VD for water at 20°C (V in m/s, D in cm)

0.06 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 1000 2000 4000 6000 10000
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VD for atmospheric air at 20°C
1 2 4 6 8 10 20 40 60 100 200 400 600 1000 2000 4000 6000 10000 20000 40000 60000 100000
−1 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
10
Laminar → Critical ← Transition zone →← Complete turbulence, rough pipes, R > 3500/r, 1/√f = 1.14 − 2 log r
9 flow zone
0.07
8
0.06

0.05
7
0.045
0.04
6 0.035
0.03
5.5
0.025
5

Relative roughness r Í Ä (ε in mm, D in mm)

0.02
Darcy−Weisbach friction factor f Í ÄÄÄÄ
2hDg

0.0175
LV 2

4.5
0.015
0.0125
4
0.01

3.5 0.008

0.006
3

D
ε
0.004

0.003
2.5
0.002
0.0015

2 0.001
Material ε (mm)
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ 0.0008
1.8
Riveted steel 0.9−9 0.0006
Concrete 0.3−3
1.6 Wood stave 0.18−0.9 Smooth pipes, r = 0 0.0004
Cast iron 0.25 1/√f = 2 log(R √f ) − 0.8
1.4
Galvanized iron 0.15
Asphalted cast iron 0.12 Hagen−Poisseuille equation 0.0002
Commercial steel 0.046 R ≤ 2300, f = 64/R
Drawn tubing 0.0015
1.2 0.0001
2
Colebrook equation, R ≥ 2300
Fluid at 20°C ν (m /s) 1/√f = −2 log(r /3.7 + 2.51/(R √f )) r = 5e−006
ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ ÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄÄ 5e−005
−2
10 Water 1.003e−006
Acceleration at sea level
Air (101.325 kPa) 1.511e−005
latitude 45°, g = 9.80665 m/s2 2e−005
9
r = 1e−006
1e−005
8
6 7 8 3 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 4 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 5 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 6 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 8
10 10 10 10 10 10
VD
Moody Diagram Reynolds number R Í ÄÄ (V in m/s, D in m, ν in m 2/s)
ν