..

26 2554

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Soil Weathering Products Of Rock

(Transported Soil)
(Residual Soil)

Residual Soil

Lateritic Soil

Weathered
Granite Soil

.. , ,

Transported Soil

Glacial Soil

Marine Soil
Alluvial Soil
Aeolian Soil
.. , ,

Flood plain deposit

.. , ,

Geological map of
Thailand
Granite Mountain Area
Plateau
Sand stone with salt deposit
Chao Phraya River Basin
Floodplains area with
River deposits series
River deposit

Highly rate of
weathering process
.. , ,

.. , ,


Silty sand
Stiff clayey fine sand
Stiff to very stiff clayey fine to course sand (some gravel)
Very stiff silty fine sand

Very stiff silty clay (some fine sand)

Very stiff silty silt (some fine sand)

Very stiff clayey silt (some fine sand)

Very dense fine to course sand (some gravel)
Loose - medium fine to course sand and gravel
Very dense fine to course sand (some gravel)

~ -22 m.

Very dense sand gravel

Very dense fine to course sand (some gravel)

.. , ,

.. , ,

Fine sandy clay

- 2.5 m.

Silty clay to sandy clay

- 7 m.

Clayey fine sand

- 10 m.

Fine to course sand

- 15 m.

Silty clay to decomposed clay stone

.. , ,

.. , ,

Fine sandy clay

- 5 m.

Silty fine sand

- 12 m.
- 13.5 m.

Clayey medium to course sand

Hard silty to sandy clay

- 20 m.

Dense clayey fine to medium sand

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

North-South cross section of soil deposit

.. , ,

Soft to Medium Clay

Stiff to Very Stiff Clay
1st sand layer
Stiff to Very Stiff Silty Clay
2nd sand layer
Hard Silty Clay
3rd sand layer

.. , ,


1. Site Investigation
2. Design
3. Construction
4. Operation
Civil engineering projects always compost of general 4
steps. Site investigation is the first and very important
one. It can lead the project to be successful or failure.
.. , ,

Site Investigation Steps

1.Office studies: geological map,
hazard map, satellite image,
geographical map
2. Geophysics testing (if need)
3. Soil boring and sampling
4. In-situ testing
.. , ,

Resistivity Survey

C1

V
P1
P2

C2

.. , ,

.. , ,

Seismic Reflection Survey

.. , ,

 Seismic Refraction Survey

.. , ,

Test Pit

.. , ,

Undisturbed Sampling

Block
samples
generally
Block
samples
obtain from test pit. The
sample that obtained is
considered to be
undisturbed sample.

.. , ,

AUGER

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

Use of Bentonite

.. , ,

CLAY

SAND
.. , ,

Undisturbed Sampling

.. , ,

Undisturbed Sampling

Piston Sampler

Thin-Walled
Sampler

76mm
.. , ,

Undisturbed Sampling

.. , ,

Unconfined Compression Test (UC)

Determine shear strength of undisturbed samples

.. , ,

Su=qu/2= Undrained Shear Strength

Very soft clay

<=1.25 (t/m2)

Soft clay

1.25-2.5

Medium stiff clay

2.5-5.0

Stiff clay

5.0-10.0

Hard Clay

>10

.. , ,

Disturbed Sampling

.. , ,

Disturbed Sampling

.. , ,

Disturbed Sampling

Split-Spoon Sampler

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

Standard Penetration Test (SPT)

#3

#2

#1

N = N2+N3
= # of Blow/Foot
.. , ,

.. , ,

SPT N value soil property correlations for granular soils

(after AASHTO,1988)
N value

Relative Density

0-4
5 - 10
11 - 24
25 - 50
> 50

Very loose
Loose
Medium Dense
Dense
Very Dense

SPT N value soil property correlations for cohesive soils

(after AASHTO,1988)
N value

Consistency

0-1
2-4
58
9 - 15
16 - 30
31 - 60
> 60

Very soft
Soft
Medium Stiff
Stiff
Very Stiff
Hard
Very Hard

KUslope 22-25 2550

..

SPT-N = 50/6 blows

= 100

blows/foot

.. , ,

.. , ,

Soil Boring Log

Soil boring log is a
graphical report that
summarized important
information obtain
from soil boring,
laboratory and field
testing of soil.

.. , ,

.. , ,

Minimum Testing required for Boring Log

1. Sieve Analysis
2. Atterbergs Limits (LL, PL, w)
3. Unit Weight
4. Unconfined Compression Test
5. SPT

.. , ,

UC = Unconfined compression test

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

Shelby tube
(ST)
Split spoon
(SS)

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

 Kunzelstab

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

Actual Cone Head

Guide rod + Pile-hammer + Anvil

T-Rod

Rod

.. , ,

.. , ,

.. , ,

Soil Sample

SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Clay

,C

Gravel , G

Silt , M
Sand , S
Organic , O

Grain Size Analysis

Method
- Sieve Analysis
f > #200 Sieve (0.074 mm.) (gravel, sand.)
-Hydrometer Analysis
f < #200 Sieve (silt, clay.)
- Combined Analysis

Unified

Well Graded

Gap Graded
Skip Graded

Uniform Graded

D60

D30

D10

Grain Size Analysis

- % Gravel , Sand , Silt , Clay

- Gradation , CU , CC
- Effective Diameter (D10)

Atterberg Limits
Atterberg Limits or Consistency Limits:
LIQUID
LIMIT:
* The moisture
content (wc) at which the transition from one state to another is defined as:
LL
It isa- the
water content
at 25from
blowsSolid
and tocanSemisolid.
be determined by using Casagrande Cup.
Shrinkage
Limit (SL)
Theb-slope
the line
as the flow
index
PlasticofLimit
(PL)is defined
from Semisolid
to Plastic.
c- Liquid Limit (LL) from Plastic to Liquid.

Liquid Limit Test

Index Properties
PLASTIC LIMIT
Is the moisture content at which the soil crumbles
when rolled into threads of 1/8 in. in diameter.

Soil Classification
Engineering Soil Classification

ASTM, U.S. Bureau, Atterberg, M.I.T, Unified, AASHTO, CAA, USDA
2
1. Unified Soil Classification System (USCS)
2. American Association of State Highway and
Transportation Officials (AASHTO)

UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM , USCS

Soil Sample

Run sieve analysis

<50% pass #200

>50% of coarse
fraction
retained on #4

Gravel , G

<50% of coarse
fraction
retained on #4

Sand , S

>50% pass #200

Use
Plasticity chart

Silt(M), Organic(O),
or Clay(C)

Coarse Grained Soil

Gravel , G
Sand , S

5-12 % pass #200

<5 % pass #200

>12 % pass #200

Use gradation curve to

designate.

Cu>4 , Cc=1-3
Cu>6(sand)

GW

SW

Cu>4 , Cc1-3
Cu<6(sand)

GP

SP

Use gradation curve

to designate.
And Plasticity Chart

GW-GC
GW-GM
GP-GC
GP-GM

SW-SC
SW-SM
SP-SC
SP-SM

Use Plasticity Chart to

designate.

A-Line

GC

SC

A-Line

GM

SM

Fine Grained Soil

Silt(M) , Clay(C)

wL>50%
MH CH

wL<50 %
ML

CL

Organic(O)

wL>50%
OH

wL<50 %
OL

wL<50 %
IP=4-7%

CL-ML

Permeability Test

Laboratory Test

Constant head test

Normal head
Pressurized head

Variable head test (Falling head test)

Field Test

Bore hole test

Constant head
Falling head

Lugeon test
Pumping test

Constant head test

q=kiA
k=q/iA
k = q L / h A

Variable head test

k = a L ln (h1/h2) / A t

Field Test - Bore hole

Range of permeability values

Degree of permeability

pH 4.3-9.3
Percent Sodium > 80 %
Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR) > 2
Exchange Sodium Percentage (ESP) > 7

1.
2.
3.
4.
5. pH
6.

1. Field Crumb Test

2. Pinhole Test
3. Double Hydrometer Test
4. Dilution Turbidity Ratio Test
5. Sodium Percentage
6. Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)
7. Exchangeable Sodium Percentage (ESP)
8. Electrical Conductivity
9. Positive Potential of The Hydrogen Ions (pH)

Pinhole Test

, 26-28 2547, GERD ,

 , 26-28 2547, GERD ,

Pinhole Test

 , 26-28 2547, GERD ,

 , 26-28 2547, GERD ,

 ???????

1.
2.
3.
1.
2.
3.

Compaction
gd max , wopt.
Permeability
Consolidation
Dispersive

and

Shear Strength

Material Selection
No

Yes

Field Compaction
Field Density
Field permeability

DONE

Yes

gd F gd L

No

Soil Testing for

Dam/Dike
embankment
construction

Soil Testing for embankment construction

Suttisak Soralump

Compaction Equipments

Standard Compaction

Modified Compaction

W = 5.5 lb

W = 10 lb

H = 12

H = 18

3rd layer, 25 blows

2nd layer, 25 blows
1st layer, 25 blows

5th layer, 56 blows

4th later, 56 blows

3rd layer, 56 blows

2nd layer, 56 blows
1st layer, 56 blows

THE COMPACTION ENERGY

PER UNIT VOLUME

Compaction Curve
Maximum dry density ,gd max

Dry side

Wet side
Optimum water content , wopt.

Dry density

Compaction curve theory by Hogentogler (1936)

100 %S
Line

Molding water content

KASETSART UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Geotechnical Laboratory
STANDARD COMPACTION TEST
Project :
Station:

Land Development Department

Compaction method

Standard

JIRCASS

Weight of Hammer
Height of Drop

5.5
12

Blows Per Layer

25

Location:
Soil Description
Date

Sandy Soil SP20

No. of Layers

27/01/2546

Tested by

Diameter

Chalermchai-Petai

Hight
Volume of Mould, V

3730.0
2060.0
1670.0
1.764
1.682

3845.0
2060.0
1785.0
1.885
1.740

3850.0
2060.0
1790.0
1.890
1.667

3732.0
2060.0
1672.0
1.766
1.526

WATER CONTENT
Container No.
Weight of Wet Soil+Container
Weight of Dry Soil+Container
Weight of Water
Weight of Container
Weight of Dry Soil
Water Content,w

108.2
104.2
4.1
20.3
83.9
4.84

138.1
129.6
8.6
26.6
103.0
8.30

171.3
154.0
17.2
25.9
128.2
13.43

199.9
176.3
23.6
26.2
150.0
15.74

185.8
183.4
2.4
24.3
159.1
1.53

10.16

cm

11.68

cm
cm3

946.935

COMPACTION
Test No.
1
Assumed Water Content
%
Weight of Air Dry Soil Used
g
Water Content of Air Dry Soil
%
Amount of Water Added
cc
Weight of Wet Soil+Mould
g 3640.0
Weight of Mould
g 2060.0
Weight of Wet Soil,W
g 1580.0
Wet Density , gt=W/V
g/cm3 1.669
Dry Density,gd=100gt/(100+w)
g/cm3 1.643

g
g
g
g
g
%

1.800

Mould Size

STANDARD COMPACTION TEST

lb.
in.

1.750

1.700

Dry Density (t/m3)

For:

1.650

1.600

1.550

Maximum Dry Density= 1.745 t/m3

Optimum Water Content =9.80 %

1.500
0

10 12 14
Water Content (%)

16

18

Checked and approved by:

Dr. Suttisak Soralump

Remarks:

1) Certification applies to test samples only.

2) Information under "For", "Project", are supplied by client. These are not certified.

20

22

Soil Description
Date

Mould Size

Diameter

26/8/2546

Tested by

Hight
-

COMPACTION
Test No.
Assumed Water Content
%
Weight of Air Dry Soil Used
g
Water Content of Air Dry Soil
%
Amount of Water Added
cc
Weight of Wet Soil+Mould
g
Weight of Mould
g
Weight of Wet Soil,W
g
Wet Density , gt=W/V
g/cm3
Dry Density,gd=100gt/(100+w)
g/cm3
WATER CONTENT
Container No.
Weight of Wet Soil+Container
Weight of Dry Soil+Container
Weight of Water
Weight of Container
Weight of Dry Soil
Water Content,w

g
g
g
g
g
%

Volume of Mould, V

15.24

12.7

c
c

2316.67

8854
4010
4844
2.09
2.06

9221
4010
5211
2.25
2.18

9570
4010
5560
2.40
2.28

9405
4010
5395
2.33
2.17

9380
4010
5370
2.32
2.10

2
178.20
175.66
2.5
25.64
150.0
1.69

1
181.57
176.69
4.9
26.00
150.7
3.24

4
166.21
159.15
7.1
24.42
134.7
5.24

3
198.99
187.00
12.0
27.52
159.5
7.52

0
223.74
205.15
18.6
26.63
178.5
10.41

10
18

MODIFIED COMPACTION TEST

lb.
in.

56

2.300

5
15.24

cm

2.280

12.7

cm
cm3

2.260

2316.67

2.240
6

2.220

2.200

Dry Density (t/m3)

er

Modified

2.180
2.160
2.140
2.120

Maximum Dry Density= 2.280 t/m3

Optimum Water Content = 5.59 %

2.100
2.080
2.060

4
5

2.040
2.020
2.000
0

Water Content (%)

Remarks:

1) Certification applies to test samples only.

ZERO AIR VOID

Braja
M.

Das


(Bank Volume and Compacted Factor)

1.15

1.40

85%

1.25

1.40

95%

1.25

1.50

98%

1.25

1.70

1.60

1.70

1.25

1.60

1.50

.. , ,

Various types of compaction curve

Type A (typical)
L.L. ~ 30-70 %
Type B C
L.L. < 30 % or sandy soil
Type D
L.L. > 70 % (rare)

Gradation and soil type effect

Poorly graded
Well graded

Compacted soil Properties

Permeability

Field Compaction Curve

Maximum dry density ,gd max

97%

+-2%

Optimum water content , wopt.

Field Density Test

Soil Testing for

embankment
construction

Compaction
gd max , wopt.
CBR.

DONE

No

Yes

Field Compaction
Field Density
Test(gdF)

Yes

Material Selection

No

gd F gd L

Soil Testing for embankment construction

Suttisak Soralump

Total density =

Wt
V

W
Total
Density
s
Dry density =
=
(1+w)
V
Weight (Wt),
Water Content (w)
Volume (V)

Holtz and Kovacs, 1981

Water replacement

ASTM D5030

Sand Cone Test

Rubber Balloon Test

KASETSART UNIVERSITY

Project:

DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING, Geotechnical Laboratory

Location:

FIELD DENSITY TEST

Tested by Petai & Team

Date

19/9/2546

Material
1

Test No.
Weight of Wet Soil+Container
Weight of Dry Soil+Container
Weight of Water
Weight of Container
Weight of Dry Soil
Water Content, w
Average Water Content, w

g 153.52 132.44
g 146.97 126.66
g 6.55
5.78
g 24.26
25.13
g 122.71 101.53
% 5.34
5.69
5.52
%

Test No.
Weight of Wet Soil
Final Reading
Initial Reading
Volume of Hole
Corrected Volume of Hole

g
cc
cc
cc
cc

Test No.
Wet Density , gt=W/V
Dry Density,gd=100gt/(100+w)
Dry Density
Percent Proctor Density %

1
650.59
630
360
270
300

180.01 125.68
174.03 121.79
5.98
3.89
27.87
25.39
146.16 96.40
4.09
4.04
4.06

147.99 177.52
143.53 172.26
4.46
5.26
26.25
26.62
117.28 145.64
3.80
3.61
3.71

2
619.08
640
360
280
280

3
601.47
630
360
270
270

4
144.14
140.36
3.78
26.04
114.32
3.31

132.59
128.75
3.84
24.26
104.49
3.67
3.49

4
577.95
640
360
280
280

gm/cc

1
2.41

2
2.21

3
2.23

4
2.06

Compaction Data
Type

gm/cc

2.28

2.12

2.15

1.99

Test Reference Number

132.59
108.19

134.04
109.38

124.46
101.56

pcf 142.51
116.28

Maximum Dry Density

Field Dry Density

X 100
Max Dry Density (Lab)
Modified
4555
pcf

122.55

Approved by:
Dr. Suttisak Soralump

Remarks:

1) Certification applies to test samples only.

Percent Compaction or
2) Information under "For", "Project", are supplied by client. These are not certified.
3)This certificate is invalid without appropriate signature and seal.
Relative Compaction

Nuclear Density Test

Nuclear Density Apparatus

Backscatter

Direct Transmission

Neutron

Moisture Content

Gamma Ray

Density

Field water content

Field Density Test

Field Compaction

3 2

Sheep Foot Roller

Or Tamping foot

Soil Placing

Spreading and Watering

Compaction

Scarify

Roller compact before raining

0.3

6-8

*** ***

Permeable

Geotextiles

Geosynthetics

Impermeable

Geomembranes

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

GEOSYNTHETICS

Geotextiles

Filtration

Geogrids

Drainage

Geonets

Separation

Geomembranes

Reinforcement

Geopiers

Fluid barrier

Geocomposites

Protection

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

 Geotextiles
Geotextiles

(woven) (Nonwoven)

Geotextiles

(Nonwoven)

(Woven)

 Geogrids
Geogrids

 Geonets
Geonets

FOTO***

 Geocomposites

 Geocells
Geocells

polyolefin geogrids 0.5
1 geocell
geomattresses.
soil confinement

 Geomats
:

 Geomembranes
Geomembranes

 Geomembranes

 Fibres
:

fibre reinforced backfill

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,

Geotechnical Engineering Research and

Development Center

www.Gerd.eng.ku.ac.th
02-579-2265
Soil Improvement, Dr. Suttisak Soralump, (GERD) ,