1- 1

.
( .
(
.

.
2 1

.
3 -1

Base
.
.
Base Shear,V
) (Frame

.

Bearing Wall
System

((Shear Walls
Boundary
. ( (Diaphragm
Element
) ( Truss
)
Braced
( Concentric ) . ( Eccentric
Frame

.

Building
frame system

.
Collector
)Axial
( Forces .

Concentric
braced frame


Diaphragm

Diaphragm
chord

Strut
Diaphragm

.
) (Diaphragm
) (Shear Walls
)(Axial
)(Flange .
) (

) (Diaphragm
.
.

.

Drift

Storey Drift
)
Dual System SMRSF (IMRSF
) (Shear Walls
) (Braced Frames
) - 6 1 2 ( .

. ((SEAOC

Eccentric
Braced
Frame

.
Essential
Facilities
) (Deformation

.
Flexible
Element or
System
) (Truss

).(Diaphragm

Horizontal
Bracing
System
21
). (ACI 318M - 89

IMRSF


.

Lateral
Force
Resisting
System

.
Moment
Resisting
Space Frame

). (Ductile

Ordinary
Moment
Resisting
Space Frame

Orthogonal
.
Effects

.
P- Effect
)(Plan
Shear Wall .
) (Stiffness 70
Soft Storey .

.

SoilStructure
Resonance

Space Frame
) (Diaphragm
.

( ( Ductile
21 )ACI 318M-

. (89
SMRSF

.
Storey
.


Story Drift
Ratio

Story
Shear ,Vx

Strength

Structure

.

.


.

.
)( .

Tower

Vertical
Load
Carrying
Space Frame
) (Strength 80
Weak Storey .
4 1 ) (
5 1 ) (

1 2

:
1-1- 2 Seismic Zone
. (Fig. 1) 1
.
1-2 - 2 Seismic Zone Number, SZN
. ) (SZN
. (Table 1) 1
1-3 - 2 Occupancy Categories, OC
. ) (OC 2
) (Table 2 ) (I
.
1-4 - 2 Seismic Performance Categories, SPC
) (A ) (C
. (Table 3) 3 ) (A .
1-5- 2 Configuration Requirement

 ) (Irregularities
.
.
(Table 5) 5 .
(Table 6) 6 .
1-6- 2 Structural Systems
(Table 7) 7 )
(Rw . ) (Rw
:
- : A-Moment Resisting Frame System
.
- : B-Building Frame System
( ) Shear Walls ). (Braced Frames
- : C-Dual System
:
- 1 .
- 2 :
) ( ?25 ) (Base shear/ .
) (Shear walls ). (Braced frames - 3 ) (1 ) (2
.
- : System D-Bearing Wall
.
) ( Shear Walls ) . (Braced frames
: E-Undefined System ) 7
. (Table 7
: .
1-7 -2
*
.
* : The Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure, DLF
.
* : The Static Lateral Force Procedure, SLF
) (Regularity ) (Occupancy .
) (Irregularity types : A, B, C ) 5
: (Table 5
( . (SZN1)1
( . (SZN1)1
( ) (75
(Table 7) 7 ) (S4 ) 4
(Table 4 ) (0.7 .

 ( ) (Irregular Structures
) (20 .
1-8 - 2 System Limitations
.
( ) . ( Discontinuity )
(Capacity ) (E (Table 5) 5
9 ) (Strength )
(Weak Storey ? 65 .
: )(Rw/8 3
. 9 1
( .
(Table 7) 7 ) (Rw
.
( 5 ) 6
(Tables 5 & 6 .
2-1-9 Static Lateral Force Procedure
.
1-9-1- 2 : Design Base Shear
) (V :

:
= Z ) (Seismic Zone Factor . (Table 1) 1
= I ) ( Importance Factor . (Table 2) 2
= Rw ) (Table 7) 7
( .
= W :
- 1 ?25 .
- 2 ) ( Partitions
50/ . 2
- 3 .
= C :

:
= S .(Table 4) 4

= T )(Fundamental Period )(
:
) (T

:
Ct = 0.035 .
Ct = 0.030
. Eccentric Braced Frames
Ct = 0.020 .
= H ) ( Base .
c = 2.75
.
) (3Rw/8
C/Rw ). (0.075
1-9-2- 2 : Base Shear
:

:
= Ft ) ( n :

). (4
= ). (i
= n .
Base Shear ) ( )
(n :

:
Fx : x )Mass
(Distribution .

 : W x . i
2-1-9-3
: Horizontal Distribution of Shear :
( x :

( Vx
Rigidity Diaphragm .
( : Accidental Eccentricity

) ( ? 5 ) (Dimension
. )
(Torsional moment ) ( 0
.
2-1-9-4 Torsional Moments
Torsional Eccentricities .
Torsional .
) A (6
) ( :

:
= Displacement .
= .
1-9-5- 2 Overturning
- Overturning Moments Ft
Fx 0
. Rigidities
- .
-
Stiffness .
- ( ) C ( ) B
Discontinuous Irregularity ) (D 5
( ) D 6

 Axial Force
:
DL + 0.8 LL + 3 (Rw / 8 ) E 1.0
DL + 3 ( Rw / 8 ) E 0.85
( ) DL) ( LL ( ) E .
( 1 Axial Forces
.
( 2 Axial Forces
. Working stress
) . ( 1,7
( 3 :
) 2 1 3 2 ( .
1-9-6- 2
: Storey Drift Limitation
.
.
- :
) Rw)h/0.04 0.005h (=h ( Fundamental
Period ) (0.7 .
) Rw)h/0.003 0.004h ) (0.7 .
Base
. shear
( ) h .
-
.
- [ C
) ]( 2 Period
) (C/Rw ). (0.075
1-9-7- 2 : -Effects P
) (P- Effects Stability
.
2-1-9-8 Vertical Components
):(C
( Horizontal Cantilever Components ?20
.
(
?50 .
2-1-10 : Dynamic Lateral Force Procedure
.
2 2
) LATERAL FORCE ON ELEMENTS OF STRUCTURES AND NON-
( STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS SUPPORTED BY STRUCTURES
1 2 2

 Nonstructural
Components Equipment
:
( Attachments Anchorages Bracing
. .
( Equipment
.
: 2
.
2-2-2 Elements Components
:
)Fp = Z I Cp Wp (9
:
= Wp
= Cp . (Table 8) 8
- ) (Z ) (I .
:
- 1 ) (I )
. (1.5
- 2
) (I ). (1.5
- 3 ) (Panel Connection ) (I ) (1
.
- ) (Cp
Supported . Fixed
Base Period ) (0.06 .
) (0.06 .

)(Cp
(Table 8) 8 ) (Cp
(Table 8) 8
). (2
- ) (9
.
) (9
.
- Diaphragms
) -2 1 3 2 ( ) 2 1 3 2 (.
- .
3 - 2 SYSTEM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
3-1 - 2 Detailed Systems Design Requirements
1 1 3 2 : ) (1-2
.

 ) -318
( ACI 89 :
- Combined Vertical and Horizontal Forces
.
- Uplift Effects
.
Working Stress
). (0.85
- Orthogonal Effects
(1 ) (2B ) (2A
:
( Irregularity ) (E Table) 6
.(6
( ) (A (Table 6) 6
.
( .
: Axial Load
?20 .
(2 ?100
?30 .
Combinations .
2 1 3 2
-
) -2
(1 6 (Table7) 7

). (2-3-2
- Detailing Requirements for Combination system

.
- Connection
) (
.
- Deformation Compatibility

) (3Rw/8 .
- Effect) - (P
Working Stress
). (1.7
- Ties and Continuity

 ( 1 .
.
) (Z/3 .
( 2 ) (Truss
) (Z/3 .
- Concrete Elements
) (Collector Elements
.
- Concrete Frames

:
(1 ) (C )(SMRSF
(2 ) (B )
. (IMRSF
- Anchorage of Concrete or Masonry Walls


)( 2-2-2 ) 1.5 /(
. Anchors )(1.25
.
. Diaphragm Deformations
.
- Boundary Members
governed by flexure
.
- Diaphragms
Diaphragm
.
.
- 1 Diaphragm Forces
:

) (Fpx ) (Z I Wpx 0.75 ). (Z I Wpx 0.35

 ) (Diaphragm
) )( (stiffness
.
- 2 Diaphragm Ties
Ties
Struts Chords .
Chords
. Main Cross Ties
- Framing Below Base
Overturning
.
- Building Separations

Displacement
) . (3Rw/6
2-3-2 Framing Systems
2-3-2-1 : .
. (Table 7) 7
2-3-2-2 Combination of Framing Systems
:
- Rw ) (Rw 7
.
- ) (Rw Components
). (Rw
2-3-2-3 Limitation on Framing Systems
- ): (A
)(A
.
- ): (B
) (B :
1 50
:
). (IMRSF
). (Dual System
) (Braced Frames ) (Shear Walls
?33
) . (Torsional )(73 .
-2 ): (Interaction Effects


.
Storey Drifts .

 - 3 :

.
- 4 ) (SMRSF
. )
(Supported ) (Rigid ) (Rw .
- ): (C
) (C ) (B
. (Table 7) 7
3-3- 2 Design And Detailing Requirements
:
3-3-1- 2 ) : (A ) (A
(318M-89) ACI ). (Chapter 21
2-3-3-2 ) : (B ) (B
) (ACI-318M-89 )" ( Section 21.9
" ) (2-1-3-2 .
2-3-3-3 ) : (C ) (C
) ( ACI-318M-89 ).(Chapter 21
4 2 Foundations
1 4 2

) (C ). (B
2 4 2 Soil Capacities
Load Combinations
Strains
. ?33 .
3 4 2 Superstructure

.
4 4 2 Foundation - soil Interface
) (Ft Overturning
. Moment
5 4 2
( )(A
)(1-4-2 ) (4-4-2 ). (A
( ) (B )(C
) (B ) (C )(A
) ( 6-4-2 ) 5 4 2 ( .
( Investigation
) (1 -4 2 ) ( 2 4 -2
:
.

 . Liquefaction
.
6 4 2 Piles . Caissons
( Design For Earthquake Motion

.
?120
.
( Footing Interconnection
1 .
2 ?10
.

1 - 3
1 1 3


.
:
(1 .
(2
.
(3
.
2 1 3 Ductility

Ductility
.
Distortion
.

. ) (1
Elastic ) (B . Elasticity

 ) (Level A
Plastically .
. ) (A ) (B
.
3 1 3

)
( Trusses .
Frames .
.
4 1 3 Diaphragms
) (
.
5 -1 3 Shear Walls
Cantilever
.

.
6 1 3

Joints ) .(2

 ) ( 2 .
) (
Deformation .
Ductile
. Brittle
7 1 3 Deformation Reversal Inelastic
. Ductile
)(


Deflection
.
Deformations Ductility
. Capacity
Inelastic
Reversal

Panel Zone Bending .
) Panel Zone ) ((26
Stirrups .
.

.
Yield .
.
2 3



.

.
.

.
.

. Liquefacation

) (bracing .
.Ductility
.
.
Redundancy .

.
.

. ) (
.

.
Soft Storey
. .
.


Stiffness
.

.

.
Counter Weights
.

.

.
Parapets Exterior Panels
.
.

 Pre-cast .
.
3-3
- 1
.
- 2
.
- 3
.
- 4
28 250/ . 2
- 5 15 20 3
.
- 6 ) . (...
- 7 .
- 8 .
- 9 .
-10
.

/ . . . .
. " "
)1992( .
Reference
Al-Hadad ,M.S, Dr. G. H. Siddiqi, Dr. R. Z. Al-Zaid, Dr. A. M. Arafah, Dr. A.
Necioglu, and Dr. N. Turkelli. A Study Leading To Preliminary Seismic Design
Criteria For The Kingdom King Abdul aziz city for science and technology,
.1998

Table 1. Seismic Zone Number (SZN) and Seismic Zone Factor, Z

2B
0.20

2A
0.15

1
0.075

0
0.05

SZN
Z

Table 2. Occupancy Category

Occupancy Type or Function

Category
Occupancy
of Structure
Description Designation
Hospitals and other medical
Essential
ES
facilities having surgery, and
emergency treatment areasFire
and police stations.Tanks or

other structures containing

housing, or supporting water or
other fire-suppression materials
or equipment required for the
protection of essential or
hazardous facilities, or special
occupancy structures.Emergency
vehicle and equipment shelters
and garages.Structures and
equipment in emergency
preparedness centers. Stand-by
power generating equipment for
essential facilities. Structures and
equipment in communication
centers and other facilities
required for emergency
response.Structures housing,
supporting or containing
sufficient quantities of toxic or
explosive substances to be
dangerous to the safety of the
general public if released.
MosquesCovered structures
whose primary occupancy is
public assembly capacity more
than 300 persons.Buildings for
schools (through secondary) or
daycare centers capacity more
than 250 students.Building for
colleges or adults education
schools capacity more than 500
students.Medical facilities with
Special
50 or more resident incapacitated
patients, but not included
above.Jails and detention
facilities.All structures with
occupancy more than 5000
persons.Structures and
equipment in power generating
stations and other public utility
facilities not included above, and
required for continued operation.
All structures having
occupancies or function not listedStandard
above.

I = 1.25

SPI = 1.1

ST
I = 1.0

Table 3. Seismic Performance Category

Occupancy Category

Seismic Zone
number
Standard ST Special SP Essential ES
(SZN)
B
C
C
2B
A
B
B
2A
A
A
B
1
No seismic requirement on the structures in
0
this zone
Table 4. Site Profile and Site Factor , S

Description

1.0

1.2

1.5

2.0

Profile
A soil profile with either:(a) A
rock-like material characterized
by a shear-wave velocity greater
than 760 m/s or by other suitable
means of classification,
or
(b) Stiff or dense soil conditions
where the soil depth is less than
60 m.
A profile with dense or stiff soil
conditions, where the soil depth
exceeds 60 m or more.
A soil profile 12 m or more in
depth and containing more than
6m of soft to medium stiff clay
but not more than 12m of soft
clay.
A soil profile containing more
than 12m of soft clay.

Profile
Type

S1

S2

S3

S4

Table 5. Vertical Structural Irregularities

Reference
section

Irregularity Definition

Stiffness irregularity-soft story

A soft story is one in which the
lateral stiffness is less than 70
2-1-72-1-10 percent of that in the story
(*)
immediately above or less than
40 percent of the combined
stiffness of the three stories
above.

Type

Weight ( mass )
IrregularityMass irregularity
shall be considered to exist
where the effective mass of any
2-1-72-1-10
story is more than 150 percent of
(*)
the effective mass of an adjacent
story. A roof, which is lighter
than the floor below, need not be
considered a mass irregularity.
Vertical Geometric
IrregularityVertical geometric
irregularity shall be considered
to exist where the horizontal
2-1-72-1-82-1- dimension of the lateral force
10 (*)
resisting system in any story is
more than 130 percent of that in
an abject story. One story
penthouse need not be
considered.
In- plane Discontinuity in
Vertical Lateral Force Resisting
Element. An in-plane offset of
2-1-9-5 d
the lateral load resisting
elements greater than the length
of those elements.
Discontinuity in Capacity - weak
StoryA weak story is one in
which the story strength is less
than 80 percent of that in the
2-1-8 a
story above. The story strength
is the total strength of all seismic
resisting elements sharing the
story shear for the direction
under consideration.

Dynamic Lateral Load procedure shall be used (*)

Table 6. Plan Structural Irregularities

Reference
Irregularity Definition
section
2-1-9-5 d Torsional irregularity, to be
2-3-1-1 c considered when diaphragms are
2-3-1-2 g not flexible Torsional
irregularity shall be considered
to exist when the maximum
story drift, computed including

Type
A

2-1-9-5 d

2-3-1-1 c

accidental torsion, at one end of

the structure transverse to an
axis is more than 1.2 times the
average of the story drifts of the
two ends of the structure.
Reentrant cornersPlan
configurations of a structure and
its lateral force resisting system
contain reentrant corners, where
both projections of the structure
beyond a reentrant corner are
greater than fifteen percent of
the plan dimension of the
structure in the given direction.
Diaphragm Discontinuity
Diaphragms with abrupt
discontinuities or Variations in
stiffness, including those having
cutout or open areas greater than
fifty percent of the gross
enclosed area of the diaphragms
Out-of-plane
offsetsDiscontinuities in a lateral
force path, such as out-of-plane
offsets of the vertical elements.
Nonparallel systems The vertical
lateral load resisting elements
are neither parallel to nor
symmetric about the major
orthogonal axes of the lateral
force resisting system.

Table 7. Structural System, Rw and Height Limits

H 2,7
meters

R5w

N.L.
4N.L.

8
8
5
6
2

Lateral Load Resisting

System Description
ResistingFrame
1- Special Moment Resisting
Space Frames ( SMRSF ) steel
Reinforced Concrete
2- Concrete Intermediate
Moment Resisting Frames
(IMRSF)6
3- Ordinary Moment Resisting
Space Frames steel 6
Reinforced Concrete 3

BSS1

A.
Moment

75
75
60
50

8
6
4
6

N.L
160
N.L.
NL
50

8
5
8
8
6

50
35

4
3
3
3

FrameSystem
1- Steel Eccentric Braced
frame (EBF)
2- Shear walls Reinforced
B. Building
Concrete Reinforced
Masonry3-Steel Concentric
Braced Frames
1- Shear walls concrete with
SMRSF concrete with IMRSF6
2- Steel EBF with steel
C. Dual
SMRSF
System
3- Concrete Braced Frames
steel with steel SMRSF steel
with concrete SMRSF
D. Bearing
1- Shear walls Reinforced
wall
Concrete Reinforced Masonry
System
Inverted Pendulum Structures
E.
Tanks, Vessels, Trussed
Undefined
Towers
System

: Notes
.BSS = Basic Structural Systems (1)
H = Height Limit applicable to Seismic Performance Category C (2)
Prohibited in seismic Performance Category C and B (3)
N.L = No limit (4)
See section (2-3-2-2 b) for combination of Structural System (5)
Prohibited in Seismic performance category C (6)
See section (2-3-2-3 b) for height limitations in seismic performance Category (7)
.B
Table 8. Horizontal Force Factor Cp Applicable to Rigid Items

Element of Structures and NonStructural Components

(1)
2.00 I. part or portion of structure
1. Walls, including the following a. Un0.75 braced (cantilevered) parapets b. Other
0.75 exterior walls above the ground floor c.
0.75 All interior bearing and nonbearing walls
0.75 and partitions d. Masonry or concrete
(2),(3),(4)(3),(5) 0.75 fences over 6 feet high
2. Penthouses (except where framed by
2.00 an extension of the building frame)
2.00 3. Connections for prefabricated
0.75 structural elements other than walls, with
2.00 force applied at center of gravity
Note

Cp

4. DiaphragmsII. Non-structural
components
1. Exterior and interior ornamentations
and appendages
2. Chimneys, stacks, trussed towers, and
tanks on legs a) Supported on or
projecting as an un-braced cantilever
above the roof more than one-half its
total height b) All others, including those
supported below the roof with un-braced
projection above the roof less than one0.75
half its height, or braced or guyed to the
0.75
structural frame at or above its center of
0.75
mass
0.75
3. Signs and billboards
0.75
4. Mechanical, plumbing, and electrical
0.75
equipment and machinery and associated
piping
5. Tanks and vessels ( plus contents)
including support system and anchorage
6. Storage racks (includes contents)
7. Anchorage for permanent floorsupported cabinets and book stacks more
than 1.5 meter in height ( includes
contents)
8. Anchorage for suspended ceilings and
light fixtures9. Access floor systems
:Notes
Equipment and machinery shall include but not be limited to such items as (1)
boilers, heat exchangers, chillers, pumps, motors, air-handling units, cooling
towers, transformers switch gear control panels, and life safety equipment. It
shall include sprinkler systems, other major piping, and ducting, conduit, cable
.trays, etc. serving such equipment and machinery
Ceiling weight shall include all light fixtures and other equipment or partitions, (2)
which are laterally, supported by the ceiling. For purposes of determining the
.lateral seismic force, a ceiling weight of not less than 0.2 kpa shall be used
Applies for seismic zones 2A and 2B (3)
Ceiling constructed of lath and plaster or gypsum board screw or nail (4)
attached to suspended members that support a ceiling in a single plane
extending from wall to wall need not be analyzed provided the walls are not over
15 m apart
Wp for access floor system shall be the dead load of the access floor system (5)
.plus 25% of the floor live load plus a 0.5-kpa-partition load allowance