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Northmead High School SL#603217

Avogadro's Hypothesis
The Italian, Amadeo Avogadro (1776-1856) was trained in Law, but became very interested in Science. In 1811, he noticed the similarity between Gay-Lussac's Law (an empirical "law" based on experiment) and the concept that atoms must combine in simple, whole number ratios to form compounds.

Molar Volume of a Gas

If 1 mole of any chemical species contains the same number of particles (Avogadro's Number) AND if equal volumes of gases contain equal number of particles (Avogadro'S Hypothesis), then it follows that 1 mole of any gas must occupy the same volume, if measured at the same temperature and pressure. This volume is the "Molar Volume" and is the same for every gas. It is measured at the standard set of conditions known as Standard Laboratory Conditions (SLC); 25C and 1 standard atmosphere of pressure.

Equal Volumes of all Gases Contain Equal Numbers of Molecules (when measured at the same conditions of temperature and pressure)

Mole Calculations Involving Gases

This additional knowledge opens up the opportunity to carry out quantity calculations which involve mass and volumes of gases. Example Problems

1.
Prior to Avogadro, it was assumed that the the reaction involved single atoms, like this: If 15.65g of calcium carbonate (CaC03) was completely decomposed by heat, what volume of carbon dioxide gas would be produced (if measured at SLC)? Solution Always begin with the balanced equation for the reaction. CaC03(s) mole ratio = 1 Chlorine(g) ~ 1 volume Hydrogen chloride(g) 2 volumes Moles of CaC03: . : CO2(g) 1

+
: 15.65 100,09

Hydrogen{g) 1 volume

+
:

CaO(s) 1

n =..J.!L = j\1},,f

= 0.1564 mol

Mole ratio is 1 : 1, so moles of CO2 formed = 0.1564 Now, reasoned Avogadro, gases react in simple, wholenumber volume ratios because each litre of gas has the same number of molecules in it. Therefore, to get the volume ratios shown above, each hydrogen molecule, and each chlorine molecule, must have 2 atoms! i.e. Hydrogen is H2(g) and Chlorine is Cl2(g)' and the correct equation is :. Volume of CO2 = 0.1564 x 24.8...... 3.88 L (at SLC)

Molar Vol. of all gases at SLC

2.
What volume of hydrogen gas (at SLC) would be produced if 10.00g of lithium metal was reacted with sulfuric acid? Solution 2 Li(s)

+
:

Then, for the same reaction, scientists could measure the masses of these gases as well as volumes. This showed that chlorine atoms must be about 35 times heavier than hydrogen ... chemists were on the way to figuring out the relative atomic weights of elements, and being able to calculate chemical quantities. Although he did not invent the concept of the mole, we name the number of particles in 1 mole in Avogadro's honour ...

. H2(g) 1

+ Li2SO 4(aq)
1

Moles of lithium: n = ..J.!L = 10.00 = 1.441 mol MM 6.941 Mole ratio is 2:1, so moles of H2 = 1/2 X 1.441=0.7204 :. Volume of Hz = 0.7204 x 24.8

= 17.9 L (at SLC)

4. Mole Ratios in Equations Sodium reacts with water as follows: 2N a 1. Molar Masses Calculate the molar mass of: a) potassium c) tin e) nitrogen gas g) sodium iodide i) ammonia k) aluminium oxide b) krypton d) bromine (Brz> oxide

2HzO

. Hz

a) If 1 mole of sodium reacted, how many moles of i) hydrogen formed? ii) water consumed? b) If 0.25 mol of NaOH formed, how many moles of i) sodium consumed? ii) hydrogen formed? c) If 0.75 mole of hydrogen formed, how many moles of i) sodium consumed? ii) NaOH produced? Aluminium 4Al reacts with oxygen: ~

f) magnesium

h) iron(III) sulfide j) copper(lI) sulfate I) glucose (C6H120J

+ 3 0z

2Alz03 moles of used? how many moles of used?

2. No. of Moles in a Given Mass How many moles in: a) 100.0g of lead? b) 1OO.Ogof zinc? c) 100.0g of water? d) 100.0g of copper(lI) nitrate? e) 38.55g of magnesium fluoride? f) 60.00g of carbon dioxide? g) 1.000g of zinc oxide? h) 500.0g of flucose (C6H1PJ? i) 3.258 x 10- g of salt (sodium chloride)?

d) If 0.5 mole of AI used, how many i) Alum.oxide formed? ii) oxygen e) If 0.1 mole of alum. oxide formed, i) aluminium used? ii) oxygen 5. Mass Quantities in Reactions

a) Calcium burns in oxygen to form calcium oxide: 2Ca + 0z ~ 2CaO If 8.50g of calcium reacted, what mass of calcium oxide would be formed? b) Silver carbonate decomposes when heated: 2AgzC03 ~ 2COz + 4Ag in: If 20.0g of silver carbonate was decomposed i) what mass of silver metal would form? ii) what mass of CO2 would be produced? iii) what mass of 02 would be formed? c) Aluminium 2Al reacts with hydrochloric ---.. 3Hz acid:

j) 128.6g of ammonium

carbonate?

+ 0z

3. Moles and Number of Particles a) How many particles (atoms/molecules) i) 3 moles of water? ii) 2.478 mol of COi iii) 5 mol of salt? iv) 0.007862 mol of copper v) 1/1000 mol of helium

+ 6HCI

b) Convert between mass, moles and no.of particles. i) If there are 8.800x10 25 atoms 0 f' till, hI' ow many mo es this, and what would be the mass? . ii) You have a sample containing 2.575x1024 molecules water. How many moles is this, and what is its mass?

2AlC13

1S

of

If 6.50g of aluminium reacted i) what mass of HCI would be consumed? ii) what mass of hydrogen gas produced? iii) what mass of aluminium chloride produced? d) Tin reacts with steam as follows:

iii) If you weigh out 400.0g of water, how many moles is this, and how many molecules are present? iv) If you have 2.569g of pure nickel, how many atoms are there?

Sn(s)

+ 2HZO(g~

2HZ(g)

SnOZ(s)

If 14.8g of tin reacted i) what mass of tin(lV) oxide would be formed? ii) What mass of steam would be consumed? iii) what mass of hydrogen would be produced?

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6. Empirical

Formulas

from Mass Composition

a) A compound containing only copper and chlorine is decomposed, and the masses measured to fmd the mass composition: Mass of copper present = 12.84g Mass of chlorine present = 7.16g i) Find the empirical formula. ii) Name the compound. b) i) Find the empirical formula of a compound containing

8. Mass & Gas Volume Calculations a) To "scrub" the air and remove poisonous COz on board the Space Shuttle, the air is continually pumped through canisters containing 5.0kg of litlllum oxide. The reaction is LiZO(s)

COZ(~

LiZC03(s)

i) How many moles of litillum oxide in each canister? ii) How many moles of COz can this amount absorb? iii) What volume of COz(g) is tills? (measured at SLC) b) Iron reacts with oxygen: 4Fe(s) + 30Z(g) -...

carbon and hydrogen; a sample was found to contain 1.5g of carbon and O.5g of hydrogen. ii) Name the compound, given that its empirical molecular formulas are the same. c) A compound was found to contain 30% nitrogen and

2FeZ03(s)

and

i) If 10.0L of 0z at SLC reacted, what mass of iron(III) oxide would be formed? ii) If 100g of iron reacted, what volume of oxygen (at SLC) would be needed? c) The electrolysis of water causes decomposition: 2HzO
(I)

70% oxygen by mass. i) Find the empirical formula. ii) It is later found that its molecular formula is a 2 times multiple of the empirical. Write the molecular formula. iii) Name the compound.

2HZ(g)

Z(g) of

i) If 1.00g of water was decomposed, what volumes each gas (measured at SLC) would be formed?

7. Volumes of Reacting Gases ( Assume all are measured at same temperature 2 HZ(g)

& pressure)

0Z(g)

2 HZO(g)

In an electrolysis experiment, 50mL (0.050 L) of oxygen was produced. (measured at SLC) ii) What volume of hydrogen (at SLC) was produced? iii) What mass of water must have been decomposed?

a) If you used 5 litres of hydrogen, how many litres i) of oxygen consumed? ii) of water vapour formed? b) If you used 0.25 litres of oxygen, how many litres of i) water vapour formed? ii) hydrogen consumed? c) If tllls reaction produced litres of i) hydrogen consumed? ii) oxygen consumed? 20 litres of steam, how many

The formal definition of the mole is "the a) . of atoms in 12.00 grams of b) " One mole of any substance contains the same number of c) The mass of 1 mole of any substance is equal to its d) . in grams. The actual number of particles in one mole of anything is known as "e) .'s Number" and has a value of f) . In a balanced chenllcal equation, the "balancing numbers" (coefficients) may be interpreted as being g) . .............................. of reactants and products. By converting between the h) of substances and the number of i) , it becomes possible to calculate all the quantity relationships during a chenllcal j) From the mass composition it is also possible to determine the k) formula of compounds. Historically, the mole concept arose from the work of 2 men: The Frenchman 1) . discovered that "the m) of gases in chemical reactions always show simple, n) . ratios to each other". Soon after, the Italian 0)................................................. suggested that "Equal p) of all gases contain q) . numbers of r) (when measured at the same conditions of s) and ) The standard conditions usually used are known as t)...................... (abbreviation) and is a pressure of u) and temperature v) c.

Ammonia nitrogen

gas is 3 HZ(g)

d) In order to make 9 litres of ammonia, what volume i) of hydrogen needed? ii) of nitrogen needed? e) If 0.6 litre of hydrogen reacted, what volume i) of ammonia formed? ii) of nitrogen need?

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WORKSHEETS SUMMARIES

Ores and Minerals

... and now back to the metals. Minerals are naturally occurring compounds. "Rocks" are mixtures of various minerals. Most minerals are lattice structures, both ionic and covalent. Some very common minerals include:
o

The Importance

of Predicting Yield from an Ore

The whole situation of economic feasibility makes the science of Analytical Chemistry vital in the mining and metals industry. Mining operations cost millions of dollars to set up. To do so, the operators need to be sure that the ore contains enough metal to be profitable. Chemical analysis in the laboratory is used to measure the mineral content of the ore body, to predict the final yield of the metal.

Silica, which is chemically silicon dioxide (SiOz) and is the

most common mineral on Earth. Other compounds are often included in the silica lattice to make "silicate" minerals. These occur in virtually all rocks. o Calcite, which is calcium carbonate (CaC03) is the main mineral in limestone and marble. Some minerals contain significant quantities chemically combined in the compound. of metal(s),

Ores are rocks and/or minerals from which economically worthwhile to extract a desired metal.

it

1S

It is the economic part of this definition which is criticaL For example, there are many rocks and minerals that contain significant amounts of iron and aluminium. These are not "iron ore" or "aluminium ore" unless it is economically worthwhile to mine and process them to get the metaL

Ores are Non-Renewable

Resources

Minerals and ores have been formed over millions and billions of years of geological processes on Earth. Because of that time-frame, the ores are non-renewable in the sense that once we use them up, they cannot be replaced. There is no immediate concern for running out of the most important ores, but unlimited exploitation of any non-renewable resource is: What Makes It Economically Worthwhile? Basically, economic feasibility is the balance between:
o o o

irresponsible, to future generations. unsustainable, because all non-renewable eventually run out.

things must

the Commercial

Price for which the metal can be sold

and o the Production Costs of mining and transporting the are, and chemically extracting and purifying of the metal. Another factor is the abundance of the metal and its ores on Earth. For example, iron is relatively cheap because it is very common in huge deposits of iron ores. Platinum is very rare, so it commands a high price. This makes it worthwhile to mine even very low-grade ores. A low-grade iron are would not be worth mining!

economically stupid, because it may be cheaper to re-use and recycle, dlan to constantly extract "new" materials. environmentally damaging, because mining and metal smelting have a history of pollution and ecosystem destruction.

In the not-too-distant future it may become economically worthwhile to begin "mining" the old rubbish dumps around our cities, to recover dle discarded metals in society's garbage.

Case Study: Extraction of Copper from its Ores

Copper Ores
include a variety of compounds of copper, including:

Froth Flotation to Concentrate the Ore

The ore is crushed into a powder and the copper minerals are separated from the silicates by a process of "Froth Flotation" which relies on differences in "wettability" and density.

coppe,r(I) sulfide, Cu2S copper(II) hydroxide mixed with copper(II) carbonate, Cu(OH}z.CuC03

These compounds rock.

usually occur as thin "veins" of blue-

green minerals embedded in masses of worthless silicate

The copper content of the entire ore body might be only 3% or less. Therefore, the first step after mining is to separate the copper minerals from the "rock".

Compressed solution.

air creates a froth of bubbles in a detergent

Chemistry of Smelting
The concentrated copper Decomposition Reactions. minerals now undergo

Copper minerals, sprayed with a special oil, cling to the bubbles and are carried upwards to overflow with d1e froth. Silicate minerals are wetted denser, sink to the bottom. by the water and, being

In Australia, the main copper ores contain copper(I) sulfide. If tllls is heated in a furnace supplied witl1 plenty of air the reaction is: Copper(I) sulfide Cu2S

+ oxygen...
+
02

Copper ZCu

+ Sulfur dioxide
+ S02

The collected froth is then treated to separate tl1e oil and detergent for re-use.

Sulfur dioxide is a serious pollutant if released from the smelter. These days it is collected and used to manufacture sulfuric acid ... a useful by-product.

Final Purification by Electrolysis

The major use of copper is for electrical wiring. For d1is it needs to be 99.9% pure. Copper is purified by electrolysis: The impure copper is immersed in CuSO 4 solution and electrified:
Impure Copper dissolves into solution U migrate CuS04

After nligrating tluough tl1e solution, tl1e ions are reC +2

.
solution

Ions '. throug~ ~

I"

~I

The copper dissolves into d1e solution, but impurities do not.

~J

Pure Copper deposits on electrode

deposited as pure copper metal on tl1e other electrode:

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science Producing the electricity usually involves the burning of coal at a power station. The burning of fossil fuels like coal is a major contributor to the "Greenhouse Effect" which many scientists are now convinced is causing massive climate changes to the entire Earth. Recvcling aluminium requires about 7kI of energy, a saving of about 96% in energy and environmental impact!

The Case for Recycling

The point that mineral ores are non-renewable has already been made. Eventually, any non-renewable resource must run out, so recycling is inevitable. There is also a strong environmental metals, especially aluminium. case for recycling of ~--'" Extracting aluminium from its ore reqUires about 200k] (kilojoules) of energy per kg of metal. This energy is mainly in the form of electricity, which is needed in huge quantities for the electrolytic smelting process.

Most local councils now operate "Recycling Centres" which can sort out paper, glass, plastic, etc from our garbage, as long as we remember to put recyclables in the correct bin. Aluminium (mainly drink cans) collected this way is returned to scrap-metal businesses which clean and re-melt the metal to return it to manufacturing industry for re-use.

"Minerals" are naturally occurring a) which are mixed together in rocks. An c) d) "ore" is a b) worthwhile .

from which it is to extract a desired

Copper ores contain compounds such as m) . ............................ and . After mining, the ore is crushed, then concentrated by ". This process "n)........................... .. uses a froth of bubbles to separate the 0) density copper compounds from the worthless rock which is mainly p) . minerals. The "smelting" process involves q) reactions. For a sulfide ore, it reacts with r) to form s) metal and t) gas. The fInal step is to u) process of v) There are many good reasons to w) metals, especially x) the copper by a . . which requires . . .

Whether it is worthwhile (or not) to mine an ore depends on the balance between the e) . and the f) of ml111ng, transporting and g) the metal.

h) analysis of an ore deposit is vital to from the ore, to predict the i)..................................... determine if it is worth mining. Ores are j) once used, they cannot k) due to the immense time it takes for 1) processes to form them. resources because .

large amounts of y) energy to extract from its ore. Producing the electricity required is often done . by burning z) fuels such as aa) This contributes to the "ab) . Effect", responsible for global climate changes. Recycling aluminium requires only a fraction of this energy.

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CONCEPT DIAGRAM ("Mind Map") OF TOPIC

Some students find that memorizing the OUTLINE of a topic helps them learn and remember the concepts and important facts. Practise on this blank version.

METALS

Practice Questions
These are not intended to be "HSC style" questions, but to challenge your basic knowledge and understanding of the topic, and remind you of what you NEED to know at the K.ISS. Principle leveL When you have confidently mastered this level, it is strongly recommended you work on questions from past exam papers.

7.
The scientist most responsible for the development Periodic Table was: A. Avogadro B. Newlands C. Gay-Lussac D. Mendeleev of the

8.
Element "X" is in Group 2 and element "Y" in Group 7.
j--"t

1. Which list shows metals used by humans in the correct chronological order of their history of usage? A. bronze, aluminium, iron B. copper, bronze, iron C. gold, iron, bronze D. copper, steel, bronze 2. Which list correctly identifies an alloy, and the elements it contains? A. Steel; iron and tin B. Bronze; tin and zinc C. Solder; copper and lead D. Brass; copper and zinc

If X& Y
formed a compound, you would expect it to be

~n~m+1Ejg=fftj~

r'.-T-'.t

A. ionic, with formula ~ Y B. covalent, with formula ~ Y C. ionic, with formula :>"''Y 2 D. covalent, with formula Y2X

9.
If the elements "X" & "Y" in Q8 lie in the same period of the table, you would expect: A. X to have a smaller radius than Y B. Y to have a higher electronegativity than X. C. X to have a higher 1st ionization energy than Y D. Y to have a higher melting point than X. 10. The reason for the trend in atomic radius as you move across a period to the right, is: A. increasing nuclear charge. B. addition of extra electron shells. C. decreasing attraction of electrons to the nucleus. D. increasing mass of the atoms.

3.
The metals used by humans have changed over the course of history. The availability of new metals has often been dependent on the: A. availablity of energy to extract metals from ores. B. discovery of new minerals as people explored the world. C. invention of new alloys. D. development of new technologies to use the metals.

4.
A metal which reacts readily and vigorously with oxygen, water and dilute acids would probably: A. have a high value for 1st ionization energy. B. be from the "Transition" block of the Periodic Table. C. have a very low 1st ionization energy. D. be located at extreme right of the Periodic Table. 5. If nickel reacted with sulfuric acid, the products reaction would be: A. hydrogen gas and nickel sulfate B. carbon dioxide gas and nickel sulfate. C. nickel sulfide and hydrogen gas. D. sulfur dioxide gas and nickel hydroxide.

11.
An atom of argon is about twice as heavy as an atom of neon. You would expect: A. a mole of argon to contain about half as many atoms as a mole of neon. B. equal masses of each element to contain about the same number of atoms. C. 2g of argon to contain about the same number of atoms as Ig of neon. D. the molar mass of neon to be about twice tlle molar mass of argon.

of the

6. During the reaction in Q5, the basic underlying change occurnng IS: A. the breaking covalent bonds. B. the transfer of electron(s) from one species to another. C. chemical changes in "spectator ions". D. physical dissolving of metal in the acid.

12. Which line shows correctly the molar mass (to the nearest gram) of the named substance? A. water, 18g B. carbon dioxide, 28g C. oxygen gas, 16g D. helium gas, 8g

13.
I\luminium reacts with oxygen to form ahuninium oxide.

4 AI

+ 3 02

2 Alz03

20. (5 marks) Give an outline

of

an experiment

you have done

to

If 1 mole of aluminium (about 27g) was to be reacted, you would need how many moles of oxygen gas? A. 0.75 mol B. 3 mol C. 1 mol D. 1.3 mol

investigate the relative chemical activity of some metals. Include the observation(s) you made to assess metal activity, and state the conclusion(s) reached. 21. (6 marks) Write a balanced symbol equation for the reaction of: a) magnesium with hydrochloric acid. b) calcium with water (reacts at room temperature). c) potassium with oxygen. 22. (4 marks) When barium metal reacts with an acid there is an exchange of electrons such that hydrogen gas and barium ions are formed. to show clearly the \'V'rite 2 "half-equations" gaining, and the species loslll.g, electrons. 23. (4 marks) a) Write an ionization of species

14.
Avogadro's number can be described by the abbreviation N A' If you had 2 moles of me dune (CHJ, then the number of hydrogen atoms present is: A. 2 x NAB. C.8xNA 4 x NA D.10xN
A

15.
Carbon monoxide gas reacts carbon dioxide gas as follows:

2C:0(g)

+ 02(g)--------" --

equation

(including

states)

for

the

first

If 100mL of carbon dioxide was produced, then the total volume of reactants (all measured at the same temp. & pressure) before the reaction would have been: A. 100mL B. 150mL C. 50mL D. 250mL

i) magnesium ii) oxygen b) Describe how the Activity Series of Metals is related to dl.e values of 1st Ionisation Energy.

16.
The "smelting" of a metal ore always involves: A. separatlll.g the metal-containing mineral from the rock. B. decomposing a compound of the metal. C. purifying the extracted metal by electrolysis. D. all of the above.

24. (5 marks) a) Sketch a graph (values are not required) to show the general changes in melting points of the elements across one period of the Periodic Table. b) Briefly explain the general trend shown in your graph. 25. (marks) a) Write equations (including states) to describe the i) 1st ii) 2nd and iii) 3rd ionisations of potassium. b) At which ionization would you expect a huge lll.CreaSein the ionization energy? Explain your answer. 26. (6 marks) a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction of aluminium metal with hydrochloric acid. b) If 6.58g of aluminium reacted fully, calculate: i) the number of aluminium atoms involved. ii) the mass of aluminium chloride formed. iii) the volume of hydrogen gas (at SLC) 27. (4 marks) It was found by experiment that a compound containing only tin and oxygen, contained 88% tin, by mass. Showing your working, determine the empirical formula for this compound, and give its correct chemical name.

Longer Response Questions

Mark values shown are suggestions only, and are to give you an idea of how detailed an answer is appropriate. 17. (5 marks) Give an example of a) a metal used in its elemental state, and b) a non-ferrous alloy (naming its components) in common use. For each, relate the properties of the metal to its particular use(s). 18. (3 marks) Give a reason why a) metal tools are superior to stone tools. b) iron replaced bronze in the history of metallurgy. c) aluminium did not come into common use until the 20th century. 19. (6 marks) The most common metal in use today is steel, which comes in a variety of forms, with different properties and uses. Compare 3 different types of steel, stating the composition of each and relating its properties to a common use.

28. (4 marks) In the reaction of nitrogen and hydrogen gases to form ammonia gas, it was found by experiment that 300mL of hydrogen reacted completely with 100mL of nitrogen. 200mL of ammonia gas was produced. All the gas volumes were measured at a pressure of 10 standard atmospheres and 1S0C. a) Write a balanced equation for the reaction. b) Explain how the experimental agreement with Gay-Lussac's Law: measurements are 1n

30. (8 marks) a) Give the name and formula for a compound found in copper ores. b) Name, and briefly describe the process and separated

commonly

by which from

copper ore is concentrated surrounding "rock".

the

c) Write a chemical equation to describe the reaction which occurs in the smelting of the ore. (Involving the compound you named in part (a d) Name the process by which the smelted copper is

29. (S marks) a) Differentiate between a "mineral" and an "ore". b) Outline the role of Chemical Science in assessing the economic feasibility of mining a mineral resource. c) Briefly discuss the sustainability of using the Earth's mineral resources, and outline a strategy for conservation.

purified, and relate the need for purification use of the metaL

to a common

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Answer Section Worksheet 1

a) stone or wood/bone b) gold c) decoration/jewellery d) copper e) roasted by fire f) copper and tin g) bronze h) hard and strong i) brittle j) a saw blade k) iron I) harder and stronger m) temperature/energy n) coal 0) steel p) carbon q) aluminium r) energy s) ores t) iron u) steel v) cheap/economical w) hard and strong x) mild y) stainless z) copper and zinc aa) solder ab) tin and lead ac) plumbing and electronics ad) lightweight ae) corrosion af) drink cans/window frames/aircraft construction ag) copper ah) conductivity ai) ductile aj) decomposition ak) endothermic al) copper am) aluminium an) electricity ao) metal ap) energy b) Ca + 2HCI c) Barium + nitric acid

Zn + HZS04

+ zinc sulfate + ZnS04 hydrogen + calcium chloride

Hz
Hz .

CaClz

Ba
d) Iron Fe

+ 2HN03-.... + hydrochloric acid

5.

2HCI

a) the metals: Zn, Ca, Ba, Fe b) hydrogen ions (from the acid) c) sulfate, chloride and nitrate ions.

Worksheet 3 Part A
a) Dobereiner b) Newlands c) Octaves d) Mendeleev e) Periodic Table f) been discovered g) left gaps h) predict i) almost identical to the predictions j) decreases k) semi-metals & non-metals 1)increase m) decrease 0) semi-metal n) Transition p) inert q) right r) identical s) metals t) ionic u) positive v) covalent w) covalently x) gain y) negative z) bottom aa) upwards ab) right ac) top ad) down and left ae) decreases af) more ag) nucleus ah) increases ai) Ionisation aj) increase ak) remove al) decrease am) less an) remove ao) higher ap) increases aq) Electronegativity ar) attract as) fluorine at) left au) down Part B

Worksheet 2 Part A
a) oxide c) hydrogen e) hydrogen g) different i) potassium and sodium k) copper and gold m) slowly 0) lose q) covalent b) :METAL OXIDE d) hydroxide (or oxide) f) salt h) activity j) left I) iron and tin/lead/zinc n) electrons p) hydrogen r) hydrogen t) loss of electrons v) oxidized x) reduced z) remove one electron ab) low

s) Hz

u) Reduction w) hydrogen y) Ionisation aa) gas ac) higher ad) gold used in electronics, because it will not corrode. Part B 1. a) Pb Practice Problems . PbOz

1.
a) 1st 2nd 3 rd Ca(g) -.. + Ca (g) -.. ----C a +z (g)-------

+ Ca (g) Ca +z (g)

+ + +

e e e

+ 0z

C a +3 (g)

h +3 +4 4t Ca ()-.. Ca (g) + eb) Between 2n~ and 3rd, because 3rd ionisation electron from an inner orbit.

takes an

2. 2.
a) Li, Fe, Pb b) Lithium a) i) decreasing b) i) increasing H= fluorine c) i) increasing H = helium hydrogen + calcium hydroxide . - Hz + Ca(OH}z hydrogen + tin(II) oxide Hz + SnO ii) increasing ii) decreasing L= francium ii) decreasing L = francium

3.
a) calcium + water --.+ 2HzO --~ Ca b) Tin + water + HzO Sn

----0"-

---11"-

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Northmead

High School

SL#603217

Worksheet 4 Part A
1. Molar Masses a) 39.10g d) 159.8g g) NaI= 149.9 j) CuS04=159.6g b) 83.80g e) N2 = 28.02g h) Fe2S3=207.9g k) AIP3=102.0g c) 118.7g
f) MgO = 40.31g

i) NH3=17.03g I) 180.2g

d) n(Sn) = m / MM = 14.8/118.7 = 0.125 mol i) :. n(SnO~ = 0.125 mol m(SnO~ = n x MM = 0.125 x 150.7 = 18.8g ii) :. n(HzO) = 0.125 x 2 = 0.250 mol m(HzO) = n x MM = 0.250 x 18.016 = 4.50g iii) :. n(H~ = 0.125 x 2 = 0.250 mol m(H~ = n x MM = 0.250 x 2.016 = 0.504g 6. Empirical Formulas Copper a) i) masses 12.84g No moles = 12.84/63.55 0.2020 ratio = 1 :. emp. formula is CuCI ii) Copper(I) chloride b) i) Carbon masses 1.5g No moles = 1.5/12.01 0.125 0.125/0.125 = 1 ratio _ 1 :. emp. formula is CH4 ii) methane c) i) Nitrogen masses 30% 30/14.Q1 No moles = 2.14 2.14/2.14 1 _ 1 :. emp. formula is NOz ii) 2 x (NO~ = N204 iii) dinitrogen tetra-oxide 7. Volumes of Reacting Gases a) i) 2.5L ii) 5 L b) i) 0.5 L ii) 0.5 L c)i)20L ii)10L d) i) 13.5 L ii) 4.5 L e) i) 0.4 L ii) 0.2 L 8. Mass & Gas Volume a) i) n(Lip) = m/MM = 5,000/29.882 = 167 mol ii) n(CO~ = 167 mol 3 iii) v(CO~ = 167 x 24.8 = 4.14x10 L (>4,000L !) b) i) n(O~ = 10.0/24.8 = 0.403 mol :. n(Fep3) = 0.403 x2/3 = 0.269 mol m(Fe203) = n x MM = 0.269 x 159.7 = 42.9g ii) n(Fe) = m/MM = 100/55.85 = 1.79 mol :. n( O~ = 1.79 x 3/4 = 1.34 mol V(O~ = 1.34 x 24.8 = 33.2 L c) i) n(H20) = m /MM = 1.00/ 18.016 = 0.0555 mol :.n(H~ = 0.0555, v(H~ = 0.0555 x 24.8 = 1.38 L and n(O~ = 0.0555/2, v(O~ = (0.0555/2) x24.8=0.688L ii) use Gay-Lussac's Law: v(H~ = 100mL (0.10 L) iii) n(H~ = 0.10 / 24.8 = 0.00403 mol :. n(H20) = 0.00403 mol m(Hp) = n x MM = 0.00403 x 18.016 = O.073g

2. Moles in a Given Mass use n = m/MM a) n= 100.0/207.2 = 0.4826 mol b) n = 100.0/ 65.39 = 1.529 mol c) n = 100.0 / 18.016 = 5.551 mol d) n= 100.0/251.12 = 0.3982 mol e) n = 38.55 / 62.31 = 0.6187 mol f) n = 60.00 / 44.01 = 1.363 mol g) n = 1.000/ 81.39 = 0.01229 mol h) n = 500.0 / 180.2 = 2.775 mol i) n = 3.258x103/ 58.44 = 5.575 x 10.5 mol j) n = 128.6 / 96.094 = 1.338 mol 3. Moles & Particles and N= n x NA a) use n = N/NA . _ 23 24 1) N - 3 x 6.022xl0 = 1.807x10 molecules ..) N =.4 2 78 x 6.022x1023 = 1.492x1024molecules 11 ...) N = 5 x 6.022xl 023 = 3.011x1024 "sets" of Ions. . 111 . )N IV - 0.007862 x 6.022x1023 = 4.734xlO21 atoms 23 20 V)N = 1/1000 x 6.022xl0 = 6.022xl0 atoms . ~ n b) 1) n = N/NA = 8.800x10 /6.022x10 = 146.1 mol m = n x MM = 146.1xl18.7 = 17 340g(=17.34kg) 2 ii) n = N/NA = 2.575x1024/6.022x10 3 = 4.276 mol m = n x MM = 4.276 x 18.016 = 77.04g iii) n = m/MM = 400.0/ 18.016 = 22.20 mol 23 25 N = n x NA = 22.20 x 6.022x10 = 1.337xl0 molecules iv) n = m/MM = 2.569/58.69 = 0.04377 mol _ _ n n N - n x N A - 0.04377 x 6.022x10 = 2.636x10 atoms 23 23 v) n = N/NA = 2.500xl0 /6.022x10 = 0.4151 mol m = n x MM = 0.4151 x 32.07 = 13.31g 4. Mole ratios in Equations a) i) 0.5 mol ii) 1 mol b) i) 0.25 mol ii) 0.125 mol c) i) 1.5 mol ii) 1.5 mol d) i) 0.25 mol ii) 0.375 mol e) i) 0.2 mol ii) 0.15 mol 5. Mass Quantities in Reactions a) n(Ca) = m/MM = 8.50/40.08 = 0.212 mol :. n(CaO) = 0.212 mol m(CaO) = n x MM = 0.212 x 56.08 = 11.9g b) n(Ag2C03) = m/MM = 20.0/275.81 = 0.0725 mol i) :. n(Ag) = 0.0725 x 2 = 0.145 mol m(Ag) = n x MM = 0.145 x 107.9 = 15.6g ii) :. n(CO~ = 0.0725 mol m(CO~ = n x MM = 0.0725 x 44.01 = 3.19g iii) :. n(O~ = 0.0725 / 2 = 0.03625 mol m(O~ = n x MM = 0.03625 x 32.00 = 1.16g c) n(AI) = m / MJ.VI = 6.50/26.98 = 0.241 mol i) :. n(HCl) = 0.241 x 3 = 0.723 mol m(HCl) = n x MM = 0.723 x 36.458 = 26.4g ii) :. n(H~ = 0.241 x 3/2 = 0.3615 mol m(H~ = n x 11M = 0.3615 x 2.016 = O.729g iii) :. n(AICI3)= 0.241 mol m(AICl3)= n x MJ.VI = 0.241 x 133.33 = 32.1g

: Chlorine 7.16g 7.16/35.45 0.2019

1

: Hydrogen 0.5g 0.5/1.008 0.496 0.496/0.125 3.96 4

: Oxygen 70% 70/16 4.375 4.375/2.14 2.04 2

keep

it

simple

science

Worksheet 4 Part B
a) number c) particles e) Avogadro's g) ratio of moles i) moles (particles) k) empirical m) volume 0) Avogadro q) equal s) tempera hue & pressure u) 1 standard atmosphere b) carbon (carbon-12) d) formula ~~ss f) 6.022 x 10 h) mass j) reactions 1) Gay-Lussac n) whole-number p) volumes r) molecules/particles t) SLC v) 25

21. a) Mg

2HCI

Ba . Ba +z + 2e + 2H + 2e ---.. Hz (Barium lost, hydrogen ions gained)

23.
_ + e e b) The lower the ist Ionisa~on Energy the more active the metal, because the metal readily loses electron(s) to enter a reaction.

a) i)

Mg(g)

Mg +(g)
,

ii)

0 (g)

0+

a) compounds b) mineral c) economically d) metal e) commercial price f) production cost g) extracting (smelting) h) Chemical i) yield j) non-renewable k) be replaced 1)geological m) copper(I) sulfide & copper carbonate/hydroxide 0) lower n) Froth-flotation p) silicate q) decomposition r) oxygen s) copper t) sulfur dioxide u) purify v) electrolysis w) recycle x) aluminium y) electrical z) fossil aa) coal ab) Greenhouse

24
a) graph ~ b) At the beginning of a '15 period (left) the elements ';;, c are soft metals with ::E moderate to low mp's. ClI ::'E Moving right, the mp's rise to a maximum at a transition metal, or semi-metal. Then mp's fall rapidly at the nonmetals. Lowest values are tl1.einert gases on far right.

25.

a) 1st: K( ) . K (I) + e g.. K+z +g e2nd: K+ (g) K+z (g) K+3 + 3 r d . (g). (g) e b) Between 1st & 2nd, because the 2nd lOnization involves an electron from an inner orbit, which will require a big increase in energy to remove.

26.
Part A loB Multiple Choice

5. A
6. B 7.D 8. C

9. B
10. A 11.C 12. A

13.A
14. C 15.B 16. B

2. D 3.A 4. C

Longer Response In some cases there may be more than one correct answer possible. The following "model" answers are correct, but not necessarily perfect.

a) 2Al + 6HCI ---.. 3Hz + 2AlCl3 b) n(AI) = m / MM = 6.58 / 26.98 = 0.244 mol Z3 i) N(Al)= n x NA=0.244x6.022xl0z= 1.47xl0 atoms ii) n(AICl3) = 0.244 mol m(AICl3) = n x MM = 0.244 x 133.33 = 32.5g iii) n(Hz) 0.244 x 3/2 = 0.366 mol 0.366 x 24.8 9.08 L V(Hz)

=
=

17.
a) Copper. Used for electrical wiring, due to its excellent conductivity and high ductility. b) Solder, an alloy of tin & lead. Used for joining pipes in plumbing, and joining wires in electronics, because of its very low melting point.

% mass moles

Tin 88 88/118.7 0.74

Oxvgen 12 12/16.00 0.75

1
oxide . 2NH3

empirical formula is SnO. Tin(II) 28.a) Nz + 3Hz

18.
a) not brittle/ can be re-sharpened/ shape possiblities (saw) b) Iron is stronger and harder ... tools are superior. c) Needs electricity for smelting.

19.
Mild Steel (0.2% carbon). Used for car bodies & sheet metal, because it is strong but very malleable. Tool Steel (1.5% carbon). Used for hammers, drills, etc because it is very hard and strong. Stainless Steel (20% nickel & chromium). Used for food utensils and medical equipment because it resists corrosion and is very hygenic. 20. Small pieces of metal added to dilute acid in test tubes. (To keep expt. fair, the acid must be same strength, and metal pieces same size.) Observe the rate of gas production to assess reactivity. Conclusion: order of activity is: Mg > 2n > Fe > Pb > Cu

b) volumes = 100mL 300mL 200mL Vol. ratio = 1 3 2 The volumes of the gases are in a simple, whole number ratio to each other. This is Gay-Lussac's Law. 29. a) A mineral is a naturally-occurring crystalline compound. An are is a mineral which is economically worth mining to extract a metal from. All ores are minerals; not all minerals are ores. b) Chemical analysis allows an ore body to be analysed to predict the yield of metal. c) Ores are non-renewable resources, and once used cannot be replaced. Therefore, it is wise to conserve these resources by recycling metals wherever possible. 30. a) Copper(I) sulfide, CUzS. b) Crushed ore is separated by "froth flotation". Low density ore is carried in a detergent froth, while silicates fall to the bottom. c) CUzS . + 0z 2Cu + SOz d) ElectrolysIs. Copper needs to be very pure for Its main use in electrical wires. If impure, conductivity is lower.