"

.MostlyTek Ltd. ,
"
/Dr. Moshe Ran 3

3] :[
, , .
, , ),
( , , , .
, ,
. , , .
.

6] :[
) , (frequency-reuse ,
) , (handoff ACI ,CCI , , Erlang
, GOS , . .

9] Large Scale -[
, 3 ,
: ) ,(reflection ) ,(diffraction ) , (scattering
) , (LOS ) ,(NLOS
) (outdoor cost231,Okumura, Hata
Walfish and Bertoni ,
, ) ,(Indoor
Ray Tracing models ,

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3


4 9) Small Scale -(
, ) ,(multipath
: ,delay spread
Doppler spread - ,
Saleh and Valenzuela ) ,(Indoor ,SUI ITU-B

3) :(
) ,(,
: ) ,(AM ,DSB SSB
- : ) ,(PM ).(FM
: ,PAM ,PDM ,PPM
,PFM ,PCM )( Delta Modulation

,BPSK, DPSK, QPSK, O-QPSK :

.FSK, MSK, GMSK : :
.M-PSK, M-QAM, M-FSK - ) .(OFDM
Spread-Spectrum

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3


7 ] 6[
) ,(Multiple Access
FDMA ,TDMA FHMA
,CDMA .OFDMA, MC-CDMA
.

) 3(
),(Link Budget

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

. .

 :3 Large Scale Models

.1
.2

.3
.4
.5
.6
.7

: Large Scale ,
vs. Small Scale Models
)(LOS
z Friis
z
) (reflection
) ,(diffraction )(scattering
)(NLOS
)(outdoor
)(Indoor

.

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

 .1

.
z

Input-Output

" "
:
,

,
"" ?!

)(Radio Transmission Technology
:


: ,

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3
.


Large Scale vs. Small Scale Models
z

: ,,
,diversity , )(Equalization
z )" "(
) 900MHz ,2400MHz ,1800MHz
28GHz , 10.5GHz ,5GHz ,3.5GHz'(
/
, Large Scale
, Small Scale -

Outdoor Indoor

LOS NLOS

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

 )(
z :
.1 : d  / 2
= PL (large scale models, slow
)fading
(Free-space, Friis model) LOS
PL = k / d 2

(log-normal shadowing) NLOS

PL = (k / d n ) + X ; n = 2 to 5,
X N (0, 2 ); = 6 to 12

d /2

.2 : ,
)(small scale fading
4 .
: Cell-site Engineering , ,
outage probability, etc
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

 NLOS
z/
NLOS :
) :(Reflections .
. : , , '.
) :(Diffraction . . ,
.
) :(Scattering . .
) , ,( .

NLOS
) , ( LOS
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

 NLOS :
z " ) Multipath-( )(ISI

z

"

:
z , ,ARQ ,,diversity ,
..
z , ..

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

10

Example of Multipath Fading Channel

Base
Station

Path 2
Shadowing

Path 1

Mobile

time t +

time t

Uncorrelated path statistics .1
Large scale (slow) versus small scale (fast) fading .2
Gaussian statistics .3

11

Base
station

3 - / Dr. Moshe Ran

 "

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

12

 .2 )(LOS
z
]Pt [Watts
]Pr [Watts
d
f . .
C=3x108 m/sec

Pt
=
= ) Pr (d
2
) (4 d /
1
Pt
(4 df / c) 2

c
=
f
f=3Ghz , =0.1 m
-

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

13

z
z
z
z

. ) (LOS
.
, d f
: ,.
Pr/Pt Pr Pt
)PL (Path loss
Friis free space model
2

Pr c
= = PL

=
Pt 4 d 4 df

z , , PL 6dB
10 PL 20dB

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

14

Pr
d
f
L0 = 10 log = 32.4 20 log
20 log
=
Pt
km
MHz
d
f
+ 27.6 20 log 20 log
=
m
MHz

15

d=1 km

d=10 km

d=20 km

f=1GHz

92.4dB

112.4dB

118.4dB

f=2.5GHz

100.4dB

120.4dB

126.4dB

f=38GHz

124 dB

144dB

150 dB

3 - / Dr. Moshe Ran

) (LOS

LOS
z Gt Gr , L ,
) (
2

Friis

df

Gt Gr

=
L
4 d

Pr Gt Gr
= = PL = L0
Pt
L

z LOS L

Pr
= L0 =10log
Pt
d
f
10logGt +10log Gr 10log L 32.4 20log 20log

km
MHz

: Pr/Pt .
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

16

EIRP = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power

z PtGt .EIRP
) ,
(
z "
PtGt ,
) ( Gt
. Pt
-3dB

..

z EIRP , OBO ,

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

17

 EIRP
TX parameter

BTS Power
Amplifier

+44
25

dBm
Watts

Output Back Off

(OBO)

-9

dB

LOSS (cable,
duplexer)

-2

dB

TX antenna Gain
(60o x14o)

17

dBi

50

dBm

EIRP

18

units

3 - / Dr. Moshe Ran

 -Friis
z d Tx-Rx " "
. d Pr .
z " " Fraunhofer Region dF
D

2D2

= dF

d F  D, d F 

z PL Large-Scale
d0 d0>dF
2
d

Pr ( d ) = Pr ( d 0 ) 0
d d0 dF
d
) P (d
d
Pr ( d ) dBm = 10 log 10 r 0 + 20 log 0
1mW
d
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

19

:
z 900MHz .50Watts
( dBm dBW
( . d=1000m , d=100m
.
z:
(
Pt
3
Pt [dBm] = 10 log
= 10 log(50 10 ) = 47 dBm

1mW
P
Pt [dBW ] = 10 log t = 10 log(50) = 17 dBW
1W
(

3 108 / 900 106

Pr (100) = Pt
= 3.5 106 W = 3.5 103 mW
= 50
4 100
4 d
= 24.56dBm

100
= 24.56 20 = 44.56 dBm
1000
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

Pr (1000) = Pr (100) + 20 log

20


z
z
z

)(
- , .
: -
.
)(
" . .
. ,
, .
.
: )(
)( .

.
/ : .
. ) ,
( .
.

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

21

ENERGY PROPAGATION

S(W/m2) = E(V/m) x H(A/m)

c = *f

22

+
3 - / Dr. Moshe Ran

Wave impedance

Rfs =Z = E/H = (0/0)1/2 = 120 = 377

- permeability(F/m)
23

- permittivity(H/m)
3 - / Dr. Moshe Ran

 /
Z
X

E=( EX2 + EY2 + EZ2 )1/2

H=( HX + HY +
2

HZ2 )1/2

S=( EX2 + EY2 + EZ2 )/377

Z
X
Y

24

3 - / Dr. Moshe Ran


.Reactive near field

.Radiating near field (Fresnel)

.Far field (fraunhofer)

25

- z
- z

3 - / Dr. Moshe Ran

R2

R1

D3

R1 = 0.62
2 D2

= R2

D
,
.
2 D2

2 D2

<<r
D3

D3

>r

0.62

r < 0.62

-
)( -.
-.

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

26

 * - ,
.
*
.
)( * - .
.
* ,
,
.
*
, .
*
.
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

27

 *-
) ( , D
.
*
.
* ,

.
* " "
.

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

28

 :
f = 1.8GHz

c
3 108
= =
= 0.16m = 16cm
9
f 1.8 10
D = 0.1m = 10cm

0.13
= 0.62
= 0.049m = 4.9cm

0.16

D3

2 0.12
=
= 0.125m = 12.5cm
0.16

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

R1 = 0.62
2 D2

= R2

29


z .
E H -
.
z , E
H 377 .
z .
z
. .377
z .
"
.

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

30

 .A

z -

+
/4

/2

300kHz 1000 ,
" 500.

~
/4

D
.
= D
: /2 .
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

31

 .B
z -
. d .
: .
watt / m 2

Pt
4 d 2

z
.
) - ,
(.
z ) (Directivity "
"
.
. , .
: Directivity" D dB
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

32

 .C :
z

/2

3dB

/2

-
.

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

33

 .D
z

z
z
z

..
. ) (
.
.

:
) , ( .
"
:
RHC
LHC

" 0 .30dB

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

34

Ei

Er

Ei

:
Hr

Er

Hi

Hr

H:
i

:H
i

r
t

Et
:
:
) )
( i,t,r
( i,t,r
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

35

 .E
z .
.
Za z :

Z a = Ra + jX a
Ra :

Rrad

Za
V

Rloss
"

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

ZL

Vant

Rrad = P / I 2
36

 .F
z " :
, /



.

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

37

 .G
z "

I 2 Rrad
Rrad
Pr
=
= 2
=
Pin I ( Rrad + Rloss ) Rrad + Rloss

70% . 90% .

G )(Power GAIN

G = D

D

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

38

 .H
z .

3dB
.
z ) : G (65%

27, 000

az el

G

) (dB

az azimuth beam angle in degrees, specified at -3dB points

el elevation beam angle in degrees
, 1
27,000 . 44dBi
90o 10o

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

27, 000
= 30 = 15dBi
10 x90

=G
39

 .I ) Friis ,
/(
Ae G"
G=1

4 Ae
2

2
= Ae
4

= G

4 Ae

=1

" Ae

Pt 2

2 2
2
= Ae

d
(4
)
4
isotrophoc antenna

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

Pt Ae
= Pr = Ae
4 d 2

Ae
Pr
c
=
=

=
2
Pt 4 d
4 d 4 df
40

 .G
2
EIRP PG
E
|
|
d =
= t t2 =
2
R fs
4 d
4 d

z
R fs " Free space impedance=120
( ) d
d " power flux density W/m 2
| E | " Magnitue of radiated electric field V/m (far field)
1m

1m

Pr (d ) = received power at distance d =

= d Ae = Power flux density times
effective aperature of R x antenna
Pr (d ) =

PG
t t

Ae =
120
PG
Gr 2 PG
t t
t t Gr
d Ae =

=
2
2
2
4 d
4
(4 d )

L=0
41

.. , - Friis
3 - / Dr. Moshe Ran

 )(
z ""
Vant . rms .
V

Za

V = 0.5Vant

ZL

Vant

(V / 2) 2
V2
= ) Pr (d
=
Rant
4 Rant

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

42

:
Rx 10" Tx .50W "
.900MHz .LOS , L=0
) ( 50 . G = 1, G = 2
r

( ( E-field ( .
:
( "

1
50
1
2

2

PG G
3 = 7 1010 W
Pr (d ) = 10 log t t r 2 = 10 log
2
) ( 4 d

(4
)10000

= 91.5dBW = 61.5dBm
2

( | |E

Ae

120

= ) Pr (d

(V / 2) 2
V2
= ) Pr (d
=
Rant
4 Rant

Pr (d ) 120
Gr 2 / 4

Pr (d ) 120
=
Ae

=| | E

7 1010 120
=
= 0.0039V / m
2 0.332 / 4

V = Pr (d ) 4 Rant = 7 1010 4 50 = 0.374mV

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

43

 .I :
c

z i0
L L 
Z

P d,

r , ,
1
) c jc (t d / c
e
+
2
3
jc d
d

i0 L cos
2 0 c

= Er

i0 L sin jc c
) c 2 jc (t d / c
= E
+ 2+

e
4 0 c 2 d
d
jc d 3
) i L sin jc c jc (t d / c
H = 0
+ 2 e

4 c d
d
E = H r = H = 0
1
d

1
d2

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

1
d

1
d3

.
44

 .3 NLOS
/
: NLOS
) :(Reflections .
. : , , '.
) :(Diffraction . . ,
.
) :(Scattering . .
) , ,( .

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

45

 )(Rreflections
z . "" .

) (permittivity

) - (permeability

Ev i

)(conductance
.
" 1

Ev r

1 , 1 , 1

"
)
(

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

2 , 2 , 2

H:
i

:H

Eh r

Eh i

r
t

Et

46

) (
z " " " ) :
/ /( :
)(E-field in plane of incidence

Ev r 2 sin t 1 sin i
=
Ev i 2 sin t + 1 sin i

= v

)(E-field orthogonal to plane of incidence

Eh r 2 sin i 1 sin t
=
Eh i 2 sin i + 1 sin t

= h

. + "
:

) 11 sin(90 i ) = 2 2 sin(90 t

=
) v h ( =

i = r
Er = Ei
Et = (1 + ) Ei

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

47

) (
z :
2, free-space

r sin i + r cos 2 i

r sin i + r cos 2 i

: i 0o
.

= v

= 1
= 0 r , 0 = 8.85 1012 F / m

sin i r cos 2 i
sin i + r cos i
2

= h

1
r

, 0o
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

48

 Brewster
z ?! i = B

Brewster

1 = 0
2 = 0 r

:
Brewster

B = 26.56o
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

1 + 2

= ) sin ( B

r 1
1
= ) sin ( B
=
2
r +1
r 1

r = 4
1
1
=
r +1
5

= ) sin ( B
49


z . " " , . .
z , -
.
z
z

i = r , Ei = Er , v = 1

i = r , Ei = Er , h = 1

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

50

 )(2-ray

z
+ LOS

Tx

Transmitter height

hT

Receiver height

hR

hR

) NLOS ( '' d
LOS
NLOS

V/m

Ei

hT

Rx

LOS ' d

' = d '' d

ELOS

ETOT = Er = ELOS + Eg

E0 = Eg

o
d

= 1
i = 0 , Eg = Ei = Ei

Et = (1 + ) Ei = 0

d0 ) (
/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

51

 : 2-ray d
z -

NLOS LOS

2 hT hR

2h h

= d '' d T R
d
2
d

sin
2

2 hT hR d 0
k

d2
d 2
) constant related to ER (d 0

ER (d ) 2 ELOS

P | E |2
:

2 ELOS d 0

sin
d
2

=| ) | Er (d

hT hR
Pr (d ) PG
t t Gr
d4

+ 20 log10 (hT hR ) 40 log10 d

dB

+ Gr

dB

PL = Gt

: 1/d4 , 40dB/decade ) "(

!! / Dr. Moshe Ran - 3
52

 : 2-ray d )

= 1

d .
.
E-field LOS
d0

E0 d 0
d

=| ) | E (d , t

LOS ' d
NLOS '' d
Eg = Ei = Ei

E0 d 0
d
cos(c [t ]), d > d 0
d
c

= ) E (d , t

E0 d 0
'd
)] cos(c [t
= ) ELOS (d ', t
'd
c
E0 d 0
'' d
)] cos(c [t
'' d
c

Eg (d '', t ) =

E0 d 0
E0 d 0
'd
'' d
cos(c [t ]) +
)] cos(c [t
= ) ETOT (d , t
'd
c
'' d
c

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

53

 : 2-ray
z "

2 hT hR

2h h

= d '' d T R
d
2
d

sin
2

< 0.3rad

20 hT hR
hh
20 T R

3
4hT hR

z =
Fresnel zone .

>d

= d

) (Scattering

/ Dr. Moshe Ran - 3

54