap tic idithtec 1 kai 2 prokptei ti gia kje metrik pnaka pou

n = 2k + 1

(perittc) isqei

Apdeixh:

Antisummetrikc pnakac

AT = A
'Omwc

det[AT ] = det[A] = (1)2k+1 det[A] = det[A] det[A]. Epomnwc det[A] = 0

det[AT ] = detA = 0

3. ' An 2 grammc ( stlec) tou pnaka enai diec anlogec tte p.q.

det

11 12 11 12

= (11 12 12 11 ) = 0

4. ' An enallxoume 2 grammc ( stlec) tou pnaka tte h orzousa pollaplasizetai ep (-1) p.q.

det

21 22 11 12

= (21 12 11 22 ) = (11 22 21 12 ) = det 11 12 21 22

tte kai h or-

5. An mia gramm tou

pollaplasiaste me ton arijm

zousa pollaplasizetai me

. 11 12 21 22

p.q.

det

11 12 21 22

= (11 22 12 21 ) = det

25

6. H orzousa enc pnaka den allzei an opoiodpote pollaplsio miac grammc ( stlhc) tou pnaka prosteje se mia llh gramm ( stlh).

p.q.

det

11 12 + 11 21 22 + 21

= 11 22 + 11 21 21 12 21 11 =

det

11 12 21 22

7. H orzousa enc diagwnou trigwniko pnaka isotai me to ginmeno twn stoiqewn thc kriac diagwnou tou

p.q.

det

11 12 0 22

= 11 22

8. H orzousa tou ginomnou do orizousn touc

n n pinkwn isotai me to ginmeno twn det[AB ] = det[A].det[B ]

p.q.

det

11 12 21 22

b11 b12 b21 b22

= det

11 b11 + 12 b21 11 b12 + 12 b22 21 b11 + 22 b21 21 b12 + 22 b22

11 21 b11 b12 + 11 22 b11 b22 + 12 21 b21 b12 + 12 22 b21 b22 11 21 b11 b12 21 12 b11 b22 11 22 b12 b21 22 12 b21 b22 = 11 22 (b11 b22 b12 b21 ) + 12 21 (b21 b12 b11 b22 ) = (11 22 12 21 )(b11 b22 b12 b21 ) = det[A]det[B ]
Antjeta, isqei

det[A + B ] = det[A] + det[B ]

9. ' An ta stoiqea miac grammc ( stlhc) tou pnaka A enai ajrosmata

k2

sto pljoc rwn, tte h orzousa tou A grfetai wc jroisma

k orizousn me stoiqea tic prosjetouc

grammc (

stlhc) touc antstoiqouc

p.q.

det

11 + b11 12 + b12 21 22

= det

11 12 21 22

+ det

b11 b12 21 22

(11 22 12 21 )+(b11 12 b12 21 )

26

O pnakac A onomzetai onomzetai

omalc

idizwn (singular) mh idizwn an detA = 0

mh omalc

an

detA = 0

kai

3.4

Upologismc Orzousac

Gia na upologiste mia

n n orzousa apaitontai n! arijmhtikc prxeic. ( ) ( ) = 2 = 2! = 3 2 = 3! = 4 3! = 4!

n3 n arijmhtikc 3

...

Algorijmik o kalteroc trpoc upologismo enai na trigwnopoisoume ton pnaka me apaloif

Gauss, pou pwc edame apaite mno

prxeic, en h orzousa ja isotai me to ginmeno twn diagwnwn stoiqewn. H orzousa tou arqiko pnaka ja allzei prshmo kje for pou ja ektelontai enallag grammn (idithta 6), epomnwc h tim thc orzousac ja isotai me to ginmeno twn diagwnwn stoiqewn ep enallagn grammn.

(1)k

pou k o arijmc

0 1 Paradegmata A = 0 1 1 1 1 0
1

r1 1 0 1 r2 0 1 1 r3 r1 0 1 1
A

r1 1 0 1 r2 0 1 1 r3 r2 0 0 2
A

det[A] = det[A ] = det[A ] = 2

1 1 B = 1 3 1 1 2 0
1

r2 +r1 r3 +r1

1 1 1 0 4 2 0 3 1

r3 3 r 4 2

1 1 1 0 4 2 0 0 1/2

det[B ] = 1 4

1 2

=2

Ti sumbanei tan pollaplasisoume ta stoiqea miac grammc ( stlhc) me touc sumpollaplasiastc miac llhc grammc ( stlhc);

27

Pardeigma:

1 1 1 B = 1 3 1 1 2 0
Stoiqea 2

det[B ] = 2

grammc/ Sumpollaplasiastc twn stoiqewn thc 1

(1)(1)2

3 1 1 1 1 3 + 3(1)3 + (1)(1)4 2 0 1 0 1 2

= 2 + 3 1 = 0
To apotlesma enai mhdn diti aut pou upologsame sth pragmatikthta enai h orzousa tou pnaka G, pou

1 3 1 = 1 3 1 1 2 0
Tloc, na anafroume th qrhsimthta twn snjetwn pinkwn gia ton upologism thc orzousac se orismnec periptseic.

Pardeigma:
Na breje h orzousa tou pnaka

M =

3 2 0 0 0

4 5 9 5 0

0 0 2 0 4

0 0 0 6 3

0 0 0 7 4

Lsh Qwrzoume ton

se upopnakec:

M =

3 2 0 0 0

4 5 9 5 0

0 0 2 0 4

0 0 0 6 3

0 0 0 7 4

28

O pnakac metatrpetai se

snjeto trigwnik. Opte h orzous tou enai

to ginmeno twn orizousn twn upopinkwn tou.

3 4 2 5

=7

|2| = 2

6 7 3 4

=3

det M = 7 2 3 = 42
Askseic:

1 2 0 0 0

3 4 0 0 0

6 2 1 5 2

7 4 2 6 3

9 2 3 7 1

=?

1 5 0 0 0

2 4 0 0 0

3 3 6 0 0

4 2 5 7 2

5 1 1 4 3

=?

29