W

W
K

?? ?

K
K

K
K

K
K

K
K

K
K
K

K
K

K
K

K
K
K

W
.W

WW
K K

K K

K K

W

. W

K W

.

--

JW

(ferrait) (permanent magnet)

(Smarum cobalt) (Niodenum Boron Iron)

EFK

KK

J
EF
KK

K
K

--

:(Permeability)

(Magnetic permeability)

K
(Magnetization curve)

W
1-1

= o r

(Absolute permeability) EF o

o=4x10-7 H/m
K(Relative permeability)r
: -

KK

K
K

--

:B J
B=

WEFL

wb / m 2

1-2

K :H J
H=

h/m

1-3

:(Magneto-motive-force m.m.f) N

K
(ampere.turn) K

m.m.f=N.I

1-4

AT

:(Magnetic reluctance) Rmag -

Rmag =

m.m. f N .I
=

W
1-5

AT / wb

A L
Rmag =

L
A

1-6
--

K EF

JK
KLBIL

F=BLI

1-7

--

JEF

JK
AB, K A,F ABCDEF

K BC, CD, DE, EF

KINCD

J K

RmagAB =

LAB
AB AAB

Rmagt =

RmagEF =

RmagBC =
LEF
EF AEF

LBC
BC ABC

RmagCD =

Rmag gap =

LCD
CD ACD

RmagDE =

LDE
DE ADE

Lgap
o Agap

WRmag-t

L
L
L
LAB
L
L
+ BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
AB AAB BC ABC CD ACD DE ADE EF AEF o Agap

1-8

N.IEF

W JRmag-t
=

N.I

L
L
L
LAB
L
L
+ BC + CD + DE + EF + gap
AB AAB BC ABC CD ACD DE ADE EF AEF o Agap

--

1-9

J K

K JK

J J

--

m.m.f KK
L
Rmag =

A
m.m. f

=
Rmag

B =
A

e.m.f KKK
L

R =
A
E
I =
R
I
J =
A

J
K

J
K

J
K J
K
g pK

K ac y t
K

K J

--

m.m.f

Fg

2Lg

Hg

Ag

Bg

Ft

2Lt

Ht

At

Bt

Fac

Lac

Hac

Aac

Bac

ac=m/2

Fp

2Lp

Hp

Ap

Bp

Fy

Ly

Hy

Ay

By

y= m/2

m.m. f = Ftotal = m

2Lg
2L p m Ly
2Lt m Lac
+ m
+
+ m
+
o Ag
t At 2 ac Aac
p Ap 2 y Ay

1-10

W J JB
--

Ftotal =

2 B g Lg

2 Bt Lt

Bac Lac

ac

2B p L p

By Ly

1-11

,
J J

= 2 H g L g + 2 H t Lt + H ac Lac + 2 H p L p + H y L y
F
total

1-12

F
= Fg + Ft + Fac + F p + F y
total

1-13

K J

K
K

--

K J J

L J

L BELF V
WE

E=BLV sin()

1-14

volt

KE JF

E J

--

K J J

E = N(

d
)
dt

W(Faraday)
1-15

E JF

K (self induced )

. E

JF(mutual induced)

--

J
x J

W,K

X,Y J
WL

L=2*((x-5)+(y-5))=2*(20-5+30-5)=80 cm=0.8m
N=25 turns
I=

R=2 V=24V B=0.008 tesla

V 24
=
= 12 A
R 2

H=

NI 25 *12
=
= 375 A / m
0.8
L

= BA = 0.008 * 25 *10 4 = 0.00002 wb

--

A=(5*10-2)2=25*10-4 m2

J
K J

WKK

J J

K J

Lav d
W

-2

Lav=d=*50*10 =1.57 m
A= 3*10-4 m2

1- Rmag =

r=1500

o=4*10-7

mmf 1200
=
= 764.33 At / m
L
1.57
av

3- =

I=2 A

Lav
1.57
=
= 2.78 *106 AT / wb
r o A 1500(4 *10 7 )(3 *10 4 )

2- mmf=NI =600*2=1200 AT
H=

N=600

1200
mmf
=
= 4.32 *10 4 wb
R
2.78 *106
mag

--

4.32 *10 4
B= =
= 1.44 tesla
A
3 *10 4

--

J
K

K J

K J
J

K J

K J
K J

J
KL

K , K,
K

J
Kx

K ,

W ,
K

, J

--

DC Generators W

W
K

WW
K K

K K

K K
K K
K K

K K

W

KW

KEFW

K JW

--

DC Generators
K

K
K

K K

K
K

J J

WK

JEF

J

(S) (N) (abcd)

J

--

e=BLv

2-1

v(m/sec) L(m) B(wb/m2)

K(volt) (e) K

(cd) (ab)
K J

E F

EFEF

J (abcd)

oEoF

oK
0

J (sinewave)
--

(DC) EF

K J A, BE F

(abcd) JA

B J

K J

K EF

c
d
b
a

E F

E
F

EF

--

J J

WK J

W(Yoke)

K JK

W(Main poles)

(Pole face or shoe)

W (Field coils) K

(series field coil) (shunt field coil)

K K

KE JF

J
--

W (Commutating poles)

EF

K
K

WEF

W(Armature core)

K
K J

--

W(Armature windings)

W (Commutator )EF

K
KEF
K

W(Brushes holder)

K EF
K

WArmature winding J J

EF J
--

K
JK

(commutator segments)
W

W(Lap winding) J

3 2 2 1E 1,2,3F
K

K
JK
K

W(Wave winding) J

K J (commutator pitch)

EFEF
J
--

v (m/sec)B (tesla)l (m)

e E JF

e=Blv

W(volt)

volt

v = r =

2n
r
60

2-2

Wr meter
2-3

EF (rad/sec) L (rpm) n
B=

2-4

2rl / 2 p

J J J A
e=

2 p 2n
l
r
2rl 60

2-5

--

e =

2 pn
60

2-6

2a Za
Ea =

2p
n
Z a
2a
60

2-7

KL
K

2p=6 2a=2[wave winding]

Za=250

=4*106 *10-8=0.04 wb/pole

Ea =

n=1200 rpm

=4 megalines/pole

(1 line = 10-8 wb)

2p
n
Z a
2a
60

6
1200
E a = * 0.04 * 250 *
= 600 volt
2
60

--

KL

2p=8 2a=2p [lap winding]

Ea =

Za=960

n=600 rpm

Ea=220 V

2p
n
Z a
2a
60

600
8
220 = * * 960 *
60
8

=220*60/(600*960)=0.023 wb/pole

--

(Armature Reaction) J

(Lenz Law)

KK
K

JK

(M.M.Ff)KEF

(G.M.A)KE
K(M.N.A)

K x

K (M.M.Fa)

--

(M.M.Ft) K J
(M.N.A) (M.M.Ff)

JK(G.M.A)

K J

JK (ab)
(bc)

K J

EF

(Demagnetizing effect)

J
K

K J

--

EFEFEF

J J
K (Fa) (Fc)

EF
J
K

--

--

J
(Methods of Excitation)EF J

EF

KW

(Separately excited) EF J
KEF

(Self excited) J
K

(Separately excited generators) J J

--

W(Kirechhoffs Law)

Ea = VL + I a Ra

2-8

Ea E F VL
W

2-9

KILRaIa

Ia = IL

2-10

L J
K

K,KL

n1=1200 rpm
Ea n

IL1=200 A

VL1=125 V

as If is constant

Ea1=VL1+IL1Ra
= 125+200*0.04=133 V

Ea1 n1
=
E a 2 n2
--

n2=1000 rpm

Ra=0.04

133 1200
=
Ea 2 1000

Ea 2 =

1000 *133
= 110.8 V
1200

Ea2=VL2+IL2Ra=IL2RL+ IL2Ra

RL =

VL 125
=
= 0.625
I L 200

110.8=IL2[0.625+0.04]=IL2[0.665]
I L2 =

110.8
= 166.62 Amp.
0.665

(Self excited generators) J J

W

(series excitation) J
(shunt excitation) J

(compound excitation) J
(series excited generator) J J J

K J

--

E a = VL + I a (Ra + R f )

2-11

Ia = IL = I f

2-12

K,,KL
K L

Pout=15Kw

VL1=125 V

IL2=125 A

2= 1.31

Pout 15 * 103
I L1 =
=
= 120
V L1
125

n1=1150 rpm

Rf=0.15

Amp.

Ea1=VL1+IL1Rf+IaRa=VL1+IL1[Rf+Ra]

as IL=Ia

Ea1=125+120[0.15+0.24]=171.8 V

Ea1 1n1
=
E a 2 2 n2
Ea 2 =

2 n2 Ea1 1.31 * 1200 * 171.8

=
= 233.05 V
1n1
1 * 1150

Ea2=VL2+IL2Rf+IaRa=VL2+IL2[Rf+Ra]
VL2=Ea2-IL2[Rf+Ra]=233.05-125[0.15+0.24]=184.3 volt

--

Ra=0.24 n2=1200rpm

(Shunt excited generators) J J J

K J

Ea = VL + I a Ra

2-13

V f = VL = I f R f

2-14

Ia = IL + I f

2-15

J
KK ,

IL=350 A
If =

Vf
Rf

VL=240 V
VL 240
=
= 4.36
55
Rf

Ra=0.02
Amp
--

Rf=55

Ia=IL+If=350+4.36=354.36 Amp
Ea=VL+IaRa=240+354.36*0.02=247.1 V

K, K

2p=2a [lap winding]

VL=120 V

Za=500

Ra=0.01

=0.02 wb/pole

Pout=VL.IL

IL =
If =

Pout 200 * 60
=
= 100 A
VL
120
Vf
Rf

120
= 1.26 A
95

Ia=IL+If=100+1.26=101.26 A
Ea=VL+IaRa=120+101.26*0.01=121.01 V

121.01 =

2p
* 0.02 * 500 * n / 60
2p

n=121.01*60/(0.02*500)=726 rpm

--

Rf=95

Pout=200*60=12000W

(Compound excited generators) J J J

(cumulative compound )

K(differential compound)EF

F(short-shunt)

(long-shunt) E

J J

Kshse

W
Ea = VL + I a Ra + I L Rse

2-16

I a = I L + I sh

2-17

I se = I L

2-18

Ea = VL + I a ( Ra + Rse )

2-19

I a = I L + I sh

2-20

I se = I a

2-21

--

EFE F

EFEF J

(demagnetize the machine)

K J

,,

VL=230 V IL=60 A

I sh =

Ra=0.04

Rse=0.01

Rsh=125

Vsh VL 230
=
=
= 1.84 A
Rsh Rsh 125

Ia=IL+Ish=60+1.84=61.84 A
Ea=VL+Ia(Ra+Rse)=230+61.84*(0.04+0.01)=233.092 Volt

(Characteristic Curves of DC Generators) J
J
J

--

K
Ea 2a,2P

KN

Ea = k N

KVL

W
No-load characteristic, Eo=f(If), N=constant J

(o.c.c)
K(If) (Eo)

Load characteristic, VL=f(If), Ia and N=constant J

(If) (VL)
K

External characteristic, VL=f(IL), If and N=constant J

K(IL)(VL)

Internal characteristic, Ea=f(Ia), If and N=constant J

J J

No-load characteristic J

WEa
Ea = k
--

(If)
Ea = k I f

Eo

If EoK

(b) (a) J
K

EFEF

EFEF J

Load characteristic J

(armature reaction)(Eo)

(Ea) (VL)
EF (IaRa)

FVLVL(RL)
--

E F E
J JK

I III J K
III (IaRa) AB

CB II

(VL)

(CD) (Eo)
K

EFEF

EFEF J

(External characteristic) J

Ea(II)

Eo (I)

K
(III)

K(IL)(VL)

--

(Internal characteristic) J

Ea=f(Ia) J II

(IL) (Ia) (Ea)

Ea AB
K

J
% =

E o VL
100
VL

2-22

J J

EF
W

K

--

(Magnetization curve) J
(Eo) (If)

(Er)

(Rf) (Lf)

K(Residual magnetism) Er

J J J

K (RL)K
(Ia)

K(VL)

I J

III

KA.CI

--

OPKIL

K J

EIIIF IaRa

EaEIIF

IIIEF
K

EFEF

J J J

J J J

JI

K III II

K Eo IV K
E AA
% = o
100
AA

2-23

--

EFEF

J J J

J J J

(long-shunt )

K(short-shunt)

E F

W J

VL

K J

W J

KVL

WEF J

K J

--

--

Energy Losses and Efficiency of DC Generators J

EF

KKEF
Magnetic losses (Iron losses)EF

Electrical losses (Cupper losses)EF J

Mechanical losses (Friction losses)EF J

EF J J
W

:Hysteresis loss J
W

W = B1g.6 f
h

2-24

WEddy current loss EF J

We = B g2 f

2-25

. 0 K

--

J J

W
W

Shunt field losses W

Armature cupper loss=I2aRa

Series field losses = I2seRse I2shRsh(or VIsh)

Loss due to brush contact resistance=IaVB

W J

KVB

J J

(bearing)

J J

(Prime mover)

J Input power

K H.P=746 Watt.W H.P

Pi Pmech

WEFPgPg
Pg=Ea Ia

Pg=Pin-(Pmech+Pi)

2-26

--

Pg

K PL Pout

K J
B

Pcu
Pi&Pmech
Pout
Pg

Pin

i/p

o/p
VLIL

IaEa

I2seRse
I2shRsh
I2aR

VIa

Pmech+Pi

--

Efficiency J J

W J

m =

2-27

W J

e =

2-28

W J
=

VL I L
o/ p
C
= m e = =
i/ p
A HP * 746

Pout
Pout + losses

Pin losses
Pin

2-29

2-30

2-31

--

L J

, ,K

K
K

n=1000 rpm

Pout=45 Kw

VL=240 V

Ra=0.05

Rse=0.02

Rsh=65

Pi+Pmech=3500 W
IL =

Pout 45 * 103
=
= 187.5 A
VL
240

I sh =

Vsh
V
240
= L =
= 3.7 A
Rsh Rsh
65

Ia=IL+Ish=187.5+3.7=191.2 A
Pcu=I2aRa+ I2aRse+ I2shRsh= I2a (Ra+Rse)+ I2shRsh
=(191.2)2*(0.05+0.02) + (3.7)2*65=3448.87 W
Losses=Pcu+Pi+Pmech
=3448.87+3500=6948.87 W
Pout
45 * 103
=
=
= 0.866 = 86.6%
Pout + Losses 45 * 103 + 6948.87

--

K , L

K , ,

2p=8

2a=2 [wave winding]

Za=1200

Ra=0.06 Rse=0.04 Rsh=250

n=600 rpm

Pi+Pmech=3500W

2p
Z a n / 60
2a
8
E a = * 0.022 * 1200 * 600 / 60 = 1056 V
2

Ea =

Ea=Va+IaRa
Va=Ea-IaRa=1056-60*0.06=1052.4 V

I sh =

Va 1052.4
=
= 4.21 A
250
Rsh

IL=Ia-If=60-4.21=55.79 A
VL=Va-ILRse=1052.4-55.79*0.04=1050.17 V
Pout=VLIL=1050.17*55.79=58589 W
Pcu=I2aRa+ I2LRse+ I2shRsh
=(60)2*0.06+(55.79)2*0.04+(4.21)2*250=4771.5 W
losses=Pcu+Pi+Pmech=4771.5+3500=8271.5 W

Pout
58589
=
= 0.876 = 87.6%
Pout + Losses 58589 + 8271.5

--

Ia=60 A

=0.022 wb

K J

K J

K J

K J

J J J
K

J
J

K J J J
K J

K J

J
JWK ,L

JK,L

KL JK,

K J
K K ,
K

--

J
K, { L

J J W

K J

K, J

L ,

K J

, ,

J J W
K,L

,K,

L J

L
KK,,

KL J
, ,

J JW

L J
, ,

--

DC Motors W
W
. K

W W
K K

K K
K K

K K

K
K K

W

.W

.(F W

K JW

--

DC Motors
K

K
K

K
K

KE F

EF

JK

IBXX

LKcd, ab

F=BIL

3-1

--

T cd, ab

J
J

(Back e.m.f)
Eb =

2P
n
Z a
2a
60

3-2

K
J

EFKE JF
K

EF

KK

HZW
--

Ea = VL + I a Ra

3-3

JZEFW

Ea = VL I a Ra

3-4

KE JFE JF

EF K
W

Ia =

VL Eb

3-5

Ra

K Eb n

Eb

J
--

starting)

WEb=0 J(current

I a ( st ) =

VL
Ra

3-6

EF Ra EF VL

J Rst
W

I a ( st ) =

VL
Ra + Rst

3-7

J
--

Developed Torque J

ra L J

FIcKBn
W

F = BLI c

3-8

WEF

T = Fr
c
a
= BLI r
ca
B 2r L
a I
=
c
2

3-9

2raL J
W

= B(2ra L)

3-10

W JB
I
Tc = c
2

3-11

--

Za Ia 2p
T = Tc Z a 2 p
I
= c Za 2 p
2

I
Ic = a
2a

W2a
3-12

WIc
3-13

J J
T=

2p
Z I
2a 2 a a

3-14

T = K I a

3-15

2 p Za
2a 2

K Ia J
WEb J

E Ia
T= b
2n
60

3-16

T=

W
3-17

--

E xF EbIa = P
=

2n
60

3-18

K J
Types of DC motors J
F
WE

EF J

DC shunt motor J J

RshEF J

Ra K

K KRst

W J

--

E b = Vin I a Ra
I in = I a + I f

3-19

E b = K n

3-20

W J J
n=

Eb
V I a Ra
= in
K
K
b

3-21

W
n=f(Ia)

T=f(Ia) J

n=f(T) J

EF J

KI J

EF
KII J

J J

n=

Vin
Ra
T
K
K 2 2
b

3-22

K J
n = Vin (T=0)K
Kb
--

J(no load speed )

J K

KK

J
--

L J

KK,

Vin=240 V

n=750 rpm

Ia=30 A

Ra=0.05

Eb = Vin-IaRa =240-30(0.05) = 238.5 volt

T=EbIa/
=2n/60 rad/sec
T=238.5*30/(2**750/60)=91.1 N.m
J

K
K ,K
K

2p=4 Vin=500 V
Rsh=200

Za=960

Iin=52 A

=3megalines

Ra=0.04

2a = 2 (wave winding)

Ish=Vin/Rsh=500/200=2.5 A

Ia=Iin-Ish=52-2.5=49.5 A

Eb=Vin-IaRa
=500- 49.5(0.04)=498.02 V
--

Eb =

2P
n
Z a
2a
60

4
n
498.02 = * (3 *106 *108 ) * 960 *
2
60

n=518.77 rpm
=2n/60

=2*518.77/60=54.33 rad/sec

T=EbIa/

T=498.02*49.5/54.33=453.75 N.m
DC series motor J J

J
Eb=Vin-Ia(Ra+Rse)

W
3-23

Ia=Iin=Ise

3-24

:IaIse

=CIse=CIa

3-25

KCW

W J
T=KIa

3-26

W
K

Eb = K b n = K nI a

3-27

--

W J J

n=

Eb
V I a ( Ra + Rse )
= in
K I a
K I a
b

3-28

K J (parabola)

J
(hyperabola) EF
K J

J J
n=

Vin
R +R
T a 2 2 se
I a
Ia

3-29

--

W J J
n=

Vin Ra + Rse

3-30

(T=0) K J

J
--

EF
EF

KK

K,, L

Vin= 220 V Ia1=50A n1=1000rpm Ra=0.15 Rse=0.1 n2=0.8n1

Ia2=60A
Eb1=Vin-Ia (Ra+Rse)
=220-50(0.15+0.1)=207.5 V
Eb2=Vin-Ia2 (Ra+Rse)
=220-60(0.15+0.1)=205 V
T1=Eb1Ia1/1
=207.5*50/(2*1000/60)=99.07 N.m
T2=Eb2Ia2/2
=205*60/(2*0.8*1000/60)=146.82 N.m
--

, , ,

KK
K

2p=4 Vin=220V Ia=52A Za=630 =0.018 wb

2a = 2 (wave winding)

Eb1=Vin-Ia1(Ra+Rse)
=220-52(0.2+0.1)=204.4V
Eb1 =

n
2p
Z a 1
2a
60

n
4
204.4 = * 0.018 * 630 * 1
2
60
n1=541 rpm
T1=Eb1Ia1/1 =204.4*52/(2*541/60)=187.61 N.m
TIa2
I a22
I a22
T2
= 0.6 = 2 =
T1
I a1 (52) 2
I a 2 = 0.6 * (52) 2 = 40.3 A
Eb2=Vin-Ia2(Ra+Rse)
=220-40.3(0.2+0.1)=208 V
E b 2 n 2 2 n2 I a 2
=
=
Eb1 n1 1 n1 I a1

208 n2 * 40.3
=
204.4 541 * 52
n2 =

208 * 541 * 52
204.4 * 40.3

n2=710 rpm
--

Ra=0.2 Rse=0.1 T2=0.6T1

DC compound motor J J

K
K J

J
W

Eb = Vin I a Ra I in Rse

3-31

Vsh = I sh R sh = Vin I in Rse

3-32

I in = I se = I a + I sh

3-33

n=

Vin I a Ra I in Rse
K

3-34

Eb = Vin I a ( Ra + Rse )

3-35

Vsh = I sh R sh = Vin

3-36
--

I in = I a + I sh
n=

3-37

Vin I a ( Ra + Rse )
K

3-38

E F

WK

:(Cumulative compound motor) J

K J

: (Level compound motor) J

K J

W(Differential compound motor) J

K J

J
--

(Rolling mills )

Speed control and reversal J

E J J JF

J J
W J

S1, S2, S3 K J
JK

J K

S1, S2, S3S

K
K

--

J
W J

J??

GM

M
K

(flux control)W J

K
--

J J

WW

?? J
WW

Iin

IinK

JK

WW

K J

--

()

()

J
J J

K K

JK
K

J
Starting Methods J

Ia =

Vin Eb
Ra

3-39
--

Ia =

Vin Eb
Ra + Rse

3-40

KEF

J J J

WK

I starting =

I starting =

Vin
Ra

3-41

Vin
Ra + Rse

3-42

J J

E F ,
K

(starter)
EF

J J

K
--

(A) J

(B) Rst

on (A)

(S) K

(on)

K(off)

J J

EF

(overload)

JK(s)(circuit breaker)

off A K
--

E S

C B A
K

ACDC
ARstKC
on

C S K

on A D

K A (spring) off

F E

E F

A D

J
--

Losses and Efficiency J

Mechanical loss J
Copper loss J

Iron loss J

KEFK
J J

J Input power

(W).
WPgPg
Pg=Ea Ia
Pg=Pin-Pcu

3-4

Pmech Pg

KPoutPin

K J

W
=

o / p HP * 746
=
i/ p
Vin I in

3-44

--

Pout
Pout + losses

Pin losses
Pin

3-45
3-46

Pin

Pi&Pmech
Pcu
Pout
Pg

HP

o/p
HP

i/p

IaEa

VI

I2aRa

I2shRsh

I2seRse

--

Pmech+Pi

J
KL

WKK,

K, J
K

HP=150 n=960rpm Vin=550V =91% Rsh=275 Ra=0.1

P
= out
Pin
150 * 746
0.91 =
Pin
150 * 746
Pin =
= 122967 W
0.91
Pin = Vin I in
122967 = 550 * I in
I in = 122967 / 550 = 223.6
V
V
550
I sh = sh = in =
=2 A
Rsh Rsh 275
I a = I in I sh = 223.6 2 = 221.6 A
Pcu = I a2 Ra + I sh2 Rsh = (221.6) 2 * 0.1 + (2) 2 * 275 = 6011 W
Plosses = Pin Pout = 122967 150 * 746 = 11067 W

Plosses = Pmech + Pi + Pcu

Pmech + Pi = Plosses Pcu = 11067 6011 = 5056 W
Eb = Vin I a Ra = 550 221.6 * 0.1 = 527.84 V
EI
EI
527.84 * 221.6 * 60
= 1163.5 N .m
T= b a = b a =
2n

2 * * 960
60
T Ia

--

TI a
T1 I a1
=
= 0.6
T
Ia

I a1 = 0.6 * I a = 0.6 * 221.6 = 132.96 A

Eb1 = Vin I a1 ( Ra + Rad ) = 550 132.96 * (0.1 + 0.2) = 510.1 V
T1 =

E b1 I a1

E b1 I a1
2 n1
60

510.1 * 132.96 * 60
2 * * n1
510.1 * 132.96 * 60
n1 =
= 928 rpm
2 * * 0.6 * 1163.5

0.6 * 1163.5 =

--

K J

K J
K J

K J

K J

J
K

K J

J J
K

, ,

KL J
K,

J J

, ,K

K

L J
, ,

--

K K,
K

J
L

K
,,

--

Single

Phase Transformers W

W W

K K
K K
K K

K K
K K

K K

K K

K K

K K

W

K W

KEF W

.

--

JW

Single Phase Transformers

EF

K
K

K
K

K
K

(core)

KE JF

(Magnetic flux)

K
N1(primary winding)

KN2(secondary winding)

--

J J
W

(Power transformers) K

(Electronic transformers) -

(Instrument transformers) -

K
W

EF J
J

J
--

J J
(windings) (core) W

(legs)W(core) J
K (yoke)

K, EF

,K ,KKK,
K

K J

(Leg) J

(Core type) J

EF J

EFEF
K
K
--

core type J

Shell typeEF J

J I E

EFIE

EF E I

K
K

shell type J

--

W(windings) J

(disc windings)(cylindrical windings)

K

K(Sandwich)

J J

core)

J K(type

K,K,
K

EF

EFK

J




--

J J

K J

Ideal Transformer J
K

EF
K

v1 K

W e1
--

v1 = e1 = N1

d
dt

4-1

N1
v2 = e2 = N 2

d
dt

4-2

JKe2N2

W J

v1 e1 N1
= =
v 2 e2 N 2

4-3

N1>N2

N1

N2

K N2>N1

v1i1 = v2 i2

4-4

K J J
i1 N 2
=
i2 N 1

4-5

--

J K J J

Kv2v1K

W J J
2

V1 N 1 V2

=
I 1 N 2 I 2

4-6

WZ2(load impedance)
V2
= Z2
I2

4-7

J J
2

V1 N 1
Z2
=
I 1 N 2

4-8

Z2'Z2 J
2

N
Z 2 = 1 Z 2
N2

4-9

Z2 Z2' J

KK

--

J
J
K
(t ) =

sin t

4-10

W J
e1 (t ) = N 1 m cost

4-11

W J f=2f
e1 (t ) = 2N 1 m f sin(t + 90 o )

4-12

W
e1 (t ) = 2 E1 sin(t + 90 o )

4-13

We1E1
E1 =

2
N 1 m f
2
--

E1 = 4.44 N1 m f

4-14

E2 = 4.44 N 2 m f

4-15

J J

E1 J JK

Ko
K

L J

L
KL

B=10000lines/cm2

A=20x20=400cm2

E1=3000 V

E2=220V

=BA=10000*400*10-8=0.04 wb
E=4.44fN
E1=4.44fN1

N1=3000/(4.44*50*0.04)=338 turns

E2=4.44fN2

N2=220/(4.44*50*0.04)=25 turns

--

K J J

KVA=25 N1=500 N2=40

V1=3000V

V1 N 1 500
=
=
= 12.5
V2 N 2
40
3000
V2 =
= 240V
12.5
KVA 25 *10 3
I1 =
=
= 8.33 A
3000
V1
KVA N 2
500
I2 =
=
I1 =
* 8.33 = 104.13 A
V2
N1
40
E1 = 4.44 fN 1
3000
=
= 0.027 wb
4.44 * 50 * 500

L J
KK,
J JW

KVA=5

V1/V2=440/110

V2 = 1100 volt
I 2 = 40 cos 1 0.8
I 2 = 4036.87 o

f=60 Hz
I2=40 A P.F=0.8 lead
W

A
A

The transformer ratio is

--

V1 N 1 440
=
=
=4
V2 N 2 110

Thus
V1=440 V
I1 =

N2
1
I 2 = (4036.87 o ) = 1036.87 o
N1
4

The load impedance is

V
1100
= 2.75 36.87 o
Z2 = 2 =
o
I 2 4036.87

- The impedance of the load referred to the primary side is

2

N
Z 2 = 1 Z 2 = (4) 2 (2.75 36.87 o = 44 36.87 o
N2
V
440
or Z 2 = 1 =
= 44 36.87 o
o
I 1 1036.87

KR2R1K

X1

KX1=2fL1 (Leakage reactance)

X2
JK (X2=2fL2)

K
--

K
K

Xo K J

K Ro
IoIa

E JFK Im

JK J

( )

WK

J
V2 =

N1
V2
N2

4-16

--

I 2 =

N2
I2
N1

N
R2 = R2 1
N2

4-17
2

4-18

N
X 2 = X 2 1
N2

4-19

J
J

EF EF

EF K J
K J

--

J
J J Xeq1 Req1

Req1 = R1 + R 2

4-20

X eq1 = X 1 + X 2

4-21

W
N
Z L = Z L 1
N2

4-22

V1 =

N2
V1
N1

4-23

I 1 =

N1
I1
N2

4-24

N
R1 = R1 2
N1

4-25

--

N
X 1 = X 1 2
N1

4-26

Req2 J

W Xeq2

Req 2 = R1 + R2

4-27

X eq 2 = X 1 + X 2

4-28

J
L J
W
X2=0.75
R0=500 Xo=150
KK,
R1=0.01

X1=0.03

R2=0.25

KEF J

W
2

R1=0.015 X1=0.035
2

N
400
R2 = R2 1 = 0.25
= 0.01
N
2000

2
2

N
400
X 2 = X 2 1 = 0.75
= 0.03
N
2000

2
--

Req=R1+R2=0.015+0.01=0.025
Xeq=X1+X2=0.035+0.03=0.065
Zo=Ro//JXo=500//J150
The voltage V2=2000 V; thus
V2 =

N1
400
V2 = 2000
= 400V
N2
2000

The current I2=KVA*103/V2=90*103/2000=45 A

I 2 =

N2
2000
I2 =
45 = 225 A
N1
400

The power factor=0.8 lagging

I 2 = 225 36.87 o

V1=V2+I2(Req+JXeq)
= 4000 + 225 36.87 o (0.025 + J 0.065)

= 4000 + 225 36.87 o * 0.0768.96 o

= 4000 + 15.7532.1o

V1 = 400 + 13.34 + J 8.37 = 413.34 + J 8.37 = 413.421.16V

Zo =

500 * J 150 7500090 o

=
= 143.773.3 o
o
500 + J 150 52216.7

Io =

V1 413.421.16
=
= 2.88 72.14 A
Zo
143.773.3

I1 = I 2 + I o = 225 36.87 o + 2.88 73.3o

= 180 J 135 + 0.83 J 2.76 = 180.83 J 137.83 = 227.37 37.31o A

JEF J

--

Transformer operation J
No load operation J J

Io
K

IaIm, Ia IoK

V1 K Im

V1 = Em sin t

4-29

oIm

WK

= m cost

4-30

r r r
Io = Im + Ia

4-31

oIa
KIoKIm

WImIa

I a = I o cos o

4-32

I m = I o sin o

KIoo

X1R1

r r r r
V1 = E1 + I o Z 1

4-33

K Z 1 = R12 + X 12
--

EF

r r r r
V1 = E1 + I o Z 1

4-33

Po = V1 I o cos o

4-34

WRo
Ro =

V1
V1
=
I a I o cos o

4-35

WXo
Xo =

V1
V1
=
I m I o sin o

4-36

Io
K

J
--

Load operation J J

I2 EFZL

I2

K J I 2

Io

r r r
I 1 = I 2 + I a

I2 =

4-37

WI2

V2
ZL

4-38

J I 2
K J

--

Transformer regulation J J

WK

Percentage voltage regulation ( PVR) =

V2 ( noload ) V2 ( rated )
V2 ( rated )

x100

4-39

V2

E JF V1

'

W V1
'

Percentage voltage regulation( PVR) =

V1 V2
V2

x100

4-40

W1V1
'

V1 = V2 + I 2 ( Req 2 + JX eq 2 )

4-41

W
I 2 ( Req 2 cos 2 + X eq 2 sin 2 ) 1 I 2 ( X eq 2 cos 2 Req 2 sin 2 ) 2
100
( PVR) =
+
2
V
V

2
2

4-42

E JF
W

V1 V2
Percentage voltage regulation( PVR) =
x100
V2

4-43

WV1

V1 = V2 + I 2 ( Req1 + JX eq1 )

4-44
--

W
I R cos 1 I 1 X eq1 sin 1
+
( PVR) = 1 eq1
100
V1
V1

4-45

F J J
KE

Equivalent circuit parameters J

J
R2X1R1

KXo RoX2
X1=

R1=

K N1/N2
W

R1 =

l1

A1
l
R2 = 2
A2

l2 ,A2 l1 ,A1
WK

R1 l1 A2
=
R2 l 2 A1

W
l
l2

1=

N1
N2

A2 I 2 N1
= =
A1 I 1 N 2

W
N
R1 = R2 1
N2
--

W
R1 = R2
J

W J

Req = 2 R1 = 2 R2

4-46

X eq = 2 X 1 = 2 X 2

4-47

KKReq,Xeq, Ro,Xo

No load test J J

(open circuit test)

Po Io K J

:Ro,Xo

Po = I oVo cos o
cos o =

Po
I oVo

I a = I o cos o
I m = I o sin o
V1
Ia
V
Rm = 1
Im

Ro =

--

Short circuit test J J

Vsc

KI2
Isc Psc

Req, Xeq Vsc

:

Psc = I sc2 Req

Z sc =

4-48

Vsc
= Req2 + X eq2
I sc

4-49

KXeq4-49Req 4-48

R1,X1,

4-47 4-46
KR2,X2

--

K L J
, K
K

KK ,

Open circuit test: Vo=2300V Io=9.4A Po=2250W
Short circuit test: Vsc=94.5V Isc=Irated

Psc=8220W

Po = I oVo cos o

Po
2250
=
= 0.104
I oVo 9.4 2300
o = cos 1 (0.1156) = 84.03 o
Vo
V
2300
=
= 2352.7
Ro = 1 =
I a I o cos o 9.4 0.104
cos o =

Rm =

Vo
V1
2300
=
=
= 246
I m I o sin o 9.4 0.995

500 *10 3
I sc = I f .l =
= 217.39 A
2300
P
8220
Req = sc2 =
= 0.1739
I sc (217.39) 2
--

Z sc =

Vsc
= ( Req2 + X eq2 )
I sc
2

94.5
2
2

= (0.1739) + X eq
217.39

As a result, we get Xeq=0.3984

Req

0.1739
= 0.08695
2
2
X eq 0.3984
X 1 = X 2 =
=
= 0.1992
2
2
2
N1

R2 = R2
N
2

R1 = R2 =

N
230
R2 = R2 2 = 0.08695 *
= .0008695
2300
N1
N
X 2 = X 2 1
N2

N
230
X 2 = X 2 2 = 0.1992 *
= .001992
N
2300

1
2

Losses and Efficiency J

J J

Cupper loss Iron loss

Po

Piron=Po

4-50

--

KEF

K
K

Pcu=Psc

4-51

Pcu ( sc ) = I sc2 Req

4-52

Pcu ( f .l ) = I 2f .l Req

4-53

I
Pcu ( f .l ) = Pcu ( sc ) f .l
I sc

4-54

K
Pcu ( x ) = x 2 Pcu ( f .l )

K
4-55

J J

output power

P2
x100
P2 + Piron + Pcu

4-56

P2
x100
P1

4-57

WKP1P2
--

P2 = V2 I 2 cos 2

4-58

KPower factorcos2

J JP2

WEF

V2 I 2 cos 2
V2 I 2 cos 2 + Piron + I 2 Req
2

100

4-59

K,

KVA=500

Piron =2500W Pcu(f.l.)=7500 W

cos=0.8

P2=500*103*0.8=400000 W
=

P2
400000
x100 =
x100 = 97.56%
P2 + Piron + Pcu
400000 + 7500 + 2500

At half load
P2(1/2)=1/2*500*103*0.8=200000W
Pcu(x)=x2Pcu(f.l)
Pcu(1/2)=1/4*7500=1875W
=

P2 (1 / 2 )
P2 (1 / 2 ) + Piron + Pcu (1 / 2 )

x100 =

200000
x100 = 97.86%
200000 + 1875 + 2500

--

J J

K,

W
V2=230 V

Pi=2250 W

Req2=0.00173

I2=500*103/230=2174A

Xeq2=0.00398

Thus, substituting in Equation 2-42, we get

2174(0.00173(0.8) + 0.00398(0.6)) 1 2174(0.00398(0.8) 0.00173(0.6)) 2
( PVR) =
+
100
230
2
230

= 3.64%
Also, substituting in Equation 4-59, we get

230 * 2174 * 0.8

2

230 * 2174 * 0.8 + 2250 + 2174 * 0.00173

* 100 = 97.46%

Auto-transformer J

K J

KK J

BC (N1) J AB

K(N2)

WK
V1 N 1 I L
=
=
V2 N 2 I 1

4-60

W
I 2 = I L I1

4-61
--

CK

KVariac K J

K, W

K K

--

K J
J

J
K J

K J
J

J
J

J
K J
J

K J
J

L ,
KL

o KW J
JK

--

KL J
K K,
K JW

L J
R1=1.56 R2=0.016

X1=4.67

X2=0.048 W

K,,

L J
W

Vo=230V

Io=94A

Po=2250W

J
J

Vsc=100V Isc=228A Psc=9.2KW

K

L J
Vo=3300V

Io=0.8A

Po=300W

Vo=100V

Io=7.5A

Po=580W

K ,

--

Three Phase Transformers W

W
K

W W

K K
K K
K K

. .

W

. W

KEF W

.W

--

Three Phase Transformers

J
K

K
three phase)

(transformer
K JK

K
KEF

--

Core type W J J

V-U

K v-u
K
.

EF

--

Shell type WEF J J

J
J

Star-Star

Delta-Delta

Star-Delta

Delta-Star

Y-Y
-
Y-
-Y

J J

J
Y-Y J J J

Y J J

KY

(Third-harmonic)

KK

--

Y-Y J

- J J J

K J

- J

--

Y- J J J

KK
K

Y- J

- Y J J J

JKK

- Y J
--

phasor diagram

EF

180o

30o 360o
K

W K

D Dd0
J d

Y Yy0 K
J y

D Dz0 K
Jz

--

Dd0 J

Yy0 J
--

Dz0 J

180oW K

D Dd6
J 180o d

Yy6 K
J180o
--

Dz6
J180o

Dd6 J

Yy6 J
--

Dz6 J
o

30 W K

Dy1
J30o

Yd1 K
J30o

Yz1 K
J30o

--

Dy1 J

Yd1 J

--

Yz1 J

330o W K

Dy11
J330o

Yd11 K
J330o

Yz11 K
J330o
--

Dy11 J

Yd11 J
--

Yz11 J

K K

K
K

--

K K
K

(KVA)

(container) K
K

KK

(radiators)K

K
(forced cooling)

J K
K

--

K
K

WEF J

K K
K
K

K J

K
K (circulating current)

K J

KIZK

K J

KKK
--

(phase sequence) J

K

J
K

--

K J
K

K J
K J

--

KL?? J

KL J

J SI J
K J

KLL J
W

56789-

Electrical Technology, Edward Hughes , ISBN:0-07-02134-5

Electrical Machines, G. R. Slemon and A. Straughan, Eddison-Weslley 1980.
Electric Machinery, M. S. Sarma, West Publishing Company, 1994.
Electrical Machines and Transformers Principles and Applications, P. F. Ryff, D.
Platnick and J. A. Karnas, Printice Hall.
Principles of Electricity, B. J. Theraga, and B. K. Theraga.

- -

K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K W

............................................................................................................................................................
.................................................................................................................. 1-1
............................................................................................................... 1-2
.................................................................................................................. 1-3
......................................................................................K J

............................................................................................. K J J

............................................................................................ K J J
.............................................................................................................................
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K DC Generators W

................................................................................................................ J
......................................................................................................... J J
.................................................................................................................... J J

............................................................................................... WArmature winding J J

............................................................................................................. J2
....................................................................................................... (Armature Reaction) J
................................................................ (Methods of Excitation)EF J
.......................................................... (Separately excited generators) J J
............................................................................. (Self excited generators) J J

..........................................................................(series excited generator) J J J

................................................................... (Shunt excited generators) J J J
......................................................... (Compound excited generators) J J J
...................................... (Characteristic Curves of DC Generators) J
................................................................................................ J J
.................................................................................................. J J
..................................................................................................... J J J

.................................................................................................... J J J
................................................................................................. J J J
........................... Energy Losses and Efficiency of DC Generators J
.....................................................................................................EF J J
................................................................................................................................. J J

........................................................................................................................... J J
.......................................................................................................................... J J
......................................................................................... Efficiency J J
...........................................................................................................................
K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K DC MotorsW

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Developed Torque J

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................................................................. Speed control and reversal J

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K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KSingle Phase TransformersW

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..................................................................................... Ideal Transformer J
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....................................................................................... Load operation J J

............................................................................ Transformer regulation J J

.......................................................................... Equivalent circuit parameters J
................................................................................................... Short circuit test J J
.............................................................................................. Losses and Efficiency J
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......................................................................................................... Auto-transformer J
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K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K K KThree Phase TransformersW

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