Cu 2: Nhng cch thc dn tc tn ti qua 10 TK Bc thuc?

? Giai on hn 1000 nm, t tin chng ta khng nh mt i bn sc dn tc ca mnh, m cn tip thu nhng tp tc ngi phng Bc a vo thnh mt phn vn ha VN. V t chc, cai tr: + Sau khi chim c Lc Vit, nh Hn t b my h cht ch cp chu, huyn song chnh quyn h vn khng nm c v cp huyn vn theo ch cha truyn con ni ca ngi Vit. Giai cp qu tc ca ngi Vit vn nm quyn cai qun dn Vit. + Sau khi lt chnh quyn ca Hai B Trng, nh Hn thit lp chnh quyn h nc ta cht ch hn, th hin r nt s u tranh gia 2 mt i lp ca ch qun huyn vi kt cu xm lng. V vn ha: ra sc bo tn vn ha, ting ni dn tc. Tip thu v Vit ha nhng yu t tch cc ca Kinh t - Vn ha TQ lm nn tng lu di. Tuy nhin qu trnh ny gp phi s phn i gay gt ca c dn Lc Vit. + Tiu biu cho qu trnh ng ha l qu trnh lai to gen. Ngi Hn nc ta ch trng ly v Vit trn c s ng ha, nhng khi nc ta vn cn nh hng ca ch mu h nn nhng ngi con mang dng mu Hn li suy ngh v hnh ng nh ngi Vit. + nh hng th 2 v mt VH l cch n mc, ng x: dn ta chng li s ng ha, vn gi c cc tc l (tc n tru, nhum rng en, tc,), tn ngng dn gian (th cng t tin, th cng vn vt,) + Cc triu i PK truyn b Nho gio vo nc ta, bt ND phi thay i theo ngi Hn. Tuy nhin Nho gio ch nh hng n 1 s vng trung tm qun, chu. Trn mt trn VH l s u tranh gia 2 mt i lp ca Bc thuc v chng Bc thuc. Ta khng b ng ha v VH cn th dn tc cn, s khc nhau gia quc gia ny v quc gia khc chnh l s khc nhau v VH. V KT, th CN: Tip thu tinh hoa phng Bc: k thut c ng, luyn kim v vn gi vng cc lng ngh truyn thng vi nhiu sn phm tinh xo. Bn cnh nhng ngh truyn thng, ngi Vit pht trin nhng ngh hc t ngi Hn nh rn st, lm gm, lm gch ngi, sn xut m ngh, thuc da Trong tng ngh, ngi Vit tip thu v c k thut v phong cch ngh thut Hn.

V qun s: Kht vng c lp lun ro rc trong dn tc Vit, h lun sn sng ng ln u tranh khi ngha khi c thi c. Cc cuc khi ngha din ra lin tc, m u l cuc ni dy oanh lit ca nhng ngi ph n: khi ngha HBT nm 40-43 (M Linh, Vnh Phc), sau khi ngha B Triu (248), L B (542-548), Triu Quang Phc (548-571), Mai Thc Loan (722) Lm lung lay ch, chnh quyn ca k th. L s u tranh ca 2 mt i lp chin tranh xm lc v chin tranh gii phng dn tc. Cu 3: Nhng ni dung ch yu ca nn vn minh i Vit? Nn vn minh i Vit ko di t 905-1858 => Xy dng 1 nn vn minh c tnh cht phong ph v ton din trn cc phng din KT, CT, GD, VH & NT. 1. V chnh tr: S nghip t cng ca h Khc (905-930) v tip l chin thng Bch ng ca Ng Quyn a V vo thi k xy dng quc gia c lp. 939, NQ xng Vng v ng C Loa. 968, BL dp lon 12 s qun, t xng l Hong , kinh Hoa L, t tn nc l i C Vit => bt u xy dng triu chnh, bc u thng nht t nc. 981, L Hon tha k quc gia ca nh inh lp ra Tin L. a. T chc nh nc: nh nc gm 2 phn TW v a phng. + Trung ng: Vua ng u, nm mi quyn lc v tr thnh biu tng ca quc gia, theo ch cha truyn con ni. Bn cnh vua cn c mt h thng i thn gip vic: t hu tng quc (t tng) & tam thi, tam thiu, tam t. Ngoi ra cn c c 1 h thng c quan, quan li cao cp khc, mi c quan chu trch nhim v 1 mt ca nh nc. + a phng: mc d lng x vn l c s nhng bn trn c 1 h thng hnh chnh ln nh khc nhau, mi n v u c 1 nhm quan li cai qun. Sang thi L, NN tng cng thm 1 bc qun l x thn (thng qua c/sch qun in)=> h thng CQ PK tp trung cao , th hin sc mnh chi phi ca triu nh TW xung cc a phng v quyn chuyn ch tuyt i ca nh Vua. b. Lut php Thi k u tin ca quc gia c lp cha c lut php nn NN thng x ti theo Vua, cho n thi Tin L php lut vn cn ty tin. 1002, L Hon bt u inh lut l.

1003, nhng ngi lm phn b ti chm u. Thi L hot ng lp php ca NN bt u pht trin.1040, L Thi Tng xung chiu: ND trong nc c vic kin tng th giao cho Thi t xt x trc khi trnh ln Vua kt n. 1042, L Thi Tng sai Trung th sa i v lm thnh quyn Hnh th: gm 3 quyn => b lut thnh vn u tin ca nc ta, nh du mc quan trng trong LS php quyn VN. 1230 Trn Thi Tng cho son Quc triu hnh lut. 1483 Lut Hng c => lut php tr thnh 1 h thng chun mc duy tr v bo v trt t an ninh XH, phn nh nhng li ch ca tng lp thng tr v thc t XH V ng thi, nhng quan h XH c lut php ha. T XVI n XVII l thi k LS t nc c nhiu bin ng, c ng trong v ng ngoi vn p dng lut Hng c nhng c b sung thm 1 s iu v KT, Ti chnh.. Sang XIX di thi Nguyn, t 1811 Gia Long sai nh thn son 1 b ly tn l Hong triu lut l hay b Lut Gia Long (da trn c s tham kho b lut ca nh Thanh v Lut H thi L Thnh Tng) =>cng c thm tnh cht lc hu ca ch chnh tr lm mt bn dn sc dn tc. 1. Kinh t, khoa hc k thut a. i sng kinh t Nng nghip: c t sm v ngy cng pht trin, li cy st thay th dn li cy ng. Cc vua nh Tin L, nh L lun chm lo n sx NN: u ma xun Vua thng c l cy tch in, gim thu khi ma mng tht thu. Nh nc t ra chc H s, Khuyn nng s: chuyn trng coi vic p & sx NN. Thi L s, nh nc ban hnh php qun in, thng nht quy tc chia rung cy lng x, thi L Trn, nhn dn bit sd k thut thm canh trong lm rung, 2-3 v/nm. Nhn dn, qu tc, quan li hp lc khai hoang, m S rung t ngy cng m rng. Bng cch nhn ging la, nhn dn trng c nhiu ging la khc nhau. Cui XVIII ng, cao lng, k, khoai, sn c du nhp. Vic trng cy n qu cng pht trin Th CN: c nhng bc tin ng k, cc ngh th cng truyn thng nh: m t, dt la, lm trang sc, khc in bn g u pht trin. TK XV c

nhng lng th cng chuyn nghip bn. TK XVI, XVII t tm, la l loi hng n khch c ting. Ngh gm tip tc pht trin. n thi L, Trn t ti trnh cng ngh v thm m cao, c cc li bun nc ngoi a chung. TK XVI XVII ngh lm gm pht trin trong c nc, nhiu lng gm ni ting nh Bt Trng, Hng Canh, Hm Rng tnh Qung Nam, Qung Ngi ngh lm ng kh pht trin. Ngh ng thuyn cng xut hin sm v khng ngng pht trin. u XV, H Nguyn Trng cho ng thuyn ti lng kh ln, va ch lng thc va ch c nhiu ngi. Nhn chung, cc ngnh ngh th CN pht trin rng ri hn trc, p ng tt nhu cu nhn dn trong nc, to ra nhng mt hng quan trng trao i vi thng nhn nc ngoi, mt s ngh mi ra i ng gp ng k vo bc tin ca k thut v vn ha. b. Khoa hc k thut Hnh hc v s hc c sd trong o c rung t v tnh ton xy dng. Lng Th Vinh, V Hu nhng nh ton hc ni ting TK XV. Thin vn hc ra i vi ng L v Trn Nguyn n. T thi Trn, Quc s vin c thnh lp c quan vit s ca NN vi cc s gia ni ting: L Vn Hu, Ng S Lin S pht trin ca KT cng vi s nh hng ca vn minh phng Ty to nn bc tin mi v KH KT, nhiu cng trnh nghin cu xut hin, nh bc hc L Qu n, nh s hc Phan Huy Ch li cho i sau nhiu tc phm c gi tr. Sng thn cng, ng h ln v tu thy chy bng hi nc ra i. TK XVII, ch Quc ng theo mu t La tinh ra i to k quan trng trong vic giao lu VH nhng n cui XIX, ch Quc ng vn khng c ph bin. 2. Gio dc, vn hc, ngh thut a. Gio dc giai on u, Nho gio c tn ti nhng cha mnh, s lng nho s c o to cn t => nh hng cn hn ch. 1070 nh L dng Vn Miu, c tng Chu Cng, Khng T, m Quc T Gim. 1075 triu nh m khoa thi u tin tuyn chn nhn ti => v tr Nho gio c nng cao dn trong XH.

Thi Trn, NN chnh quy ha vic hc hnh, thi c, lp quc hc vin cho con em qu tc, quan li vo hc, cc nh Nho cn m cc lp hc lng xm. 1247 nh Trn t danh hiu Tam Khi (trng nguyn, bng nhn, thm hoa) dnh cho ngi u. Nhiu nh Nho xut hin v ngy cng c a v: Mc nh Chi, Trng Hn Siu, Chu Vn An Thi L, GD cng c ch trng v m mang, ch o to Nho s c xy dng chnh quy, c h thng. 1467 L Thnh Tng t ra chc Bc s ng kinh dy cho hs Quc T Gim. =>ch thi c thnh t v tr thnh phng thc o to quan li ch yu. 1427 L Li m khoa thi u tin ly 36 ngi . 1434 nh L bt u quy nh cc th l thi c v bn nh m khoa thi tin s. T 1463 tr i, 3 nm 1 ln ti kinh s thi Hi, ti a phng thi Hng. Triu nh t ra l xng danh, vinh quy v khc tn ngi vo bia dng Vn Miu. T 1646 cha Nguyn cng m khoa thi chn ngi lm quan, c 9 nm t chc thi 1 ln v s ngi mi khoa khng nhiu (5-7 ngi). Thi Ty Sn, QT ban hnh Chiu lp hc, t 1789 QT m k thi Hng u tin Ngh An, t 1822 nh Nguyn m khoa thi Hi u tin. Nn GD tuy c nhiu thng trm nhng cng sn sinh ra cc nh vn, nh th li lc nh Nguyn Tri, L Thnh Tng, Ng Th Nhm, Nguyn Bnh Khim, Nguyn Du b. Vn hc Hu ht th ng thi (t XV v trc) u thm m su sc tnh cm yu nc v tot ln nim t ho dn tc chn chnh: Nam quc sn h (L Thng Kit), Chiu di (L Cng Un), Hch tng s (Trn Hng o), Bnh Ng i co (Nguyn Tri) Vn hc ch Nm tr nn thnh hnh c bit l Quc m thi tp ca Nguyn Tri, Th Quc m ca L Thnh Tng. Sang XVI XVIII Nho gio suy i => ngun cm hng dn tc phai lt i trong t tng ca giai cp thng tr. Vn hc ch Nm ngy cng pht trin vi Nguyn Bnh Khim, o Duy T Vn xui c sng tc nhiu tiu biu l Truyn k mn lc (ND), vn hc dn gian nh truyn, ca dao, tc ng, ht v, truyn c tch, truyn hi u n r, ht tung, cho, o pht trin mnh m. Cng vi vn hc ch Nm, th th song tht lc bt v lc bt cng pht trin.

Xut hin cc ti nng VH vit nh on Th im vi Chinh ph ngm, Nguyn Gia Thiu vi Cung on ngm khc, th H Xun Hng, B Huyn Thanh Quan. Truyn Nm di nh: Phan Trn, Quan m Th Knh, Phm Cng Cc Hoa, Thch Sanhl nhng tc phm gi tr nht ngay c thi i sau ny. XIX c Truyn Kiu ca ND, Lc Vn Tin ca NC. c. Ngh thut Thnh tu ni bt l vic xy dng cc cung in, thnh ly ca nh vua: kinh Hoa L ca TH l 1 cng trnh p v thm m cng nh kin trc. Thnh Thng Long nh L l 1 cng trnh xd thnh ly ln nht trong cc triu i PK, bn cnh cn cc cng trnh kin trc Pht gio. XVI XVII, Nho gio suy i th Pht gio v o gio phc hi => vic xd nh, n, cha pht trin mnh, mang m phong cch dn gian. Sang XVIII, ng ch l qun th kin trc cung in nh vua kinh Hu, trn mt bng gn vung kinh Hu c xd theo b cc 3 lp bao bc: Kinh thnh, Hong thnh, T cm thnh. NT iu khc trn pht trin mt cch c sc th hin tay ngh thun thc ca c dn V: chm hnh sng nc chn thp, b hoa sen nhiu cnh NT tc tng th k XVIII t n trnh iu luyn: tng Pht b Quan m nghn mt nghn tay cha Bt Thp (1656) m nhc: thi L Trn nhc c thng dng l trng ng, trng cm, n bu, so, n tranh chu nh hng nhiu ca Champa hoc mang phong cch c truyn dn gian. Cho pht trin c cung nh v dn gian, vo cc dp l hi cn c ma ri nc c sc. 3. o c, tn gio v tn ngng a. o c Do hon cnh LS v bi cnh XH t X XIX nh hng su sc n o c XH. T X XV, t tng yu nc thng dn c xem l tiu chun o c cao nht trong nh gi con ngi v hot ng XH. Nh L, Trn u trng trc cung in cho dn ai c iu oan c th n thnh. Vua ti ng lng, vic nhn ngha ct yn dn: chun mc to nn s on kt ton dn trong khng chin chng qun xm lc.

Tn trng ngi gi l 1 o c ph bin ni thn xm v c NN cao, ngay thng, lim khit cng l c tnh c XH ca ngi. Tn gio, tn ngng Th cng t tin l mt phong tc lu i ca ngi Vit, bt k l giu ngho, sang hn con chu u phi nh n ngy cng gi ng b, cha m. Cng vi vic xd cc ngi nh, tn ngng th Thnh hong cng xut hin (nhng ngi c cng vi lng vi nc). nhng lng, phng th cng cc v t s ca ngh cng c th phng. Cc lng c khuyn khch xy dng hng c, lp nn quy c thng nht cho c lng, b lut ring ca lng. Pht gio: du nhp rt sm vo nc ta v nhanh chng c tip nhn rng ri v chim v tr quan trng vo thi L, Trn. Pht gio giai on ny cn tc ng n t tng, tm l phong tc v np sng ca ND, nh hng ti kin trc, iu khc, vn th v NT. Nho gio: du nhp vo VN theo con ng thng tr v n dch ca PK phng Bc, v vy n thi u c lp Nho gio ch dng li 1 b phn giai cp thng tr. Thin cha gio: t XVI o Thin cha (Kito gio) bt u du nhp vo nc ta v nhanh chng thu ht c mt s ngi thuc nhiu tng lp khc nhau. Thin chua gio mang theo t tng mi c ngi ND n nhn. Cuc CT xm lc ca thc dn Php gia XIX chm dt thi k pht trin c lp ca vn minh V, m ra nhng trang s mi. Cu 4: c im c bn ca cc cuc k/chin chng Tng Nguyn Minh Thanh? m mu thn tnh i Vit lu di ca chnh quyn phng Bc: Ngay t khi nc V mi ra i th chnh quyn phng Bc c m mu thn tnh V. Tri qua hn 1000 nm b chnh quyn phng Bc h n tn nm 905 h Khc ginh li c quyn t ch. Tuy nhin CQ phng Bc vn khng h t b m mu thn tnh i Vit: xut pht t mt ch ngha bnh trng ca mt nc ln vi 1 quc gia nh b phng Nam khng chu thn phc, mt khc xm lc V cng l 1 bin php gii quyt nhng kh khn ca bn thn CQ phng Bc.

Dn tc ta phi chin u chng ngoi xm gn nh thng xuyn v + Hn 1000 nm Bc thuc, ND ta nhiu ln ng ln u tranh vi cc

chin thng oanh lit. cuc khi ngha tiu biu nh: khi ngha HBT nm 40-43 (M Linh, Vnh Phc), B Triu (248), L B (542-548), Triu Quang Phc (548-571), Mai Thc Loan (722), Phng Hng (766-791) tuy nhin n nm 905 Khc Tha D di s ng h ca ND ng ln lt chnh quyn nh ng, kt thc hn 10 TK b h. + Cha y 20 nm sau, Ng Quyn lnh o ND chng li s xm lc ca qun Nam Hn bng chin thng trn s.Bch ng (938). + 980, L Hon nh bi qun Tng xm lc cng trn s.Bch ng. c bit l thng li ca cc cuc khng chin chng Tng Nguyn Minh Thanh: + Khng chin chng Tng (1075 1077): di s lnh o ca L Thng Kit, qun v dn ta nh bi hn 10 vn qun Tng vi nhng trn chin trn sng Nh Nguyt, sau LTK ch ng ging ha, m li thot cho qun Tng. + 3 ln khng chin chng qun Mng Nguyn: Ln 1 chng qun Mng C (1258): vua Trn cng vi Trn Quc Tun & Trn Th o lnh ND ginh thng li vi trn phn cng quyt lit ng B u (bn s.Hng, HN). Ln 2 chng qun Nguyn (1285): nh Trn 1 mt iu qun cn ch, 1 mt thc hin k vn khng nh trng khin cho qun ch gp k t kh khn. Di s lnh o ca TQT, TQK ch b ta tiu dit cn c Chng Dng, Vn Kip..tng gic l Thot Hoan phi chui ng ng tho chy, cc tng khc u t trn. Ln 3 chng qun Nguyn (1287 1288): cui 1287, 50 vn qun di s lnh o ca Thot Hoan tip tc mc tiu xm lc V. Trn b, Trn Khnh D lm cho Thot Hoan phi khn n, ng thi qun Tng cng i bi trn s.Bch ng, cc tng M Nhi, Phn Tip b bt sng. Nh Trn ch ng c s gi sang m phn, trao tr t binh. + Khng chin chng qun Minh: sau khi dit nh H, qun Minh t ch h ln nc ta. 1418 1423 L Li v Nguyn Tri dng c khi ngha Lam Sn, sau tip tc tin qun vo Ngh An, m rng vng gii phng Tn Bnh Thun

Ha (1424 1425), 1426 1427 ngha qun Lam Sn tng tin cng ra Bc, gii phng t nc vi trn chin cui cng i Chi Lng Xng Giang. + Khng chin chng qun Mn Thanh: 11/1778 29 vn qun Thanh di s ch huy ca Tn S Ngh tin vo nc ta. Qun dn ta di s lnh o ca Nguyn Hu ginh chin thng gin gi vi trn ng a Ngc Hi.Ch trong vng 5 ngy m, 29 vn qun Thanh i bi. Cc cuc chin chng ngoi xm ca dn ta ginh c thng li l do Tri qua hn 1000 nm Bc thuc, ND ta cng thc c tm quan trng ca vic bo v nn c lp dn tc.Vi 1 tinh thn yu nc nng nn, cng vi s on kt ton dn nn khi c xm lc ND ta ng lng ng ln khng chin. S lnh o ti tnh, sng sut ca cc v tng a dn tc ta vt qua Cc v tng ti ca t nc nh: Trn Quc Tun, Trn Quang Khi, L Li, L Thng Kit, Nguyn Hu p dng mt cch c hiu qu cc chin lc u tranh khi m chng ta ang tnh th 1 nc nh chng li 1 nc ln, ch ng tn cng phng ng hoc rt lui d ch sau tin cng, dng mu tr ly yu thng mnh cng nh ch ng kt thc trin tranh trong ha hiu (thi L -Trn). Bn cnh cc, nhn thc c r sc mnh ca vic on kt ton dn ch c on kt ton dn mi pht huy c ht sc mnh ca dn tc. Cu 5: Nhng ci cch thi k PK ca H Qu Ly &QT? CI CCH CA HQL V chnh tr, qun s: T 1375: xa b ch ly ngi trong tn tht lm ch huy QS cao cp, nh li s qun, a lc lng tr vo Q. 1397: i cc tn trn nh Thanh Ha => Thnh , Quc Oai => Qung Oai sx h thng quan li a phng, thng nht vic qun l t TW n a phng. Khu vc quanh thnh Thng Long c gi l ng l do ph h cai qun. Loi b tng lp qu tc Trn khi b my CQTW, thay th bng tng lp nho s tr thc c t tng ci cch, ra sc tuyn chn, bt v t chc thi c. c s xm lng ca chnh quyn phng Bc. truyn thng yu nc, tinh thn dn tc, ch t lp t cng.

V QS: nh li binh ch, chnh n Q, t chc li qun tc v, tang cng k lut Q. Tng s bt ti sc yu b sa thi thay bng ngi khe mnh, am tng v ngh. Q c bin ch thnh cc qun, , v ng u c i tng, tng v ph tng qun. Tin hnh lm s h tch kim k dn s, ghi tn tt c con trai t 2 tui tr ln => nh xd i qun hng mnh. Ngoi cung tn, gio, mc, kch Q nh H cn c 1 b phn pho binh. Ch trng ci tin v kh v trang b: m xng c rn v kh, tuyn th gii v m cc qun xng => ch to c nhng v kh mi, li hi: sng thn c do H Nguyn Trng sng ch (i bc u tin nc ta). M xng ng thuyn inh st i ph vi nh Minh: lc lng thy binh nh H nh rt c hiu qu. Xd h thng phng th quc gia vi nhiu cng trnh k thut QS kh ln nh: Thnh , thnh a Bang V kinh t, ti chnh, x hi. 1396: pht hnh tin gi gi l thng bn hi sao, tt c mi ngi phi mang tin ng np vo kho i ly tin giy, ai lm tin gi phi ti cht => tng ngn qu cho NN, thu ng c li v kh. 1397: ban hnh chnh sch hn in tr i vng v cng cha, tt c mi ngi u k c s hu qu 10 mu, c nhiu rung c php em chuc ti nu k cng phi np NN, rung khng c ngi nhn s c xung cng. 1401: ban hnh chnh sch hn n qu tc quan li theo phm tc m c nui SL gia n theo quy nh ca NN, s d phi sung cng. 1402: ban hnh chnh sch thu kha mi, nh li biu thu inh v thu rung. 1403: thu phc t t Ha Chu n C Ly a nhng ngi c ca m khng rung, bin lm qun ng, li trn gi lu di. 1405: khi nn i xy ra, ra lnh cho quan a phng khm xt nhng nh giu tha thc bt bn cho dn ngho theo thi gi, t Qung t th cha bnh cho ngi dn. V mt hnh chnh, Qu Ly i cc l xa lm trn, t thm cc chc An Ph ph s, Trn th ph s cng cc chc ph khc cc chu huyn. cc l th t nhng chc quan ln nh h, thng, Thi th qun c vic qun s v dn s. Qu Ly cn t chc Lim phng s ti mi l d xt tnh hnh qun dn. V vn ho, gio dc

HQL phn i li hc so rng, nhm mt hc vt li ni ca c nhn xt vic trc mt. Nm Nhm Thn (1392), Qu Ly son sch "Minh o" gm 14 thin a ra nhng kin gii xc ng v Khng t v nhng nghi vn c cn c v sch "Lun ng", mt trong nhng tc phm kinh in ca nho gio. 1936: HQL bt tt c nh s cha n 50t phi hon tc, t chc thi gio l nh Pht. HQL cng c hoi bo xy dng mt nn vn ho dn tc. ng trng dng ch Nm, dch Kinh th ra Nm dy hu phi, cung n. 1936: sa i ch thi c, t k thi Hng a phng v thi Hi kinh thnh. 1937: m trng hc cc chu, l, ph, c cc quan gio th trng coi v cp rung in cho cc a phng t 12-15 mu chi cho vic hc tp. - CI CCH CA QT: V kinh t. Ban "chiu khuyn nng", lnh cho dn phiu tn tr v qu khi phc rung ng b hoang. Nhng x no cha chp k trn trnh u b trng pht. Sau mt thi hn m rung cng cn b hoang th phi npthu gp i, rung t th b sung cng... i vi cng thng nghip: khuyn khch y mnh sx th CN, m rng ngoi thng trn c s phc hi v pht trin nng nghip ch trng pht trin mi ngnh sx nhm xy dng mt nn kinh t phn vinh, c lp, t ch, ban hnh sc lnh "khoan th" sc dn. Nm 1789, QT bi b thu in cho ND t sng Gianh ra Bc, ng vin cc tng lp ND lao ng phn khi sx. thc y sx v lu thng hng ho thun li, QT cho c tin ng mi (QTthng bo v QT i bo). i vi nc ngoi, QT ch trng m rng trao i bun bn, u tranh nuc nh Thanh phi m cabin gii bun bn vi nc ta nh i Bnh Nhi, Thu Khu (CaoBng), Hoa Sn (Lng Sn), Du Thn... i vi thuyn bun ca cc nct bn phng Ty, QT t ra rng ri, mong mun h tng cngquan h ngoi thng vi VN, nh vy, tnh hnh thng nghip(ni thng v ngoi thng) nc ta thi QT c phc hng vpht trin. Ngoi thng: khc hn vi thi Vua L cha Trnh, chaNguyn trc , t tng"thng thng" tin b ca QT th hin nhn quan kinh trng m ph hp vi xu th pht trin ca t nc v thi i.

V chnh tr, quc phng. QT ra sc xy dng mt chnh quyn PK mi tin b vi thcqun l t nc trn mt phm vi rng ln di mt chnh quyn trungng tp trung mnh, QT rt ch trng "Cu hin ti". i vi nhng nho s,tr thc, k c quan li trong chnh quyn c c ti nng, tr tu, cnhit tnh xy dng t nc, QT u c gng thuyt phc v sdng h vo b my nh nc mi, t h nhng chc v cao tng xngvi ti nng ca h. Ng Thi Nhm, Phan Huy ch, Nguyn Thip, v.v.,l nhng hc gi tiu biu trong s nho s ny. QT ban hnhchnh sch "khuyn hc", m rng ch hc tp, thi c. Trng hcc m rng n cc lng x, cho php cc a phng s dng mt sn cha khng cn thit lm trng hc.B li hc tchng khun so, ci tin dn theo hng thit thc, bt cc nho sinh,sinh cc triu i trc phi thi li. Ch trng pht tringio dc, thi c o to nhn ti cho t nc trong cng cuc phchng ca chnh quyn mi c QT ni r: "Dng nc ly hclm u, ly nhn ti lm gc. T 1789, QT cho m khoathi Hng u tin Ngh An, chn ly nhng ngi t ti hng ucho vo dy trng quc hc, hng th cho vo dy trng ph hc, ch trng tng bc a khoa c thnh mt phng thc oto quan chc cho nh nc PK mi. QT ch trng xy dng mt i qun hng mnh, cng c qucphng. Q chia lm 5 doanh: trung, tin, hu, t, hu. Ngoi racn c thm mt s qun hiu khc nh t bt, hu bt, kiu thanh,thin cn. Q c bin ch theo o, c, i. NN quy nhc 3 sut inh tuyn mt lnh. Nm 1790, lm s h tch cn c vo tuyn binh. Q c cc binh chng: bbinh, thu binh, tng binh, pho binh. V kh c nhiu loi, c loic ci tin nh ha h (mt loi ng phun la), c sng trng, ibc, gio mc, cung, tn. Chin thuyn cng nhiu loi, loi ln chc c voi, trang b t 50 n 60 khu i bc, ch c t 500 n700 lnh. V vn ho gio dc. QT lp Sng Chnh Vin chuyn dch sch ch Hn ra ch Nm lmti liu hc tp v gip vua v mt vn ho =>a ch Nm ln thnh quc ng chnh thc thay cho ch Hn.Bncnh Nho gio, QT vn chp nhn Pht gio v Thin Cha gio.Ch Nm c a vo khoa c, trong cc k thi quan trng phi ra thi bng

ch Nm, ngi thi n k tam trng phi lm th, ph bngvn Nm => ch Nm tr thnh vn t chnh thc ca quc gia di triuQT. 29 - 7 nm Nhm T (1792), QT - Nguyn Hu - ngi anh hngca dn tc, t ngt qua i gia lc nhng ci cch mi c bt uthc hin. Triu i Quang Ton tip sau bt lc, khng cn tip tcthc hin c nhng ci cch ca QT v b Nguyn nh lt vo u nm 1802. Cu 6: Vic mt nc VN vo cui TK XIX v trch nhim ca triu Nguyn trong vic bo v nn c lp thng nht ca dn tc? V khch quan, chng ta cn phi t triu Nguyn trong bi cnh chung ca LS th gii thy c nguyn nhn khch quan dn ti vic nm 1858 Php n sng bn o Sn Tr pht ng chin tranh xm lc VN. cng l nguyn nhn khch quan p t t bn ngoi ngoi mun ch quan ca chnh quyn cc nc (trong c VN). - Na u XIX, hu ht cc nc t bn trn th gii pht trin mnh m, nhu cu tm kim th trng c ra yu cu bc thit, cuc chy ua ro rit gia cc nc t bn (trong c Php) sn tm cc thuc a din ra gy go v quyt lit. Chu , trong c khu vc NA, VN khng th khng nm trong qu o ny tr thnh i tng sn lng, nhm ng, l ci bnh ngt hp dn cho bn t bn phng Ty. - Vi nhng l do c bn l ni c ngun ti nguyn thin nhin phong ph, t rng ngi ng. T bn Php t sm c nhiu hot ng giao lu vi VN mang tnh lin tc v ngm ngm vi mt i qun gio s, thng nhn gin ip rnh rp ch c hi, VN ng nhin phi i u vi nguy c xm lc. V cui cng khng trnh khi s tn cng ca thc dn Php vi nhng u th tuyt i ca n.Trong bi cnh ny, hu ht cc nc trong khu vc u b t bn phng Ty thn tnh (tr Xim). V ch quan, i vi VN, ngoi nguyn nhn khch quan trn, cn phi cp n mt nguyn nhn ch quan trong bi cnh chung ca khu vc m cc nc khc khng c. - Trc , do b Ty Sn nh bi, Nguyn nh i cu vin nc Php. Ngy 28/11/1787, ti Paris, i din ca Nguyn nh v chnh ph Php k Hip c 10 im, theo Php cam kt gip binh thuyn, Q v chin c theo yu cu ca cha Nguyn. Cn Nguyn nh cam kt s nhng ch quyn ca Hn (

Nng) v o Cn Ln cho Php. Nc Php c lp xng trn t lin sa cha tu thuyn Mc d Hip c khng c thc hin song chnh l ci c Php xm lc nc ta vo gia th k XIX, mt nguyn nhn tuy ch quan nhng hon ton nm ngoi mun ca Nguyn nh khi tranh th s tr gip qun s ca Php. Nguyn nhn khch quan v ch quan nh cp trn l r rng. Nhng cha phi l yu t quyt nh vic nc ta b thc dn Php xm lc v thn tnh. - Vic mt nc vo tay Php l do trch nhim ch quan ca triu nh nh Nguyn. iu ny khng ring g v cc vua nh Nguyn m c s lin i n cc h thng quan chc quan liu, bo th x s v hnh ng theo t tng Tng Nho c h v hp hi. C kin cho rng vic nc ta ri vo tay thc dn Php l do trnh dn tr ca ta thp km so vi thc dn Php, vn minh nng nghip ng lc hu so vi vn minh CN phng Ty. Khng nh nh vy, khng phn nh ng trch nhim ch quan ca nh Nguyn trong vic bo v t nc, iu chng khc no l nh mnh, bt kh khng.nh gi nh vy, chng khc no vic mt nc l tt yu, yu thua mnh, ngi vn minh chin thng ngi lc hu. lm r trch nhim ch quan ca nh Nguyn trong vic mt nc vo cui th k XIX, phi thy c vic mt nc l mt qu trnh t khng tt yu cui cng chuyn sang tt yu. iu ny c ngha l, ngay t khi bt u xm, lc VN (1858), kh nng nh bi Php di s lnh o ca triu nh khng phi l khng c, m do chnh sch sai lm ca triu nh lm cho cc kh nng khng v chin thng ca qun ta ngy cng hao mn, khin ch ngy cng ln lt, tng bc thn tnh nc ta. Dn chng cho iu ny l trong thi k u khi Php xm lc nc ta cng vp ng trc s khng c quyt lit ca qun dn ta di ngn c ca triu nh, c lc chng tnh chuyn rt qun v nc trong lc gp nguy nan. Th nhng cng v sau, qu trnh chin u b gim st, suy yu dn bc l s bt lc v yu hn ca triu nh.Nh Nguyn 1 mt khng t chc ton dn chng gic, m cn qu nhu nhc, thng tay n p phong tro qun chng, bc lt ND ngoi ra li da vo nh Thanh chng Php. Song nh Nguyn tha hip vi thc dn Php trn s phn ca i Nam, i t nhng b ny n nhng b khc (Ha c nm Nhm Tut 1862, Ha c Gip Tut nm 1874 v cui cng l Ha c Patnt

nm 1884). Vi Ha c 1884, i Nam hon ton mt c lp, b xa tn trn bn th gii, tr thnh thuc a ca Php, b Php h.Nhn nh tnh hnh nc ta khi Php pht ng chin tranh xm lc, c th khng nh ch PK VN ang ngy cng suy yu, lc lng vt cht v tinh thn ca ND ang b triu Nguyn hy hoi, ch c th cu vn nguy c mt nc nu nh cm quyn sm bit m ng cho x hi tin ln theo hng mi, tng cng nng lc vt cht v tinh thn trong ND c kh nng bo v t nc. Mun vy, ch c th thc hin c bng cch iu chnh cc mi xung t gia a ch vi nng dn, gia giai cp PK ngoan c vi thnh phn t sn chm n, chn chnh Q, thu phc v c kt nhn tm, mt yu cu m nh Nguyn vi tt c nhng tn ti v hn ch ca n hon ton khng c kh nng p ng. Trch nhim ca triu Nguyn trong vic mt nc ta vo tay thc dn Php vo cui th k XIX l hin nhin, khng th chi ci. Thc t vic nc ta ri vo tay thc dn Php vo cui th k XIX, C Th Tng Phm Vn ng nhn nh: Hi tng cuc chin u anh dng v song ca dn tc ta Nam B lc by gigi nh triu nh lc by gi khng trong tay bn vua cha nh Nguyn phn bi v u hng, m trong tay nhng ngi k tc s nghip ca cuc khi ngha Ty Snth phong tro khng Php lc by gi Nam B chc cn mnh m hn nhiu, nht l c lnh o thng nht v kin tr u tranh cho n thng li, ng thi phong tro y chc c s ng h kin quyt ca c nc, nh vy t ng Nai anh dng t tr nn bc thnh ng ngn chn bn cp nc phng Ty xm phm t nc ta Nam B, v do bo v vn ton c lp v thng nht ca T quc Cng ni v sai lm ca triu Nguyn, c kin cho rng sai lm ca T c v mt s nh thn l khng th tha th, LS c th thng cm vi An Dng Vng v n thn v trao tay gic khin t nc ri vo ch thng tr ca PK phng Bc hn 1000 nm, H Qu Ly cp ngi nh Trn lm cho chnh s phin h dn n i ha nc ta ri vo ch thng tr ca nh Minh sut 20 nm.An Dng Vng v cha con H Qu Ly chin u ti pht cui cng v nn c lp dn tc. Kt cc ngi th nhanh chng nhn ra sai lm ca chnh mnh khng th sng nhn t nc b k th dy xo, ngi th tr thnh chin t lu y ni vin x. Ring i vi nh Nguyn th khng phi trong trng hp ny, n tng bc u hng ri lm tay sai cho k th thng tr ND ta.

Giai on triu Nguyn vi nhiu vn an xen gia nhng tin b v hn ch, chm ch nhng mng en trng khng r rng, l giai on phc tp trong LS dn tc. Chng ta cn c quan im khch quan, cng minh LS trong vic nh gi mt tch cc, cng nh mt tiu cc v triu Nguyn. Trong nh gi phi c quan im LS v quan im giai cp.Tuy nhin, c th khng nh rng, VN t nhng nm u th k XIX b t vo tnh rng khng hong vai tr lnh o, triu Nguyn bng nhng chnh sch phn ng t th tiu vai tr lnh o ca mnh, i lp su sc vi ND c nc, ngy cng ln su vo con ng nhng b, cu ha v cui cng cu kt vi k th dn tc trong vic n p, bc lt ND c nc. l trch nhim, cng l ti ln ca nh Nguyn trc dn tc, trc LS. Cu 7: Cuc khng hong v ng li pht trin ca dn tc, gii quyt thng li khng hong u XX. Bi cnh XH cui XIX u XX: Vi vic k Hip c Patenotre ngy 6-6-1884, ch PK VN vi ngha l 1 vng triu c lp chnh thc sp , i vi thc dn Php, n chm dt cuc xm lc gn 30 nm. Trong triu phe ch chin ca vua Hm Nghi gp nhiu kh khn nhng vn khng nn ch.Vua HN phi ri kinh thnh v c s Tn S (QT) m Tn Tht Thuyt chun b sn. Phong tro Cn Vng cui TK XIX do vua HN pht ng tri qua 2 giai on: 1885 1888, 1885 1896 l phong tro dn tc, phong tro yu nc chng ch ngha thc dn xm lc kt hp vi chng triu nh PK u hng din ra si ni, rng khp. Phong tro tuy tht bi nhng t thm thm truyn thng anh hng, bt khut ca dn tc => ging cao ngn c u tranh chng Php. n cui th k XIX trong khi cc nc t bn phng Ty chuyn sang giai on quc ch ngha th cc nc phng ng chm tin t tng dn ch t sn mi bt u pht trin v tc ng mnh n cc nc thuc a v na thuc a. iu ny c th hin r rt cuc duy tn Nht Bn (1868), TQ (1898) vi nh cao l cuc CM Tn Hi (1911). Tro lu t tng dn ch t sn qua cc tn th, tn vn TQ di vo VN. Cc hc thuyt v nhn o dn quyn ca cc nh pht ngn ca giai cp t sn php lc ch ngha t bn Php ang ln thng qua sch bo Php cng c truyn b vo VN.Gng t cng ca Nht Bn, c bit l chin thng

ca Nht i vi Nga trong cuc chin tranh Nga- Nht (1904- 1905) nh hng n phong tro CM v tnh hnh t tng VN u th k XX. Khng hong ng li cu nc u XX: Trong khi cc tro lu t tng dn ch t sn trn vo VN th nc ta thc dn Php ang tin hnh t khai thc thuc a ln th nht, to ra c s vt cht cho s tip thu t tng mi ng thi lm cho mu thun gia dn tc VN vi quc Php vn su sc li cng su sc thm. Trc s tht bi ca phong tro Cn vng, CM nc ta ri vo tnh trng khng hong v ng li cu nc, cc s phu yu nc mong mun tm kim mt con ng cu nc mi v h nhanh chng tip thu t tng dn ch t sn c truyn b vo VN. => Tt c cc yu t trn y lm ny sinh tro lu dn tc ch ngha, mang ni dung t tng mi. Quan nim i quc trung qun theo thc h PK c thay th bng ch ngha quc gia dn tc, gn lin khi nim nc vi dn. Cuc u tranh chng quc gn lin vi cuc u tranh i dn ch, dn quyn, pht trin t nc theo con ng t bn ch ngha, xy dng mt nc VN mi theo hnh nh cc nc vn minh trn th gii. Trong khi thng nht vi nhau v mc tiu, nhng ngi ch xng li c s phn ho v bin php cu nc vi hai xu hng chnh: ci cch n ho vi i din tiu biu l Phan Chu Trinh v PBC vi xu hng CM bo ng. Hai xu hng ny song song tn ti v khng i lp vi nhau mt cch tuyt i, chng an xen, ho ln vo nhau, to iu kin cho nhau pht trin.Trong hon cnh lch s VN u th k XX, th xu hng bo ng l duy nht ng v xu hng ci cch cng c nhng tc dng nht nh. + Phan Bi Chu ch trng mun chng php thng li khng th i theo con ng c, phi xy dng phong tro ton quc, phi tm kim cch thc hot ng mi. ng ch trng vn ng ng o qun chng trong c nc, tranh th s vin tr ca nc ngoi, t chc bo ng nh thc dn Php, ginh c lp dn tc, xy dng nn mt ch ch chnh tr da vo dn (lc u ng ch trng nn qun ch lp hin, sau chuyn sang t tng cng ho) vi vic thnh lp Duy Tn hi, pht ng phong tro ng du, t chc VN Quang phc hi. Trong ch trng ca mnh, PBC cng cha t ra mc tiu lt ch PK nhng ng kch bn quan li PK thi nt. ng h ho ci cch dn ch, gp phn truyn b, m trng dy hc, pht trin cng thng...

Mt hn ch ca PBC l m h v chnh tr, mun da vo quc ny, nh quc kia gii phng dn tc. Mt khc PBC cng cha thy c ng lc ch yu ca CM VN l cng, nng.C th ni trc khi xut hin NAQ trn v i chnh tr VN, th PBC l lnh t tiu biu nht ca CM VN.Mc d ch trng c hn ch nhng ng c t tng dn ch sm nht VN ng thi c cng khi dy dn quyn ca VN. + Phan Chu Trinh gng cao ngn c dn ch, ci cch x hi, ch trng cu nc bng phng php nng cao dn tr, dn quyn da vo php nh vua quan PK h bi, coi nh l mt iu kin tin quyt ginh c lp. ng ln n kch lit ch vua quan, phn i u tranh v tranh v cu vin nc ngoi. Chu nh hng t tng dn ch ca Phan Chu Trinh nhiu phong tro ci cch x hi lc ni ln Bc k, Trung k nh vic thnh lp ng kinh ngha thc, phong tro Duy tn vi h qu trc tip ca n l phong tro chng su thu nm 1908 Trung k. T tng ca PCT th hin mt tinh thn dn tc yu nc su sc nhng ch trng ci cch, da vo thc dn Php cu nc ca ng c phn khng hp thi th. =>Nh vy, n u th k XX, ch ngha yu nc chuyn thnh ch ngha dn tc gn lin vi t tng dn ch. PBC v PCT u l th lnh xut sc cng ng trong phong tro dn tc dn ch ny. iu khc nhau l trong khi PBC nhn mnh vn gii phng dn tc, cho l iu kin tin hnh cc cuc ci cch dn ch, th phan Chu Trinh li nhn mnh vn ci cch dn ch, cho l iu kin gii phng dn tc. Tuy c s khc nhau nh vy gia PBC v Phan Chu Trinh nhng ND VN vi lng yu nc thit tha khng phn bit bo ng hay ci cch u hng ng ch trng ca hai ng, to nn mt phong tro dn tc dn ch mnh m u th k XX, nh du mt bc chuyn bin mi ca phong tro gii phng dn tc nc ta. Nhng cui cng tht bi, phong tro gii phng dn tc ri vo cuc khng hong v ng li cu nc. Gii quyt khng hong: Giai cp cng nhn VN ra i trong ln khai thc thuc a ln th nht ca Php, sau Chin tranh th gii th nht, ngy cng tng v s lng. Di nh hng ca tro lu CM v sn, phong tro cng nhn ngy cng pht trin thep phng hng t t pht n t gic.

1919-1925: n ra 25 cuc u tranh, phong tro cng nhn c bc pht trin mi so vi trc Chin tranh th gii th nht: hnh thc bi cng tr nn ph bin hn, qui m ln hn v thi gian di hn. Tuy nhin khu hiu u tranh ch yu vn l kinh t.Giai cp cng nhn VN cha thc c s mnh lch s ca mnh, cn thiu mt t chc lnh o thng nht v mt ng li chnh tr ng n. Phong tro vn cn dng trnh t pht v cn ph thuc vo phong tro yu nc ni chung. 1926 1929: Giai cp cng nhn VN ngy cng gic ng v chnh tr, thc giai cp ngy cng r rt, ang i dn vo cuc u tranh c t chc. Phong tro cng nhn ang chuyn bin mnh m t t pht n t gic, c sc quy t v dn u phong tro yu nc ni chung. Hot ng ca NAQ: 1911, NAQ ra i tm ng cu nc. 7-1920 NAQ c S tho lun cng v vn dn tc v thuc a ca Lenin, l mc nh du con ng CM VN i theo CM thng Mi, theo CNXH. 11/1924, Nguyn i Quc t Lin X v Qung Chu (TQ), lin lc vi nhng ngi Nguyn i Quc la chn mt s thanh nin trong Tm tm x t chc thnh nhm Cng sn on (2/1925) lm nng ct thnh lp Hi VN CM thanh nin (6-1925) nhm chun b iu kin tin ti thnh lp ng Cng sn; xut bn bo Thanh nin tuyn truyn t tng CM cho qun chng.VN yu nc, n 1929 ch ngha Mac-Lenin c truyn b vo VN. Hot ng ca Hi: + Tuyn truyn l lun CM gii phng dn tc theo khuynh hng v sn trong ND VN, thng qua bo Thanh nin v tc phm ng kch mnh nm1927 - tp hp cc bi ging ca NAQ, l c s, tin cho ng li ca ng sau ny, gp phn quan trng vo vic chun b iu kin v t tng chnh tr cho s thnh lp ng Cng sn. + u tranh trong ni b thnh lp CS: Trc s pht trin ca phong tro cng nhn v phong tro yu nc, i hi phi c s lnh o ca mt CS. Trong ni b Hi VN CMTN din ra cuc u tranh, dn n s phn ha tch cc, hnh thnh nn hai t chc cng sn: ng Dng cng sn ng (6-1929) v An Nam cng sn ng (8-1929), ra Cng lnh chnh tr u tin ca ng, Chnh cng vn tt, Sch lc vn tt, iu l tm tt. Vai tr:

+ Vic truyn b l lun CM gii phng dn tc v VN tng bc gii quyt tnh trng khng hong v ng li cu nc u th k XX; + Lm cho giai cp cng nhn ngy cng gic ng, phong tro cng nhn ngy cng pht trin theo hng vn ln mt phong tro t gic; lm cho khuynh hng v sn ngy cng chim u th trong phong tro dn tc VN. + Gp phn chun b v t tng chnh tr v t chc, to iu kin chn mui cho s ra i ng Cng sn VN. ngha vic thnh lp CS VN: + Bc ngot v i trong lch s VN. T y, CM gii phng dn tc ca ND VN c t di s lnh o duy nht ca ng Cng sn VN, mt ng c ng li CM khoa hc v sng to, c t chc cht ch, c i ng cn b ng vin kin trung nguyn sut i hy sinh cho l tng ng, v c lp dn tc v t do cho ND. + Cng vi cng lnh chnh tr ng n chm dt tnh trng khng hong v lnh o CM ko di my chc nm u th k XX. T y CM VN bc ln mt con ng mi, con ng u tranh ginh c lp dn tc v hng ti CNXH. + CM VN thc s tr thnh mt b phn khng kht ca CM th gii. T y ND VN tham gia vo s nghip CM th gii mt cch c t chc. + ng ra i l s chun b tt yu u tin c ngha quyt nh cho nhng bc pht trin tip theo ca lch s dn tc VN. l nhn t hng u m bo mi thng li ca CM VN. Cu 8: c im ca CMT8? Mt trong nhng thng li c ngha lch s v thi i ca dn tc ta trong XX l thng li ca CM Thng Tm nm 1945 v vic thnh lp Nh nc VN dn ch cng ha. CMT8 xa b ch thuc a na phong kin nc ta, m ra k nguyn mi ca lch s dn tc: k nguyn c lp dn tc gn lin vi CNXH. CMT8 l s vng dy ca c mt dn tc di s lnh o ca ng Cng sn. L kt qu ca phong tro CM lin tc din ra sut 15 nm k t ngy thnh lp ng, vi cao tro nhng nm 1930 1931 v X vit Ngh - Tnh, cuc vn ng dn ch 1936 1939 n phong tro gii phng dn tc 1939-1945. Nguyn nhn thng li v ngha ca cuc CMT8: Khng nh sc mnh to ln ca ND, khng c ND lm lc lng khi ngha ch yu, CM khng th thnh cng. C s chun b chu o, c bit v ng li, ngh thut, t chc, tt c u

chnh xc. CM n ra ng lc, chp thi c mau l, nm bt tnh hnh quc t nhanh nhy c s i ph kp thi. Tnh cht, ngha ca CMT8 l mt cuc CM gii phng dn tc. Quy lut ca CM Thng Tm l t nng thn v thnh th, ly nng thn lm cn c a, thnh th ng vai tr quan trng. Ch tch HCM ch r : CMT8 lt nn qun ch my mi th k, nh tan xing xch thc dn gn 100 nm, a chnh quyn li cho ND, xy nn tng nc VN dn ch cng ha, c lp, t do, hnh phc. Thnh qu ln nht ca CM Thng Tm nm 1945 l xy dng Nh nc CM kiu mi VN. c trng ni bt ca Nh nc CM kiu mi l Nh nc dn ch, Nh nc ca ND, do ND v v ND. Ngay sau khi ginh c chnh quyn, ng ta v Ch tch HCM cng ton dn xy dng v cng c chnh quyn ND. Cho nn Chnh ph ND bao gi cng phi t quyn li dn ln trn ht thy.Vic g c li cho dn th lm. Vic g c hi cho dn th phi trnh. Cu 9: Nhng giai on pht trin ca 30 nm khng chin cu nc? Kc chng Php 1945 1947: xy dng v bo v nh nc dn ch ND. (i ph vi Tng v Php, k hip nh S b (6-3-1946) v Tm c (14-9-1946) => chuyn sang giai on cm c, chun b cho cuc khng chin lu di.) 1947 1950: phng th, mc l chin dch Bin gii, chuyn sang th tn cng + Xy dng nn qun ch trong nhng nm u khng chin chng Php: xy dng v cng c ng, b my CQ; m rng quan h i ngoi thn thin vi nhiu quc gia; xy dng v pht trin lc lng v trang. + Chin u thng li trn mt trn qun s: chin u bo v vng t do v chin thng Vit Bc nm 1947 => a cuc khng chin chng Php ca ND ta sang giai on mi. + Pht trin chin tranh ND tin ln ginh ch ng chin lc (1948 1950): chin dch Bin gii nh du bc trng thnh ca Q NDVN, c quy m ln u tin ca lc lng v trang CM => nm quyn ch ng chin lc tin cng ch, ch ri vo con ng k li thot. 1950 - 1954: ch ng tn cng ch. + Nh nc VN DCCH pht trin trn mi mt (KT, VH, GD, Y t, quan h quc t vi TQ v LX)

+ Tin trin trn mt trn QS: lc lng b i ch lc, lc lng ch lc ca cc lin khu pht trin; nhiu chin dch trung du v ng bng n ra, to k cn bng cho cuc u tranh ngoi giao thng li. + Trn mt trn ngoi giao: sau thng li BP, Hip nh Genve c k kt ngy 21-7-1954 => ND VN i c chng ng trong s nghip gii phng t quc. Kc chng M 1954- 1060: xy dng min Bc v u tranh chng M - Dim min Nam. + 1954 1960: tip qun v xy dng CNXH min Bc pht trin KT, VH, GD, Y t, y mnh xy dng h thng chnh tr v lc lng v trang. + u tranh thc thi hip nh Genve min Nam: phong tro ng khi nm 1960 thng li, m ra bc ngot pht trin mi trong s nghip chng M cu nc, chuyn CM min Nam t th gi gn lc lng sang th tin cng k th, thc hin mc tiu ca CM l p tan ch M - ngy, gii phng min Nam thng nht T quc => thnh lp Mt trn DT gii phng min Nam VN ngy 20-12-1960, lc lng v trang trng thnh nhanh chng, m ra thi k khng hong trin min ca ch SG. 1961 1965: xy dng CNXH min Bc, nh bi chin lc CT c bit ca M min Nam. + Xy dng ng li CNXH min Bc vi ch trng CN ha XHCN, thc hin k hoch 5 nm ln I: 1960-1964. + u tranh chng M min Nam: 1965- 1968: tip tc xy dng v chin u bo v min Bc XHCN, nh biCT cc b min Nam. + Chuyn hng xy dng KT min Bc l hu phng ln ca tin tuyn ln; pht trin VH XH; nh bi CT ph hoi ca ch, chi vin cho min Nam. + nh bi CT cc b min Nam: to ra cc din mi trn chin trng min Nam, a s nghip khng chin chng M cu nc ca ND ta sang thi k mi. 1968 1972: khi phc KT, xd v bo v min Bc, phi hp vi ND Lo v Campuchia chng M, vn ln ginh thng li quyt nh.

+ Khi phc KT, khc phc hu qu CT, tng cng sc mnh min Bc XHCN, lm trn ngha v hu phng ln v ngha v quc t. V u tranh ngoi giao: buc M phi ngi m phn Paris t T5-1968. + T12 1972: Vi chin thng BP trn khng, ta thc hin thng li mc tiu nh cho M ct, to ra bc ngot cn bn v tin cho cuc CM dn tc, dn ch ND min Nam ginh thng li- nh cho ngy nho, hon thnh s nghip u tranh gii phng dn tc, thng nht t nc. + M thc hin VN ha CT, qun i VN kt hp vi lc lng yu nc Lo v Campuchia tin ln ginh thng li quyt nh, trc tip m ra th tin cng mi cho CM VN, dn ch vo th b ng, ri lon, ri vo th phng ng. + Tng tin cng nm 1972: thng li trn mt trn min Nam cng vi chin thng cuc CT ph hoi min Bc ln 2 buc ch phi k Hip nh Paris: cam kt chm dt dnh lu qun s VN v ng Dng; cng nhn c lp ch quyn ca VN;. 1973- 1975: Min Nam u tranh chng ch bnh nh ln chim to th v lc tin ti gii phng hon ton min Nam. + M dung tng v cng vi chnh quyn Si Gn ph hoi Hip nh Paris, tin hnh chin dch trn ngp lnh th, m nhng cuc hnh qun bnh nh ln chim vng gii phng. + Cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy Xun nm 1975: Chin dch Ty Nguyn ( 4/3 - 24/3/1975 ) Chin dch HCM (26/4 - 30/4/1975 ) Kt thc thng li 21 nm chin u chng M, cu nc v 30 nm chin tranh gii phng dn tc, bo v T quc t sau CM thng Tm nm 1945, chm dt ch thng tr ca ch ngha quc, hon thnh cuc CM dn ch ND trong c nc, thng nht T quc. M ra k nguyn mi ca lch s dn tc k nguyn t nc c lp, thng nht, i ln CNXH. Cu 10: Nhng thng li c bn ca VN 30 nm khng chin cu nc? Chin thng in Bin Ph (1954): + Trn nh ln nht trong Chin tranh ng Dng ln th nht din ra ti Mng Thanh gia qun i ND VN v Thc dn Php.

+ Chin cng ln nht ca ton ng, ton qun dn ta trong khng chin chng thc dn Php, gp phn p tan m mu xm lc ca thc dn Php. + Trn phng din quc t: ln u tin qun i ca mt nc thuc a chu nh thng mt cng quc chu u. y c xem mt n ging mnh vi th gii phng Ty, nh bi nh xm lc ca Php, buc nc ny phi chp nhn m phn v rt khi ng Dng, cc thuc a Chu Phi c c v cng ng lot ni dy. + nh du tht bi hon ton ca nc Php trong n lc ti gy dng thuc a ng Dng ni ring v quc thc dn ni chung sau CTTG II, chm dt thi i hn 400 nm ca ch ngha thc dn c trn th gii. Chin thng in Bin Ph l kt tinh ca nhiu yu t, quan trng nht l c s lnh o sng sut ca ng v Ch tch HCM. Vi ch ngha yu nc, tinh thn CM, sc mnh i on kt dn tc, ch quyt chin, quyt thng ca qun dn VN. L chin thng ca tnh on kt chin u bn cht qun dn 3 nc ng Dng, s on kt, gip v ng h ca bn b quc t. buc Php phi ngi vo bn m phn v k Hip nh Genev, rt qun khi VN, min Bc VN c hon ton gii phng. Chin thng Mu Thn 1968 + Cuc Tng tin cng v ni dy din ra trong bi cnh qun M v cc nc ng minh tham chin vi mt lc lng qun s ln cng vi trang b v kh hin i, phng th vng chc. Bng cuc tin cng to bo, bt ng, ta nh thng vo cc v tr quan trng nht ca ch nh: i s qun M, Dinh Thng Nht, B Tng Tham mu, Nha cnh st Lm ch thnh ph Hu v cc vng nng thn rng ln, tiu dit nhiu sinh lc ch, ph hu mt khi lng ln v kh v phng tin chin tranh ca ch. + Cuc Tng tin cng din ra nhiu t, khng ch tin cng tun t t ngoi vo m cn kt hp t trong ra, khin ch bt ng cng bt ng hn. + L kt qu v nh cao ca qun dn ta nh bi chin lc chin tranh cc b, p tan ch xm lc min Nam ca M, buc M phi m phn vi ta bn hi ngh, chm dt nm bom min Bc v iu kin v thay i chin lc min Nam, chp nhn thng lng c th kt thc chin tranh trong danh d.

+ To cc din mi trn chin trng min Nam, a s nghip khng chin chng M cu nc ca ND ta sang thi k lch s mi. Thnh cng cng nhng bi hc kinh nghim gp phn thc y cuc chin u gii phng min Nam tin ln. Chin thng in Bin Ph trn khng (1972) + Mt trong nhng chin thng v i th k XX, vit tip nhng trang s chi li trong lch s chng ngoi xm ca dn tc ta. + Chin thng ca ch mi: x hi ch ngha, nh bi sc mnh qun s hng hu ca ch ngha quc ng u l M. + C ngha quan trng i vi phong tro u tranh v ho bnh, c lp dn tc; m ng cho s sp ca ch ngha thc dn mi VN; gp phn lm tng sc mnh v th tin cng ca phong tro CM th gii vo ch ngha quc. + Chng minh sc sng ca hc thuyt Mc L-nin v gi tr t tng ca ch tch HCM. l s kt hp hi ha gia CM v khoa hc, gia ch kin nh, bn lnh vng vng vi nng lc lnh o ti gii ca cn b cc cp, gia kh phch anh hng v ti tr tuyt vi ca ngi chin s trn mt trn. + Chng ta ginh thng li to ln, ton din, buc M phi chp nhn mi iu khon ca Hip nh Paris (1973), gp phn to ra th v lc mi cho s nghip gii phng min Nam, thng nht t nc ca nhn dn ta. Hip nh Paris: c k kt l thng li tng hp ca cuc u tranh trn cc mt trn qun s, chnh tr v ngoi giao. N c ngha to ln i vi cuc u tranh chng quc M v tin trnh pht trin ca lch s dn tc. ngha ca Hip nh c th hin: 1. Buc M v cc nc phi cng nhn ch quyn, thng nht ton vn lnh th ca nc VN. 2. Ct mc nh du thng li to ln, oanh lit trong lch s chng ngoi xm ca dn tc. 3. Khng nh ng li chin lc ng n ca CS VN ng u l Ch tch HCM. Thng li ca ng ta trong vic nm vng v vn dng sng to ch ngha Mc-Lnin vo thc tin CM VN, nhn nh, nh gi ng bi cnh quc t cng nh hon cnh c th v sc mnh ni ti ca t nc ta => l thng li ca ng li ngoi giao CM VN.

4. Khng nh s trng thnh vt bc v nhng ng gp to ln ca ngnh ngoi giao VN thu ht sc mnh tinh thn, vt cht ca cc lc lng CM th gii ng h, gip VN. 5. L thng li ca cc nc x hi ch ngha, cc lc lng ha bnh, c lp dn tc, dn ch v tin b x hi. Hip nh Paris c k kt l kt qu ca s gip , ca cc nc anh em. Thng li l thng li ca tinh thn on kt, chin u ca ba dn tc anh em: VN, Lo, Camphuchia. i thng ma xun 1975 + Kt thc v vang 30 nm u tranh kin cng chng ch ngha thc dn c v mi, kt thc hn 100 nm h ca quc, thc dn, m ra thi k mi cho LS VN. + Lm tng thm sc mnh ca h thng XHCN; thc y phong tro gii phng dn tc trn ton TG. + Thng li ca VN trong khng chin chng M khng ch l mt tc nhn ca nhng thay i rt quan trng trong chin lc ca cc nc ln m cn lm chuyn i cc din chnh tr khu vc ng Nam . + Trc ht l thng li ca ng li chnh tr, ng li qun s c lp, dn ch, ng n v sng to ca ng; tin hnh ng thi CM dn tc dn ch ND min Nam v CM x hi ch ngha min Bc. Hai nhim v c kt hp cht ch vi nhau=>mc tiu chung l hon thnh CM dn tc dn ch ND trong c nc, thc hin thng nht nc nh, to iu kin a c nc tin ln CNXH