:

  =   4   = 
 4  =     :

   =   4   = )    ( 2  = ) (2    = ) (2  
 :

 (' #$ = )*+ +( 2 (' #$ = *+ 1./ :

 ( ) = 2' +( 2'5 ( ) = 2
 (2+ ( ) = 2
 (2' ( = 2' '5 ( = 2 + ( = 2 ' !"#&
%:
 = ])*+  +*+ ( 2 [ h1./ = )  ; (2 '9  /*+;  '9 2) =  /*+( 1./*)' :

 =   +  +  = < = )*+ 1./( 2;*+ = < = ) (21././ = < = ) (2*+
. 
:
)(P=3.14

 *> =  3.14;  ; *> = 
 3.14B *> =  2; *> = C 2 - = )C C( 3.14


  :
  
 =  E9*+ 1./   =    +  E9 /*+ ) =  /*+' ( 2'( G9 ( # = '  1./:/0
   =  E9*+ 4   =  *+ 6 G9 = I
 
 

2:1
  
 =  E9*+ 1./   =    +  E9 /*+
 = G9*+ 1./ *+ = 
G91./1./ = 
 G9*+

# :4.

 = G9*+ 1./  
 =  E9*+ 1./ )0:5%
(  = (  
 9
G9
= G9(  (  
 9(  
=  9(  
G9&" :
*>. ) = K'LM ( 100*>. ) = K'L*>. *  *+ (12 'PC*>. *  = )*>. *+ K'L 'PC( 12 = )*>.  (100 K'LMM = )*>.  (100 K'L
 
 :
 +(' = M R** =  R +('M = R +(' M*) 4
8 7.: 46
 * 
  =T*   G * = * 
 T  G- G M( = G* 
  T*