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Sustainable management of sunflower downy mildew risk

Penaud Annette (1), Moinard J.(2), Tourvieille de Labroue D. (3), Walser P. (3), Pino !et ".(1), T!iery #. (4) , Dordolo M. (4), Marage $. (5), Mestries %mmanuelle(1). (1) CETIOM, Centre de Grignon, avenue L. Brtigni re!, "##5$ T%iverva&'Grignon, (ran)e. *e!trie!+)etio*.,r - .enaud+)etio*.,r - .ino)%et+)etio*.,r (2) /011('201L Midi'34rne!, Bd 1r*and /u.orta&, 31$"4 Tou&ou!e Cede5, (ran)e. 6a)7ue!.*oinard+agri)u&ture.gouv.,r (3) I801, 9nit G/EC 1$:5, 234 avenue du Br;et, <31$$ C&er*ont'(errand, (ran)e. tourvie+)&er*ont.inra.,r - =a&!er+)&er*ont.inra.,r (4) Mont.e&&ier 2u.1gro, 2 3&a)e 3ierre >ia&a, 34$<$ Mont.e&&ier )ede5 $2, (ran)e (5) 9niver!it de 0ei*!, Mou&in de &a ?ou!!e, B3 1$3:, 51<#" 0EIM2, (ran)e A&ST'A#T T%e !un,&o=er do=n4 *i&de= )au!ed @4 Plasmopara halstedii i! )on!idered a! a 7uarantine .e!t @4 t%e Euro.ean 9nion. In (ran)e, it! )ontro& i! @a!ed on t%e u!e o, geneti) and )%e*i)a& too&!. But t%e e*ergen)e o, .at%ogen !train! re!i!tant to )%e*i)a&! (&ate :$!) and t%e o))urren)e o, ne= .at%ogen ra)e! a@&e to over)o*e !.e)i,i) re!i!tan)e! (ear&4 2$$$!), &ed u! to ana&4;e a&& t%e a!.e)t! invo&ved in t%e !un,&o=er .rodu)tion to &ooA ,or a *ore !u!taina@&e *anage*ent o, t%i! di!ea!e, ,o)u!ing on agri)u&tura& .ra)ti)e!. To a!!e!! t%e i*.ortan)e o, agrono*i) ,a)tor! on t%e ino)u&u* and .ri*ar4 in,e)tion, a .i&ot .rogra**e B2un,&o=er do=n4 *i&de= and !u!taina@&e *anage*ent o, t%e ri!A at t%e .&ot &eve&C =a! )arried out in Midi 34renee! region. 1 net=orA o, 225 ,ie&d .&ot! =a! *onitored troug% 3 4ear! (2$$"'2$$:) =it% i) a !urve4 o, agri)u&tura& .ra)ti)e! u!ed @4 ,ar*er! and ii) !oi& @ioa!!a4! to )%ara)teri;e !oi& in,e!tation and t%e .at%ot4.e! o, P. halstedii .re!ent. /ata !%o=ed t%at !%ort rotation! and !oi& t4.e in)rea!ed !igni,i)ant&4 t%e ri!A o, .ri*ar4 )onta*ination. In addition, t%e !tud4 o, t%e geneti) re!i!tan)e .ro,i&e! o, varietie! ,ro* ,i,t4 .&ot! !%o=ed t%at t%e ,re7uent u!e o, t%e !a*e re!i!tan)e .ro,i&e in t%e !a*e ,ie&d =a! )ondu)ive to ne= ra)e! e*ergen)e. T%i! !tud4 )arried out at gro=er !)a&e !%o=ed %o= !o*e agrono*i) ,a)tor! =ere a@&e to redu)e t%e ri!A o, do=n4 *i&de=. T%i! !tud4 a&&o=ed u! to .ro.o!e a *ode& ,or !u!taina@&e *anage*ent o, do=n4 *i&de= ,or ,ar*er! and e5ten!ion !ervi)e!.

(eywords) *onitoring net=orA, Plasmopara halstedii, !oi& @ioa!!a4.

*+T',D-#T*,+ 2un,&o=er do=n4 *i&de= i! a )o**on di!ea!e in *an4 region! =%ere !un,&o=er i! gro=n. T%e .at%ogen, Plasmopara halstedii ((ar&o=) Ber&e! D de Toni i! an o@&igate .ara!ite. T%e di!ea!e a,,e)t! 4oung !eed&ing! =%en !oi& *oi!ture i! %ig% and t%e te*.erature doe! not e5)eed 1#EC. T%e !4!te*i) in,e)tion o, !eed&ing! )an @e )au!ed @4 @ot% ;oo!.ore! (a!e5ua& !.ore! *ain&4 &o)ated on t%e under!ide o, &eave!) and oo!.ore! (!e5ua& re.rodu)tion) =%i)% )an !urvive in t%e !oi& ,or a de)ade. P. halstedii !%o=! .%4!io&ogi)a& ra)e! a@&e to in,e)t a varia@&e range o, !un,&o=er genot4.e!. T%e no*en)&ature o, t%e!e ra)e! i! @a!ed on t%e rea)tion o, a !et o, di,,erentia& &ine! (Tourviei&&e et al, 2$$$). In (ran)e, ra)e 1$$ =a! ,ir!t identi,ied in 1:<5 and =a! =e&& )ontro&&ed @4 t=o re!i!tan)e !.e)i,i) gene! Pl1 and Pl2. But in 1:## and 1:#:, t=o ne= ra)e!, "1$ and "$3 a..eared (Tourviei&&e et al, 1::1). 2in)e t%en, a *onitoring net=orA =%i)% in)&ude! @reeder! and e5ten!ion .artner! %a! @een )ondu)ted @4 t%e (ren)% Mini!tr4 o, 1gri)u&ture a&&o=ing to ,o&&o= t%e evo&ution o, t%e .at%ogen. T%u!, 15 ra)e! *ore )ou&d @e identi,ied, e!.e)ia&&4 ra)e 3$4 !in)e 2$$$ and *ore re)ent&4 ra)e "14 (O83> et a&, 2$11). Con!idered a! a regu&ated .e!t at t%e Euro.ean 9nion &eve&, P. halstedii *u!t @e )ontro&&ed. In (ran)e, it! )ontro& i! regu&ated and *ain&4 @a!ed on t%e u!e o, geneti) and )%e*i)a& too&! t%at .rovide an e,,i)ient )ontro&. But t%e e*ergen)e o, .at%ogen !train! re!i!tant to )%e*i)a&! and t%e o))urren)e o, ne= ra)e! a@&e to over)o*e !.e)i,i) re!i!tan)e! %ave &ed to in)&ude )u&tura& .ra)ti)e! ,or a *ore !u!taina@&e *anage*ent o, do=n4 *i&de=. ?o=ever re)o**ended )u&tura& .ra)ti)e! @a!ed on !tudie! )arried out on )ontro&&ed environ*ent !%ou&d @e a!!e!!ed in ,ie&d )ondition!. (or t%at, a 3'4ear .ro6e)t )a&&ed B2un,&o=er do=n4 *i&de= and it! !u!taina@&e *anage*ent at ,ie&d &eve&C =a! )arried out in Midi' 34rne! region ,ro* 2$$" to 2$$:. T%e .re!ent =orA .rovide! an overvie= o, t%e *ain re!u&t! o, t%i! .ro6e)t. MAT%'*ALS A+D M%T.,DS Lo ation T%e !tud4 tooA .&a)e in t%e 2out% Fe!t o, (ran)e and =a! )arried out =it% t=o )oo.erative! iG Hua&i!o& &o)ated in Tarn'et'Garonne near Beau*ont'de'Lo*agne and iiG Ger!4)oo. &o)ated in Ger! near (&euran)e. Over t%e .eriod 2$$"'2$$: t%e net=orA in)&uded 225 ,ie&d .&ot! o=ned @4 4" gro=er!. (ie&d! =ere )%o!en a))ording to 3 ,a)tor!I i) do=n4 *i&de= %i!tor4 I a&& t%e ,ie&d! %ad a&read4 e5.re!!ed do=n4 *i&de= during t%e .a!t 3 4ear! or =ere &o)ated in an area =%ere do=n4 *i&de= %a! @een u!ua&&4 o@!erved, ii) t%e )ro. rotation !e7uen)e and iii) t%e t4.e o, !oi& ()a&)areou! )&a4, )&a4e4 &oa* and &oa*). Survey (or ea)% ,ie&d data o, .a!t )ro..ing %i!tor4 and .re!ent )u&tura& .ra)ti)e! =ere )o&&e)ted u!ing a 7ue!tionnaire de!igned to a!!e!! a .riori t%e do=n4 *i&de= ri!A (T%ier4, 2$$"). /ield disease evaluation In ea)% ,ie&d, .&ant! t%at !%o=ed t4.i)a& !4*.to*! o, P. halstedii in,e)tion =ere o@!erved @et=een t%e !tage Ba..earan)e o, @udC and t%e !tage Bear&4 ,&o=eringC. T%e in)iden)e and t%e !everit4 o, do=n4 *i&de= !4*.to*! =ere re)orded. F%en P. halstedii !.oru&ation =a! o@!erved on &eave!, t%e!e &eave! =ere !a*.&ed ,or t%e identi,i)ation o, .at%ot4.e! a))ording to a %o!t range (Gu&4a et a&, 1::#). Moreover, :$ ,ie&d! =ere !e&e)ted ,or !oi& @ioa!!a4!. Ea)% !oi& !a*.&e =a! )o&&e)ted in t%e 2'# )* !eed @ed de.t%. 1 7uantitative ana&4!i! =a! .er,or*ed on a !u!)e.ti@&e &ine ,or rating !oi& in,e)tion a! /MI (do=n4 *i&de= in)iden)e) and a 7ua&itative ana&4!i! ,ro* t=o !.oru&ating !eed&ing! .er @ioa!!a4 =a! a&!o .er,or*ed on a %o!t range to )%ara)teri;e t%e ra)e (Tourviei&&e et a&, 2$$#). Sele tion 0ressure on 0at!oty0es of P. halstedii /ata o, 1$'4ear !u))e!!ion o, !un,&o=er )u&tivar! are avai&a@&e ,or 4" ,ie&d!. T%e )u&tivar! =ere )&a!!i,ied into t=o grou.! de!)ri@ing t=o t4.e! o, re!i!tan)e .attern! iG varietie! =it% Pl< or Pl" gene =%i)% are re!i!tant to ra)e! 1$$, "1$ and "$3 @ut !u!)e.ti@&e to ra)e 3$4 and iiG a&& ot%er varietie! =%i)% are eit%er !u!)e.ti@&e to ra)e! "$3 and "1$ or re!i!tant to ra)e! 1$$, "$3,"1$ and 3$4. 1 re.etition inde5 (0I) =a! )a&)u&ated and tooA into a))ount t%e nu*@er o, varietie! =it% t%e !a*e re!i!tan)e .attern and t%e de&a4 o, )ro..ing t%e !a*e re!i!tan)e .attern. 0I =a! )on!idered a! a 7ua&itative varia@&e. More 0I =a! greater *ore t%e !a*e re!i!tan)e .attern =a! u!ed in a !%ort )ro..ing !4!te* (/ordo&o M., 2$$#).

Data analysis T%ree e5.&anator4 varia@&e! 7ua&i,4 t%e ino)u&u*I 1) t%e inten!it4 o, do=n4 *i&de= (7ua&itative varia@&e), t%e !oi& in,e)tion rate (7uantitative varia@&e) and t%e e*ergen)e o, ne= ra)e! (7ua&itative varia@&e). (our e5.&anator4 varia@&e! =ere !e&e)ted a! t%e *o!t re&ated to t%e ino)u&u*I !oi& t4.e, ti&&age, )ro. rotation and !oi& dr4ing )a.a)it4. T%e inde.enden)e o, e5.&anator4 varia@&e! =a! )%e)Aed u!ing a J te!t. 1 MC1 =a! .er,or*ed to identi,4 trend! @et=een agri)u&tura& .ra)ti)e! and ino)u&u*. T%e 7ua&itative varia@&e! =ere te!ted @4 J te!t and t%e 7uantitative varia@&e! @4 18O>1. Given t%e over'di!.er!ion data, GML *ode& %ad to @e u!ed. '%S-LTS /ield surveys It =a! di,,i)u&t to o@tain a @a&an)ed data !et de!.ite t%e ,a)t to re@a&an)e t%e !a*.&e ,ro* 4ear to 4ear. Over t%e t%ree 4ear!, t%e *o!t .reva&ent !oi& t4.e =a! )&a4e4 )a&)areou!. T%e )ro. rotation =a! e!!entia&&4 !%ort, a&ternating !un,&o=er =it% =%eat. 3&oug% =a! u!ed in *o!t o, ,ie&d! ((ig 1).
/ren1uen y of fields 1$$ :$ #$ "$ <$ 5$ 4$ 3$ 2$ 1$ $ )a&). )&a4 &ao* !%ort (1G2) (1G3 or *ore) !&o= *oderate !oi& dr4 ing 7ui)A no ti&&age ti&&age . &oug%

!oi& t4 . e

)ro. rotation

/igure 2I /i!tri@ution o, t%e 225 ,ie&d! a))ording to 4 agrono*i)a& ,a)tor! Monitoring of downy mildew (ro* a&& t%e 225 *onitored ,ie&d! 54K o, ,ie&d! %ad no !4*.to* o, do=n4 *i&de= =%i&e !o*e in,e)ted .&ant! =ere o@!erved in 4<K o, ,ie&d!. In genera& t%e inten!it4 o, do=n4 *i&de= =a! &o=I on&4 12K o, t%e ,ie&d! !%o=ed !igni,i)ant atta)A! (L 3K in,e)ted .&ant!), t=o ,ie&d! .re!ented ,o)i =it% *ore t%an 3$K o, di!ea!e in)iden)e and one ,ie&d !%o=ed an overa&& atta)A rate a@ove 1$K =it% !o*e ,o)i =it% 3$K o, in,e)ted .&ant!. LooAing at t%e re!u&t! o, !oi& @ioa!!a4! o, :$ ,ie&d .&ot!, t%e !oi& in,e)tion =a! *u)% %ig%er t%an t%e di!ea!e in)iden)e e5.re!!ed in t%e ,ie&d. 2o, <#K o, te!t! !%o=ed do=n4 *i&de= !4*.to*! =it% 22K o, ,ie&d .&ot! .re!enting /MI ,ro* 1$ to 3$K, 1$K o, ,ie&d .&ot! =%ere /MI =a! a@ove 3$K. One ,ie&d .rovided t%e %ig%e!t /MI t%at rea)%ed <"K. T%u! even in t%e a@!en)e o, !4*.to*! in t%e ,ie&d!, do=n4 *i&de= =a! !ti&& .re!ent in t%e !oi& and )ou&d initiate an e.ide*i)! =%en ,avoura@&e )ondition! =ere *et. 2even ra)e! =ere dete)ted over <1 ana&4;ed ,ie&d .&ot!I ra)e "$3, t%e *o!t )o**on in t%e region, =a! a&!o t%e ra)e *o!t&4 dete)ted in t%e!e !oi& !a*.&e! (31 .&ot!). /ete)ted in 2" .&ot!, ra)e 3$4 =a! a&!o =e&&'e!ta@&i!%ed. 0a)e "$4 and t%e .reviou! ra)e! 1$$, "$$ and 3$$ =ere !.oradi)a&&4 .re!ent. 1 ne= ra)e "$" =a! .re!ent a&one or in )o*@ination in 13 .&ot!. T=ent4 .&ot! !%o=ed a )o*@ination o, 2 ra)e! (Ta@&e 1). 'a es 345 546 343 346 7 244 7 544 7 344 1

8o o, .&ot! 31 2" 13 Table 2I /i!tri@ution o, do=n4 *i&de= ra)e! in <1 ,ie&d .&ot!

*nfluen e of agronomi fa tors on downy mildew intensity T%e MC1 .er,or*ed =it% t%e varia@&e! B!oi& t4.eC and B)ro. rotationC (@ot% ot%er varia@&e! de.ended on t%e*) !%o=ed t%at in,e)ted .&ot! =ere *ore ,re7uent&4 a!!o)iated =it% )&a4e4 )a&)areou! !oi& and !%ort )ro. rotation!. In t%e )ontra!t t%e a@!en)e o, /M =ou&d @e *ore re&ated to &oa*4 !oi& t4.e and &ong )ro. rotation! ((ig 2).

/igure 8) In,&uen)e o, agrono*i) ,a)tor! on t%e inten!it4 o, /M in ,ie&d! (MC1).

/igure 5) In,&uen)e o, agrono*i) ,a)tor! on /MI ,ro* !oi& @ioa!!a4!

*nfluen e of agronomi fa tors on DM* in soil bioassays T%e re!u&t! o, GLM ana&4!i! indi)ated t%at t%e !oi& t4.e and t%e &engt% o, rotation =ere t%e *ain t=o varia@&e! t%at in,&uen)ed !igni,i)ant&4 t%e /MI. B4 MC1, 5<K o, t%e varia@i&it4 )ou&d @e e5.&ained @4 t%e!e t=o varia@&e! ((ig 3). T%e re!u&t! !ugge!t t%at )&a4e4 )a&)areou! !oi&! and !%ort )ro. rotation are a!!o)iated =it% %ig% &eve&! o, /MI =%i&e &oa*4 !oi&! =it% !%ort or &ong )ro. rotation are grou.ed =it% *i&d /MI. T%u!, )&a4e4 )a&)areou! !oi&! =ou&d @e *ore )ondu)ive to t%e !urviva& o, t%e ino)u&u* t%an &oa*4 !oi&. 'elations!i0s between resistan e 0atterns of sunflower and emergen e of new ra es T%e e*ergen)e o, ne= ra)e! de.end! !igni,i)ant&4 on t%e ,re7uen)4 o, !un,&o=er in t%e )ro..ing !4!te* (J te!tI .M$.$3) and t%e !u))e!!ion o, a !a*e re!i!tan)e .attern ( J te!tI .M$.$$$#). 0e!u&t! !%o= t%at ,ie&d! =%ere %4@rid! =it% Pl< or Pl" gene =ere !o=n over t%e .a!t 1$ 4ear! %ave a greater .ro@a@i&it4 to !ee t%e e*ergen)e o, a ne= ra)e t%an ,ie&d! =%ere Pl< or Pl" %4@rid! a&ternate =it% anot%er re!i!tan)e .attern. 2o, !un,&o=er %4@rid! re!i!tant to .reviou! ra)e! !u)% a! ra)e "$3 !ee* ,avoura@&e to t%e e*ergen)e o, ra)e 3$4, due to a !e&e)tive .re!!ure on t%e !oi& ino)u&u* ((ig 4).
previous race 100 80 60 40 20 0 low RI
Repetition index

new race

high RI

/igure 6I Evo&ution o, ra)e! a))ording to t%e re.etition inde5 0I

D*S#-SS*,+ (or t%e 3'4ear .ro6e)t t%e in)iden)e o, do=n4 *i&de= =a! 7uite &o=. T%e &a)A o, da*age =a! *ain&4 e5.&ained @4 t%e u!e o, re!i!tant varietie!. Mo!t o, )u&tivated varietie! are re!i!tant to ra)e! 1$$, "$3 and "1$ and *an4 o, t%e* are a&!o re!i!tant to ra)e 3$4. 2o !u)% varietie! did not a&&o= t%e e5.re!!ion o, .reva&ent ra)e! in t%e .rodu)tion area. 8evert%e&e!! t%e !oi& @ioa!!a4! a&&o=ed to over)o*e t%e ,i&ter o, re!i!tant varietie! and to !tud4 t%e in,&uen)e o, variou! agrono*i) ,a)tor! on ino)u&u*. 1*ong agrono*i) ,a)tor!, !%ort rotation! (4 or 5 !un,&o=er )ro.! .er de)ade) )ou&d ,avour *ore t%e !urviva& o, ino)u&u* in t%e !oi& t%an &ong rotation! (3 or &e!! !un,&o=er )ro.! .er de)ade). ?o=ever t%e ino)u&u* =a! a&=a4! .re!ent !in)e it )an !urvive < to 1$ 4ear! into t%e !oi& (Co%en and 2a)A!ton, 1:"4). T%e )a&)areou! )&a4e4 !oi&! !ee* to @e *ore ,avoura@&e to t%e )on!ervation o, t%e ino)u&u* )o*.ared to t%e &oa*4 !oi&!. Be)au!e &oa*4 !oi&! dr4 *ore !&o=&4, t%e .re!en)e o, o.en =ater during a &ong ti*e a,ter

rain4 .eriod! )ou&d @e in)rea!e t%e ger*ination o, t%e oo!.ore! and t%u! redu)e t%e a*ount o, ino)u&u* in t%e !oi&. In )ontra!t, ,i&ter )a&)areou! )&a4e4 !oi&! dr4 7ui)A&4, !o t%e duration o, o.en =ater in t%e !oi& i! !%orter and t%e e5%au!tion o, t%e ino)u&u* )ou&d @e !&o=er. 1 re&ation!%i. @et=een t%e ,re7uen)4 o, t%e !a*e /M re!i!tan)e .attern in a given ,ie&d and t%e e*ergen)e o, ne= ra)e! =a! !ugge!ted @4 our ana&4!i! @ut t%i! re!u&t %a! to @e )on,ir*ed =it% a &arger nu*@er o, ,ie&d!. 8evert%e&e!! it i! )on!i!tent =it% a !tud4 )arried out under )ontro&&ed )ondition! ,ro* 2$$$ to 2$$4 (Tourviei&&e et a&, 2$$4). T%i! !tud4 de*on!trated t%e e*ergen)e o, ne= ra)e! ("$4, "14) a,ter on&4 ,our 4ear! o, !ing&e )ro. ,ar*ing o, !un,&o=er %4@rid! =it% t%e !a*e /M re!i!tan)e .attern (gene! Pl< or Pl"). Moreover )o*.ared to t%e !ing&e )ro. ,ar*ing o, one Aind o, re!i!tan)e .attern, t%e !trateg4 o, a&ternating re!i!tan)e gene! )an !igni,i)ant&4 &i*it t%e &ong'ter* atta)A! and t%e e*ergen)e o, ne= ra)e!. T%e i*.a)t o, agrono*i) ,a)tor! on do=n4 *i&de= &ed u! to .ro.o!e a !%eet de)i!ion !4!te* @a!ed on t%e !oi& t4.e o, t%e ,ie&d )o*@ining =it% t%e )ro. rotation, t%e !u))e!!ion o, varietie! (re!i!tan)e .attern). T%e re!u&t! o, a&& t%e!e .ra)ti)e! .rovide a )o&oured !)a&e o, ri!A indi)ator. A#(+,WL%D$M%+TS T%e aut%or! =%i!% to a)Ano=&edge 1/10 ,or it! ,inan)ia& !u..ort. T%e4 t%anA a&!o e5ten!ion o,,i)er! ,ro* )oo.erative! and t%eir ,ar*er! ,or t%eir invo&ve*ent in t%e .ro6e)t. '%/%'%+#%S Co%en, N. and F.E. 2a)A!ton. 1:"4. 2eed in,e)tion and &atent in,e)tion o, !un,&o=er! @4 Plasmopara halstedii. Canadian Oourna& o, Botan4, 52I231'23# /ordo&o, M. 2$$#. Mi&diou du tourne!o& et ge!tion dura@&e du ri!7ue P &a .ar)e&&e Q In,&uen)e! de! ,a)teur! agrono*i7ue! et de! )%oi5 varitau5 !ur &Rino)u&u* et &e! ri!7ue! de )onta*ination! .ri*aire!. 3$.., Ma!ter di!!., Mont.e&&ier 2u.1gro, (ran)e. Gu&4a T.O., /. Tourviei&&e de La@rou%e, 2. Ma!irevi), 1. 3enaud, S. 0a!%id, (. >iran4i. 1::#. 3ro.o!a& ,or !tandardi;ed no*en)&ature and indenti,i)ation o, ra)e! o, Plasmopara halstedii (!un,&o=er do=n4 *i&de=). 3. 13$'13<. In 24*.o!iu* III I 2un,&o=er /o=n4 Mi&de= ?e&ia, (argo 8/, 921.(Int. 2un,&. 1!!o). 3ari!, (ran)e). Marage, G. 2$$:. Mi&diou du tourne!o& et ge!tion dura@&e du ri!7ue P &a .ar)e&&e Q In,&uen)e! de! ,a)teur! agrono*i7ue! et de! )%oi5 varitau5 !ur &Rino)u&u* et &e! ri!7ue! de )onta*ination! .ri*aire!. Ma!ter di!!., 9niv. o, 0ei*! C%a*.agne'1rdenne. O83>'CETIOM'I801, 2$11. Mi&diou du Tourne!o& (Plasmopara halstedii). 8ote Co**une 2$11. T%ier4, C. 2$$". Mi&diou du tourne!o& et ge!tion dura@&e du ri!7ue P &a .ar)e&&e Q In,&uen)e! de! ,a)teur! agrono*i7ue! et de! )%oi5 varitau5 !ur &Rino)u&u* et &e! ri!7ue! de )onta*ination! .ri*aire!. Ma!ter di!!, E821 Mont.e&&ier, (ran)e. Tourviei&&e de La@rou%e, /., T. Gu&4a, 2. Ma!irevi), 1. 3enaud, S. 0a!%id, (. >iran4i. 2$$$. 8e= no*en)&ature o, ra)e! o, Plasmopara halstedii (!un,&o=er do=n4 *i&de=). .. 1<1'1<5 InI 3ro). 15t% Int. 2un,&. Con,., Tou&ou!e, (ran)e. Int. 2un,&. 1!!o). 3ari!, (ran)e. Tourviei&&e de La@rou%e, /. 2$$4. E& *i&diu de& gira!o&, *ane6ar e& )ontro& en .o! de una a,i)a)ia dura@&e. .. <3'"$ InI 3ro)eeding! o, t%e 2egundo Congre!o 1rgentino de Gira!o&, Bueno! 1ire! (1rgentina). Tourviei&&e de La@rou%e, /., 3. Fa&!er, E. Me!trie!, L. Gi&&ot, 1. 3enaud, M.C. Tardin and I. 3au)%et. 2$$4. 2un,&o=er do=n4 *i&de= re!i!tan)e gene .4ra*iding, a&ternation and *i5ture I ,ir!t re!u&t! )o*.aring t%e e,,e)t! o, di,,erent varieta& !tru)ture! on )%ange! in t%e .at%ogen. 1I111'11< InI 3ro).1<t% Int. 2un,&. Con,., (argo (921). Int. 2un,&. 1!!o). 3ari!, (ran)e. Tourviei&&e de La@rou%e, /., 1. 3enaud, 3. Fa&!er, E. Me!trie!, O. Moinard, (. 2erre, C. T%ier4, B. Garri), (. /e&*otte, T. 3ino)%et. 2$$#. /eter*ining t%e U !un,&o=er do=n4 *i&de= V ri!A @4 !oi& ana&4!i!. 3. 1<:'1"4 In 3ro). 1"t% Int. 2un,&o=er Con,., CWrdo@a (2.ain). Int. 2un,&. 1!!o). 3ari!, (ran)e.

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