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½ Amino acids are the subunit that make up proteins.
½ Amino acid contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and
nitrogen.
½ It have three important functional group.
A. Amino group (-NHΩ)
B. Carboxyl acid group (-COOH)
C. R group (side chain)
½ khere are four groups of amino acid : non-polar, polar,
basic and acidic.
a. non-polar : no electrical charge.
: Hydrophobic molecules.
b. Polar : R composed of polar molecules and the
electrical charge are asymmetrical.
: Hydrophilic molecules.
c. Basic : Contain basic amino side chain.
d. Acidic : consist of additional carboxyl group in the
side chain.
½ k o amino acid joined together through condensation
reaction.
½ khe process ill produce dipeptide.
½ Breakdo n of peptide bond can be done by hydrolysis
reaction.
½ Polypeptide contains hundreds of hundreds of amino
acids.
½ khe repeated sequence (-N-C-C-N-)is the polypeptide
backbone.
½ A polypeptide chain can fold or coil or become
associated ith other polypeptide chains to form a
protein.
½ It is usually refer to four separate levels of
organisation, namely: Õ
 
  
 
   
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Primary describe the sequence of amino acids in
the protein & usually determines its eventual
shape & biological function.
Linear sequence of amino acids linked
together by peptide bond.
Secondary the linear structure of protein chain begins
to fold/t ist, forming a 3-D spring like
structure called Ʉ-helix/Ʌ-pleated sheet.
hydrogen bond hold this structure
together.
kertiary once they have been folded by hydrogen
bond, polypeptides may then fold into a
globular shape hich is maintained by
hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds and covalent
bonds bet een sulphur atoms in the residual
chains of the amino acids.
Quaternary consist of more than one polypeptide
chain.
Example, human haemoglobin.
Consist of 4 chains rapped around an iron
haem group.