Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Provided further that candidates belonging to categories (b), (c) and (d) above will not
be eligible for appointment to the Indian Foreign Service.
A candidate in whose case a certificate of eligibility is necessary, may be admitted to
the examination but the offer of appointment may be given only after the necessary
eligibility certificate has been issued to him by the Government of India.
Age Limits
(a) A candidate must have attained the age of 21 years and must not have
attained the age of 30 years on 1st August of the year in which he/she is
appearing for the Preliminary Examination (e.g., a candidate appearing for
the preliminary examination of the year 2009 should be between 21-30 years
of age as on 01st, August 2009) i.e. he/she must have been born not earlier
than 02nd Augustn 1979 and not later than 01st, August, 1988.
(b) The upper age limit prescribed above will be relaxable:
(i) upto a maximum of five years if a candidate belongs to a Scheduled
Caste (SC) or a Scheduled Tribe (ST).
(ii) upto a maximum of three years in the case of candidates belonging
to Other Backward Classes who are eligible to avail of reservation
applicable to such candidates.
(iii) upto a maximum of five years if a candidate had ordinarily been
domiciled in the State of Jammu & Kashmir during the period from
the 1st January, 1980 to the 31st day of December, 1989.
(iv) upto a maximum of three years in the case of Defence Services
personnel disabled in operations during hostilities with any foreign
country or in a disturbed area and released as a consequence thereof:
(v) upto a maximum of five years in the case of ex-servicemen including
Commissioned Officers and ECOs/SSCOs who have rendered at
least five years Military Service as on 1st August, 2008 and have
been released (i) on completion of assignment (including those whose
assignment is due to be completed within one year from 1st August,
2008) otherwise than by way of dismissal or discharge on account of
misconduct or inefficiency, or (ii) on account of physical disability
attributable to Military Service, or (iii) on invalidment.
(vi) upto a maximum of five years in the case of ECOs/SSCOs who have
completed an initial period of assignment of five years Military Service
as on 1st August, 2008 and whose assignment has been extended
beyond five years and in whose case the Ministry of Defence issues
a certificate that they can apply for civil employment and that they
will be released on three month’s notice on selection from the date
of receipt of offer of appointment.
(vii) upto a maximum of 10 years in the case of blind, deaf-mute and
Orthopaedically handicapped persons.
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Educational Qualification :
A candidate must hold a degree of any of the Universities incorporate by an
Act of the Central or State Legislature in India or other educational institutions
established by an Act of amendment or declared to deemed as a University under
Section 3 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 or possess an equivalent
qualification.
Note: Candidates who have appeared at an examination the passing of which would
render them educationally qualified for the Commission’s examination but have not
been informed of the result as also the candidates who intend to appear at such a
qualifying examination will also be eligible for admission to the Preliminary Examination.
All candidates who are declared qualified by the Commission for taking the Civil
Services (Main) Examination will be required to produce proof of passing the requisite
examination along with their application for the Main Examination failing which such
candidates will not be admitted to the Main Examination.
Number of attempts :
Every candidate appearing at the examination who is otherwise eligible shall be
permitted four attempts at the examination. Provided that this restriction on the number
of attempts permissible to candidates belonging to other Backward Classes who are
otherwise eligible shall be seven.
Notes:
i) An attempt at a Preliminary Examination shall be deemed to be an attempt
at the Examination.
ii) If a candidate actually appears in anyone paper in the Preliminary Examination
he/she shall be deemed to have made an attempt at the Examination.
iii) Notwithstanding the disqualification/cancellation of candidature the fact of
appearance of the candidate at the examination will count as an attempt.
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SECTION - II
Scheme and subjects for the Preliminary and Main Examinations .
A. Preliminary Examination
The examination will consist of two papers.
Paper I General Studies 150 marks
Paper II One subject to be selected from the
list of optional subjects given below 300 marks
Total : 450 marks
List of optional subjects for Preliminary Examination.
l Agriculture l Animal Husbandry &
Veterinary Science
l Botany l Chemistry
l Civil Engineering l Commerce
l Economics l Electrical Engineering
l Geography l Geology
l Indian History l Law
l Mathematics l Mechanical Engineering
l Medical Science l Philosophy
l Physics l Political Science
l Psychology l Public Administration
l Sociology l Statistics
l Zoology
B. Main Examination
The written examination will consist of the following papers :
Paper I One of the Indian languages to be selected
by the candidate from the Languages included
in the Eighth Scheduled to the Constitution. 300 marks
Paper II English 300 marks
Paper III Essay 200 marks
Papers IV & V General Studies 300 marks
for each paper
Papers VI, VII, Any two subjects to be selected from the
VIII and IX list of the optional subjects given below.
Each subject will have two papers. 300 marks
for each paper
Interview Test will carry 300 marks.
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Note :
i) The papers on Indian Languages and English will be of Matriculation
or equivalent standard and will be of qualifying nature the marks
obtained in these papers will not be counted for ranking.
ii) The papers on Essay, General Studies and Optional Subjects of
only such candidates will be evaluated as attain such minimum
standard as may be fixed by the Commission in their discretion for
the qualifying papers on Indian Language and English.
iii) The paper-Ion Indian Languages will not, however, be compulsory for
candidates hailing from the North-Eastern States of Arunachanl
Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Nagaland and also for
candidates hailing from the State of Sikkim.
iv) For the Language papers, the script to be used by the candidates
will be as under:
Language Script
Assamese Assamese
Bengali Bengali
Gujarati Gujarati
Hindi Devanagari
Kannada Kannada
Kashmiri Persian
Konkani Devanagari
Malayalam Malayalam
Manipuri Bengali
Marathi Devanagari
Nepali Devanagari
Oriya Oriya
Punjabi Gurmukhi
Sanskrit Devanagari
Santhali Devanagari or olchiki
Sindhi Devanagari or Arabic
Tamil Tamil
Telugu Telugu
Urdu Persian
List of optional subjects for Main Examination :
l Agriculture l Animal Husbandry & Veterinary
l Science l Anthropology
l Botany l Chemistry
l Civil Engineering l Commerce and Accountancy
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SECTION - III
SYLLABI FOR THE PRELIMINARY AND MAIN EXAMINATIONS
COMPULSORY SUBJECT - GENERAL STUDIES OF PART A
PRELIMINAR Y EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
General Science
l Current events of national and international importance
l History of India and Indian National Movement
l Indian and World Geography
l Indian Polity and Economy
l General Mental Ability
Questions on General Science will cover general appreciation and understanding of
science including matters of everyday observation and experience, as may be expected
of a well educated person who has not made a special study of any particular scientific
discipline. In current events, knowledge of significant national and international events
will be tested. In History of India, emphasis will be on broad general understanding of
the subject in its social, economic and political aspects. Questions on the Indian
National Movement will relate to the nature and character of the nineteenth century
resurgence, growth of nationalism and attainment of Independence. In Geography,
emphasis will be on Geography of India. Questions on the Geography of India will
relate to physical, social and economic Geography of the country, including the main
features of Indian agricultural and natural resources. Questions on Indian Polity and
Economy will test knowledge of the country’s political system and Constitution of
India, Panchayati Raj, Social Systems and economic developments in India. On
general mental ability, the candidates will be tested on reasoning and analytical abilities.
GENERAL STUDIES - COMPULSORY OF PART B
MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
General Guidelines:
The nature and standard of questions in the General Studies papers will be such
that a well-educated person will be able to answer them without any specialized
study. The questions will be such as to test a candidate’s general awareness of a
variety of subjects, which will have relevance for a career in Civil Services. The questions
are likely to test the candidate’s basic understanding of all relevant issues, and ability
to analyze, and take a view on conflicting socio-economic goals, objectives and
demands. The candidates must give relevant, meaningful and succinct answers.
PAPER - I
1. History of Modern India and Indian Culture
The History of Modern India will cover history of the Country from about the
middle of nineteenth century and would also include questions on important
personalities who shaped the freedom movement and social reforms. The
part relating to Indian culture will cover all aspects of Indian culture from the
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In this part, questions will be on economic and trade issues such as foreign
trade, foreign investment; economic and diplomacy issues relating to oil, gas
and energy flows; the role and functions of I.M.F., World Bank, W.T.O.,
WIPO etc. which influence India’s economic interaction with other countries
and international institutions.
3. Developments in the Field of Science & Technology, IT and space
In this part, questions will test the candidate’s awareness of the developments
in the field of science and technology, information technology, space and
basic ideas about computers, robotics, nanotechnology, biotechnology and
related issues regarding intellectual property rights.
4. International Affairs and Institutions
This part will include questions on important events in world affairs and on
international institutions.
5. Statistical analysis, graphs and diagrams
This part will test the candidate’s ability to draw conclusions from information
presented in statistical, graphical or diagrammatical form and to interpret
them.
ESSAY - COMPULSOR Y PART B -
MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
Candidates will be required to write an essay on a specific topic. The choice of
subjects will be given. They will be expected to keep closely to the subject of the
essay to arrange their ideas in orderly fashion, and to write concisely. Credit will be
given for effective and exact expression.
ENGLISH AND INDIAN LANGUAGUES - COMPULSORY OF PART B
MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
The aim of the paper is to test the candidate’s ability to read and understand serious
discursive prose, and to express his ideas clearly and correctly in English/Indian
language concerned.
The pattern of questions would be broadly as follows :-
(i) Comprehension of given passages. (ii) Precis Writing
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary (iv) Short Essay
Indian Languages
(i) Comprehension of given passages. (ii) Precis Writing
(iii) Usage and Vocabulary. (iv) Short Essay
(v) Translation from English to the Indian language and vice-versa.
Note 1 : The Papers on Indian languages and English will be of Matriculation or
equivalent standard and will be of qualifying nature only. The marks obtained in these
papers will not be counted for ranking.
Note 2 : The candidates will have to answer the English and Indian Languages papers
in English and the respective Indian language (except where translation is involved).
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OPTIONAL SUBJECTS
AGRICULTURE – OPTIONAL PART A
PRELIMINAR Y EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
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AGRICULTURE - PART B
MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
Ecology and its relevance to man, natural resources, their sustainable management
and conservation. Physical and social environment as factors of crop distribution and
production. Agro ecology; cropping pattern as indicators of environments. Environmental
pollution and associated hazards to crops, animals and humans. Climate change –
International conventions and global initiatives. Green house effect and global warming.
Advance tools for ecosystem analysis – Remote sensing (RS) and Geographic
Information Systems (GIS).
Cropping patterns in different agro-climatic zones of the country. Impact of high-yielding
and short-duration varieties on shifts in cropping patterns. Concepts of various cropping
and farming systems. Organic and Precision farming. Package of practices for
production of important cereals, pulses, oil seeds, fibres, sugar, commercial and
fodder crops.
Important features and scope of various types of forestry plantations such as social
forestry, agro-forestry, and natural forests. Propagation of forest plants. Forest products.
Agro forestry and value addition. Conservation of forest flora and fauna.
Weeds, their characteristics, dissemination and association with various crops; their
multiplications; cultural, biological, and chemical control of weeds.
Soil- physical, chemical and biological properties. Processes and factors of soil
formation. Soils of India. Mineral and organic constituents of soils and their role in
maintaining soil productivity. Essential plant nutrients and other beneficial elements
in soils and plants. Principles of soil fertility, soil testing and fertilizer recommendations,
integrated nutrient management. Biofertilizers. Losses of nitrogen in soil, nitrogen-
use efficiency in submerged rice soils, nitrogen fixation in soils. Efficient phosphorus
and potassium use. Problem soils and their reclamation. Soil factors affecting
greenhouse gas emission.
Soil conservation, integrated watershed management. Soil erosion and its management.
Dry land agriculture and its problems. Technology for stabilizing agriculture production
in rain fed areas.
Water-use efficiency in relation to crop production, criteria for scheduling irrigations,
ways and means of reducing run-off losses of irrigation water. Rainwater harvesting.
Drip and sprinkler irrigation. Drainage of waterlogged soils, quality of irrigation water,
effect of industrial effluents on soil and water pollution. Irrigation projects in India.
Farm management, scope, importance and characteristics, farm planning. Optimum
resource use and budgeting. Economics of different types of farming systems.
Marketing management – strategies for development, market intelligence. Price
fluctuations and their cost; role of co-operatives in agricultural economy; types and
systems of farming and factors affecting them. Agricultural price policy. Crop Insurance.
Agricultural extension, its importance and role, methods of evaluation of extension
programmes, socio-economic survey and status of big, small and marginal farmers
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and landless agricultural labourers. Training programmes for extension workers. Role
of Krishi Vigyan Kendra’s (KVK) in dissemination of Agricultural technologies. Non
Government Organization (NGO) and self- help group approach for rural development.
PAPER – II
Cell structure, function and cell cycle. Synthesis, structure and function of genetic
material. Laws of heredity. Chromosome structure, chromosomal aberrations, linkage
and cross-over, and their significance in recombination breeding. Polyploidy, euploids
and aneuploids. Mutations - and their role in crop improvement. Heritability, sterility
and incompatibility, classification and their application in crop improvement.
Cytoplasmic inheritance, sex-linked, sex-influenced and sex-limited characters.
History of plant breeding. Modes of reproduction, selfing and crossing techniques.
Origin, evolution and domestication of crop plants, center of origin, law of homologous
series, crop genetic resources- conservation and utilization. Application of principles
of plant breeding, improvement of crop plants. Molecular markers and their application
in plant improvement. Pure-line selection, pedigree, mass and recurrent selections,
combining ability, its significance in plant breeding. Heterosis and its exploitation.
Somatic hybridization. Breeding for disease and pest resistance. Role of interspecific
and intergeneric hybridization. Role of genetic engineering and biotechnology in crop
improvement. Genetically modified crop plants.
Seed production and processing technologies. Seed certification, seed testing and
storage. DNA finger printing and seed registration. Role of public and private sectors
in seed production and marketing. Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) issues, WTO
issues and its impact on Agriculture.
Principles of Plant Physiology with reference to plant nutrition, absorption, translocation
and metabolism of nutrients. Soil - water- plant relationship.
Enzymes and plant pigments; photosynthesis- modern concepts and factors affecting
the process, aerobic and anaerobic respiration; C 3, C 4 and CAM mechanisms.
Carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism. Growth and development; photoperiodism
and vernalilzation. Plant growth substances and their role in crop production. Physiology
of seed development and germination; dormancy. Stress physiology – draught, salt
and water stress.
Major fruits, plantation crops, vegetables, spices and flower crops. Package practices
of major horticultural crops. Protected cultivation and high tech horticulture. Post
harvest technology and value addition of fruits and vegetables. Landscaping and
commercial floriculture. Medicinal and aromatic plants. Role of fruits and vegetables
in human nutrition.
Diagnosis of pests and diseases of field crops, vegetables, orchard and plantation
crops and their economic importance. Classification of pests and diseases and their
management. Integrated pest and disease management. Storage pests and their
management. Biological control of pests and diseases. Epidemiology and forecasting
of major crop pests and diseases. Plant quarantine measures. Pesticides, their
formulation and modes of action.
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Food production and consumption trends in India. Food security and growing population
– vision 2020. Reasons for grain surplus. National and international food policies.
Production, procurement, distribution constraints. Availability of food grains, per capita
expenditure on food. Trends in poverty, Public Distribution System and Below Poverty
Line population, Targeted Public Distribution System (PDS), policy implementation in
context to globalization. Processing constraints. Relation of food production to National
Dietary Guidelines and food consumption pattern. Food based dietary approaches to
eliminate hunger. Nutrient deficiency – Micro nutrient deficiency : Protein Energy
Malnutrition or Protein Calorie Malnutrition (PEM or PCM), Micro nutrient deficiency
and HRD in context of work capacity of women and children. Food grain productivity
and food security.
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Animal Husbandry
1. General : Role of Livestock in Indian Economy and human health. Mixed
farming. Agroclimatic zones and livestock distribution. Socioeconomic aspects
of livestock enterprise with special reference to women.
2. Genetics and Breeding : Principle of genetics, chemical nature of DNA and
RNA and their models and functions. Recombinant DNA technology, transgenic
animals, multiple ovulation and embryo-transfer. Cytogenetics, immunogenetics
and biochemical polymorphic and their application in animal improvement. Gene
actions. Systems and strategies for improvement of livestock for milk, meat,
wool production and drought and poultry for eggs and meat. Breeding of animals
for disease resistance. Breeds of livestock, poultry and rabbits.
3. Nutrition : Role of nutrition in animal health and production. Classification of
feeds, Proximate composition of feeds, feeding standards, computation of
rations. Ruminant nutrition. Concepts of total digestible nutrients and starch
equivalent systems. Significance of energy determinations. Conservation of
feeds and fodder and utilization of agro by-products. Feed supplements and
additives. Nutrition deficiencies and their management.
4. Management : Systems of housing and management of livestock, poultry and
rabbits. Farm record. Economics of livestock, poultry and rabbit farming. Clean
milk production. Veterinary hygiene with reference to water, air and habitation.
Sources of water and standards of potable water. Purification of water. Air changes
and thermal comfort. Drainage systems and effluent disposal. Biogas.
5. Animal Production : (a) Artificial insemination, fertility and sterility. Reproductive
physiology, semen charcteris-tics and preservation. Sterility its causes and
remedies.
(b) Meat eggs and wool production. Methods of slaughter of meat animals,
meat inspection, judgement, carcass characteristics, adulteration and its
detection processing and preservation.; Meat products, quality control
and nutritive value, By-products. Physiology of egg production, nutritive
value, grading of eggs preservation and marketing.
Types of wool, grading and marketing.
6. Veterinary Science : (i) Major contagious diseases affecting cattle, buffaloes,
horses, sheep and goats, pigs, poultry, rabbits and pet animals-Etiology,
symptoms, pathogenicity, diagnosis, treatment and control of major bacterial,
viral, rickettsial and parasitic infections.
(ii) Description, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of the following :—
(a) Production diseases of milch animals, pig and poultry.
(b) Deficiency diseases of domestic livestock and birds.
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ANTHROPOLOGY
MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
1.1 Meaning, scope and development of Anthropology.
1.2 Relationships with other disciplines: Social Sciences, Behavioural Sciences,
Life Sciences, Medical Sciences, Earth Sciences and Humanities.
1.3 Main branches of Anthropology, their scope and relevance:
(a) Social- cultural Anthropology.
(b) Biological Anthropology.
(c) Archaeological Anthropology.
(d) Linguistic Anthropology.
1.4 Human Evolution and emergence of Man:
(a) Biological and Cultural factors in human evolution.
(b) Theories of Organic Evolution (Pre- Darwinian, Darwinian and Post-
Darwinian).
(c) Synthetic theory of evolution; Brief outline of terms and concepts of
evolutionary biology (Doll’s rule, Cope’s rule, Gause’s rule,
parallelism, convergence, adaptive radiation, and mosaic evolution).
1.5 Characteristics of Primates; Evolutionary Trend and Primate Taxonomy; Pri-
mate Adaptations; (Arboreal and Terrestrial) Primate Taxonomy; Primate
Behaviour; Tertiary and Quaternary fossil primates; Living Major Primates;
Comparative Anatomy of Man and Apes; Skeletal changes due to erect pos-
ture and its implications.
1.6 Phylogenetic status, characteristics and geographical distribution of the fol-
lowing:
(a) Plio-pleistocene hominids in South and East Africa - Australopith
ecines.
(b) Homo erectus: Africa (Paranthropus), Europe (Homo erectus
heidelbergensis), Asia (Homo erectus javanicus, Homo erectus
pekinensis).
(c) Neanderthal Man- La-Chapelle-aux-saints (Classical type), Mt.
Carmel (Progressive type).
(d) Rhodesian man.
(e) Homo sapiens — Cromagnon, Grimaldi and Chancelede.
1.7 The biological basis of life: The Cell, DNA structure and replication, Protein
Synthesis, Gene, Mutation, Chromosomes, and Cell Division.
1.8 (a) Principles of Prehistoric Archaeology. Chronology: Relative and Ab-
solute Dating methods.
(b) Cultural Evolution- Broad Outlines of Prehistoric cultures:
(i) Paleolithic
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(ii) Mesolithic
(iii) Neolithic
(iv) Chalcolithic
(v) Copper-Bronze Age
(vi) Iron Age
2.1 The Nature of Culture: The concept and characteristics of culture and civiliza-
tion; Ethnocentrism vis-à-vis cultural Relativism.
2.2 The Nature of Society: Concept of Society; Society and Culture; Social Insti-
tutions; Social groups; and Social stratification.
2.3 Marriage: Definition and universality; Laws of marriage (endogamy, exogamy,
hypergamy, hypogamy, incest taboo); Types of marriage (monogamy, po-
lygamy, polyandry, group marriage). Functions of marriage; Marriage regula-
tions (preferential, prescriptive and proscriptive); Marriage payments (bride
wealth and dowry).
2.4 Family: Definition and universality; Family, household and domestic groups;
functions of family; Types of family (from the perspectives of structure, blood
relation, marriage, residence and succession); Impact of urbanization, in-
dustrialization and feminist movements on family.
2.5 Kinship: Consanguinity and Affinity; Principles and types of descent (Unilineal,
Double, Bilateral, Ambilineal); Forms of descent groups (lineage, clan, phratry,
moiety and kindred); Kinship terminology (descriptive and classificatory);
Descent, Filiation and Complimentary Filiation; Descent and Alliance.
3. Economic organization: Meaning, scope and relevance of economic anthro-
pology; Formalist and Substantivist debate; Principles governing production,
distribution and exchange (reciprocity, redistribution and market), in commu-
nities, subsisting on hunting and gathering, fishing, swiddening, pastoralism,
horticulture, and agriculture; globalization and indigenous economic systems.
4. Political organization and Social Control: Band, tribe, chiefdom, kingdom
and state; concepts of power, authority and legitimacy; social control, law
and justice in simple societies.
5. Religion: Anthropological approaches to the study of religion (evolutionary,
psychological and functional); monotheism and polytheism; sacred and pro-
fane; myths and rituals; forms of religion in tribal and peasant societies (ani-
mism, animatism, fetishism, naturism and totemism); religion, magic and
science distinguished; magico- religious functionaries (priest, shaman, medi-
cine man, sorcerer and witch).
6. Anthropological theories:
(a) Classical evolutionism (Tylor, Morgan and Frazer)
(b) Historical particularism (Boas); Diffusionism (British, German and
American)
(c) Functionalism (Malinowski); Structural- functionlism (Radcliffe-Brown)
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PAPER – II
1.1 Evolution of the Indian Culture and Civilization — Prehistoric (Palaeolithic,
Mesolithic, Neolithic and Neolithic - Chalcolithic). Protohistoric (Indus Civili-
zation): Pre- Harappan, Harappan and post- Harappan cultures. Contribu-
tions of tribal cultures to Indian civilization.
1.2 Palaeo – anthropological evidences from India with special reference to Siwaliks
and Narmada basin (Ramapithecus, Sivapithecus and Narmada Man).
1.3 Ethno-archaeology in India: The concept of ethno-archaeology; Survivals and
Parallels among the hunting, foraging, fishing, pastoral and peasant commu-
nities including arts and crafts producing communities.
2. Demographic profile of India — Ethnic and linguistic elements in the Indian
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BOTANY PART A
PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
1. Cell Biology : Structure and function of cell wall (extra cellular matrix or ECM),
cell membrane and cell organelles. Nucleus, nucleolus, nuclear pore complex
(NPC), chromosome and nucleosome. Mitosis, meiosis, molecular control
involving checkpoints in cell division cycle. Differentiation, cellular senescence.
2. Genetics, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology : Laws of inheritance.
Concept of gene and allelomorph. Linkage, crossing over and gene mapping.
Structural and numerical changes in chromosomes and gene mutations. Sex
determination and differentiation. Structure and synthesis of nucleic acids and
proteins. Genetic code. Regulation of gene expression. Genetic engineering
and crop improvement. Protoplast, cell, tissue and organ cultures. Somatic
hybridization. Biofertilizers and biopesticides. Biotechnology in agri-horticulture,
medicine and industry.
3. Tissue Systems : Origin, development, structure and function of primary and
secondary tissues.
4. Plant Diversity and Systematics : Structure and function of plant forms from
evolutionary aspects (viruses to Angiosperms including fossils). Principles of
nomenclature, classification and identification of plants. Modern approaches in
plant taxonomy. Recent classification of living organism into three groups
(bacteria, archaea and eukarya).
5. Plant Physiology: Water relations. Mineral nutrition. Photosynthesis.
Respiration. Nitrogen metabolism. Enzymes and coenzymes. Dynamics of
growth, growth movements, growth substances, photomorphogenesis.
Secondary metabolites. Isotopes in biological studies. Physiology of flowering.
6. Methods of Reproduction and Seed Biology : Vegetative, asexual and
sexual methods of reproduction. Pollination and fertilization. Sexual
incompatibility. Development, structure, dormancy and germination of seed.
7. Plant Pathology : Diseases of rice, wheat, sugarcane, potato, mustard,
groundnut and cotton crops. Factors affecting infection (host factors, pathogen
factors, biotic factors like rhizosphere and phyllosphere organisms). Chemical,
biological and genetic methods of disease control (including transgenic plants).
8. Plant and Environment : Biotic and abiotic components. Ecological adaptation.
Types of vegetational zones and forests of India. Deforestation, afforestation,
social forestry and plant introduction. Soil erosion, wasteland, reclamation.
Environmental pollution and its control (including phytoremediation).
Bioindicators. Global warming.
9. Biodiversity, Plant Genetic Resources: Methods of conservation of plant
genetic resources and its importance. Convention of Biological Diversity (CBD).
Endangered, threatened and endemic taxa. Role of cell/tissue culture in
propagation and enrichment of genetic diversity. Plants as sources of food,
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fodder, forage, fibres, oils, drugs, wood and timber, paper, rubber, beverages,
spices, essential oils and resins, gums, dyes, insecticides, pesticides and
ornamentation. Biomass as a source of energy.
10. Origin of Life and Evolution : Basic concepts of origin of earth and origin of
life. Theories of organic evolution, molecular basis of evolution.
BOTANY
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER – I
1. Microbiology and Plant Pathology:
Structure and reproduction/multiplication of viruses, viroids, bacteria, fungi
and mycoplasma; Applications of microbiology in agriculture, industry,
medicine and in control of soil and water pollution; Prion and Prion hypothesis.
Important crop diseases caused by viruses, bacteria, mycoplasma, fungi
and nematodes; Modes of infection and dissemination; Molecular basis of
infection and disease resistance/defence; Physiology of parasitism and control
measures; Fungal toxins; Modelling and disease forecasting; Plant quarantine.
2. Cryptogams:
Algae, fungi, lichens, bryophytes, pteridophytes - structure and reproduction
from evolutionary viewpoint; Distribution of Cryptogams in India and their
ecological and economic importance.
3. Phanerogams:
Gymnosperms: Concept of Progymnosperms; Classification and distribution
of gymnosperms; Salient features of Cycadales, Ginkgoales, Coniferales
and Gnetales, their structure and reproduction; General account of
Cycadofilicales, Bennettitales and Cordaitales; Geological time scale; Type
of fossils and their study techniques.
Angiosperms: Systematics, anatomy, embryology, palynology and
phylogeny.
Taxonomic hierarchy; International Code of Botanical Nomenclature;
Numerical taxonomy and chemotaxonomy; Evidence from anatomy,
embryology and palynology.
Origin and evolution of angiosperms; Comparative account of various systems
of classification of angiosperms; Study of angiospermic families –
Mangnoliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Brassicaceae, Rosaceae, Fabaceae,
Euphorbiaceae, Malvaceae, Dipterocarpaceae, Apiaceae, Asclepiadaceae,
Verbenaceae, Solanaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Asteraceae, Poaceae,
Arecaceae, Liliaceae, Musaceae and Orchidaceae.
Stomata and their types; Glandular and non-glandular trichomes; Unusual
secondary growth; Anatomy of C3 and C4 plants; Xylem and phloem
differentiation; Wood anatomy.
Development of male and female gametophytes, pollination, fertilization;
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CHEMISTRY
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Section-A
(Inorganic Chemistry)
1.1 Atomic structure : ySchrodinger wave equation, significance of 2yand quantum
numbers and their significance, radial and angular probability, shapes of orbitals,
relative energies of atomic orbitals as a function of atomic number. Electronic
configurations of elements; Aufbau principle, Hund’s multiplicity rule, Pauli
exclusion principle.
1.2 Chemical periodicity : Periodic classification of elements, salient
characteristics of s,p,d and f block elements. Periodic trends of atomic radii,
ionic radii, ionisation potential, electron affinity and electronegativity in the periodic
table.
1.3 Chemical bonding : Types of bonding, overlap of atomic orbitals, sigma and
pi bonds, hydrogen and metallic bonds. Shapes of molecules, bond order,
bond length, V.S.E.P.R. theory and bond angles. The concept of hybridization
and shapes of molecules and ions.
1.4 Oxidation states and oxidation number : Oxidation and reduction, oxidation
numbers, common redox reactions, ionic equations. Balancing of equations for
oxidation and reduction reactions.
1.5 Acids and bases : Bronsted and Lewis theories of acids and bases. Hard and
soft acids and bases. HSAB principle, relative strengths of acids and bases
and the effect of substituents and solvents on their strength.
1.6 Chemistry of elements :
(i) Hydrogen: Its unique position in the periodic table, isotopes, ortho and
para hydrogen, industrial production, heavy water.
(ii) Chemistry of s and p block elements : electronic configuration, general
characteristics properties, inert pair effect, allotropy and catenation. Special
emphasis on solutions of alkali and alkaline earth metals in liquid ammonia.
Preparation, properties and structures of boric acid, borates, boron nitrides,
borohydride (diborane), carboranes, oxides and oxyacids of nitrogen,
phosphorous, sulphur and chlorine; interhalogen compounds, polyhalide
ions, pseudohalogens, fluorocarbons and basic properties of halogens.
Chemical reactivity of noble gases, preparation, structure and bonding of
noble gas compounds.
(iii) Chemistry of d block elements: Transition metals including lanthanides,
general characteristic properties, oxidation states, magnetic behaviour,
colour. First row transition metals and general properties of their compounds
(oxides, halides and sulphides); lanthanide contraction.
1.7 Extraction of metals : Principles of extraction of metals as illustrated by
sodium, magnesium, aluminium, iron, nickel, copper, silver and gold.
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1.8 Nuclear Chemistry : Nuclear reactions; mass defect and binding energy,
nuclear fission and fusion. Nuclear reactors; radioisotopes and their applications.
1.9 Coordination compounds : Nomenclature, isomerism and theories of
coordination compounds and their role in nature and medicine.
1.10 Pollution and its control : Air pollution, types of air pollutants; control of air
and water pollution; radioactive pollution.
Section-B
(Organic Chemistry)
2.1 Bonding and shapes of organic molecules : Electronegativity, electron
displacements-inductive, mesomeric and hyperconjugative effects; bond polarity
and bond polarizability, dipole moments of organic molecules; hydrogen bond;
effects of solvent and structure on dissociation constants of acids and bases;
bond formation, fission of covalent bonds : homolysis and heterolysis; reaction
intermediates-carbocations, carbanions, free radicals and carbenes; generation,
geometry and stability; nucleophiles and electrophiles.
2.2 Chemistry of aliphatic compounds: Nomenclature; alkenes-synthesis,
reactions (free radical halogenation) -- reactivity and selectivity, sulphonation-
detergents; cycloalkanes-Baeyer’s strain theory; alkenes and alkynes-synthesis,
electrohilic addition reactions, Markownikov’s rule, peroxide effects, 1- 3-dipolar
addtion; nucleophilic addition to electron-deficient alkenes; polymerisation;
relative acidity; synthesis and reactions of alkyl halides, alkanols, alkanals,
alkanones, alkanoic acids, esters, amides, nitriles, amines, acid anhydrides,
a, ß-unsaturated ketones, ethers and nitro compounds.
2.3 Stereochemistry of carbon compounds : Elements of symmetry, chiral and
achiral compounds. Fischer projection formulae; optical isomerism of lactic
and tartaric acids, enantiomerism and diastereoisomerism; configuration (relative
and absolute); conformations of alkanes upto four carbons, cyclohexane and
dimethylcyclo-hexanes-their potential energy. D, L-and R, S-notations of
compounds containing chiral centres; projection formulae-Fischer, Newman
and sawhorse-of compounds containing two adjacent chiral centres; meso and
dl-isomers, erythro and threo isomers; racemization and resolution; examples
of homotopic, enantiotopic and diasteretopic atoms and groups in organic
compounds, geometrical isomers; E and Z notations. Stereochemistry of SN1,
SN2, E1 and E2 reactions.
2.4 Organometallic compounds : Preparation and synthetic uses of Grignard
reagents, alkyl lithium compounds.
2.5 Active methylene compounds : Diethyl malonate, ethyl acetoacetate, ethyl
cyanoacetate-applications in organic synthesis; tautomerism (keto-enol).
2.6 Chemistry of aromatic compounds : Aromaticity; Huckel’s rule; electrophilic
aromatic substitution-nitration, sulphonation, halogenation (nuclear and side
chain), Friedel-Crafts alkylation and acylation, substituents effect; chemistry
and reactivity of aromatic halides, phenols, nitro-, diazo, diazonium and sulphonic
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CHEMISTRY
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
1. Atomic Structure:
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle, Schrodinger wave equation (time
independent); Interpretation of wave function, particle in one-dimensional box,
quantum numbers, hydrogen atom wave functions; Shapes of s, p and d
orbitals.
2. Chemical Bonding:
Ionic bond, characteristics of ionic compounds, lattice energy, Born-Haber
cycle; covalent bond and its general characteristics, polarities of bonds in
molecules and their dipole moments; Valence bond theory, concept of
resonance and resonance energy; Molecular orbital theory (LCAO method);
bonding in H2+, H2, He 2+to Ne 2, NO, CO, HF, and CN–; Comparison of valence
bond and molecular orbital theories, bond order, bond strength and bond
length.
3. Solid State:
Crystal systems; Designation of crystal faces, lattice structures and unit
cell; Bragg’s law; X-ray diffraction by crystals; Close packing, radius ratio
rules, calculation of some limiting radius ratio values; Structures of NaCl,
ZnS, CsCl and CaF 2; Stoichiometric and nonstoichiometric defects, impurity
defects, semi-conductors.
4. The Gaseous State and Transport Phenomenon:
Equation of state for real gases, intermolecular interactions and critical
phenomena and liquefaction of gases, Maxwell’s distribution of speeds,
intermolecular collisions, collisions on the wall and effusion; Thermal
conductivity and viscosity of ideal gases.
5. Liquid State:
Kelvin equation; Surface tension and surface energy, wetting and contact
angle, interfacial tension and capillary action.
6. Thermodynamics:
Work, heat and internal energy; first law of thermodynamics. Second law of
thermodynamics; entropy as a state function, entropy changes in various
processes, entropy–reversibility and irreversibility, Free energy functions;
Thermodynamic equation of state; Maxwell relations; Temperature, volume
and pressure dependence of U, H, A, G, C p and C v,á and â; J-T effect and
inversion temperature; criteria for equilibrium, relation between equilibrium
constant and thermodynamic quantities; Nernst heat theorem, introductory
idea of third law of thermodynamics.
7. Phase Equilibria and Solutions:
Clausius-Clapeyron equation; phase diagram for a pure substance; phase
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CIVIL ENGINEERING
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Part-A
1. Engineering Mechanics : Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Vectors, Concept
of Force, Concept of particle and rigid body. Concurrent, nonconcurrent and
parallel forces in a plane, moment of force and Varignon’s theorem, free body
diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of virtual work, equivalent force
system.
First and Second Moments of area, Mass moment of Inertia.
Static Friction Inclined plane and bearings.
Kinematics and Kinetics : Kinematics in cartesian and polar co-ordinates, motion
under uniform and nonuniform acceleration, motion under gravity. Kinetics of
particle : Momentum and Energy principles, D ‘Alembert’s Principle, Collision
of elastic bodies, rotation of rigid bodies, simple harmonic motion.
2. Strength of Materials : Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic constants, axially
loaded compression members, Shear force and bending moment, theory of
simple bending, Shear Stress distribution across cross sections, Beams of
uniform strength, Leaf spring, Strain Energy in direct stress, bending and shear.
Deflection of beams : Macaulay’s method, Mohr’s moment area method,
Conjugate beam method, unit load method. Torsion of Shafts, Transmission of
power, closecoiled helical springs, Elastic stability of columns : Euler’s, Rankine’s
and Secant formulae. Principal Stresses and Strains in two dimensions, Mohr’s
Circle. Theories of Elastic Failure, Thin and Thick cylinders : Stresses due to
internal and external pressures-Lame’s equation.
3. Structural Analysis : Analysis of pin jointed plane trusses, deflection in trusses.
Three hinged and two hinged arches, rib shortening, temperature effects,
influence lines in arches. Analysis of propped cantilevers, fixed beams,
continuous beams and rigid frames. Slope deflection, moment distribution,,
Kani’s method and Matrix method : Force and Displacement methods. Rolling
loads and influece lines for determinate beams and pin jointed trusses.
Part-B
Geotechnical Engineering: Types of soil, field identification and classification, phase
relationships, consistency limits, particle size distribution, classification of soil,
structure and clay mineralogy.
Capillary water and structural water, effective stress and pore water pressure, Darcy’s
Law, factors affecting permeability, determination of permeability, permeability of
stratified soil deposits.
Seepage pressure, quick sand condition, compressibility and consolidation, Terzaghi’s
theory of one dimensional consolidation, consolidation test. Compaction of soil,
optimum moisture content, Proctor Density.
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Water storage and distribution: storage and balancing reservoir types, location and
capacity. Distribution systems: layout, hydraulics of pipe lines, pipe fittings, valves
including check and pressure reducing valves, meters, analysis of distribution systems,
leak detection, maintenance of distribution systems, pumping stations and their
operations.
1.2 Sewerage systems: Domestic and industrial wastes, storm sewage-separate
and combined systems, flow through sewers, design of sewers, sewer appurtenances,
manholes, inlets, juctions, siphon. Plumbing in Public buildings.
1.3 Sewage characterisation: BOD, COD, solids, dissloved oxygen, nitrogen and
TOC. Standards of disposal in normal water course and on land.
1.4 Sewage treatment: Working principles, units, chambers, sedimentation tank,
trickling filters, oxidation ponds, activated sludge process, septic tank, disposal of
sludge, recycling of waste water.
1.5 Construction Management : Elements and principles of Activity on Arrow (AOA)
and Activity on Node (AON) networks and work breakdown structure. Interfaces.
Ladder networks. Activity time. Time computations and floats. ATC and PTC trade-
off. Work study and sampling. Scheduling principles-material schedules. ABC and
EOQ analysis of inventory. Budgeting with barcharts. Working capital. PERT, probability
of completion.
Elements of Engineering Economics, methods of appraisal, present worth, annual
cost, benefit-cost, incremental analysis. Economy of scale and size. Choosing between
alternatives including levels of investments. Project profitability.
CIVIL ENGINEERING
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER – I
1. Engineering Mechanics, Strength of Materials and Structural
Analysis:
1.1 Engineering Mechanics:
Units and Dimensions, SI Units, Vectors, Concept of Force, Concept of particle
and rigid body. Concurrent, Non Concurrent and parallel forces in a plane,
moment of force, free body diagram, conditions of equilibrium, Principle of
virtual work, equivalent force system.
First and Second Moment of area, Mass moment of Inertia.
Static Friction.
Kinematics and Kinetics:
Kinematics in Cartesian Co-ordinates, motion under uniform and nonuniform
acceleration, motion under gravity. Kinetics of particle: Momentum and Energy
principles, collision of elastic bodies, rotation of rigid bodies.
1.2 Strength of Materials:
Simple Stress and Strain, Elastic constants, axially loaded compression
members, Shear force and bending moment, theory of simple bending, Shear
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Fluid properties and their role in fluid motion, fluid statics including forces
acting on plane and curved surfaces.
Kinematics and Dynamics of Fluid flow: Velocity and accelerations, stream
lines, equation of continuity, irrotational and rotational flow, velocity potential
and stream functions.
Continuity, momentum and energy equation, Navier-Stokes equation, Euler’s
equation of motion, application to fluid flow problems, pipe flow, sluice gates,
weirs.
3.2 Dimensional Analysis and Similitude:
Luckingham’s Pi-theorem, dimensionless parameters.
3.3 Laminar Flow:
Laminar flow between parallel, stationary and moving plates, flow through tube.
3.4 Boundary layer:
Laminar and turbulent boundary layer on a flat plate, laminar sub layer, smooth
and rough boundaries, drag and lift.
Turbulent flow through pipes: Characteristics of turbulent flow, velocity
distribution and variation of pipe friction factor, hydraulic grade line and total
energy line.
3.5 Open channel flow:
Uniform and non-uniform flows, momentum and energy correction factors,
specific energy and specific force, critical depth, rapidly varied flow, hydraulic
jump, gradually varied flow, classification of surface profiles, control section,
step method of integration of varied flow equation.
3.6 Hydraulic Machines and Hydropower:
Hydraulic turbines, types classification, Choice of turbines, performance
parameters, controls, characteristics, specific speed.
Principles of hydropower development.
4. Geotechnical Engineering:
Soil Type and structure – gradation and particle size distribution – consistency
limits.
Water in soil – capillary and structural – effective stress and pore water
pressure – permeability concept – field and laboratory determination of
permeability – Seepage pressure – quick sand conditions – Shear strength
determination – Mohr Coulomb concept.
Compaction of soil – Laboratory and field tests.
Compressibility and consolidation concept – consolidation theory –
consolidation settlement analysis.
Earth pressure theory and analysis for retaining walls, Application for sheet
piles and Braced excavation.
Bearing capacity of soil – approaches for analysis – Field tests – settlement
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CE work – their use in plane table, traverse survey, leveling work, triangulation,
contouring and topographical map.
Basic principles of photogrammetry and remote sensing.
2.2 Railway Engineering:
Permanent way – components, types and their functions – Functions and
Design constituents of turn and crossings – Necessity of geometric design
of track – Design of station and yards.
2.3 Highway Engineering:
Principles of Highway alignments – classification and geometrical design
elements and standards for Roads.
Pavement structure for flexible and rigid pavements - Design principles and
methodology of pavements.
Typical construction methods and standards of materials for stabilized soil,
WBM, Bituminous works and CC roads.
Surface and sub-surface drainage arrangements for roads - culvert structures.
Pavement distresses and strengthening by overlays.
Traffic surveys and their applications in traffic planning - Typical design features
for channelized, intersection, rotary etc – signal designs – standard Traffic
signs and markings.
3. Hydrology, Water Resources and Engineering:
3.1 Hydrology:
Hydrological cycle, precipitation, evaporation, transpiration, infiltration,
overland flow, hydrograph, flood frequency analysis, flood routing through a
reservoir, channel flow routing-Muskingam method.
3.2 Ground water flow:
Specific yield, storage coefficient, coefficient of permeability, confined and
unconfined equifers, aquifers, aquitards, radial flow into a well under confined
and unconfined conditions.
3.3 Water Resources Engineering:
Ground and surface water resource, single and multipurpose projects, storage
capacity of reservoirs, reservoir losses, reservoir sedimentation.
3.4 Irrigation Engineering:
(i) Water requirements of crops: consumptive use, duty and delta,
irrigation methods and their efficiencies.
(ii) Canals: Distribution systems for canal irrigation, canal capacity, canal
losses, alignment of main and distributory canals, most efficient
section, lined canals, their design, regime theory, critical shear stress,
bed load.
(iii) Water logging: causes and control, salinity.
(iv) Canal structures: Design of, head regulators, canal falls, aqueducts,
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COMMERCE
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Part-I
Accounting and Auditing ; Accounting
Nature, Scope and Objectives of Accounting-Accounting as an Information System-
Users of Accounting Information.
Generally Accepted Principles of Accounting-The Accounting Equation-Accrual
Concept-Other concepts and conventions, Distinction between capital and revenue
expenditure. Accounting Standards and their application-Accounting standards relating
to fixed assets, depreciation, inventory, recognition of revenue.
Final Accounts of Sole Proprietors, Partnership Firms and Limited Companies-
Statutory Provisions -Reserves, Provisions and Funds.
Final Accounts of non profit organisation.
Accounting problems related to admission and retirement of a partner and dissolution
of a firm.
Accounting for Shares and Debentures- Accounting Treatment of Convertible
Debentures.
Analysis and Interpretation of Financial Statements Ratio analysis and interpretation.
Ratios relation to short term liquidity, long term solvency and profitability-Importance
of the rate of return on investment (ROI) in evaluating the overall performance of a
business entity-Cash-flow Statement and Statement of Source and Application of
Funds-Societal obligations of Accounting.
Auditing
- Nature, objectives and basic principles of auditing.
- Techniques of Auditing-physical verification, examination of documents and
vouching, direct confirmation, analytical review.
- Planning an audit, audit programmes, working papers, audit process.
- Evaluation of internal controls.
- Test checking and sampling.
- Broad outlines of company audit.
- Audit of non-corporate enterprises.
- Internal and management audit.
Part-II
Business Organisation
Distinctive features of different forms of business organisation.
Sole Proprietor
Partnerships-characteristics, Registration, Partnership deed, Rights and duties,
Retirement, Dissolution.
Joint Stock Company-Concept, characteristics, types.
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ECONOMICS - OPTIONAL
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Part - I
General Economics
1. Micro-economics : (a) Production : Agents of Production; Costs and Supply;
Isoquants (b) Consumption and Demand; Elasticity concept (c) Market Structure
and concepts of equilibrium; (d) Determination of prices; (e) Components and
Theories of Distribution (f) Elementary concepts of Welfare economics : Pareto-
optimality-Private and social products-consumers surplus.
2. Macro-economics : (a) National Income concepts; (b) Determinants of National
Income Employment (c) Determinants of consumption, savings and Investment
(d) Rate of Interest and its determination (e) Interest and profit.
3. Money, Banking and Public Finance: (a) Concepts of Money and measures
of money supply; velocity of money (b) Banks and credit creation; Banks and
portfolio management. (c) Central Bank and control over money supply (d)
Determination of the price level. (e) Inflation, its causes and remedies. (f) Public,
Finance-Budgets-Taxes and non-tax revenues-Types of Budget deficits.
4. International Economics : (a) Theories of International Trade-comparative
costs-Heckscher-Ohlin-Gains from Trade-Terms of Trade. (b) Free Trade and
Protection. (c) Balance of Payments accounts and Adjustment. (d) Exchange
rate under free exchange markets. (e) Evolution of the International Monetary
System and World Trading order-Gold Standard-the Brettonwoods system.
IMF and the World Bank and their associates.
Floating rates-GATT and WTO
5. Growth and Development : (a) Meaning and measurement of growth; Growth,
distribution and Welfare; (b) Characteristics of underdevelopment; (c) Stages of
Development; (d) Sources of growth-capital, Human capital, population,
productivity, Trade and aid, non-economic factors; growth Strategies, (e) Planning
in a mixed economy-Indicative planning-Planning and growth.
6. Economic Statistics : Types of averages-measures of dispersion-correlation-
Index numbers; types, uses and limitations.
Part - II
Indian Economics
1. Main features; Geographic size-Endowment of natural resources, Population;
size, composition quality and growth trend-Occupational distribution-Effects of
British Rule with reference to Drain theory and Laissez Faire policy.
2. Major problems, their dimensions, nature and broad causes; Mass poverty-
Unemployment and its types-Economics effects of population pressure-
Inequality and types thereof-Low productivity and low per capita income, Rural-
urban disparities-Foreign Trade and payments imbalances. Balance of Payments
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and External Debt- Inflation, and parallel economy and its effects-Fiscal deficit.
3. Growth in income and employment since Independence-Rate, Pattern, Sectoral
trends-Distributional Changes-Regional disparities.
4. Economic Planning in India : Major controversies on planning in India-Alternative
strategies-goals and achievements, shortfalls of different plans-planning and
the Market.
5. Broad Fiscal, monetary, industrial trade and agricultural policies-objectives,
rationale, constraints and effects.
ECONOMICS
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER – I
1. Advanced Micro Economics:
(a) Marshallian and Walrasiam Approaches to Price determination.
(b) Alternative Distribution Theories: Ricardo, Kaldor, Kaleeki
(c) Markets Structure: Monopolistic Competition, Duopoly, Oligopoly.
(d) Modern Welfare Criteria: Pareto Hicks & Scitovsky, Arrow’s Impossibility
Theorem, A.K. Sen’s Social Welfare Function.
2. Advanced Macro Economics:
Approaches to Employment Income and Interest Rate determination:
Classical, Keynes (IS-LM) curve, Neo classical synthesis and New classical,
Theories of Interest Rate determination and Interest Rate Structure.
3. Money - Banking and Finance:
(a) Demand for and Supply of Money: Money Multiplier Quantity Theory
of Money (Fisher, Pique and Friedman) and Keyne’s Theory on
Demand for Money, Goals and Instruments of Monetary Management
in Closed and Open Economies. Relation between the Central Bank
and the Treasury. Proposal for ceiling on growth rate of money.
(b) Public Finance and its Role in Market Economy: In stabilization of
supply, allocation of resources and in distribution and development.
Sources of Govt. revenue, forms of Taxes and Subsidies, their
incidence and effects. Limits to taxation, loans, crowding-out effects
and limits to borrowings. Public Expenditure and its effects.
4. International Economics:
(a) Old and New Theories of International Trade
(i) Comparative Advantage
(ii) Terms of Trade and Offer Curve.
(iii) Product Cycle and Strategic Trade Theories.
(iv) Trade as an engine of growth” and theories of under
development in an open economy.
(b) Forms of Protection: Tariff and quota.
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ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
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8. Communication Systems
Fourier analysis of signals : amplitude, phase and power spectrum, auto-correlation
and cross-correlation and their Fourier transforms. Analog modulation systems :
amplitude and angle modulation and demodulation systems, spectral analysis;
superheterodyne receivers. Pulse code modulation (PCM), differential PCM, delta
modulation. Digital modulation schemes : amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying
schemes (ASK, PSK, FSK). Multiplexing : time-division, frequency-division. Additive
Gaussian noise : characterization using correlation, probability density function, power
spectral density, Signal-to-noise ratio calculations for AM and FM. Elements of digital
communication systems : source coding, channel coding; digital modulation &
demodulation. Elements of Information theory, channel capacity. Elements of satellite
and mobile communication; principles of television engineering; radar engineering
and radio aids to navigation.
9. Computers and Microprocessors
Computer organization : number representation and arithmetic, functional organization,
machine instructions, addressing modes, ALU, hardwired and microprogrammed
control, memory organization. Elements of microprocessors : 8-bit microprocessors
-architecture, instruction set, assembly level programming, memory, I/O interfacing,
microcontrollers and applications.
10. Measurement and Instrumentation
Error analysis; measurement of current voltage, power, energy, power-factor, resistance,
inductance, capacitance and frequency; bridge measurements. Electronic measuring
instruments: multimeter, CRO, digital voltmeter, frequency counter, Q-meter, spectrum-
analyser, distortion-meter. Transducers: thermocouple, thermistor, LVDT, strain-
guages, piezo-electric crystal. Use of transducers in measurement of non-electrical
quantities. Data-acquisition systems.
11. Energy Conversion
Single-phase transformer : equivalent circuit, phasor-diagram, tests, regulation and
efficiency; three-phase transformer; auto transformer. Principles of energy conversion-
d.c. generators and motors: Performers characteristics, starting and speed control
armature reaction and commutation; three-phase induction motor; performance
characteristics, starting and speed control. Single-phase induction motor. Synchronous
generators: performance characteristics, regulation, parallel operation. Synchronous
motors: starting characteristics, applications; synchronous condensor. FHP motors,
permanent magnet and stepper motors, brushless d.c. motors, single-phase motors.
12. Power Systems
Electric power generation : thermal, hydro, nuclear. Transmission line parameters:
steady-state performance of overhead transmission lines and cables. Distribution
systems : insulators, bundle conductors, corona and radio interference effects; per-
unit quantities; bus admittance and impedance matrices; load flow; voltage control
and power factor correction. Economic operation. Principles of over current, differential
and distance protection; solid state relays, circuit breakers, concept of system stability.
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HVDC transmission.
13. Power Electronics and Electric Drives
Semiconductor power devices : diode, transistor, thyristor, triac, GTO and MOSFET,
static characteristics, principles of operation; triggering circuits; phase controlled
rectifiers; bridge converters-fully controlled and half controlled; principles of thyristor
chopper and inverter. Basic concept of speed control of DC and AC motor drives.
14. Elements of IC Fabrication Technology
Overview of IC Technology. Unit steps used in IC fabrication : wafer cleaning, photo-
lithography, wet and dry etching, oxidation, diffusion, ion-implantation, CVD and LPCVD
techniques for deposition of poly-silicon, silicon, silicon-pnitride and silicon dioxide;
metallisation and passivation.
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
1. Circuit Theory: Circuit components; network graphs; KCL, KVL; circuit
analysis methods: nodal analysis, mesh analysis; basic network theorems
and applications; transient analysis: RL, RC and RLC circuits; sinusoidal
steady state analysis; resonant circuits; coupled circuits; balanced 3-phase
circuits; Two-port networks.
2. Signals & Systems: Representation of continuous–time and discrete-time
signals & systems; LTI systems; convolution; impulse response; time-domain
analysis of LTI systems based on convolution and differential/difference
equations. Fourier transform, Laplace transform, Z-transform, Transfer function.
Sampling and recovery of signals DFT, FFT Processing of analog signals
through discrete-time systems.
3. E.M. Theory: Maxwell’s equations, wave propagation in bounded media.
Boundary conditions, reflection and refraction of plane waves. Transmission
line: travelling and standing waves, impedance matching, Smith chart.
4. Analog Electronics: Characteristics and equivalent circuits (large and small-
signal) of Diode, BJT, JFET and MOSFET. Diode circuits: clipping, clamping,
rectifier. Biasing and bias stability. FET amplifiers. Current mirror; Amplifiers:
single and multi-stage, differential, operational, feedback and power. Analysis
of amplifiers; frequency-response of amplifiers. OPAMP circuits. Filters;
sinusoidal oscillators: criterion for oscillation; single-transistor and OPAMP
configurations. Function generators and wave-shaping circuits. Linear and
switching power supplies.
5. Digital Electronics: Boolean algebra; minimization of Boolean functions;
logic gates; digital IC families (DTL, TTL, ECL, MOS, CMOS). Combinational
circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, multiplexers and decoders.
Sequential circuits: latches and flip-flops, counters and shift-registers.
Comparators, timers, multivibrators. Sample and hold circuits, ADCs and
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GEOGRAPHY
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Section-A
Physical Georgraphy
i) Geomorphology
Origin of the earth; Geological Time Scale; Interior of the earth; Types and
characteristics of rocks; Folding and Faulting; Volcanoes; Earthquakes;
Weathering; Landforms caused by fluvial, aeolian and glacial actions.
ii) Climatology
Structure and composition of atmosphere; Temperature; Pressure belts and
Wind systems; Clouds and rainfall types; Cyclones and anti-cyclones; Major
climatic types.
iii) Oceanography
Ocean relief; Temperature; Salinity; Ocean deposits; Ocean currents, El Nino
and La Nino; Waves and tides.
iv) Biogeography
Origin and types of soils; Major biomes of the world; Ecosystem and food
chain; Environmental degradation and conservation.
Section-B
Human Geography
i) Man and Environment Relationship
Growth and development of Human Geography; Concepts of Determinism and
Possibilism.
ii) Population
Races of mankind and tribes; growth and distribution of world population;
migration; population problems of developed and developing countries.
iii) Economic Activities
Food gathering and hunting; pastoral herding; fishing and forestry; Types of
agriculture-shifting, subsistence, commercial and plantation; Mining, Power;
Manufacturing -locational factors of textile, iron and steel, sugar and fertilizer
industries; Tertiary activities-trade, transport, communication and services.
iv) Settlements
Origin, types and patterns of rural settlements; Processes of urbanisation;
morphology and functional classification of towns; million-cities and mega-cities.
Section-C
Geography of the World
i) Major Natural Regions : Characteristics, economic base and human adaptation.
ii) Regional Geography of Developed Countries : Canada, U.S.A., Western Europe,
Russia, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
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iii) Regional Geography of Developing Countries : S.E. Asia, S.W. Asia, China,
Southern Africa and Brazil.
iv) Regional Geography of South Asia.
Section-D
Geography of India
i) Physical Setting
Landforms, drainage, climate, soils and natural vegetation.
ii) Economic Base
Minerals & energy resources, aquatic resources, forest resources; irrigation,
agriculture and industries; trade and commerce.
iii) Population
Growth, distribution and density; demographic characteristics.
iv) Environmental problems, developmental issues and regional planning.
Section-E
Geographical Thought
i) Ancient Period : Contributions of Indians, Greeks, Romans and Arabs.
ii) Pre-Modern Period : Contribution of Verenius, Kant, Humboldt and Ritter.
iii) Modern Period : Dichotomy of determinism and possibilism; contributions of
Ratzel, Semple, Huntington and La Blache.
iv) Recent Period : Quantitive Revolution; Radicalism, Behaviouralism and
Humanism.
Section-F
Techniques of Geographical Analysis
i) Maps : Scale and types, uses.
ii) Diagrams : Types and uses
iii) Projections : Types, characteristics and uses.
iv) Remote sensing and geographical information system (GIS) : Aerial
photographs and imagery, GIS.
GEOGRAPHY - OPTIONAL
OF PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
PAPER - I
PRINCIPLES OF GEOGRAPHY
Physical Geography
1. Geomorphology: Factors controlling landform development; endogenetic
and exogenetic forces; Origin and evolution of the earth’s crust; Fundamentals
of geomagnetism; Physical conditions of the earth’s interior; Geosynclines;
Continental drift; Isostasy; Plate tectonics; Recent views on mountain building;
Vulcanicity; Earthquakes and Tsunamis; Concepts of geomorphic cycles
and Landscape development ; Denudation chronology; Channel morphology;
Erosion surfaces; Slope development ; Applied Geomorphology :
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and information technology and their impacts on economy and society; Indian
space programme.
6. Cultural Setting : Historical Perspective of Indian Society; Racial, linguistic
and ethnic diversities; religious minorities; major tribes, tribal areas and their
problems; cultural regions; Growth, distribution and density of population;
Demographic attributes: sex-ratio, age structure, literacy rate, work-force,
dependency ratio, longevity; migration (inter-regional, intra- regional and
international) and associated problems; Population problems and policies;
Health indicators.
7. Settlements : Types, patterns and morphology of rural settlements; Urban
developments; Morphology of Indian cities; Functional classification of Indian
cities; Conurbations and metropolitan regions; urban sprawl; Slums and
associated problems; town planning; Problems of urbanization and remedies.
8. Regional Development and Planning : Experience of regional planning in
India; Five Year Plans; Integrated rural development programmes; Panchayati
Raj and decentralised planning; Command area development; Watershed
management; Planning for backward area, desert, drought prone, hill, tribal
area development; multi-level planning; Regional planning and development
of island territories.
9. Political Aspects: Geographical basis of Indian federalism; State
reorganisation; Emergence of new states; Regional consciousness and inter
state issues; international boundary of India and related issues; Cross border
terrorism; India’s role in world affairs; Geopolitics of South Asia and Indian
Ocean realm.
10. Contemporary Issues: Ecological issues: Environmental hazards: landslides,
earthquakes, Tsunamis, floods and droughts, epidemics; Issues relating to
environmental pollution; Changes in patterns of land use; Principles of
environmental impact assessment and environmental management; Population
explosion and food security; Environmental degradation; Deforestation,
desertification and soil erosion; Problems of agrarian and industrial unrest;
Regional disparities in economic development; Concept of sustainable growth
and development; Environmental awareness; Linkage of rivers; Globalisation
and Indian economy.
Note : Candidates will be required to answer one compulsory map question pertinent
to subjects covered by this paper.
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GEOLOGY
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Part-I
(a) General Geology : Solar System. The Earth : its origin, age and internal
constitution. Volcanoes-types, distribution geological effects and products.
Earthquakes-intensity, magnitude, distribution, causes and effects. Elementary
ideas about isostasy, geosynclines, mountain building, continental drift, sea
floor spreading and plate tectonics.
(b) Geomorphology : Basic concepts. External and internal processes. Rock
weathering. Cycle of erosion. Fluvial landforms and drainage patterns. Landforms
of aeolian, marine, glacial and ‘Karst’ landscapes. Elements of Remote Sensing.
(c) Structural and field Geology : Primary and secondary structures. Dip and
strike of beds. Unconformities. Study of folds, joints, faults, foliation and
lineations. Overthrusts and nappe structures. Stages of rock deformation.
Construction of block diagrams. Stereographic and equal-area nets. Solutions
of simple problems by stereographic net.
Topographic maps and their interpretation. Use of clinometer compass in the
field Measurements of bed, foliation, folds joints, faults and lineations in the
field. Principles of geological mapping. Effects of topography on outcrops.
Drawing of sections.
Part-II
(a) Crystallography : Elements of crystal structure. Laws of crystallography,
Symmetry elements of normal classes of seven crystal systems.
Properties and interaction of light and crystalline matter. Petrological microscope
and accessories. Construction and use of Nicole prism. Pleochroism, double
refraction, extinction angle, birefringence and twinning in crystals, Isotropic,
uniaxial and biaxial minerals.
(b) Mineralogy : Physical, chemical and optical properties of the following common
rock forming minerals: quartz, feldspar, mica, pyroxene, amphibole, olivine,
garnet, chlorite, carbonates, aluminosilicates. Structure of silicates and crystal
chemistry of minerals. Gemstones.
(c) Economic Geology :Ore, ore mineral and gangue. Classification of ore deposits.
Important processes of their formation. Occurrence, origin and distribution in
India of the ores of aluminium, chromium, copper, gold, lead, zinc, iron,
manganese and radioactive elements. Deposits of minerals use as abrasives,
refractories and in ceramics, deposits of coal and petroleum. Elements of
prospecting for mineral deposits.
Part -III
(a) Igneous Petrology :Origin of magma and formation of igneous rocks. Bowen’s
reaction principle. Crystallisation of binary systems. Classification of igneous
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rocks. Textures and structures of igneous rocks. Composition, origin and mode
of occurrence of granite, syenite, diorite, mafic and ultramafic groups,
anorthosites and alkaline rocks.
(b) Sedimentary Petrology : Sedimentary process and products. Classification
of sedimentary rocks. Sedimentary structures. Residual deposits - their mode
of formation, chacteristics and types, Clastic deposits- their classification,
mineral composition and texture. Elementary ideas about the origin and
characteristics of quartz arenites, arkoses and graywackes. Siliceous and
calcareous deposits of chemical and organic origin.
(c) Metamorphic Petrology :Types and factors of metamorphism. Zones, grades
and facies of metamorphism. Regional and contact metamorphism. Textures
and structures of metamorphic rocks. Metamorphism of argillaceous,
arenaceous, calcareous and basic rocks. Metasomatism.
Part-IV
(a) Paleontology :Habits and habitats of animals. Fossils and fossilization. Modes
of preservation. Application of fossils, Study of morphology and geological history
of Foraminiferida, Brachipoda, Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Cephalopoda, Trilobita,
Echinoidea and Anthozoa.
Mammals of Siwalik Group. A brief study of Gondwana flora.
(b) Stratigraphy and Geology of India :Fundamental laws of stratigraphy.
Stratigraphic classification lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic and
chronostratigraphic. Geological time scale.
Physiographic divisions and outline of stratigraphy of India. Brief study of Dharwar,
Vindhyan and Gondwana Supergroups and Siwalik Group with reference to
their major subdivisions, lithology, fossils, areal distribution and economic
importance.
GEOLOGY
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
1. General Geology: The Solar System, Meteorites, Origin and interior of the
earth and age of earth; Volcanoes- causes and products, Volcanic belts;
Earthquakes-causes, effects, Seismic zones of India; Island arcs, trenches
and mid-ocean ridges; Continental drifts; Seafloor spreading, Plate tectonics;
Isostasy.
2. Geomorphology and Remote Sensing: Basic concepts of geomorphology;
Weathering and soil formations; Landforms, slopes and drainage; Geomorphic
cycles and their interpretation; Morphology and its relation to structures and
lithology; Coastal geomorphology; Applications of geomorphology in mineral
prospecting, civil engineering; Hydrology and environmental studies;
Geomorphology of Indian subcontinent.
Aerial photographs and their interpretation-merits and limitations; The
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INDIAN HISTORY
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
( Code : 10 )
Section-A
1. Prehistoric cultures in India
2. Indus Civilization. Origins. The Mature Phase : extent, society, economy
and culture. Contacts with other cultures. Problems of decline.
3. Geographical distribution and characteristics of pastoral and farming
communities outside the Indus region, from the neolithic to early iron phases.
4. Vedic society. The Vedic texts; change from Rigvedic to later Vedic phases.
Religion; Upanishadic thought. Political and social organisation; evolutuion of
monarchy and varna system.
5. State formation and urbanization, from the mahajanapadas to the Nandas.
Jainism and Buddhism. Factors for the spread of Buddhism.
6. The Mauryan Empire. Chandragupta; Megasthenes. Asoka and his inscriptions;
his dhamma, administration, culture and art. The Arthasastra.
7. Post-Mauryan India, BC 200- AD 300. Society: Evolution of jatis. The
Satavahanas and state formation in Peninsula. Sangam texts and society.
Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Parthians, Kushanas; Kanishka. Contacts with the outside
world. Religion : Saivism, Bhagavatism, Hinayana and Mahayana Buddhism;
Jainism; Culture and art.
8. The Guptas and their successors (to c. 750 AD). Changes in political organisation
of empire. Economy and society. Literature and science. Arts.
Section-B
9. Early Medieval India. Major dynasties; the Chola Empire. Agrarian and political
structures. The Rajaputras. Extent of social mobility. Postition of women. The
Arabs in Sind and the Ghaznavides.
10. Cultural trends, 750-1200, Religious conditions : importance of temples and
monastic institutions; Sankaracharya; Islam; Sufism. Literature and Science.
Alberuni’s “India”. Art and architecture.
11-12. Thirteenth and fourteenth Centuries: Ghorian invasions causes and
consequences. Delhi Sultanate under the “Slave” Rulers. Alauddin Khalji :
Conquests; administrative, agrarian and economic measures. Muhammad
Tughlug’s innovations. Firuz Tughluq and the decline of the Delhi Sultanate.
Growth of commerce and urbanization. Mystic movements in Hinduism and
Islam. Literature. Architecture, Technological changes.
13. The fifteenth and early 16th Century : major Provinicial dynasties; Vijaya-nagara
Empire. The Lodis, First phase of the Mughal Empire: Babur, Humayun. The
Sur empire and administration. The Portuguese.
Montheistic movements: Kabir; Guru Nanak and Sikhism; Bhakti. Growth of
regional literatures. Art and Culture.
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HISTORY
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
1. Sources:
Archaeological sources:
Exploration, excavation, epigraphy, numismatics, monuments
Literary sources:
Indigenous: Primary and secondary; poetry, scientific literature, literature,
literature in regional languages, religious literature.
Foreign accounts: Greek, Chinese and Arab writers.
2. Pre-history and Proto-history:
Geographical factors; hunting and gathering (paleolithic and mesolithic);
Beginning of agriculture (neolithic and chalcolithic).
3. Indus Valley Civilization:
Origin, date, extent, characteristics, decline, survival and significance, art
and architecture.
4. Megalithic Cultures:
Distribution of pastoral and farming cultures outside the Indus, Development
of community life, Settlements, Development of agriculture, Crafts, Pottery,
and Iron industry.
5. Aryans and Vedic Period:
Expansions of Aryans in India.
Vedic Period: Religious and philosophic literature; Transformation from Rig
Vedic period to the later Vedic period; Political, social and economical life;
Significance of the Vedic Age; Evolution of Monarchy and Varna system.
6. Period of Mahajanapadas:
Formation of States (Mahajanapada) : Republics and monarchies; Rise of
urban centres; Trade routes; Economic growth; Introduction of coinage; Spread
of Jainism and Buddhism; Rise of Magadha and Nandas.
Iranian and Macedonian invasions and their impact.
7. Mauryan Empire:
Foundation of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta, Kautilya and Arthashastra;
Ashoka; Concept of Dharma; Edicts; Polity, Administration; Economy; Art,
architecture and sculpture; External contacts; Religion; Spread of religion;
Literature.
Disintegration of the empire; Sungas and Kanvas.
8. Post - Mauryan Period (Indo-Greeks, Sakas, Kushanas, Western
Kshatrapas):
Contact with outside world; growth of urban centres, economy, coinage,
development of religions, Mahayana, social conditions, art, architecture,
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PAPER - II
1. European Penetration into India:
The Early European Settlements; The Portuguese and the Dutch; The English
and the French East India Companies; Their struggle for supremacy; Carnatic
Wars; Bengal -The conflict between the English and the Nawabs of Bengal;
Siraj and the English; The Battle of Plassey; Significance of Plassey.
2. British Expansion in India:
Bengal – Mir Jafar and Mir Kasim; The Battle of Buxar; Mysore; The Marathas;
The three Anglo-Maratha Wars; The Punjab.
3. Early Structure of the British Raj:
The early administrative structure; From diarchy to direct control; The
Regulating Act (1773); The Pitt’s India Act (1784); The Charter Act (1833);
The voice of free trade and the changing character of British colonial rule; The
English utilitarian and India.
4. Economic Impact of British Colonial Rule:
(a) Land revenue settlements in British India; The Permanent Settlement;
Ryotwari Settlement; Mahalwari Settlement; Economic impact of the
revenue arrangements; Commercialization of agriculture; Rise of landless
agrarian labourers; Impoverishment of the rural society.
(b) Dislocation of traditional trade and commerce; De-industrialisation; Decline
of traditional crafts; Drain of wealth; Economic transformation of India;
Railroad and communication network including telegraph and postal
services; Famine and poverty in the rural interior; European business
enterprise and its limitations.
5. Social and Cultural Developments:
The state of indigenous education, its dislocation; Orientalist-Anglicist
controversy, The introduction of western education in India; The rise of press,
literature and public opinion; The rise of modern vernacular literature; Progress
of science; Christian missionary activities in India.
6. Social and Religious Reform movements in Bengal and Other
Areas:
Ram Mohan Roy, The Brahmo Movement; Devendranath Tagore; Iswarchandra
Vidyasagar; The Young Bengal Movement; Dayanada Saraswati; The social
reform movements in India including Sati, widow remarriage, child marriage
etc.; The contribution of Indian renaissance to the growth of modern India;
Islamic revivalism – the Feraizi and Wahabi Movements.
7. Indian Response to British Rule:
Peasant movements and tribal uprisings in the 18th and 19th centuries including
the Rangpur Dhing (1783), the Kol Rebellion (1832), the Mopla Rebellion in
Malabar (1841-1920), the Santal Hul (1855), Indigo Rebellion (1859-60), Deccan
Uprising (1875) and the Munda Ulgulan (1899-1900); The Great Revolt of
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LAW
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
I. Jurisprudence
1. Nature and concept of law.
2. Schools of Jurisprudence : Analytical, Historical, Philosophical,
Sociological & Natural.
3. Administration of Justice : Theories of punishment.
4. Sources of Law : Custom, Precedent and Legislation.
5. A few basic Legal concepts:
(i) Rights and Duties.
(ii) Legal Personality.
(iii) Ownership and Possession.
II. Constitutional Law of India
1. Salient features of the Indian Constitution.
2. Preamble.
3. Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties.
4. Constitutional position and powers of President and Governors.
5. Supreme Court and High Courts: Jurisdiction, powers, appointment and
transfer of Judges.
6. Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service
Commissions: Powers and functions.
7. Distribution of Legislative and Administrative Powers between the Union
and the States.
8. Emergency Provisions.
9. Amendment of the Consstitution.
III. International Law :
1. Nature and definition of International Law.
2. Sources: Treaty, Custom, General Principles of Law recognised by
civilised nations and subsidiary means of determination of law.
3. State Recognition and State Succession.
4. The United Nations, its objective, purpose and principal organs;
Constitution, role and jurisdiction of International Court of Justice.
5. Protection of Human Rights:
(i) Provisions in the UN Charter. .
(ii) Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948.
(iii) International Convenant of Civil and Political Rights, 1966.
(iv) International Convenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights,
1966.
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IV Torts :
1. Nature and Defination of Tort.
2. Liability based on fault and strict liability.
3. Vicarious Liability including State Liability.
4. Joint Tort feasors.
5. Negligence.
6. Defamation.
7. Conspiracy
8. Nuisance.
9. False imprisonment.
10. Malicious Prosecution.
V Criminal Law :
1. General Principles of criminal liability: Mens rea and actus reus.
2. Preparation and criminal attempts
3. General Exceptions.
4. Joint and constructive liability.
5. Abetment
6. Criminal Conspiracy.
7. Sedition.
8. Murder and culpable homicide.
9. Theft, extortion, robbery and dacoity.
10. Misappropriation and Criminal Breach of Trust.
VI Law of Contract :
1. Definition of contract.
2. Basic elements of contract: Offer, acceptance, consideration,
contracutal capacity.
3. Factors vitiating consent.
4. Void, Voidable, illegal and unenforceable agreements.
5. Wagering agreements.
6. Contingent contracts.
7. Performance of contracts.
8. Dissolution of contractual obligations: frustration contracts.
9. Quasi-contracts.
10. Remedies for breach of contract.
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LAW
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
Constitutional and Administrative Law
1. Constitution and Constitutionalism: The distinctive features of the Constitution.
2. Fundamental rights – Public interest litigation; Legal Aid; Legal services
authority.
3. Relationship between fundamental rights, directive principles and fundamental
duties.
4. Constitutional position of the President and relation with the Council of
Ministers.
5. Governor and his powers.
6. Supreme Court and High Courts:
(a) Appointments and transfer.
(b) Powers, functions and jurisdiction.
7. Centre, States and local bodies:
(a) Distribution of legislative powers between the Union and the States.
(b) Local bodies.
(c) Administrative relationship among Union, State and Local Bodies.
(d) Eminent domain – State property – common property – community
property.
8. Legislative powers, privileges and immunities.
9. Services under the Union and the States:
(a) Recruitment and conditions of services; Constitutional safeguards;
Administrative tribunals.
(b) Union Public Service Commission and State Public Service
Commissions – Power and functions
(c) Election Commission – Power and functions.
10. Emergency provisions.
11. Amendment of the Constitution.
12. Principles of natural justice – Emerging trends and judicial approach.
13. Delegated legislation and its constitutionality.
14. Separation of powers and constitutional governance.
15. Judicial review of administrative action.
16. Ombudsman: Lokayukta, Lokpal etc.
International Law
1. Nature and definition of international law.
2. Relationship between international law and municipal law.
3. State recognition and state succession.
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4. Law of the sea: Inland waters, territorial sea, contiguous zone, continental
shelf, exclusive economic zone, high seas.
5. Individuals: Nationality, statelessness; Human rights and procedures available
for their enforcement.
6. Territorial jurisdiction of States, extradition and asylum.
7. Treaties: Formation, application, termination and reservation.
8. United Nations: Its principal organs, powers, functions and reform.
9. Peaceful settlement of disputes – different modes.
10. Lawful recourse to force: aggression, self-defence, intervention.
11. Fundamental principles of international humanitarian law – International
conventions and contemporary developments.
12. Legality of the use of nuclear weapons; ban on testing of nuclear
weapons; Nuclear – non proliferation treaty, CTBT.
13. International terrorism, state sponsored terrorism, hijacking, international
criminal court.
14. New international economic order and monetary law: WTO, TRIPS, GATT,
IMF, World Bank.
15. Protection and improvement of the human environment: International efforts.
PAPER - II
Law of Crimes
1. General principles of criminal liability: Mens rea and actus reus, mens rea in
statutory offences.
2. Kinds of punishment and emerging trends as to abolition of capital punishment.
3. Preparation and criminal attempt.
4. General exceptions.
5. Joint and constructive liability.
6. Abetment.
7. Criminal conspiracy.
8. Offences against the State.
9. Offences against public tranquility.
10. Offences against human body.
11. Offences against property.
12. Offences against women.
13. Defamation.
14. Prevention of Corruption Act, 1988.
15. Protection of Civil Rights Act 1955 and subsequent legislative developments.
16. Plea bargaining.
Law of Torts
1. Nature and definition.
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MANAGEMENT
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
The candidate should make a study of the concept and development of management
as science and art drawing upon the contributions of leading thinkers of management
and apply the concepts to the real life of government and business decision making
keeping in view the changes in the strategic and operative environment.
PAPER – I
1. Managerial Function and Process:
Concept and Foundations of Management, Evolution of Management
Thoughts; Managerial Functions – Planning, Organizing, Controlling;
Decision making; Role of Manager, Managerial skills; Entrepreneurship;
Management of innovation; Managing in a global environment, Flexible
Systems Management; Social responsibility and managerial ethics; Process
and customer orientation; Managerial processes on direct and indirect value
chain.
2. Organisational Behaviour and Design:
Conceptual model of organization behaviour; The individual processes –
personality, values and attitude, perception, motivation, learning and
reinforcement, work stress and stress management; The dynamics of
organization behaviour – power and politics, conflict and negotiation,
leadership process and styles, communication; The Organizational
Processes - decision making, job design; Classical, Neoclassical and
Contingency approaches to organizational design; Organizational theory and
design - organizational culture, managing cultural diversity, learning
organization; organizational change and development; Knowledge Based
Enterprise – systems and processes; Networked and virtual organizations.
3. Human Resource Management:
HR challenges; HRM functions; The future challenges of HRM; Strategic
Management of human resources; Human resource planning; Job analysis;
Job evaluation; Recruitment and selection; Training and development;
Promotion and transfer; Performance management; Compensation
management and benefits; Employee morale and productivity; Management
of organizational climate and Industrial relations; Human resources
accounting and audit; Human resource information system; International
human resource management.
4. Accounting for Managers:
Financial accounting – concept, importance and scope, generally accepted
accounting principles, preparation of financial statements with special
reference to analysis of a balance sheet and measurement of business
income, inventory valuation and depreciation, financial statement analysis,
fund flow analysis, the statement of cash flows; Management accounting –
concept, need, importance and scope; Cost accounting – records and
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M ATHEMATICS
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
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M ATHEMATICS - OPTIONAL
OF PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
PAPER - I
1. Linear Algebra:
Vector spaces over R and C, linear dependence and independence, subspaces,
bases, dimension; Linear transformations, rank and nullity, matrix of a linear
transformation.
Algebra of Matrices; Row and column reduction, Echelon form, congruence’s
and similarity; Rank of a matrix; Inverse of a matrix; Solution of system of linear
equations; Eigenvalues and eigenvectors, characteristic polynomial, Cayley-
Hamilton theorem, Symmetric, skew-symmetric, Hermitian, skew-Hermitian,
orthogonal and unitary matrices and their eigenvalues.
2. Calculus:
Real numbers, functions of a real variable, limits, continuity, differentiability,
mean-value theorem, Taylor’s theorem with remainders, indeterminate forms,
maxima and minima, asymptotes; Curve tracing; Functions of two or three
variables: limits, continuity, partial derivatives, maxima and minima, Lagrange’s
method of multipliers, Jacobian.
Riemann’s definition of definite integrals; Indefinite integrals; Infinite and improper
integrals; Double and triple integrals (evaluation techniques only); Areas, surface
and volumes.
3. Analytic Geometry:
Cartesian and polar coordinates in three dimensions, second degree equations
in three variables, reduction to canonical forms, straight lines, shortest distance
between two skew lines; Plane, sphere, cone, cylinder, paraboloid, ellipsoid,
hyperboloid of one and two sheets and their properties.
4. Ordinary Differential Equations:
Formulation of differential equations; Equations of first order and first degree,
integrating factor; Orthogonal trajectory; Equations of first order but not of first
degree, Clairaut’s equation, singular solution.
Second and higher order linear equations with constant coefficients,
complementary function, particular integral and general solution.
Second order linear equations with variable coefficients, Euler-Cauchy equation;
Determination of complete solution when one solution is known using method
of variation of parameters.
Laplace and Inverse Laplace transforms and their properties; Laplace transforms
nd
of elementary functions. Application to initial value problems for 2 order linear
equations with constant coefficients.
5. Dynamics & Statics:
Rectilinear motion, simple harmonic motion, motion in a plane, projectiles;
constrained motion; Work and energy, conservation of energy; Kepler’s laws,
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MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
1. Statics :
Simple applications of equilibrium equations.
2. Dynamics :
Simple applications of equations of motion, work, energy and power.
3. Theory of Machines :
Simple examples of kinematic chains and their inversions.
Different types of gears, bearings, governors, flywheels and their functions.
Static and dynamic balancing of rigid rotors.
Simple vibration analysis of bars and shafts.
Linear automatic control systems.
4. Mechanics of Solids :
Stress, strain and Hookes Law. Shear and bending moments in beams. Simple
bending and torsion of beams, springs and thin walled cylinders. Elementary
concepts of elastic stability, mechanical properties and material testing.
5. Manufacturing Science :
Mechanics of metal cutting, tool life, economics of machining, cutting tool
materials. Basic types of machine tool and their processes. Automatic machine
tools, transfer lines. Metal forming processes and machines-shearing, drawing,
spinning, rolling, forging, extrusion. Types of casting and welding methods.
Powder metallurgy and processing of plastics.
6. Manufacturing Management :
Methods and time study, motion economy and work space design, operation
and flow process charts. Cost estimation, break-even analysis. Location and
layout of plants, material handling. Capital budgeting, job shop and mass
production, scheduling, dispatching, Routing, Inventory.
7. Thermodynamics :
Basic concepts, definitions and laws, heat, work and temperature, Zeroth law,
temperature scales, behaviour of pure substances, equations of state, first law
and its corollaries, second law and its corollaries. Analysis of air standard
power cycles, Carnot, Otto, diesel, Brayton cycles. Vapour power cycles,
Rankine reheat and regenerative cycles, Refrigeration cycles-Bell Coleman,
Vapour absorption and Vapour compression cycle analysis, open and closed
cycle gas turbine with intercooling, reheating.
8. Energy Conversion :
Flow of steam through nozzles, critical pressure ratio, shock formation and its
effect. Steam Generators, mountings and accessories. Impulse and reaction
turbines, elements and layout of thermal power plants.
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Hydraulic turbines and pumps, specific speed, layout of hydraulic power plants.
Introduction to nuclear reactors and power plants, handling of nuclear waste.
9. Refrigeration and Air Conditioning :
Refrigeration equipment and operation and maintenance, refrigerants, principles
of air conditioning, psychrometric chart, comfort zones, humidification and
dehumidification.
10. Fluid Mechanics :
Hydrostatics, continuity equation, Bernoulli’s theorem, flow through pipes,
discharge measurement, laminar and turbulent flow, boundary layer concept.
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
1. Mechanics:
1.1 Mechanics of rigid bodies:
Equations of equilibrium in space and its application; first and second moments
of area; simple problems on friction; kinematics of particles for plane motion;
elementary particle dynamics.
1.2 Mechanics of deformable bodies:
Generalized Hooke’s law and its application; design problems on axial stress,
shear stress and bearing stress; material properties for dynamic loading; bending
shear and stresses in beams;. determination of principle stresses and strains
- analytical and graphical; compound and combined stresses; bi-axial stresses
- thin walled pressure vessel; material behaviour and design factors for dynamic
load; design of circular shafts for bending and torsional load only; deflection of
beam for statically determinate problems; theories of failure.
2. Engineering Materials:
Basic concepts on structure of solids; common ferrous and non-ferrous materials
and their applications; heat-treatment of steels; non-metals- plastics, ceramics,
composite materials and nano-materials.
3. Theory of Machines:
Kinematic and dynamic analysis of plane mechanisms. Cams, Gears and
epicyclic gear trains, flywheels, governors, balancing of rigid rotors, balancing
of single and multicylinder engines, linear vibration analysis of mechanical
systems (single degree of freedom), Critical speeds and whirling of shafts.
4. Manufacturing Science:
4.1 Manufacturing Process:
Machine tool engineering – Merchant’s force analysis; Taylor’s tool life equation;
conventional machining; NC and CNC machining process; jigs and fixtures.
Non-conventional machining – EDM, ECM, ultrasonic, water jet machining etc;
application of lasers and plasmas; energy rate calculations.
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laminar and turbulent flow through horizontal tubes; free convection from
horizontal and vertical plates.
2.3 Black body radiation - basic radiation laws such as Stefan-Boltzman, Planck
distribution, Wein’s displacement etc.
2.4 Basic heat exchanger analysis; classification of heat exchangers.
3. I .C. Engines:
3.1 Classification, thermodynamic cycles of operation; determination of break
power, indicated power, mechanical efficiency, heat balance sheet,
interpretation of performance characteristics, petrol, gas and diesel engines.
3.2 Combustion in SI and CI engines, normal and abnormal combustion; effect of
working parameters on knocking, reduction of knocking; Forms of combustion
chamber for SI and CI engines; rating of fuels; additives; emission.
3.3 Different systems of IC engines- fuels; lubricating; cooling and transmission
systems. Alternate fuels in IC engines.
4. Steam Engineering:
4.1 Steam generation- modified Rankine cycle analysis; Modern steam boilers;
steam at critical and supercritical pressures; draught equipment; natural and
artificial draught; boiler fuels solid, liquid and gaseous fuels. Steam turbines
- principle; types; compounding; impulse and reaction turbines; axial thrust.
4.2 Steam nozzles- flow of steam in convergent and divergent nozzle; pressure
at throat for maximum discharge with different initial steam conditions such
as wet, saturated and superheated, effect of variation of back pressure;
supersaturated flow of steam in nozzles, Wilson line.
4.3 Rankine cycle with internal and external irreversibility; reheat factor; reheating
and regeneration, methods of governing; back pressure and pass out turbines.
4.4 Steam power plants - combined cycle power generation; heat recovery steam
generators (HRSG) fired and unfired, co-generation plants.
5. Refrigeration and air-conditioning:
5.1 Vapour compression refrigeration cycle - cycle on p-H & T-s diagrams; eco-
friendly refrigerants - R134a,123; Systems like evaporators, condensers,
compressor, expansion devices. Simple vapour absorption systems.
5.2 Psychrometry - properties; processes; charts; sensible heating and cooling;
humidification and dehumidification effective temperature; air-conditioning load
calculation; simple duct design.
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MEDICAL SCIENCE
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
1. Human Anatomy
General principles and basic structural concept of gross anatomy of hipjoint, heart,
stomach, lungs, spleen, kidneys, uterus , ovary and adrenal glands.
Histological features of parotid gland, bronchi, testis, skin, bone and thyroid gland.
Gross anatomy of thalamus, internal capsule, cerebrum, including their blood supply;
functional localisation in cerebral cortex, cerebellum, spinal cord, eye, ear, throat,
cranial nerves.
Embryology of vertebral column, respiratory system and their congenital anomalies.
2. Human physiology and biochemistry :
Neurophysiology: Sensory receptors, reticular formation, cerebellum and basal ganglia.
Reproduction: Regulation of functions of male and female gonads.
Cardiovascular system: Mechanical and electrical properties of heart including
ECG : regulation of cardio-vascular functions.
GI System: bilirubin metabolism, liver function tests,
Haematology: haemogolobin synthesis, abnormal hemoglobins.
Respiration: regulation of respiration, digestion and absorption of fats, metabolism of
carbohydrates.
Renal Physiology: tubular function, regulation of pH.
Nucleic acids: RNA, DNA, genetic code and protein synthesis.
3. Pathology and Microbiology : Principles of inflammation, principles of
carcinogenesis and tumour spread, coronary heart disease, infective diseases of liver
and gall bladder, pathogenesis of tuberculosis.
Immune system, immunological and serological tests for collagen vascular disease.
Histological diagnosis by fluroscent microscopy.
Etiology and laboratory diagnosis of diseases caused by Salmonella. Vibrio.
Meningococcus and hepatitis virus.
Life cycle and laboratory diagnosis of Entamoeba histolytica, malarial parasite, ascaros/
4. Medicine :
Protein energy malnutrition.
Medical management of : Coma, cerebro-vascular accidents, status asthamaticus,
cardio pulmonary arrest, status epilepticus, acute renal failure.
Clinical featues, etiology and treatment of : Coronary heart disease, rheumatic heart
disease, pneumonia, cirrhosis of liver, amoebic liver absess, peptic ulcer, pycolone-
phiritis, leprosy, rheumatoid arthritis, diabetes mellitus, poliomyelitis, meningitis,
schizophrenia.
5. Surgery :
Principles of surgical management of severely injured and process of fracture healing.
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MEDICAL SCIENCE
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
1. Human Anatomy:
Applied anatomy including blood and nerve supply of upper and lower limbs
and joints of shoulder, hip and knee.
Gross anatomy, blood supply and lymphatic drainage of tongue, thyroid,
mammary gland, stomach, liver, prostate, gonads and uterus
Applied anatomy of diaphragm, perineum and inguinal region.
Clinical anatomy of kidney, urinary bladder, uterine tubes, vas deferens.
Embryology: Placenta and placental barrier. Development of heart, gut,
kidney, uterus, ovary, testis and their common congenital abnormalities.
Central and peripheral autonomic nervous system: Gross and clinical
anatomy of ventricles of brain, circulation of cerebrospinal fluid; Neural
pathways and lesions of cutaneous sensations, hearing and vision; Cranial
nerves, distribution and clinical significance; Components of autonomic nervous
system.
2. Human Physiology:
Conduction and transmission of impulse, mechanism of contraction,
neuromuscular transmission, reflexes, control of equilibrium, posture and
muscle tone, descending pathways, functions of cerebellum, basal ganglia,
Physiology of sleep and consciousness.
Endocrine system: Mechanism of action of hormones, formation, secretion,
transport, metabolism, function and regulation of secretion of pancreas and
pituitary gland.
Physiology of reproductive system: menstrual cycle, lactation, pregnancy.
Blood: Development, regulation and fate of blood cells.
Cardio-vascular, cardiac output, blood pressure, regulation of cardiovascular
functions;
3. Biochemistry:
Organ function tests-liver, kidney, thyroid
Protein synthesis.
Vitamins and minerals.
Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP).
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Radio - immunoassays (RIA).
4. Pathology:
Inflammation and repair, disturbances of growth and cancer, Pathogenesis
and histopathology of rheumatic and ischemic heart disease and diabetes
mellitus. Differentiation between benign, malignant, primary and metastatic
malignancies, Pathogenesis and histopathology of bronchogenic carcinoma,
carcinoma breast, oral cancer, cancer cervix, leukemia, Etiology,
pathogenesis and histopathology of - cirrhosis liver, glomerulonephritis,
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4. General Surgery:
Clinical features, causes, diagnosis and principles of management of cleft
palate, harelip.
Laryngeal tumor, oral and esophageal tumors.
Peripheral arterial diseases, varicose veins, coarctation of aorta
Tumors of Thyroid, Adrenal Glands
Abscess, cancer, fibroadenoma and adenosis of breast.
Bleeding peptic ulcer, tuberculosis of bowel, ulcerative colitis, cancer stomach.
Renal mass,cancer Prostate..
Haemothorax, stones of Gall bladder, Kidney, Ureter and Urinary Bladder.
Management of surgical conditions of Rectum, Anus and Anal canal, Gall
bladder and Bile ducts
Splenomegaly, cholecystitis, portal hypertension, liver abscess, peritonitis,
carcinoma head of pancreas.
Fractures of spine, Colles’ fracture and bone tumors.
Endoscopy
Laprascopic Surgery.
5. Obstetrics and Gynaecology including Family Planning:
Diagnosis of pregnancy.
Labour management, complications of 3rd stage, Antepartum and postpartum
hemorrhage, resuscitation of the newborn, Management of abnormal lie and
difficult labour, Management of small for date or premature newborn.
Diagnosis and management of anemia. Preeclampsia and Toxaemias of
pregnancy, Management of Post menopausal Syndrome.
Intra-uterine devices, pills, tubectomy and vasectomy. Medical termination of
pregnancy including legal aspects.
Cancer cervix.
Leucorrhoea, pelvic pain, infertility, dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB),
amenorrhoea, Fibroid and prolapse of uterus.
6. Community Medicine (Preventive and Social Medicine):
Principles, methods, approach and measurements of Epidemiology
Nutrition, nutritional diseases / disorders & Nutrition Programmes.
Health information Collection, Analysis and Presentation.
Objectives, components and critical analysis of National programmes for
control/eradication of:
Malaria, Kala-azar, Filaria and Tuberculosis,
HIV/AIDS, STDs and Dengue
Critical appraisal of Health care delivery system.
Health management and administration: Techniques, Tools, Programme
Implementation and Evaluation.
Objective, Component, Goals and Status of Reproductive and Child Health,
National Rural Health Mission and Millennium Development Goals
Management of hospital and industrial waste.
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PHILOSOPHY
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Section-’A’
Problems of Philosophy
1. Substance and Attributes : Aristole, Descartes, Locke, Berkeley’s criticism,
Nyaya-Viasesika, Buddhist criticism of Pudgala.
2. God, Soul and the World : Thomas Acquinas, St. Augustine, Spinoza, Descartes,
Nyaya-Vaisesika, Sankara, Ramanuja.
3. Universals : Realism and Nominalism (Plato, Aristotle, Berkeley’s criticism of
abstract ideas, Nyay-Vaisesika, Buddhism).
4. Bases of Knowledge : Pramanavada in Carvaka, Nyaya-Vaisesika, Buddhism,
Advaita Vedanta.
5. Truth and Error : Correspondence Theory, Coherence theory, Pragmatic Theory;
Khyativada (Anyathakhyati, Akhyati, Anivacaniyakhyati).
6. Matter and Mind : Descartes, Spinoza, Leibnitz, Berkerley.
Section-B
Logic
1. Truth and Validity
2. Classification of sentences : Traditional and Modern.
3. Syllogism : Figures and Moods; Rules of Syllogism (General and special)
validation by Venn Diagrames; Formal Fallacies.
4. Sentential Calculus : Symbolisation; Truth-Functions and their interdefinability;
Truth Tables; Formal Proof.
Section- C
Ethics
1. Statement of fact and statement of value.
2. Right and Good; Teleology and Deontology.
3. Psychological Hedonism.
4. Utilitarianism (Bentham; J.S. Mill).
5. Kantian Ethics.
6. Problem of the freedom of will.
7. Moral Judgements : Descriptivism, Prescriptivism, Emotivism.
8. Niskamakarma : Sthitaprajna.
9. Jaina Ethics
10. Four Noble Truths and Eight fold path in Buddhism.
11. Gandhian Ethics : Satya, Ahimsa, Ends and Means.
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PHILOSOPHY
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
History and Problems of Philosophy:
1. Plato and Aristotle: Ideas; Substance; Form and Matter; Causation; Actuality
and Potentiality.
2. Rationalism (Descartes, Spinoza, Leibniz): Cartesian Method and Certain
Knowledge; Substance; God; Mind-Body Dualism; Determinism and Freedom.
3. Empiricism (Locke, Berkeley, Hume): Theory of Knowledge; Substance and
Qualities; Self and God; Scepticism.
4. Kant: Possibility of Synthetic a priori Judgments; Space and Time; Categories;
Ideas of Reason; Antinomies; Critique of Proofs for the Existence of God
5. Hegel: Dialectical Method; Absolute Idealism
6. Moore, Russell and Early Wittgenstein: Defence of Commonsense; Refutation
of Idealism; Logical Atomism; Logical Constructions; Incomplete Symbols;
Picture Theory of Meaning; Saying and Showing.
7. Logical Positivism: Verification Theory of Meaning; Rejection of Metaphysics;
Linguistic Theory of Necessary Propositions.
8. Later Wittgenstein: Meaning and Use; Language-games; Critique of Private
Language.
9. Phenomenology (Husserl): Method; Theory of Essences; Avoidance of
Psychologism.
10. Existentialism (Kierkegaard, Sartre, Heidegger): Existence and Essence;
Choice, Responsibility and Authentic Existence; Being-in-the –world and
Temporality.
11. Quine and Strawson: Critique of Empiricism; Theory of Basic Particulars and
Persons.
12. Cârvâka : Theory of Knowledge; Rejection of Transcendent Entities.
13. Jainism: Theory of Reality; Saptabhaòginaya; Bondage and Liberation.
14. Schools of Buddhism: Pratîtyasamutpâda; Ksanikavada, Nairâtmyavâda
15. Nyâya- Vaiúesika: Theory of Categories; Theory of Appearance; Theory of
Pramâna; Self, Liberation; God; Proofs for the Existence of God; Theory of
Causation; Atomistic Theory of Creation.
16. Sâmkhya: Prakrti; Purusa; Causation; Liberation
17. Yoga: Citta; Cittavrtti; Klesas; Samadhi; Kaivalya.
18. Mimâmsâ: Theory of Knowledge
19. Schools of Vedânta: Brahman; Îúvara; Âtman; Jiva; Jagat; Mâyâ; Avidyâ;
Adhyâsa; Moksa; Aprthaksiddhi; Pancavidhabheda
20. Aurobindo: Evolution, Involution; Integral Yoga.
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PAPER – II
Socio-Political Philosophy
1. Social and Political Ideals: Equality, Justice, Liberty.
2. Sovereignty: Austin, Bodin, Laski, Kautilya.
3. Individual and State: Rights; Duties and Accountability
4. Forms of Government: Monarchy; Theocracy and Democracy.
5. Political Ideologies: Anarchism; Marxism and Socialism
6. Humanism; Secularism; Multiculturalism.
7. Crime and Punishment: Corruption, Mass Violence, Genocide, Capital
Punishment.
8. Development and Social Progress.
9. Gender Discrimination: Female Foeticide, Land and Property Rights;
Empowernment.
10. Caste Discrimination: Gandhi and Ambedkar
Philosophy of Religion:
1. Notions of God: Attributes; Relation to Man and the World. (Indian and
Western).
2. Proofs for the Existence of God and their Critique (Indian and Western).
3. Problem of Evil.
4. Soul: Immortality; Rebirth and Liberation.
5. Reason, Revelation and Faith.
6. Religious Experience: Nature and Object (Indian and Western).
7. Religion without God.
8. Religion and Morality.
9. Religious Pluralism and the Problem of Absolute Truth.
10. Nature of Religious Language: Analogical and Symbolic; Cognitivist and Non-
cognitive.
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PHYSICS
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
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POLITICAL SCIENCE
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
Section-A
1. Political Science : Nature & scope of the discipline, relationship with allied
disciplines like History, Economics, Philosophy, Sociology, Psychology.
2. Meaning of Politics : Approaches to the study of Politics.
3. Key Concepts : State, Soceity, Sovereignty, Power, Citizenship, Nation, Global
order and Imperialism.
4. Political Ideas : Rights, Liberty, Equality, Justice, Rule of Law. Civil Soceity
Swaraj, Revolution, Democratic Participation.
5. Democracy : Meaning and Theories of Democracy, Electoral system, Forms
of Representation & Participation, Political accountability.
6. Political Ideologies : Liberalism, Neoliberalism, Marxism, Socialism,
Fascism, Gandhism.
7. Party System and Political Process : Therories of Party System, National
and regional parties, Political Parties in the Third World. Patterns of coalition
politics, interest and pressure groups.
8. Forms of Government : Parliamentary and Presidential. Federal & unitary
Modes of decentralisation.
9. Bureaucracy Concept : Theories, Weber and critiques of Bureaucracy.
10. Theories of Development : Meaning and various approaches. Concept and
Theories of underdevelopment Debates in the Third World.
11. Social Movements : Meaning, Theories & Forms, Role of Environmental
Feminist Peasant & workers movements, Role of Non Government organisation.
12. Nationalism and Internationalism :
13. Major theories of International relations : Realist Marxist, Systems &
Decision making & Game theory.
14. State & the Global order : Neo-Liberalism, globalisation, structural adjustment,
regional economic integration, Nature and Impact of globalisation.
Section-B
Indian Government and politics
1. Approaches to the study of Governments : Comparative historical, legal
institutional, political economy and political sociology, approaches.
2. Classification of Political systems : Democratic and Authoritarian,
characteristics of Political systems in the third world.
3. Typologies of constitutions; Basic features of these constitutions &
governments : including U.K., USA. France, Germany, China, and South
Africa.
4. Constitutional development : in India during British Rule-A historical
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perspective.
5. Constituent Assembly : philosophical and socio-economic dimensions. Salient
features of the Indian Constitution.
6. Nature of Indian federalism : Centre-state relations, legislative, administrative,
financial and political; politics of regional move and National Integration.
7. Fundamental Rights : Constitutional provisions and political dynamics. Judicial
Interpretations and socio political realities; Fundamental Duties.
8. The Union Executive : President, Prime Minister and the Council of Ministers,
Constitutional provisions & framework and political trends.
9. Parliament : Powers and functions of the Lok Sabha & Rajya Sabha;
Parliamentary Committees; Functioning of the Parliamentary system in India.
10. The Judiciary : The Supreme Court , Judicial Review Judicial Activism, Public
Intrest Litigation; Judicial Reforms.
11. The State Executive : Governor, Chief Minister and the Council of Ministers;
Constitutional Provisions and Political trends.
12. Indian Party System : Evolution and Contemporay trends; coalition government
at the Centre and States, pressure groups in Indian politics.
13. The interaction of Government & Scientific & Technology business :
Previous and now their inter relationship and changing roles in Society, Elites,
Role of Pressure groups class and voluntary associations in society.
14. Local Government & Politics : Panchayti Raj and Municipal Government,
structure power & functions. Political realities, significance of 73rd and 74th
Amendements, role of women in Panchayats.
15. Bureaucracy and Development : Post-colonial India; its changing role in the
context of liberatis after, bureauratic Accountability.
16. Challenges to Indian Democracy :
a) Communalism Regionalism violence, criminalisation and corruption.
b) Regional disparities, environmental degradation, illiteracy, Mass Poverty,
Population, growth, caste oppressions and socio economic inequalities
among backward classes.
POLITICAL SCIENCE AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS - OPTIONAL
OF PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
PAPER - I
Political Theory and Indian Politics:
1. Political Theory: meaning and approaches.
2. Theories of the State: Liberal, Neo-liberal, Marxist, Pluralist, Post-colonial
and feminist.
3. Justice: Conceptions of justice with special reference to Rawl’s theory of
justice and its communitarian critiques.
4. Equality: Social, political and economic; relationship between equality and
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PSYCHOLOGY
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
1. Introduction to psychology :
Concept and definition of psychology. Nature and Scope. Branches of
psychology. Application of psychology to soceity and social problems.
2. Methods in Psychology :
Characteristics of psychological studies, Observation. Survey method, Clinical
and case study method. Experimental method. Application of the method.
3. Quantitive Analysis :
Measures of central tendency and dispersion. Correlation. Levels of
measurement. Reliability and validity. Application in test construction.
4. Physiological Psychology :
Structure of neuron, nerve impulses, synapse and neurotransmitters. Central
and peripheral nervous system-structure and neural control of behaviour.
Hemispheric specialisation. Endocrine system and hormonal control of
behaviour. Application of hemispheric knowledge to diagnostic purposes.
5. Development of human behaviour :
Individual Differences : Heredity and environment. Life span developent. Role of
early experience and mastering of developmental tasks. Sensitive or critical
periods of development in human life cycle and its application.
6. Perception :
Preceptual processes. Perceputal organsiation. Perception of form, colour, depth
and time. Perceptual readiness and constancy. Role of motivation, social and
cultural factors in perception. Application of knowledge of perception to skill
development (e.g. for certain jobs like that of driving, airline pilots etc.)
7. Learning :
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Modeling and observational
learning. Transfer of training. Learing and motivation. Application of the above to
the improvement of academic performance in education.
8. Memory :
Physiological basis of memory. Memory and forgetting. Measurement of memory
(Recall, Recognition, Relearning). Short term and long term memory. Theories
of forgetting (Decay and Interference theories and Repressive forgetting).
Application of Mnemonic devices etc, to improving memory.
9. Cognition and Language :
Concept of formation. Nature and development of thinking. Language and thought
and acquisition of language. Problem solving. Creative thinking and its
applications.
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PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER – I
Administrative Theory
1. Introduction: Meaning, scope and significance of Public Administration;
Wilson’s vision of Public Administration; Evolution of the discipline and its
present status; New Public Administration; Public Choice approach;
Challenges of liberalization, Privatisation, Globalisation; Good Governance:
concept and application; New Public Management.
2. Administrative Thought:Scientific Management and Scientific Management
movement; Classical Theory; Weber’s bureaucratic model – its critique and
post-Weberian Developments; Dynamic Administration (Mary Parker Follett);
Human Relations School (Elton Mayo and others); Functions of the Executive
(C.I. Barnard); Simon’s decision-making theory; Participative Management
(R. Likert, C.Argyris, D.McGregor).
3. Administrative Behaviour: Process and techniques of decision-making;
Communication; Morale; Motivation Theories – content, process and
contemporary; Theories of Leadership: Traditional and Modern.
4. Organisations: Theories – systems, contingency; Structure and forms:
Ministries and Departments, Corporations, Companies, Boards and
Commissions; Ad hoc and advisory bodies; Headquarters and Field
relationships; Regulatory Authorities; Public - Private Partnerships.
5. Accountability and control: Concepts of accountability and control;
Legislative, Executive and Judicial control over administration; Citizen and
Administration; Role of media, interest groups, voluntary organizations; Civil
society; Citizen’s Charters; Right to Information; Social audit.
6. Administrative Law: Meaning, scope and significance; Dicey on
Administrative law; Delegated legislation; Administrative Tribunals.
7. Comparative Public Administration: Historical and sociological factors
affecting administrative systems; Administration and politics in different
countries; Current status of Comparative Public Administration; Ecology and
administration; Riggsian models and their critique.
8. Development Dynamics: Concept of development; Changing profile of
development administration; ‘Anti-development thesis’; Bureaucracy and
development; Strong state versus the market debate; Impact of liberalisation
on administration in developing countries; Women and development - the
self-help group movement.
9. Personnel Administration: Importance of human resource development;
Recruitment, training, career advancement, position classification, discipline,
performance appraisal, promotion, pay and service conditions; employer-
employee relations, grievance redressal mechanism; Code of conduct;
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Administrative ethics.
10. Public Policy: Models of policy-making and their critique; Processes of
conceptualisation, planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and review
and their limitations; State theories and public policy formulation.
11. Techniques of Administrative Improvement: Organisation and methods,
Work study and work management; e-governance and information technology;
Management aid tools like network analysis, MIS, PERT, CPM.
12. Financial Administration: Monetary and fiscal policies; Public borrowings
and public debt Budgets - types and forms; Budgetary process; Financial
accountability; Accounts and audit.
PAPER - II
Indian Administration
1. Evolution of Indian Administration: Kautilya’s Arthashastra; Mughal
administration; Legacy of British rule in politics and administration -
Indianization of public services, revenue administration, district administration,
local self-government.
2. Philosophical and Constitutional framework of government: Salient
features and value premises; Constitutionalism; Political culture; Bureaucracy
and democracy; Bureaucracy and development.
3. Public Sector Undertakings: Public sector in modern India; Forms of Public
Sector Undertakings; Problems of autonomy, accountability and control;
Impact of liberalization and privatization.
4. Union Government and Administration: Executive, Parliament, Judiciary -
structure, functions, work processes; Recent trends; Intragovernmental
relations; Cabinet Secretariat; Prime Minister’s Office; Central Secretariat;
Ministries and Departments; Boards; Commissions; Attached offices; Field
organizations.
5. Plans and Priorities: Machinery of planning; Role, composition and functions
of the Planning Commission and the National Development Council; ‘Indicative’
planning; Process of plan formulation at Union and State levels; Constitutional
Amendments (1992) and decentralized planning for economic development
and social justice.
6. State Government and Administration: Union-State administrative,
legislative and financial relations; Role of the Finance Commission; Governor;
Chief Minister; Council of Ministers; Chief Secretary; State Secretariat;
Directorates.
7. District Administration since Independence:Changing role of the Collector;
Union-state-local relations; Imperatives of development management and law
and order administration; District administration and democratic
decentralization.
8. Civil Services: Constitutional position; Structure, recruitment, training and
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SOCIOLOGY
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
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(d) Social mobility- open and closed systems, types of mobility, sources and
causes of mobility.
6. Works and Economic Life:
(a) Social organization of work in different types of society- slave society, feudal
society, industrial /capitalist society.
(b) Formal and informal organization of work
(c) Labour and society.
7. Politics and Society:
(a) Sociological theories of power
(b) Power elite, bureaucracy, pressure groups, and political parties.
(c) Nation, state, citizenship, democracy, civil society, ideology.
(d) Protest, agitation, social movements, collective action, revolution.
8. Religion and Society:
(a) Sociological theories of religion.
(b) Types of religious practices: animism, monism, pluralism, sects, cults.
(c) Religion in modern society: religion and science, secularization, religious
revivalism, fundamentalism.
9. Systems of Kinship:
(a) Family, household, marriage.
(b) Types and forms of family.
(c) Lineage and descent
(d) Patriarchy and sexual division of labour
(e) Contemporary trends.
10. Social Change in Modern Society:
(a) Sociological theories of social change.
(b) Development and dependency.
(c) Agents of social change.
(d) Education and social change.
(e) Science, technology and social change.
PAPER - II
INDIAN SOCIETY : STRUCTURE AND CHANGE
A. Introducing Indian Society:
(i) Perspectives on the study of Indian society:
(a) Indology (GS. Ghurye).
(b) Structural functionalism (M N Srinivas).
(c) Marxist sociology ( A R Desai).
(ii) Impact of colonial rule on Indian society :
(a) Social background of Indian nationalism.
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STATISTICS
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
1. Probability
Random experiment, sample space, event, algebra of events, probability on a discrete
sample space, basic theorems of probability and simple examples based there on,
conditional probability of an event, independent events, Bayes’ theorem and its
application, discrete and continuous random variables and their distributions,
expectation, moments, moment generating function, joint distribution of two or more
random variables, marginal and conditional distributions, independence of random
variables, covariance, correlation, coefficient, distribution of function of random variables.
Bernoulli, binomial, geometric, negative binomial, hypergeometric, Poisson,
multinomial, uniform, beta, exponential, gamma, Cauchy, normal, longnormal and
bivariate normal distributions, real-life situations where these distributions provide
appropriate models, Chebyshev’s inequality, weak law of large numbers and central
limit theorem for independent and identically distributed random variables with finite
variance and their simple applications.
2. Statistical Methods
Concept of a statistical population and a sample, types of data, presentation and
summarization of data, measures of central tendency, dispersion, skewness and
kurtosis, measures of association and contingency, correlation, rank correlation,
intraclass correlation, correlation ratio, simple and multiple linear regression, multiple
and partial correlations (involving three variables only), curve-fitting and principle of
least squares, concepts of random sample, parameter and statistic, Z, X2, t and F
statistics and their properties and applications, distributions of sample range and
median (for continuous distributions only), censored sampling (concept and
illustrations).
3. Statistical Inference
Unbiasedness, consistency, efficiency, sufficiency, Completeness, minimum variance
unbiased estimation, Rao-Blackwell theorem, Lehmann-Scheffe theorem, Cramer-
Rao inequality and minimum variance bound estimator, moments, maximum likelihood,
least squares and minimum chisquare methods of estimation, properties of maximum
likelihood and other estimators, idea of a random interval, confidence intervals for the
paramters of standard distributions, shortest confidence intervals, large-sample
confidence intervals.
Simple and composite hypotheses, two kinds of errors, level of significance, size and
power of a test, desirable properties of a good test, most powerful test, Neyman-
Pearson lemma and its use in simple example, uniformly most powerful test, likelihood
ratio test and its properties and applications.
Chi-square test, sign test, Wald-Wolfowitz runs test, run test for randomness, median
test, Wilcoxon test and Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test.
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Wal’s sequential probability ratio test, OC and ASN functions, application to binomial
and normal distributions.
Loss function, risk function, minimax and Bayes rules.
4. Sampling Theory and Design of Experiments
Complete enumeration vs. sampling, need for sampling, basic concepts in sampling,
designing large-scale sample surveys, sampling and non-sampling errors, simple
random sampling, properties of a good estimator, estimation of sample size, stratified
random sampling, systematic sampling, cluster sampling, ratio and regression
methods of estimaton under simple and stratified random sampling, double sampling
for ratio and regression methods of estimation, two-stage sampling with equal-size
first-stage units.
Analysis of variance with equal number of observations per cell in one, two and three-
way classifications, analysis of covariance in one and two-way classifications, basic
priniciples of experimental designs, completely randomized design, randomized block
design, latin square design, missing plot technique, 2n factorial design, total and
partial confounding, 32 factorial experiments, split-plot design and balanced incomplete
block design.
STATISTICS
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER - I
1. Probability:
Sample space and events, probability measure and probability space, random variable
as a measurable function, distribution function of a random variable, discrete and
continuous-type random variable, probability mass function, probability density function,
vector-valued random variable, marginal and conditional distributions, stochastic
independence of events and of random variables, expectation and moments of a
random variable, conditional expectation, convergence of a sequence of random variable
in distribution, in probability, in p-th mean and almost everywhere, their criteria and
inter-relations, Chebyshev’s inequality and Khintchine‘s weak law of large numbers,
strong law of large numbers and Kolmogoroff’s theorems, probability generating function,
moment generating function, characteristic function, inversion theorem, Linderberg
and Levy forms of central limit theorem, standard discrete and continuous probability
distributions.
2. Statistical Inference:
Consistency, unbiasedness, efficiency, sufficiency, completeness, ancillary statistics,
factorization theorem, exponential family of distribution and its properties, uniformly
minimum variance unbiased (UMVU) estimation, Rao-Blackwell and Lehmann-Scheffe
theorems, Cramer-Rao inequality for single parameter. Estimation by methods of
moments, maximum likelihood, least squares, minimum chi-square and modified
minimum chi-square, properties of maximum likelihood and other estimators,
asymptotic efficiency, prior and posterior distributions, loss function, risk function,
and minimax estimator. Bayes estimators.
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Concept of reliability, failure rate and reliability functions, reliability of series and parallel
systems and other simple configurations, renewal density and renewal function, Failure
models: exponential, Weibull, normal , lognormal.
Problems in life testing, censored and truncated experiments for exponential models.
2. Optimization Techniques:
Different types of models in Operations Research, their construction and general
methods of solution, simulation and Monte-Carlo methods formulation of linear
programming (LP) problem, simple LP model and its graphical solution, the simplex
procedure, the two-phase method and the M-technique with artificial variables, the
duality theory of LP and its economic interpretation, sensitivity analysis, transportation
and assignment problems, rectangular games, two-person zero-sum games, methods
of solution (graphical and algebraic).
Replacement of failing or deteriorating items, group and individual replacement policies,
concept of scientific inventory management and analytical structure of inventory
problems, simple models with deterministic and stochastic demand with and without
lead time, storage models with particular reference to dam type.
Homogeneous discrete-time Markov chains, transition probability matrix, classification
of states and ergodic theorems, homogeneous continuous-time Markov chains, Poisson
process, elements of queuing theory, M/M/1, M/M/K, G/M/1 and M/G/1 queues.
Solution of statistical problems on computers using well-known statistical software
packages like SPSS.
3. Quantitative Economics and Official Statistics:
Determination of trend, seasonal and cyclical components, Box-Jenkins method,
tests for stationary series, ARIMA models and determination of orders of autoregressive
and moving average components, forecasting.
Commonly used index numbers-Laspeyre’s, Paasche’s and Fisher’s ideal index
numbers, chain-base index number, uses and limitations of index numbers, index
number of wholesale prices, consumer prices, agricultural production and industrial
production, test for index numbers - proportionality, time-reversal, factor-reversal and
circular .
General linear model, ordinary least square and generalized least squares methods
of estimation, problem of multicollinearity, consequences and solutions of
multicollinearity, autocorrelation and its consequences, heteroscedasticity of
disturbances and its testing, test for independence of disturbances, concept of structure
and model for simultaneous equations, problem of identification-rank and order
conditions of identifiability, two-stage least square method of estimation.
Present official statistical system in India relating to population, agriculture, industrial
production, trade and prices, methods of collection of official statistics, their reliability
and limitations, principal publications containing such statistics, various official
agencies responsible for data collection and their main functions.
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ZOOLOGY
PART A - PRELIMINARY EXAMINATION
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u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
ENGLISH - OPTIONAL
OF PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
The syllabus consists of two papers, designed to test a first-hand and critical reading
of texts prescribed from the following periods in English Literature : Paper I : 1600-
1900 and Paper II : 1900-1990.
There will be two compulsory questions in each paper : a) A short-notes question
related to the topics for general study, and b) A critical analysis of UNSEEN passages
both in prose and verse.
Paper-I
Answers must be written in English.
Texts for detailed study are listed below. Candidates will also be required to
show adequate knowledge of the following topics and movements :
The Renaissance : Elizabethan and Jacobean Drama; Metaphysical Poetry; The
Epic and the Mock-epic; Neo-classicism; Satire; The Romantic Movement; The Rise
of the Novel; The Victorian Age.
Section-A
1. William Shakespeare : King Lear and The Tempest.
2. John Donne. The following poems :
- Canonization;
- Death be not proud;
- The Good Morrow;
- On his Mistress going to bed;
- The Relic;
3. John Milton : Paradise Lost, I, II, IV, IX
4. Alexander Pope. The Rape of the Lock.
5. William Wordsworth. The following poems:
- Ode on Intimations of Immortality.
- Tintern Abbey.
- Three years she grew.
- She dwelt among untrodden ways.
- Michael.
- Resolution and Independence.
- The World is too much with us.
- Milton, thou shouldst be living at this hour.
- Upon Westminster Bridge.
6. Alfred Tennyson : In Memoriam.
7. Henrik Ibsen : A Doll’s House.
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Section-B
1. Jonathan Swift. Gulliver’s Travels.
2. Jane Austen. Pride and Prejudice.
3. Henry Fielding. Tom Jones.
4. Charles Dickens. Hard Times.
5. George Eliot. The Mill on the Floss .
6. Thomas Hardy. Tess of the d’Urbervilles.
7. Mark Twain. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
Paper-II
Answers must be written in English.
Texts for detailed study are listed below. Candidates will also be required to
show adequate knowledge of the following topics and movements :
Modernism; Poets of the Thirties; The stream-of-consciousness Novel; Absurd Drama;
Colonialism and Post-Colonialism; Indian Writing in English; Marxist, Psychoanalytical
and Feminist approaches to literature; Post-Modernism.
Section-A
1. William Butler Yeats. The following poems:
- Easter 1916
- The Second Coming
- A Prayer for my daughter.
- Sailing to Byzantium.
- The Tower.
- Among School Children.
- Leda and the Swan.
- Meru
- Lapis Lazuli
- The Second Coming
- Byzantium.
2. T.S. Eliot. The following poems :
- The L ove Song of J.Alfred Prufrock
- Journey of the Magi.
- Burnt Norton.
3. W.H. Auden. The following poems :
- Partition
- Musee des Beaux Arts
- in Memory of W.B. Yeats
- Lay your sleeping head, my love
- The Unknown Citizen
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- Consider
- Mundus Et Infans
- The Shield of Achilles
- September 1, 1939
- Petition.
4. John Osborne : Look Back in Anger.
5. Samuel Beckett. Waiting for Godot.
6. Philip Larkin. The following poems :
- Next
- Please
- Deceptions
- Afternoons
- Days
- Mr. Bleaney
7. A.K. Ramanujan. The following poems :
- Looking for a Causim on a Swing
- A River
- Of Mothers, among other Things
- Love Poem for a Wife 1
- Samll-Scale Reflections on a Great House
- Obituary
(All these poems are available in the anthology Ten Twentieth Century Indian
Poets, edited by R. Parthasarthy, published by Oxford University Press, New Delhi).
Section-B
1. Joseph Conrad. Lord Jim
2. James Joyce. Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man.
3. D.H. Lawrence. Sons and Lovers.
4. E.M. Forster. A Passage to India.
5. Virginia Woolf. Mrs Dalloway.
6. Raja Rao. Kanthapura.
7. V.S. Naipal. A House for Mr. Biswas.
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GUJARATI - OPTIONAL
OF PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
PAPER - I
Answers must be written in Gujarati
Section-A
Gujarati Language : Form and history
1. History of Gujarati Language with special reference to New Indo-Aryan i.e. last
one thousand years.
2. Significant features of the Gujarati language: Phonology, morphology and syntax.
3. Major dialects: Surti, Pattani, charotari and Saurashtri.
History of Gujarati Literature
Medieval :
4. Jaina tradition
5. Bhakti tradition: Sagun and Nirgun (Jnanmargi)
6. Non-sectarian tradition (Laukik parampara)
Modern:
7. Sudharak yug
8. Pandit yug
9. Gandhi yug
10. Anu-Gandhi yug
11. Adhunik yug
Section-B
Literary Forms : (Salient features, history and development of the following literary
forms):
(a) Medieval
1. Narratives: Rasa, Akhyan and Padyavarta
2. Lyrical: Pada
(b) Folk
3. Bhavai
(c) Modern
4. Fiction: Novel and short story
5. Drama
6. Literary Essay
7. Lyrical Poetry
(d) Criticism
8. History of theoretical Gujarati criticism
9. Recent research in folk tradition
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PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Gujarati
The paper will reqire first hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to
test the critical ability of the candidate.
Section-A
1. Medieval
(i) Vasantvilas phagu-Ajnatkrut
(ii) Kadambari-Bhalan
(iii) Sudamacharitra-Premanand
(iv) Chandrachandravatini varta-Shamal
(v) Akhegeeta-Akho
2. Sudharakyug & Pandityug
(vi) Mari Hakikat-Narmadashankar Dave
(vii) Farbasveerah- Dalpatram
(viii) Saraswatichandra-Part-I Govar-dhanram Tripathi
(ix) Purvalap- ‘Kant’ (Manishankar Ratnaji Bhatt)
(x) Raino Parvat-Ramanbhai Neel-kanth
Section-B
1. Gandhiyug & Anu Gandhiyug
(i) Hind Swaraj-Mohandas Kar-machand Gandhi
(ii) Patanni Prabhuta- Kanhaiyalal Munshi
(iii) Kavyani Shakti- Ramnarayan Vish-wanath Pathak
(iv) Saurashtrani Rasdhar Part 1- Zaver-chand Meghani
(v) Manvini Bhavai-Pannalal Patel
(vi) Dhvani-Rajendra Shah
2. Adhunik yug
(vii) Saptapadi-Umashankar Joshi
(viii) Janantike- Suresh Joshi
(ix) Ashwatthama- Sitanshu Yash-aschandra
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HINDI
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Hindi.
Section-A
1. History of Hindi Language and Nagari Lipi.
I. Grammatical and applied forms of Apbhransh, Awahatta & Arambhik Hindi.
II. Development of Braj and Awadhi as literary language during medieval
period.
III. Early form of Khari-boli in Siddha-Nath Sahitya, Khusero, Sant Sahitaya,
Rahim etc. and Dakhni Hindi.
IV. Development of Khari-boli and Nagari Lipi during 19th Century.
V. Standardisation of Hindi Bhasha & Nagari Lipi.
VI. Development of Hindi as national Language during freedom movement.
VII. The development of Hindi as a National Language of Union of India.
VIII. Scientific & Technical development of Hindi Language.
IX. Prominent dialects of Hindi and their inter relationship.
X. Salient features of Nagari Lipi and the efforts for its reform & Standard
form of Hindi.
XI. Grammatical structure of Standard Hindi.
Section-B
2. History of Hindi Literature.
I. The relevance and importance of Hindi literature and tradition of writing
History of Hindi Literature.
II. Literary trends of the following four periods of history of Hindi Literature.
A : Adikal-Sidh, Nath and Raso Sahitya.
Prominent poets-Chandvardai, Khusaro, Hemchandra, Vidyapati.
B : Bhaktikal-Sant Kavyadhara, Sufi Kavyadhara, Krishna Bhaktidhara
and Ram Bhaktidhara.
Prominent Poets-Kabir, Jayasi, Sur & Tulsi.
C: Ritikal-Ritikavya, Ritibaddhakavya & Riti Mukta Kavya.
Prominent Poets-Keshav, Bihari, Padmakar and Ghananand.
D : Adhunik Kal
a. Renaissance, the development of Prose, Bharatendu Mandal.
b. Prominent Writers : Bharatendu, Bal Krishna Bhatt & Pratap Narain Mishra.
c. Prominent trends of modern Hindi Poetry : Chhayavad, Pragativad,
Proyogvad, Nai Kavita, Navgeet and Contemporary poetry and Janvadi
Kavita.
Prominent Poets : Maithili Sharan Gupta, Prasad, Nirala, Mahadevi, Dinkar,
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12. Nagarjun : Badal Ko Ghirte Dekha Hai, Akal Ke Bad, Harijan Gatha.
Section-B
1. Bharatendu : Bharat Durdasha
2. Mohan Rakesh : Ashad Ka Ek Din
3. Ramchandra Shukla : Chintamani (Part I)
(Kavita Kya Hai] Shraddha Aur Bhakti)
4. Dr. Satyendra : Nibandh Nilaya-Bal Krishna Bhatt, Premchand, Gulab Rai,
Hajari Prasad Dwivedi, Ram Vilas Sharma, Agyeya, Kuber Nath Rai.
5. Premchand : Godan, Premchand ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan, Ed. Amrit Rai,
Manjusha - Premchand ki Sarvashreshtha Kahaniyan, Ed. Amrit Rai
6. Prasad : Skandgupta
7. Yashpal : Divya
8. Phaniswar Nath Renu : Maila Anchal
9. Mannu Bhandari : Mahabhoj
10. Rajendra Yadav : Ek Dunia Samanantar (All Stories)
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MARATHI
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
Paper-I
Answers must be written in Marathi.
Section-A
Language and Folk-Iore
(a) Nature and Functions of Language (with reference to Marathi)
Language as a signifying system : Langue and Parole; Basic functions; Poetic
language; Standard Language and dialect; Language variations according to
social parameters.
Linguistic features of Marathi in thirteenth century and seventeenth century.
(b) Dialects of Marathi
Ahirani; Varhadi; Dangi
(c) Marathi Grammar
Parts of Speech; Case-system; Prayog-vichar (Voice)
(d) Nature and kinds of Folk-lore
(with special reference to Marathi)
Lok-Geet, Lok Katha, Lok Natya
Section-B
History of Literature and Literary Criticism
(a) History of Marathi Literature
1. From beginning to 1818 AD, with special reference to the following : The
Mahanubhava writers, the Varkari poets, the Pandit poets, the Shahirs, Bakhar
literature.
2. From 1850 to 1990, with special reference to developments in the following
major forms : Poetry, Fiction (Novel and Short Story), Drama; and major literary
currents and movements, Romantic, Realist, Modernist, Dalit Gramin, Feminist.
(b) Literary Criticism
1. Nature and function of Literature;
2. Evaluation of Literature;
3. Nature, Objectives and Methods of Criticism;
4. Literature, Culture and Society.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Marathi.
Textual study of prescribed literary works
The paper will require first-hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designed to
test the candidate’s critical ability.
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Section-A
Prose
(1) ‘Smritishala’
(2) Mahatma Jotiba Phule
“Shetkaryacha Asud; ‘Sarvajanik Satyadharma’
(3) S.V. Ketkar ‘Brahmankanya;
(4) P.K. Atre ‘Sashtang Namaskar’
(5) Sharchchandra Muktibodh ‘Jana Hey Volatu Jethe’
(6) Uddhav Shelke ‘Shilan’
(7) Baburao Bagul ‘Jevha Mi Jaat Chorli Hoti’
(8) Gouri Deshpande ‘Ekek Paan Galavaya’
(9) P.I. Sonkamble ‘Athavaninche Pakshi’
Section-B
Poetry
(1) Namadevanchi Abhangawani’ Ed: Inamdar, Relekar, Mirajkar Modern Book Depot,
Pune
(2) ‘Painjan’ Ed : M.N. Adwant Sahitya Prasar Kendra, Nagpur
(3) ‘Damayanti-Swayamvar’ By Raghunath Pandit
(4) ‘Balakvinchi Kavita’ By Balkavi
(5) ‘Vishakha’ By Kusumagraj
(6) ‘Mridgandh’ By Vinda Karandikar
(7) ‘Jahirnama’ By Narayan Surve
(8) ‘Sandhyakalchya Kavita’ By Grace
(9) ‘Ya Sattet Jeev Ramat Nahi’ By Namdev Dhasal
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PALI
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
Paper-I
(Pãli Language)
N.B. All answers must be written in Pali language in Devanãgarî or Roman
Script.
Section-A
1. Origin and Homeland of Pãli and its characteristics.
2. Pãli Grammar-(I) Technical Terms of Pãli Grammar-Akkhara, Sara, Vyañjana,
Niggahîta, Nãma, Sabbanãma, Ãkhyãta, Upasagga, Nipãta, Abyaya, (II) Kãraka,
(III) Samãsa; (IV) Sandhi; (V) Taddhita. (Apaccabodhaka-and Ãdhikãrabo-dhaka-
Paccaya); (VI) Etymological derivation of the following words :-
Buddho, Bhikkhu, Sãmanero, Satthã, Dhammo, Latãyã, Purisãnam, Tumhe,
Amhebhi, Munina, Rattîsu, Phalãya, Atthîsu, Raññam, Sangho.
3. Translation of two Pãli unseen passages into English.
Section-B
4. Essays consisting of 300 words on any one of the following :
(a) Bhagavã Buddho, (b) Tilakkhanam, (c) Ariyo atthañgiko maggo, (d) Cattãri
ariyasaccãni, (e) Kammavãdo (f) Paticcasamuppãdo, (g) Nibbãnam paramam
sukham, (h) Tipitakam, (i) Dhammapadam, (j) Majjhimã-Patipadã.
5. Summary of Pãli passages.
6. Explanation of Pãli verses in Pãli.
7. The meaning of following indeclinables ( Abyaya and Nipãta) and their use in
candidates’ own Pãli sentences :
(I) Atha, (II) Antarã, (III) Addhã, (IV) Kadã, (V) Kittãvatã, (VI) Ahorattam, (VII)
Divã, (VIII) Yathã, (IX) Ce, (X) Seyyathîdam, (XI) Vinã, (XII) Kudãcannam, (XIII)
Saddhim, (XIV) Antarena, (XV) Kho, (XVI) Mã, (XVII) Evam, (XVIII) Ettha, (XIX)
Kira, (XX) Pana.
Paper-II
(PÃli Literature)
There will be two compulsory questions which must be answered in Pali Languege in
Devanagari or Roman Script. The remaining questions must be attempted either in
Pali or in the medium of examination opted by the candidate.
Section-A
(i) Life and teachings of Buddha from the Pãli sources.
(ii) History of Pali Literature-Canonical and Non-Canonical with reference to the
following books and authors:
Mahãvagga, Cullavagga, Pãtimokkha, Dîgha-Nikãya, Dhammapada, Jãtaka,
Theragãthã, Therîgãthã,Dîpavamsa, Mahãvamsa, Dãthãvamsa, Sãsanavamsa,
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PUNJABI
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Punjabi in Gurumukhi Script.
Section-A
a) Origin of Punjabi language : different stages of development and recent
development in Punjabi language : characteristics of Punjabi phonology and
the study of its tones: classification of vowels and consonants.
b) Punjabi morphology : the number-gender system (animate and inanimate),
prefixes, affixes and different categories of Post positions: Punjabi word
formation: Tatsam. Tad Bhav, forms: Sentence structure, the notion of subject
and object in Punjabi: Noun and verb phrases.
c) Language and dialect; the notions of dialect and idiolect; major dialects of
Punjabi; Pothohari, Majhi, Doabi, Malwai, Puadhi; the validity of speech variation
on the basis of social stratification, the distinctive features of various dialects
with special reference to tones. Language and script; origin and development of
Gurmukhi; suitability of Gurmukhi for Punjabi.
d) Classical background; Nath Jogi Sahit
Medieval literature : Gurmat, Sufti, Kissa and Var Janamsakhis.
Section-B
a) Modern trends Mystic, romantic, progressive and neomystic (Vir Singh, Puran
Singh, Mohan Singh, Amrita Pritam, Bawa Balwant, Pritam Singh Safeer, J.S.
Neki).
Experimentalist (Jasbir Singh Ahluwalia, Ravinder Ravi, Ajaib Kamal)
Aesthetes (Harbhajan Singh, Tara Singh)
Neo-progressive (Pash. Jagtar, Patar)
Origin and Development of Genres :
b) Folk literature Folk songs, Folk tales. Riddles, Proverbs.
Epic (Vir Singh, Avtar Singh, Azad Mohan Singh)
Lyric (Gurus, Sufis and Modern Lyricists-Mohan Singh Amrita Pritam, Shiv
Kumar, Harbhajan Singh)
c) Drama (I.C. Nanda, Harcharan Singh, Balwant Gargi, S.S.Sekhon, Charan Das
Sidhu)
Novel (Vir Singh, Nanak Singh, Jaswant Singh Kanwal, K.S. Duggal, Sukhbir,
Gurdial Singh, Dalip Kaur Tiwana, Swaran Chandan)
Short Story (Sujan Singh, K.S. Virk. Prem Parkash, Waryam Sandhu).
d) Socio-cultural Sanskrit, Persian Literary influences : and Western.
Essay (Puran Singh, Teja Singh, Gurbaksh Singh)
Literary Criticism (S.S. Sekhon, Attar Singh, Kishan Singh, Harbhajan Singh, Najam
Hussain Sayyad).
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PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Punjabi in Gurumukhi Script.
This paper will require first-hand reading of the texts prescribed and will be designedto
test the candidate’s critical ability.
Section-A
a) Sheikh Farid The complete Bani as included in the Adi Granth.
b) Guru Nanak Japu Ji Baramah, Asa di Var
c) Bulleh Shah Kafian
d) Waris Shah Heer
Section-B
a) Shah Mohammad Jangnama (Jang Singhan te Firangian)
Dhani Ram Chatrik (Poet) Chandan Vari
Sufi Khana
Nawan Jahan
b) Nanak Singh (Novelist) Chitta Lahu
Pavittar Papi
Ek Mian Do Talwaran
c) Gurbaksh Singh (Essayist) Zindagi di Ras
Nawan Shivala
Merian Abhul Yadaan.
Balraj Sahni (Travelogue) Mera Roosi Safarnama
Mera Pakistani Safarnama
d) Balwant Gargi (Dramatist) Loha Kutt
Dhuni-di-Agg
Sultan Razia
Sant Singh Sekhon (Critic) Sahityarth
Parsidh Punjabi Kavi
Punjabi Kav Shiromani
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TAMIL - OPTIONAL
OF PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION OF CIVIL SERVICES EXAM
PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Tamil.
Section: A
Part: 1 History of Tamil Language
Major Indian Language Families-The place of Tamil among Indian languages in general
and Dravidian in particular-Enumeration and Distributionof Dravidian languages.
The language of Sangam literature-The language of medieval Tamil: Pallava period
only-Historical study of Nouns, Verbs, adjectives, adverbs Tense markers and case
markers in Tamil.
Borrowing of words from other languages into Tamil-Regional and social dialects-
difference between literary and spoken Tamil.
Part: 2 History of Tamil Literature
Tolkappiyam-Sangam Literatue-The division of Akam and puram-The secular
characteristics of Sangam Literature-The development of Ethical literature-
Silappadikaram and Manimekalai.
Part: 3 Devotional literature (Alwars and Nayanmars) The bridal mysticism in Alwar
hymns-Minor literary forms (Tutu, Ula, Parani, Kuravanji)
Social factors for the development of Modern Tamil literature: Novel, Short story and
New Poetry-The impact of various political ideologies on modern writings.
Section:B
Part:1 Recent trends in Tamil Studies
Approaches to criticism: Social , psychologiocal, hostorical and moralistic-the use of
criticism-the various techniques in literature: Ullurai, Iraicchi, Thonmam (Myth)
Otturuvagam (allegory), Angadam (Satire), Meyppadu, Padimam(image), Kuriyeedu
(Symbol), Irunmai (ambiguity)-The concep[t of comparative literature-the principle of
comparative literature.
Part: 2 Folk literature in Tamil:Ballads, Songs, proverbs and riddles-Sociological study
of Tamil folklore. Uses of translation-Translation of Tamil works into other languages-
Development of journalism in Tamil.
Part: 3 Cultural Heritage of the Tamils
Concept of Love and War-Concept of Aram-the ethical codes adopted by the ancient
Tamils in their warfare-customs, beliefs, rituals, modes of worship in the five Thinais.
The cultural changes as revealed in post sangam literature-cultural fusion in the
medieval period (Jainism & Buddhism). The development of arts and architecture
through the ages (Pallavas, later cholas, and Nayaks). The impact of various political,
social, religious and cultural movements on Tamil Society. The role of mass media in
the cultural change of contemporary Tamill society.
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PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Tamil.
The paper will require first hand reading of the Text prescribed and will be designed to
test the critical ability of the candidate.
Section-: A
Part: 1 Ancient Literature
(1) Kuruntokai (1-25 poems)
(2) Purananurui (182-200 poems)
(3) Tirukkural Porutpal : Arasiyalum Amaichiyalum (from Iraimatchi to Avaianjamai)
Part : 2 Epic Literature
(1) Silappadikaram: Madhurai Kandam only.
(2) Kambaramayanam: Kumbakarunan Vadhai Padalam
Part 3: Devotional Literature
(1) Tiruvasagam: Neetthal Vinnappam
(2) Tiruppavai: (Full Text)
Section-: B
Modern Literature
Part:1 Poetry
(1) Bharathiar: Kannan Pattu
(2) Bharathidasan: Kudumba Vilakku
(3) Naa. Kamarasan: Karuppu Malarkal
Prose
(1) Mu. Varadharajanar. Aramum Arasiyalum
(2) C N Annadurai: Ye! Thazhntha Tamilagame.
Part : 2 Novel, Short story and Drama
(1) Akilon: Chittirappavai
(2) Jayakanthan: Gurupeedam
(3) Cho: Yarukkum Vetkamillai
Part: 3 Folk Literature
(1) Muthuppattan Kathai Edited by Na. Vanamamalai, (Publication: Madurai
Kamaraj University)
(2) Malaiyaruvi, Edited by Ki. Va Jagannathan (Publication: Saraswathi, Mahal,
Thanjavur)
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TELUGU
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Telugu.
Section-A
Language
1. Place of Telugu among Dravidian languages and its antiquity-Etymological history
of Telugu, Tenugu and Andhra.
2. Major linguistic changes in phonological, morphological, grammatical and
syntactical levels, from Proto-Dravidian to old Telugu and from old Telugu to
Modern Telugu.
3. Evolution of spoken Telugu when compared to classical Telugu-Formal and
functional view of Telugu language.
4. Influence of other languages and its impact on Telugu.
5. Modernization of Telugu language.
(a) Linguistic and literary movements and their role in modernization of Telugu.
(b) Role of media in modernization of Telugu (Newspapers, Radio, TV etc.)
(c) Problems of terminology and mechanisms in coining new terms in Telugu
in various discourses including scientific and technical.
6. Dialects of Telugu-Regional and social variations and problems of standardization.
7. Syntax-Major divisions of Telugu sentences-simple, complex and compound
sentences-Noun and verb predications-Processes of nominlization and
relativization-Direct and indirect reporting-conversion processes.
8. Translation-Problems of translation, cultural, social and idiomatic-Methods of
translation-Approaches to translation-Literary and other kinds of translation-
various uses of translation.
Section-B
Literature
1. Literature in Pre-Nannaya Period-Marga and Desi poetry.
2. Nannaya Period-Historical and literary background of Andhra Mahabharata.
3. Saiva poets and their contribution-Dwipada, Sataka, Ragada, Udaharana.
4. Tikkana and his place in Telugu literature.
5. Errana and his literary works-Nachana Somana and his new approach to poetry.
6. Srinatha and Potana-Their woks and contribution.
7. Bhakti poets in Telugu literature-Tallapaka Annamayya, Ramadasu, Tyagayya.
8. Evolution of prabandhas-Kavya and prabandha.
9. Southern school of Telugu literature-Raghunatha Nayaka, Chemakura
Vankatakavi and women poets-Literary forms like yakshagana, prose and
padakavita.
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10. Modern Telugu Literature and literary forms-Novel, Short Story, Drama, Playlet
and poetic forms.
11. Literary Movements : Reformation, Nationalism, Neo-classicism, Romanticism
and Progressive, Revolutionary movements.
12. Digambarakavulu, Feminist and Dalit Literature.
13. Main divisions of folk literature-Performing folk arts.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Telugu.
This paper will require first hand reading of the prescribed texts and will be designed
to test the candidate’s critical ability, which will be in relation to the following
approaches.
i) Aesthetic approach-Rasa, Dhwani, Vakroti and Auchitya-Formal and Structural-
Imagery and Symbolism.
ii) Sociological, Historical, Ideological, Psychological approaches.
Section-A
1. Nannaya-Dushyanta Charitra (Adiparva 4th Canto verses 5-109)
2. Tikkana-Sri Krishna Rayabaramu (Udyoga parva -3rd Canto verses 1-144)
3. Srinatha-Guna Nidhi Katha (Kasi-khandam, 4th Canto, verses 76-133)
4. Pingali Surana-Sugatri Salinulakatha (Kalapurnodayamu 4 Canto verses, 60-
142)
5. Molla-Ramayanamu (Balakanda including avatarika)
6. Kasula Purushothama Kavi-Andhra Nayaka Satakamu
Section-B
7. Gurajada Appa Rao-Animutyalu (Short stories)
8. Viswanatha Satyanarayana-Andhra prasasti
9. Devulapalli Krishna Sastry-Krishnapaksham (excluding Urvasi and Pravasam)
10. Sri Sri-Maha prastanam.
11. Jashuva-Gabbilam (Part I)
12. C. Narayana Reddy-Karpuravasanta rayalu.
13. Kanuparti Varalakshmamma-Sarada lekhalu (Part I)
14. Atreya-N.G.O.
15. Racha konda Visswanatha Sastry-Alpajaeevi.
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KANNADA
PART B - MAIN EXAMINATION
PAPER-I
Answers must be written in Kannada.
Section-A
A. History of Kannada Language
What is Language? General characteristics of Language. Dravidian Family of
Languages and its specific features, Antiquity of Kannada Language Different Phases
of its Development.
Dialects of Kannada Language : Regional and Social Various aspects of development
of Kannada Language : phonological and Semantic changes. Language borrowing.
B. History of Kannada Literature
Ancient Kannada literature : Influence and Trends. Poets for study : Specified poets
from Pampa to Ratnakara Varni are to be studied in the light of contents, form and
expression : Pampa, Janna, Nagachandra.
Medieval Kannada literature : Influence and Trends.
Vachana literature : Basavanna, Akka Mahadevi.
Medieval Poets : Harihara, Ragha-vanka, Kumar-Vyasa.
Dasa literature : Purandra and Kanaka.
Sangataya : Ratnakaravarni
C. Modern Kannada literature :
Influence, trends and idealogies, Navodaya, Pragatishila, Navya, Dalita and Bandaya.
Section-B
A. Poetics and literary criticism :
Definition and concepts of poetry : Word, Meaning, Alankara, Reeti, Rasa, Dhwani,
Auchitya.
Interpretations of Rasa Sutra.
Modern Trends of literary criticism : Formalist, Historical, Marxist, Feminist, Post-
colonial criticism.
B. Cultlural History of Karnataka
Contribution of Dynasties to the culture of Karnataka : Chalukyas of Badami and
Kalyani, Rashtrakutas, Hoysalas, Vijayanagara rulers, in literary context.
Major religions of Karnataka and their cultural contributions.
Arts of Karnataka : Sculpture, Architecture, Painting, Music, Dance-in the literary
context.
Unification of Karnataka and its impact on Kannada literature.
PAPER-II
Answers must be written in Kannada.
The paper will require first-hand reading of the Texts prescribed and will be designed
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Q.6 How many hours of study is required regularly in order to qualify for
Civil Services.
Ans. There is nothing as fixed quantity of time which can be specified for qualifying.
It is actually the quality of time not the quantity of time. If a student is consistent
and he is able to devote in six hours of valuable time on a daily basis
consistently over one year it is normally considered good enough for the
purpose. However, it is imphasized that more than management the quality
of time must be given utmost importance.
Q.7 What are the important areas of newspaper from which notes can be
made?
Ans. Reading newspaper is an art which need to be honed by the candidates.
Newspaper has got information for all kinds of readers and for a candidate to
use newspaper for its own requirement it must have a proper orientation of
the kind of question being asked in General studies. As the breakup of general
studies includes Indian Economy, Polity, Social Issues etc. accordingly the
information from the newspaper be picked up. It is advised that the students
should take up information by writing in short form and maintaining separate
files for different segments which over a period of time is expected to grow to
a substantial size which shall be very handy when the student is close to the
examination. Apart from providing content for the above-mentioned themes,
newspapers are the best first hand source for the current event updation.
Q.8 What is the weightage of factual and analytical questions in PT G.S.?
Ans. The factual informations have got more relevance in P.T. GS. However some
analysis based question are also asked. It must also be kept in mind that
there is a shift in trend with regards to the quiz kind of question which was
asked in larger number earlier. Thus, while reading the books student should
concentrate more on factual information.
Q.9 What type of questions should student practice for PT G.S.?
Ans. At different stages of preparation student should take up different types of
questions for the sake of practice. The first stage of preparation should
involve theme based questions. After having first read a part of G.S., segment
question belonging to such a theme should be practiced. In the second stage
of preparation mixed questions can be picked up for assessment. Here even
the previous years questions can be used for the purpose. However, it must
be kept in mind that the questions are not the right way of learning things,
they are at best able to fathom the extent of preparation or organize the
timing and fine tune further studies.
Q.10 What is the minimum age at which people should start preparing for
the civil services examination?
Ans. Preferably the preparation should start in a focused manner around 20 years
of age. This is the time student is able to focus the goal properly and is in a
position to peak at the right time. Starting too early has a likelihood of tiring
at the right time or starting very late will disadvantage in terms of competitive
edge of early start.
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Q.11 How much time should a student devote on reading question in main
examination?
Ans. Proper understanding of the question is very vital for writing a correct answer.
For this purpose careful reading of question is an absolute essential. The
student should go for more than two readings if the question has got several
sub parts. To be able to chalk out a proper frame of the answer it is essential
that student has understood the question with their sub parts properly and
then only start writing.
Q.12 One person who is 21 years of age and the other who is 29 years of
age, who has better chance to qualify for civil services?
Ans. UPSC does not give any weightage for age. It is the quality of answer which
is evaluated not age. The only difference between 21 and 29 years is that the
person entering at 29 years of age shall retire eight years before the person
entering at 21 years of age. Otherwise at the entry level there is no difference
at all.
Q.13 What is the nature of question asked in the PT exam.
Ans. In PT exam, there are multiple choice of questions asked. For every question
there are four possible answers given and students are required to identify
the most appropriate answer. There is no negative marking thereby a candidate
in advised to take only those questions which he/she thinks is 100% correct.
Q.14 What is the significance of groups discussion in civil services?
Ans. Group discussion is a doubled edged instrument, it has advantages as well
as disadvantage. Group discussion with right kind of candidates is always
found to be helpful. However group discussion should not be taken up during
the early phase of preparation. The group should not be too large in number.
Students may from a group and discuss on a theme which they would have
individually learnt. Here it is cautioned that the group should be hetrogeneous
i.e. it should not belong to the same area because in such cases the research
orientation start surfacing. During group discussion it should be formal and a
definite time frame must be fixed for such discussion.
Q.15 For interview preparation is it prudent to take mock test without full
preparation just to fathom the level of preparation?
Ans. The mock interviews should be conducted only by the experts in the field
otherwise it may give wrong signal and suggestions to the candidate and the
bearing on the candidate may become profound and the whole personality
may get wrongly oriented. Mock interview is not a methodology for checking
the level of preparation because in the event of not being able to answer the
questions properly it may leave a depressing impact on the candidate and
hence it should be avoided without full preparation.
Q.16 For counting words how one can be sure that the word count is correct?
Ans. The number of words specified for the GS questions is vital and must be
respected. To be able to consider words one should count all words which
have got denotation or connotation. In this process even the articles get
counted.
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a small list of pointers prepared alongside. It is also found that making notes
in the flow chart form is a convenient method for gathering information in
pictorial form as mind can take a picture easily and store them longer.
Q.23. It is assumed that people with superior I.Q. have edge over those
having lower I.Q. How far it is true?
Ans. The basis for the calculation of I.Q. is long debated. There is no one opinion
that I.Q. should be the right basis for assessing the individual capability of
grey matter. Person with superior I.Q. are also not the greatest of achievers
in life. While the very base for the calculation of the I.Q. is debated one
should not be bothered about factoring such thing while preparing for its
ultimate goal of Civil Service.
Q.24. Is it essential that the bureaucrats have to be always in formal dress?
Ans. No there is no such things that they should always be dressed in their formals.
It is dressed to the occasion and if the occasion may demand so it has to be
adhered to. However, the dress should not be the basis for one to decide
writing this examination or not.
Q.25. Civil Services has been referred to as the mother of all examination?
What tactics student should adopt to get the blessing of the mother?
Ans. A lot of grit, some grace and ability to stay focussed even under stress.
Q.26. What is the role of guidance in the form of coaching institute towards
the preparation for the examination?
Ans. Coaching institute plays a very vital role in preparing for the examination
because they help in providing the right orientation for the students and save
valuable time in the process. They also provide information on such themes
which are not easily accessible to the students. The most important role is
the utility of “just in time” management and help the reorganisation of information
hitherto gathered by the students (i.e. “just in case” collection of information).
However, it must be borne in mind that if the guidance is not proper and is
given by the people who have no expertise in the field it may have reverse
impact.
Q.27. Is there any fixed method preparation for the Civil Services or it varies
with the individual?
Ans. There is no fixed method for the preparation as different candidates chalk out
their own course of preparation. However, some common strategy can be
identified and that is where one must concentrate primarily on the
accumulation of large base of information and skill to use them depending on
the questions asked. As far as methodology to do this (i.e. by making notes,
reading directly from the books, making graphics or for that matter flow charting
etc) all depends on individual training for the purpose of learning the information.
Q.28. Can a person use guides available in the market as they seem to be
saving lots of time?
Ans. Guides are good as far as collection of information at one place is concerned.
However, they seem to be making sense to the person who has an appreciation
for such information. They cannot be used as a base book. Students are
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advised to make thorough reading of the text book and then only pick up
guides for revision purpose. Guides can never be substitute for a text book.
Q.29 In the present world of IT how civil services fares as a career option?
Ans. These are two fields and have got their own share of advantages and
disadvantages. It also depends on the personal liking. However the trend
suggests that a large number of people having their initial training in IT have
gone in for civil services as career option, though the reverse is seldom heard
of. This fact itself explains the relative relevance of both as career option.
Q. 30. Should one go for IAS right after graduation without any job or should
one first settle down with a job and then go for writing this examination?
Ans. Civil Services preparation in majority of the cases is seen to be a full time
exercise and it merits at least one year of thorough preparation after graduation
then it may be clubbed for the subsequent preparation with any job or a
professional course. However, it is the quality time spent towards this goal is
important not the presence of a job alongside or the absence there of.
Q.31 Which type of question, conceptual or analytical should be attempted
in the main examination in order to get good marks?
Ans. It is not the question which fetches marks it is the answer. A student should
decide about writing a question not by the nature of the question but by the
level of comfort and information base available for a particular question. There
is no such thing that writing conceptual question will always get more marks
or writing analytical question will get more marks.
Q.32 While answering a question should the candidate adopt simple
language or go for decorated one?
Ans. Examiner cannot be impressed by the skill of the language but by the content
thereof. It is the content which gets more importance then the way it is
presented. Thereby it should be kept in mind that if the content is in place
and it is also having a veneer of good language it works great.
Q.33 What is the role of notes in the preparation for the examination?
Ans. Notes play an important role but it also depends on the candidates individual
habits of learning things. There are students who are comfortable reading
from the books directly and make no note. However, it is advised that making
short note is always very helpful for being able to revise the reading in a short
span of time.
Q.34 What is the role of etiquette in the interview?
Ans. Etiquette with regards to the protocol play a significant role as they cast the
first impression on the minds of the interviewer before the person speaks and
then even after the candidate has left the room leave some image in the mind
of the interviewer while they are scoring him. Thereby it is recommended that
basic etiquette suited to such occasion must be picked up and adhere to
which will be not only vital for such interview but any formal attendance of this
nature.
Q.35. How the time management should be taken up for the PT inside the
examination hall?
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Q.46 What is the role of essay writing and how it should be acquired?
Ans. Essay has acquired a significant place in the overall performance of a candidate
in the main examination. Essay writing is different from answer writing of
general studies or for that matter optionals. Essay writing is a skill that can
be learnt gradually over a period of time. It is normally advised that after
having gone through the grammar of essay writing one should also give
importance to the practice. It can be suggested that if one is able to write one
essay a week and also make broad outline of four essays a month it should
be good enough practice to make the candidate comfortable in examination.
For practice the titles can be picked up from the past year questions.
Q.47 How the time between the preliminary examination and the result
can be best utilized?
Ans. Soon after the PT examination one must give a small break of a few days and
after that pick up the second optional that is the optional for the main
examination and read that carefully with a target that before the result is out
one has gone through it properly. It is expected that a candidate has not read
the second optional in the last five months or so while preparing for the PT
examination. Alongside student should also give some time to general studies
and maintain a touch with the first optional as well.
Q.48. What is the role of practicing the previous year main examination
questions?
Ans. The previous year questions are vital in more than one way, while there is a
very bleak chance that they will be repeated, yet it is the root to learn the
time management, understanding the structure of the question and also being
able to answer within the specified number of words. Normally in the course
of preparation student concentrate on collection of information without
bothering to know how to use them. This can only be learnt through the
proper practice of the previous year questions.
Q.49. How one should go on deciding about the optionals?
Ans. It is very important that the correct optionals are taken up and it is advised
that students should take up optionals for which the success rate in the
recent past has been good. It should also be seen that if such optional can
possibly help in getting some advantage in general studies as well. And the
most vital factor is the candidate is willingness to spend 100s of hours with
the chosen option.
Q.50. Does the family background of civil services give added advantage
during interview?
And. There was a time when it was seen that larger number of successful candidates
were from such families which had history of civil services. Such social
reproduction is not so common these days. Being a son or daughter of a civil
servant these days is no way giving additional advantage or disadvantage
towards the success. It is the performance not the family history which is the
reference point for the interviewer while giving marks to a candidate.
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The regulations are published for the convenience of candidates and enable them to
ascertain the probability of their possessing the required physical standard. The regulations
are also intended to provide guidelines to the medical examiners.
NOTE-1 “The medical Board while conducted medical examination of the candidates
who have applied against the posts reserved for physically handicapped category will
keep the relevant provisions of the persons with Disabilities (equal opportunity. Protection
of right and full participation ) Act,1995 wherein the extent of permissible physical disability
has been defined.”
NOTE-2 “Further, Government also constitute Special Medical Board(s)/Appellate Medical
Board to issue the Disability Certificate in the prescribed form to physically disabled
candidates and also to conduct the regular medical examination of physically disabled
candidates in terms of these regulations.
Blind candidates shall be eligible only for selection/appointment in posts which are
identified as suitable for them in the Brochure on Reservations and Concessions for
physically handicapped in Central Government services.
2. (a) The Government of India reserve to themselves absolute discretion to reject or
accept any candidate after considering the report of the Medical Board.
2. (b) The medical examination shall be conducted in two parts, i.e. Part I which shall
consist of the entire medical examination which the medical board may prescribe for a
candidate, except the Radiographic Examination of the chest (X-ray test ) and Part II which
shall consist of Radiographic Examination (X-ray test of the chest ). The part II shall be
conducted only in respect of the candidates who have been declared finally successful on
the basis of the examination.
The classification of various Services under the two categories, namely “Technical”
and “Non-Technical” will be as under:-
A.TECHNICAL
(1) Indian Railway Traffic Service.
(2) Indian Police service and other Central Police Services Group ‘A’ and ‘B’.
(3) Group ‘A’ Posts in the Railway Protection Force.
B. NON-TECHNICAL
IAS,IFS,IA, and AS, Indian Customs and Central Excise service, Indian Civil Accounts
Service, Indian Railway Accounts service, Indian Railway personnel service, Indian Defence
Accounts services, Indian Revenue Service, Indian Ordnance Factories Services. Group A,
Indian Postal Service, Indian Defence Estates Service Group A, Indian P&T Accounts and
Finance Service, Group A and other Central Civil Services Group A and B.
1. To be passed as fit for appointment, a candidate must be in good mental and
bodily health and free from any physical defect likely to interfere with the efficient
performance of the duties on his appointment.
2. (a) In the matter of co-relation of age limit, height and chest girth of candidates of
India (including Anglo-Indian race), it is left to the Medical Board to use whatever
correlation figure are considered most suitable as a guide in the examination of
the candidates. If there be any disproportion with regard to height, weight and
chest girth, the candidates should be hospitalized for investigation and X-ray of
the chest taken before the candidate is declared fit or not fit by the Board. However,
the X-ray of the chest will be done in respect of only such candidates who are
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directed to appear before the medical board for Part II of the medical examination.
(b) However, for certain services minimum standard for height and chest girth
without which candidates cannot be accepted , are as follows:-
Height Chest girth fully expanded Expansion
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For Railway Services (IRTS, IRAS, IRPS and RPF) - Night blindness need not be tested
as a routine but only in special cases. No standard test for the testing of night blindness or
dark adaption is prescribed. The Medical Board should be given the discretion to improvise
such rough test e.g., recording of visual acuity with reduced illumination or by making or by
making the candidate recognize various objects in a darkened room after he has been
there for 20 to 30 minutes. “Candidates” own statements should not always be relied upon
but they should be given due consideration.
(g) Colour Vision: The testing of color vision shall be essential in respect of the Technical
Services mentioned above. As regards the non-Technical Services/posts the Ministry/
Department concerned will have to inform the medical board that the candidate is for a
service requiring colour vision examination or not.
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Colour perception should be graded into higher and lower depending upon
the size of aperture in the lantern as described in the table below:-
For the IPS and other Police Services, Group ‘A’ and ‘B’ Indian Railway Traffic Service
Group A posts in the Railway Protection force and for other Services concerned with the
safety of the public higher grade of colour vision is essential but for others lower, grade of
colour vision should be considered sufficient.
Satisfactory colour vision constitutes, recognition with ease and without hesitation of
signal red, green and yellow colours. The use of Ishihara’s plates, shown in good light and
a suitable Edrige Green’s lantern shall be considered quite dependable for testing colour
vision. While either of the two tests may ordinarily be considered sufficient in respect of
services concerned with road, rail and air traffic, it is essential to carry out the lantern test.
In doubtful cases where a candidate fails to qualify when tested by only one of the two tests,
both the tests should be employed. However both the Ishihara’s plates and Edrige Green’s
lantern shall be used for testing colour vision of candidates for appointment to the Indian
Railway Traffic Service and Group ‘A’ posts in the Railway protection Force.
Provided the Board is satisfied that the candidate can perform all the
functions for the particular job in question.
The above relaxed standard of visual acuity will NOT apply to candidates
for post/services classified as “TECHNICAL” The Ministry/Department concerned
will have to inform the medical board that the candidate is for a “TECHNICAL” post
or not.
The examination by the special board should preferably be done on the same day.
Whenever it is not possible to convene the special board of three Ophthalmologists on
the day of medical examination by the central standing Medical Board/State Medical
board, the board may be convened at an earliest possible date.
The special Ophthalmic Board may carry out detailed investigation before arriving
at their decision.
The Medicals Board’s report may not be deemed as complete unless it includes
the report of the Special board for all such cases which are referred to it.
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GENERAL STUDIES
PRELIMINARY EXAM - 2008
INSTRUCTIONS
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correctly matched?
25. Which one among the following has the 1. Francis Collins - Mapping human
maximum number of National Parks? genome
(a) Andaman and Nicobar Islands 2. Sergey Brin - Google Search
(b) Arunachal Pradesh Engine
(c) Assam 3. Jimmy Wales - Wikipedia
(d) Meghalaya Select the correct answer using the
26. Among the following, which one is not code given below:
ah ape? Code:
(a) Gibbon (b) Gorilla (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
(c) Langur (d) Orangutan (c) 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
32. What does S & P 500 relate to?
(a) Supercomputer
(b) A new technique in e-business
(c) A new technique in bridge
building
27.
(d) An index of stocks of large
companies
In how many different ways can all of 33. Rajiv Gandhi National Flying Institute is
5 identical balls be placed in the cells being established in which State?
shown above such that each row (a) Karnataka (b) Maharashtra
contains at least 1 ball? (c) Kerala (d) Orissa
(a) 64 (b) 81 34. Who among the following has been the
(c) 84 (d) 108 Captain of the Indian team in Cricket
28. There are 6 different letters and 6 Test Matches for the maximum number
correspondingly addressed envelopes. of times?
If the letters are randomly put in the (a) Sunil Gavaskar
envelopes, what is the probability that (b) Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi
exactly 5 letters go into the correctly (c) Saurav Ganguly
addressed envelopes? (d) Mohammad Azharuddin
(a) Zero (b)1/6 35. Who among the following wrote the
(c) 1/2 (d) 5/6 poem, Subh-e Azadi?
(a) Sahir Ludhiyanvi
(b) Faiz Ahmed Faiz
29. (c) Muhammad Iqbal
There are two identical red, two (d) Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
identical black and two identical white 36. How can the height of a person who is
balls. In how many different ways can SIX feet tall be expressed
the balls be placed in the cells (each (approximately) in nanometres?
cell to contain one ball) shown above (a) 183 x 106 nanometres
such that balls of the same colour do (b) 234 x 106 nanometres
not occupy any two consecutive cells? (c) 183 X 107 nanometres
(a) 15 (b) 18 (d) 234 x 107 nanometres
(c) 24 (d) 30 37. A person is sitting in a car which is at
rest. The reaction from the road at each
of the four wheels of the car is R. When
30. the car runs on a straight level road,
how will the reaction at either of the
How many different triangles are there front wheels vary? .
in the figure shown above? (a) It will be greater than R
(a) 28 (b) 24 (b) It will be less than R
(c) 20 (d) 16 (c) It will be equal to R
31. Which of the following pairs is / are (d) It shall depend on the material
of the road
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50. Which one of the following pairs of the minimum population on the basis of
metals constitutes the lightest metal and data of Census of India, 2001?
the heaviest metal, respectively? (a) Chandigarh (b) Mizoram
(a) Lithium and mercury (c) Puducherry (d) Sikkim
(b) Lithium and osmium 58. Who among the following translated
(c) Aluminium and osmium the Autobiography of Madam Curie in
(d) Aluminium and mercury Hindi?
51. Mixture of which one of the following (a) Atal Bihari Vajpayee
pairs of gases is the cause of (b) Lal Bahadur Shastri
occurrence of most of the explosions (c) Choudhary Charan Singh
in mines? (d) Gobind Vallabh Pant
(a) Hydrogen and oxygen 59. Who among the following scientists
(b) Oxygen and acetylene shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with
(c) Methane and air his son?
(d) Carbon dioxide and methane (a) Max Planck
52. Which one of the following is also (b) Albert Einstein
called Stranger Gas? (c) William Henry Bragg
(a) Argon (b) Neon (d) Enrico Fermi
(c) Xenon (d) Nitrous oxide 60. Which one of the following is the
53. What are Rubies and Sapphires correct sequence in respect of the
chemically known as? Roman numerals—C, D, L and M?
(a) Silicon dioxide (a) C > D > L > M
(b) Aluminium oxide (b) M > L > D > C
(c) Lead tetroxide (c) M > D > C > L
(d) Boron nitride (d) L > C > D > M
54. Consider the following statements: 61. What does Baudhayan theorem
1. A widely used musical scale called (Baudhayan Sulva Sutra) relate to?
diatonic scale has seven (a) Lengths of sides of a right-angled
frequencies. triangle
2. The frequency of the note Sa (lk) (b) Calculation of the value of pi
is 256 Hz and that of Ni (uh) is 512 (c) Logarithmic calculations
Hz. (d) Normal distribution curve
Which of the statements given above
is / are correct? 62. Which of the following pairs is / are
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only correctly matched?
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither1 nor 2 Theory/Law Associated
55. Which one of the following laser Scientist
types is used in a laser printer? 1. Continental Edwin
(a) Dye laser Drift Hubble
(b) Gas laser 2. Expansion Alfred
(c) Semiconductor laser of Universe Wegener
(d) Excimer laser 3. Photoelectric Albert
56. Consider the following statements in Effect Einstein
respect of a jet engine and a rocket: Select the correct answer using the
1. A jet engine uses the surrounding code given below:
air for its oxygen supply and so is Code :
unsuitable for motion in space. a) 2 and 3 only b) 3 only
2. A rocket carries its own supply of c) 2 only d) 1 only
oxygen in the gas form, and fuel.
Which of the statements given above 63. Which of the following minerals are
is / are correct? found in a natural way in the State of
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only Chhattisgarh?
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither1 nor 2 (a) Bauxite (b) Polomite
57. Among the following which one has (c) Iron ore (d) Tin
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(c) A leading international legal expert correct sequence of the median age of
(d) A leading orthopaedic surgeon their populations?
96. Bimbavati Devi is a well-known dancer (a) China < India < UK < USA
of which type of dance? (b) India < China < USA < UK
(a) Manipuri (c) China < India < USA < UK
(b) Bharat Natyam (d) India < China < UK < USA
(c) Kuchipudi 102. Which one of the following is the
(d) Odissi largest (areawise) Lok Sabha
constituency?
97. Which of the statements given above (a) Kangra (b) Ladakh
is/are correct? (c) Kachchh (d) Bhilwara
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only 103. Consider the following statements:
(c) Both 1 and 2 1. Ajman is one of the seven
(d) Neither 1 nor 2 Emirates of the UAE.
98. Ebraham Alkazi is an eminent 2. Ras al-Khaimah was the last
personality in which one of the Sheikhdom to join the UAE.
following areas? Which of the statements given above
(a) Heart surgery is / are correct?
(b) Civil aviation (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(c) Theatre training (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither1 nor 2
(d) Transport engineering 104. India is a member of which of the
99. Consider the following statements : following?
1. Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer was the 1. Asian Development Bank
Chief Justice of India. 2. Asia-Pacific Economic
2. Justice V. R. Krishna Iyer is Cooperation
considered as one of the 3. Colombo Plan
progenitors of public interest 4. Organization for Economic
litigation (PIL) in the Indian judicial Cooperation and Development
system. (OECD)
Which of the statements given above Select the correct answer using the
is/are correct? code given below:
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only Code:
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither 1 nor 2 (a) 1 and 3 only (b) 2 and 4 only
100. Match List-I with List-II and select the (c) 1, 2 and 3 only (d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
correct answer using the code given 105. Which of the following countries share
below the Lists: borders with Moldova?
List-I (Person 1. Ukraine 2. Romania
A. Sabyasachi Mukherjee 3. Belarus
B. Aniruddha Bahal Select the correct answer using the
C. Vikram Akula code given below:
D. Yusuf Hamied
List-II (Area) Code:
1. Microfinance loans (a) 1 and 2 only (b) 2 and 3 only
2. Pharmaceuticals (c) 1 and 3 only (d) 1, 2 and 3
3. Fashion designing 106. Out of all the Biosphere Reserves in
4. Investigative journalism India, four have been recognized on
Code: the World Network by UNESCO. Which
A B C D one of the following is not one of them?
(a) 1 2 3 4 (a) Gulf of Mannar
(b) 3 4 1 2 (b) Kanchenjunga
(c) 1 4 3 2 (c) Nanda Devi
(d) 3 2 1 4 (d) Sunderbans
101. For ‘India, China, the UK and the USA, 107. What is the purpose of the US Space
which one of the following is the Agency’s Themis Mission, which was
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(a) Brazil (b) China 133. Selene-1, the lunar orbiter mission
(c) India (d) USA belongs to which one of the following?
126. Consider the following statements: (a) China
1. Salt-water crocodile is found in (b) European Union
the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. (c) Japan
2. Shrew and tapir are found in the (d) USA
Western Ghats of the Malabar 134. Recently, the manuscripts of which one
region. of the following have been included in
Which of the statements given above the UNESCO’s Memory of World
is/are correct? Register?
(a) 1 only (b) 2 only (a) Abhidhamma Pitaka
(c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither1 nor 2 (b) Mahabharata
127. Consider the following pairs: (c) Ramayana
Tributary Main River (d) Rig-Veda
River 135. Consider the following statements:
1. Cham bal Narmada 1. Orange Prize is awarded to a
2. Sone Yamuna work of published fiction in English
3. MaIlas Brahmaputra by a woman.
Which of the pairs given above is / are 2. Pulitzer Prize is awarded by the
correctly matched? Commonwealth Foundation to a
(a) 1, 2 and 3 citizen of any Commonwealth
(b) 1 and 2 only country for any literary work in
(c) 2 and 3 only English.
(d) 3 only Which of the statements given above
128. Which of the following hills are found is/are correct?
where the Eastern Ghats and the (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
Western Ghats meet? (c) Both 1 and 2 (d) Neither1 nor 2
(a) Anaimalai Hills 136. In the series
(b) Cardamom Hills AABABCABCDABCDE…
(c) Nilgiri Hills which letter occupies the 100th
(d) Shevoroy Hills position?
129. Which one of the following is not (a) H (b) I
essentially’ a species of the Himalayan (c) J (d) K
vegetation? 137. What is the number of terms in the series
(a) Juniper (b) Mahogany 117, 120, 123, 126, …, 333?
(c) Silver fir (d) Spruce (a) 72 (b) 73
130. What is the number of spokes in the (c) 76 (d) 79
Dharmachakra in the National Flag of 138. In how many different ways can four
India? books A, B, C and D be arranged one
(a) 16 (b) 18 above another in a vertical order such
(c) 22 (d) 24 that the books A and B are never in
131. Consider the following: continuous position?
1. Rice fields (a) 9 (b) 12
2. Coal mining (c) 14 (d) 18
3. Domestic animals 139. Carpenter A can make a chair in 6
4. Wetlands hours, carpenter Bin 7 hours and
Which of the above are sources of carpenter C in 8 hours. If each
methane, a major greenhouse gas? carpenter works for 8 hours per day,
(a) 1 and 4 only how many chairs will be made in 21
(b) 2 and 3 only days?
(c) 1, 2 and 3 only (a) 61 (b) 67
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4 (c) 73 (d) 79
132. From which one of the following did 140. A person purchases 100 pens at a
India buy the Barak anti-missile defence discount of 10%. The net amount of
systems? money spent by the person to purchase
(a) Israel (b) France the pens is Rs 600. The selling
(c) Russia (d) USA expenses incurred by the person are
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u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
15% on the net cost price. What should 146. In August 2006, the Government of India
be the selling price for 100 pens in order notified the Rural Electrification Policy.
to earn a profit of 25%? This policy aims at provision of access
(a) Rs 802.50 (b) Rs 811’25 to all households by which year?
(c) Rs 862.50 (d) Rs 875 (a) 2008 (b) 2009
141. A school teacher has to select the (c) 2010 (d) 2012
maximum possible number of different 147. As per India’s National Population Policy,
groups of 3 students out of a total of 6 2000, by which one of the following
students. In how many groups any years is it our long-term objective to
particular student will be included? achieve population stabilization?
(a) 6 (b) 8 (a) 2025 (b) 2035
(c) 10 (d) 12 (c) 2045 (d) 2055
142. In an examination, 70% of the students 148. Which one Ministries of the following
passed in the Paper I, and 60% of the Union is implementing the Mission (as
students passed in the Paper II. 15% of Nodal Biodiesel Ministry)?
the students failed in both the papers (a) Ministry of Agriculture
while 270 students passed in both the (b) Ministry of Technology and
papers. What is the total number of Science
students? (c) Ministry of New and Renewable
(a) 600 (b) 580 Energy
(c) 560 (d) 540 (d) Ministry of Rural Development
143. What is Bisphenol A (BPA)? 149. Consider the following statements with
(a) A medical test for detecting reference to Indira Gandhi National Old
cancer Age Pension Scheme (IGNOAPS) :
(b) A test for testing the use of drugs 1. All persons of 60 years or above
to improve performance by belonging to the households
athletes below poverty line in rural areas
(c) A chemical used for the are eligible.
development of food-packaging 2. The Central Assistance under this
materials Scheme is at the rate of Rs 300
(d) A special type of alloy steel per month per beneficiary. Under
144. Which of the following pairs about the Scheme, States have been
India’s economic indicator and urged to give matching amounts.
agricultural production (all in rounded Which of the statements given above
figures) are correctly matched? is / are correct?
1. GDP per capita (a) 1 only (b) 2 only
(current prices) : Rs. 37,000 (c) Both 1 and 2 (d)Neither 1 nor 2
2. Rice : Rs. 180 150. What is the name of the scheme which
million tons provides training and skills to women
3. Wheat : 75 million in traditional and non-traditional trades?
tons (a) Kishori Shakti Yojna
Select the correct answer using the (b) Rashtriya Mahila Kosh
code given below: (c) Swayamsiddha
Code: (d) Swawlamban
(a) 1, 2 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only (d) 1 and 3 only
145. March 1, 2008 was Saturday. Which
day was it on March 1, 2002?
(a) Thursday (b) Friday
(c) Saturday (d) Sunday
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Instructions
1. Answer any two of the following (in about 150 words each): 15 x 2 =
30
a) "The emergence of new social classes in British India was the direct
consequence of the establishment of new social economy, new
state system, administrative machinery and Western education."
Discuss.
b) "British vision of India had no single coherent set of ideas. On the
contrary, the ideas were shot through with contradictions and
inconsistencies." Discuss.
c) "Non-Cooperation Movement gave new direction and energy to the
National Movement." Explain.
2. Write about the following (not exceeding 20 words each): 2 x 15 = 30
a) Lakshmi Bai, Rani of Jhansi
b) Ilbert Bill
c) Lala Hara Dayal
d) Vaikam Satyagraha
e) Indian States Commission
f) Bodhisattva
g) Megasthenes
h) Brihadeshwara Temple, Tanjore
i) Perini Shivatandavam
j) Allasani Peddana
k) Golkonda Fort
l) Chishti Silsila
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u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
193
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194
u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
words): 5 x 2 = 10
a) Pravasi Bharatiya Diwas
b) Council for Promotionn of Overseas Employment
c) Overseas Citizenship of India Scheme
d) Indian Diaspora in Singapore
e) Indian Diaspora and Bollywood
4. Answer any one of the following (in about 250 words): 30
a) Discuss India's stand on agricultural issues in WTO's Ministerial
Conferences since Doha Round.
b) Assess the performance of India in attracting Foreign Direct
Investment (FDI).
5. Discuss any two of the following topics (answer each question in about 150
words): 2 x 15 = 30
a) Assistance to the States for Development of Export Infrastructure
and other Activities (ASIDE).
b) Convertibility of Indian Rupee.
c) India on Global Competitiveness Index-2007.
6. Write about the following (answer to each question in about 20 words):
5 x 2 = 10
a) Special Drawing Rights (SDRs)
b) NAMA
c) Non-tariff trade barriers
d) Current Account Balance
e) Free Trade Area
7. Write on any one of the following (answer in about 150 words): 15
a) South-South Cooperation
b) Universal Declaration of Human Rights
8. Briefly write about the following (answer to each question should be in about
20 words): 5 x 2 = 10
a) Look East Policy and North-East India
b) India at the Beijing Olympics
c) India's role in Afganisthan Today
d) IPCC Report on Global Warming
e) Indo-EU Economic Ties
9. Briefly write about the following (answer to each question should be in about
20 words): 5 x 2 = 10
a) G. C. C.
b) G-77
c) ICRC
d) MERCOSUR
e) INTERPOL
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10. Answer any one of the following (in about 250 words): 30
a) In what way 'Medical Biotechnology' and 'Bioengineering' are useful
for technological development of India?
b) What do you know about Indian National Satellite Systems?
Describe its important features.
11. Explain any three of the following (in about 150 words each): 3 x 154
= 45
a) Internet Protocol Television
b) Spintronics
c) Wifi
d) Components of Robots
12. Write brief notes on all the five (in about 20 words each) below:
a) Copyright and Trade mark
b) TIFAC
c) Aspartame
d) Gene doping
e) Sappan
13. a) The principal exports of India for the financial year 2001-2002 are
given in the following table:
Sl. No. Category Export (Rs. Crores)
1. Agriculture and Allied products 29312
2. Ores and minerals 4736
3. Manufactured goods 161161
4. Fuels and lubricants 10411
5. Others 3398
Total 209018
Represent the above data by a suitable diagram and comment on
the export performance of the country.
b) Prior to constructing a dam on a river the engineers performed a
series of tests to measure the water flow at the proposed location
of the dam. The results of the testing were used to construct the
following frequency distribution.
1001 - 1050 7
1051 - 1100 21
1101 - 1150 32
1151 - 1200 49
1201 - 1250 58
1251 - 1300 41
1301 - 1350 27
1351 - 1400 11
Construct an appropriate diagram to estimate what proportion of the
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flow occurs at leas than 1300 thousands of gallons per minute. Give
the estimate.
14. a) A company files its sales vouchers according to their sales value so
that they fall in four strata. Two hundred vouchers are received on a
business day. The information is listed in the following table:
Stratum Number of vouchers Mean value (Rs.)
About Rs. 1000 50 1800
Rs. 800 but under Rs. 1000 60 890
Rs. 400 but under Rs. 800 50 560
Less than Rs. 400 40 180
Calculate the mean value and the total value of the vouchers received
by the company on the day in question. Use the histogram to
estimate the modal value of the vouchers.6
b) A trip to a destination is made in the following way:
900 kms by train at an average speed of 60 kms/hr
3000 kms by plane at an average speed of 500 kms/hr
400 kms by boat at an average speed of 25 kms/hr
15 kms by taxi at an average speed of45 kms/hr
What is the average speed for the entire journey?
15. a) A hotel owner has nine refreshment stalls located at various points
in a large compound. He wants to make one of the stalls as a
supply place such that amount of travel between the stalls and the
source of supply is minimized. He has to visit all stalls almost equal
number of times with a view to supplying the refreshment stuff
everyday. The distances of stalls from the first stall are 250, 500,
650, 800, 850, 910, 940 and 1000 yards respectively. Which stall
should he choose to use as the supply place? Give reason in favour
of your answer. 2
b) In a statistical investigation of 1003 families of a city, it was found
that 63 families had neither a radio nor a TV, 794 families had a
radio and 187 had a TV. How many families of the city selected in
the sample had both? 2
c) The mean monthly income of a person is Rs. 18190/- and his mean
monthly expenditure comes out to be Rs. 17930/-. What is his
average monthly saving? 2
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Essay
(Compulsory)
(Mains) - 2008
INSTRUCTIONS
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u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
English (Compulsory)
(Mains) - 2008
INSTRUCTIONS
Candidates should attempt ALL questions.
The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the
question.
Answers must be written in ENGLISH.
1. Write an essay in about 300 words on any one of the following:
100
a) The impact of liberal economy on Indian industry
b) Terrorist attacks on civilian population
c) Uses of mobile phones
d) Is dual citizenship good for an individual?
e) Global warming and the future of mankind
2. Read the passage carefully and write your answers to the questions that fol-
low, in clear, correct and concise language: 75
Winning the war against France had been a Herculean effort. The conventional
wisdom, then and later, attributed final victory to sea-power becuse, above all,
it ensured that Britain stayed in the ring. The ships of the Royal Navy had
prevented invasion; they had confined French power to Europe and allowed
Britain to occupy nearly all the overseas possessions of her adversaries; they
had guarded the convoys which sustained Wellington's army in the peninsula;
and they had guaranteed the survival of Britain's global commerce, which gen-
erated the wealth needed to pay for her war effort, and underwrite those of the
three big European powers with armies large enough to engage Napoleon on
equal terms.
There were many reasons for the navy's success. The determination, self-
confidence and professionalism of its officers and crews owed much to tradi-
tions established in the previous hundred years. Nelson was outstanding as a
leader and tactician, but Duncan, Jervis and Collingwood also deserve high
praise. All understood their country's predicament and how much depended
on them, which was why, whenever the chance came for battle, they grabbed
at it, regardless of the odds. In the decisive battles of Cape St. Vincent,
Camperdown, Abukir Bay and Trafalgar the British fleets were outnumbered
but, trusting to superior seamanship and gunnery, their admirals took the of-
fensive. An aggressive, gambling spirit paid off. As Nelson famously observed,
an officer who laid his ship alongside the enemy could never be in the wrong.
Much depended on the individual naval officer's instinctively correct response
to an emergency, something which Nelson cultivated among his subordinates
to the point where they knew without being told what he expected of them.
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u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
This quality filtered downwards. During an engagement with the French frigate
Topaze off Guadeloupe in January, 1809, Captain William Maude of the Jason
saw no need to inform the commander of his consort, the Cleopatra, of his
intentions. "I considered it unnecessary to make any signals to him, and he
most fully anticipated my wishes by bringing his ship to anchor on the frigate's
starboard bow and opening a heavy fire. Maude wrote afterwards. The action
lasted forty minutes and was decided by superior broadsides aimed against
the French ship's hull.
a) How did the British navy defeat the French navy?
b) What were the reasons for the British navy's success?
c) How did the British navy win the battles of Cape St. Vincent, Camperdown,
etc.?
d) What did Nelson cultivate among his subordinates?
e) What was the reason for Captain William Maude's victory in January, 1809?
3. Make a precis out of the following passage in about one third of its original
length. It is not necessary to suggest a title. Failure to write within the word
limit may result in deduction of marks. The precis must be written on the
separate precis sheets provided for the purpose; they must then be securely
fastened inside the answer book: 75
Love of play is the most obvious distinguishing mark of young animals, whether
human or otherwise. In human children, this is accompanied by an inexhaust-
ible pleasure in pretence. Play and pretence are a vital need of childhood, for
which opportunity must be provided if the child is to be happy and healthy,
quite independently of any further utility in these activities. There are two ques-
tions which concern education in this connection: first, what should parents
and schools do in the way of providing opportunity? and secondly, should they
do anything more, with a view to increasing the educational usefulness of
games?
Let us begin with a few words about the psychology of games. This has been
exhaustively treated by Groos. There are two separate questions in this mat-
ter: the first is as tothe impulses which produce play, the second is as to its
biological utility. The second isthe easier question. There seems no reason to
doubt the most widely accepted theory, that in play the young of any species
rehearse and practice the activities which they will perform in earnest later on.
The play of pupples is exactly like a dog fight, except that they do not actually
bite each other. The play of kittens resembles the behaviour ofcats with mice.
Children love to imitate any work they have been watching, such as building or
digging; the more important the work seems to them, the more they like to
play at it. And they enjoy anything that gives them new muscular facilities,
such as jumping, climbing, or walking up a narrow plank provided the task is
not too difficult. But although this accounts, in a general way, for the useful-
ness of the play impulse, it does not by any means cover all its manifesta-
tions, and must not for a moment be regard as giving a psychological analysis.
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u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
10. If I were a Minister, I would have appointed you the Principal of this
school.
b) Rewrite each one of the following sentences inerting suitable articles wher-
ever necessary: 5
1. She delivered _____ lecture on Shakespeare on Friday.
2. Would you like _____ piece of cake?
3. The University has decided to impart _____ free education.
4. Farida is ____ most talented girl in our office.
5. Onkar was ______ first person to board the plane.
c) Give antonyms of the following adjectives: 5
1. possible 2. complete
3. able 4. regular
5. relevant
d) Change each one ofthe following sentences into indirect speech: 5
1. Amrita said to me, "Why didn't you attend my class?"
2. My father said to me, "Wash your clothes."
3. Our teacher said, "The earth revolves around the sun."
4. Meera said, "The plane has landed."
5. Our English teacher said to Mohan, "Open the window."
5. a) Change each one of the following sentences into their corresponding
1. Negatives and (2) Wh-questions: 10
i) Rakhi has passed the M. A. examination
ii) India played twenty matches last year.
iii) Her father constructed this building.
iv) This car runs on the CNG.
v) Kirti studies in this college.
b) Change each one of the following sentences into passive voice: 5
i) They will not open the shop on Monday.
ii) Mukesh caught the thief at the airport.
iii) Someone has stolen my pen.
iv) One cannot solve this problem.
v) Rajesh has opened the door.
c) Make sentences using the following words as verbs: 5
i) rebel ii) export
iii) ring iv) warm
v) experiment
d) Use the following phrases/idioms in your own sentences so as to bring
out their meaning:
i) to turn up ii) to lose your grip
iii) to go to your head iv) to carry out
v) to pull one's leg
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u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
Indian Language
Hindi
(Compulsory)
Instructions
Candidates should attempt ALL questions.
The number of marks carried by each question is indicated at the end of the
question.
Answers must be written in ENGLISH.
1. Write an essay in about 300 words on any one of the following:
100
a) The impact of liberal economy on Indian industry
b) Terrorist attacks on civilian population
c) Uses of mobile phones
d) Is dual citizenship good for an individual?
e) Global warming and the future of mankind
1- fuEufyf[kr fo"k;ksa esa ls fdlh ,d fo"k; ij yxHkx 300 'kCnksa esa fucU/k fyf[k,%
100
1- Hkkjrh; l'kL= lsukvksa esa vf/kdkfj;ksa dh dehA
2- euksjatu ds lk/ku ds :i esa fØdsVA
3- Hkkjr esa dkjksckj&izca/ku laLFkkuksa dh lao`f¼A
4- jk"Vªh; lqj{kk ij vkizoklu dk izHkkoA
5- f'k{kk }kjk efgykvksa dk l'kDrhdj.kA
2- fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k dks lko/kkuh ls if<+, rFkk x|ka'k ds vUr esa iwNs x, iz'uksa ds
mÙkj nhft,%
60
yksx ftu izdkjksa dh Hkafxekvksa vFkok gko&Hkko dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] mudk lEcU/k
vU; euksoSKkfud dkjdksa ls tksM+k tk ldrk gSA lkekU;r% O;fDrRo dk xgu izHkko
iz;qDr Hkafxekvksa dh la[;k vkSj mudh fdLeksa ij iM+rk gSA lkFk gh] ge bu Hkafxekvksa
dk O;fDr ds O;fDrRo ds izdkj dk vkdyu djus esa Hkh bLrseky djrs gSaA
,d 'kks/kdk;Z ds vuqlkj ,slh vf/kdka'k efgyk,a] tks vius ?kqVuka vkSj ikaoksa dks
tksM+dj viuh Vkaxsa dks vkxs QSykdj cSBrh gSa] mudk O;fDrRo lQkbZ&ilan] dk;Z esa
O;oLFkk&fiz;] ;kstuk,a cukus esa :fp j[kus okyk] cnyko vkSj vfuf'prrk esa v:fp
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u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
j[kus okyk rFkk vius thou dks dM+h le;&lkj.kh ds vuqlkj O;ofLFkr djus dh
rjthg ls tqM+k gqvk gksrk gSA bl rjg ds ,d vU; 'kks/kdk;Z ls ;g irk pyrk gS
fd lÙkkoknh O;fDr;ksa esa vlÙkkoknh O;fDr;ksa dh rqyuk esa 'kkjhfjd gko&Hkko dk
de bZLrseky djus dh izo`fÙk gksrh gSA fir`&foghu csfV;ka firkvksa okyh csfV;ksa dh
vis{kk vf/kd laosnu'khy eqnzkvksa dk iz;ksx djrh ikbZ xbZ gSaA rykd'kqnk nEifr;ksa
dh csfV;ka 'kjhj dk vkxs dh vksj vis{kkÏr vf/kd >qdko iznf'kZr djrh gSaA os
viuh ckagksa vkSj Vkaxksa dks vis{kkÏr vf/kd [kksy dj j[krh gSa vkSj mu yM+fd;ksa
dh rqyuk esa ftUgksaus vius firkvksa dks ikap o"kZ dh vk;q ls igys gh [kks fn;k gS]
rhu xquk ls Hkh T;knk vaxpkyu ;k gko&Hkko iznf'kZr djrh gSaA
,d 'kks/kdÙkkZ us irk yxk;k gS fd tc O;fDr 'kkjhfjd :i ls viax fdlh oDrk
dks lqu jgs gksrs gSa rks os lkekU;r;k cgqr de gko&Hkko izdV djrs gSaA laHkor% ;g
bl euksHkkouk ds dkj.k gksrk gS fd ,d viax ds izfr O;fDr viuh izfrfØ;k dSls
O;Dr djsA
tgka rd Hkafxekvksa esa L=h&iq:"k vUrjksa dk lEcU/k gS] ;g ik;k x;k gS fd fL=;ksa
ds eqdkcys iq:"k viuh cSBus dh eqnzk vf/kd cnyrs gSaA ;fn nks lk{kkRdkj fy, tk,a
rks nwljs lk{kkRdkj esa iq:"k NksVh eqnzk,a iznf'kZr djrs rFkk vius ikaoksa dks de cnyrs
gSaA fL=;ksa ds ckjs esa ;g ,dne myVk gSA gks ldrk gS fd nwljs lk{kkRdkj esa iq:"k
vf/kd lgt vuqHko djrs gksa tcfd fL=;ka nwljs lk{kkRdkj dks igys lk{kkRdkj ds
eqdkcys esa vf/kd rukoiw.kZ ikrh gSaA
v) Hkafxek,a gekjs O;fDRro ls fdl izdkj ls lEcfU/kr gSa\
vk) ?kqVuksa vkSj ikaoksa dks tksM+dj cSBh fL=;ksa dh Hkafxekvksa ls D;k vFkZ fudkyk tk
ldrk gS\
b) fir`foghu vkSj rykd'kqnk nEifr;ksa dh csfV;ka fdl izdkj dk O;ogkj djrh
gS\
a
bZ) 'kkjhfjd :i ls viax oDrk dks lqurs gq, yksxksa ds ckjs esa ys[kd dk D;k dguk
gS\
m) iq:"kksa vkSj fL=;ksa }kjk dh tkus okyh Hkafxekvksa esa D;k&D;k varj gSa\
3- fuEufyf[kr x|ka'k dk la{ksi.k ewy x|ka'k dh 'kCn&la[;k dks ,d&frgkbZ esa izLrqr
djsaA 'kh"kZd lq>kuk vfuok;Z ugha gSa 'kCn&lhek ds vUrxZr la{ksi.k u djus ij vad
dkV fy, tk,axsA la{ksi.k vyx ls fu/kkZfjr dkxtksa ij gh fy[ksa o mUgsa vPNh rjg
ls mÙkj&iqfLrdk ds lkFk cka/k ysa%
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60
;|fi vk/kqfud 'kS{kf.kd i¼fr mUuloha 'krkCnh ds izFke pj.k esa eq[; :i ls
if'peh lektksa esa igys :ikf;r gqbZ Fkh] rFkkfi mls ,d lexz jk"Vªh;&i¼fr ds :i
esa Lohdkj djus esa crkZfu;k vfuPNqd gh jgkA 1800 n'kd ds e/; rd gkyS.M]
fLoV~tjyS.M vkSj teZu jkT;ksa us izkjfEHkd fo|ky;ksa esa dekscs'k loZO;kih izos'k dk
y{; izkIr dj fy;k Fkk] fdUrq baXyS.M vkSj osYl bl y{; dks ikus esa cgqr ihNs jgsA
gka] LdkVyS.M esa f'k{kk dqN vf/kd fodflr FkhA
1870 (tc crkZfu;ke sa vfuok;Z f'k{kk dks igyh ckj ykxw fd;k x;k) vkSj f}rh;
fo'o ;q¼ ds chp ;FkkØe lHkh ljdkjksa us f'k{kk ij fd, tkus okys [kpZ dks c<+k;kA
Ldwy NksM+us dh mez nl ls pkSng o"kZ rd c<+k nh xbZ vkSj vf/kd ls vf/kd Ldwy
Hkh [kksys x, fdUrq f'k{kk dks jktdh; izJ; dk fo"k; Lohdkj ugha fd;k x;kA
T;knkrj Ldwy futh ;k ppZ ds vf/kdkfj;ksa }kjk LFkkuh; ljdkjh eaMyksa dh fuxjkuh
esa pyk;s tkrs jgsA nwljs fo'o ;q¼ us bl izo`fÙk dks cny MkykA l'kL= lsukvksa esa
HkrhZ ds fy, izos'kdksa dh ;ksX;rk vkSj vf/kxe ds ijh{k.k fn, x,A ijh{kk&ifj.kkeksa
us izkf/kdkfj;ksa dks izos'kdksa ds fuEuLrjh; 'kS{kf.kd dkS'kyksa us gSjkuh esa Mky fn;kA
;q¼ksÙkj o"kksZ esa iqu#RFkku ds ckjs esa fpafrr ljdkj us fo|eku 'kS{kf.kd i¼fr ij
iqufoZpkj djuk vkjEHk fd;kA
1944 ls igys vf/kdrj crkZuoha cPps pkSng o"kksZ rd ,d gh fu%'kqYd Ldwy] ftls
izkFkfed Ldwy dgk tkrk Fkk] esa fo|k/;;u djrs FksA izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk
ek/;fed fo|ky; Hkh pyrs Fks ijUrq muesa vfHkHkkodksa dks Qhl nsuh iM+rh FkhA bl
i¼fr us Li"Vr;k cPpkas dks nks lkekftd oxksZ esa ckaV fn;k Fkk rFkk xjhc i`"BHkwfe;ksa
ls vkus okys yxHkx lHkh cPps izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa rd gh lhfer jg tkrs FksA
tula[;k dk nks izfr'kr ls Hkh de fo'ofo|ky; esa izos'k djrk FkkA 1944 ds f'k{kk
vf/kfu;e us vusd u, ifjorZuksa dh igy dh% lc ds fy, fu%'kqYd ek/;fed f'k{kk]
Ldwy NksM+us dh mez dk ianzg o"kZ rd c<+kuk rFkk f'k{kk esa leku voljksa dh
izfrc¼rkA f'k{kk pquh xbZ LFkkuh; ljdkjksa ds fy, ,d eq[; ftEesnkjh cu xbZA
1944 ds f'k{kk vf/kfu;e ds QyLo:i vf/kdka'k LFkkuh; f'k{kk vf/kdkfj;ksa us cPpksa
ds 'kSf{kd p;u dks mudh ek/;fed f'k{kk dh vko';drkvksa dks iwjk djus dk vk/
kkj viuk;kA X;kjg o"kZ dh vk;q esa p;u dh ;g izfØ;k] tc cPpk izkFkfed Ldwy
ls ek/;fed Ldwy dh vksj tkus ds fy, mUeq[k gksrk gS] ,d rjg ls ;ksX; cPpksa dks
mudh lkekftd i`"BHkwfe ij /;ku fn, fcuk] pquus dh izfØ;k FkhA vf/kdka'k
205
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u RAU’S IAS—UPSC Syllabus for Civil Services Exam u
The bananas certainly didn't affect the fishing in Brazil. They were down-
right tasty and the fishing was outstanding. But it got me thinking about
other superstitions regarding fishing.
For example, lucky hats. I had a lucky hat for a long time, a bright red
cap that I was convinced was lucky. I caught a lot of fish and a lot of big
fish wearing that hat. Then one day while angry, I threw it overboard.
I'm convinced I haven't caught as many fish since.
5- fuEufyf[kr fgUnh x|ka'k dk vaxzsth esa vuqokn dhft,%
20
cgqr cjl igys nf{k.kh baXyS.M esa oslSDl esa ,d yM+dk jgrk Fkk ftldk uke ãqcVZ
FkkA og ,d cgknqj vkSj [kq'k&fetkt yM+dk Fkk vkSj og yxHkx pkSng cjl dk FkkA
,d fnu mlds firk us mls /ku mxkgh ds fy, ?kj ls dbZ ehy nwj ,d dLcs esa HkstkA
mlus ?kksM+s ij ;k=k dh vkSj nsj lka> rd viuk dke iwjk djus ds ckn lqulku vkSj
?kus taxy dh CySdeksj ?kkVh ds chp ls ?kj ykSVus yxkA
ukS cts gksaxs tc vius flj ds Ùij yVdrs isM+ksa ds chp vius etcwr Vkaxksa okys ?kksM+s
tSjh ij cSBs ãwcVZdks yxk fd mlus /kuh 'kk[kksa ds chp dqN vkoktsa lquh gSaA mls ;kn
vk;k fd ;g txg Mkdqvksa vkSj yqVsjksa ds dkj.k dq[;kr gSA ^^eq>s D;k ijokg\** og
[kqn dks lkaRouk nsrs gq, tksj ls cksyk] ^^tSjh dh Vkaxsa bruh pqLr gSa fd eq>s dksbZ Hkh
idM+ ugha ldrkA**
^^g&g&g! t:j!!** ,d tksj dh vkokt gqbZ vkSj vxys gh iy ,d vkneh mldh nk;ha
vksj ls l?ku taxy ls vk yidkA nwljk vkneh ck;ha rjQ ls vkSj rhljk ihNs ,d
isM+ ds ihNs lsA âwcVZ dks mlds ?kksM+s ls [khapk x;k] mldk :i;ksa&Hkjk FkSyk Nhu fy;k
x;kA gkykafd mlus viuh Hkjiwj rkdr yxkbZ ij mls dkcw dj gh fy;k x;kA
jfLl;ksa ls mlds gkFk&ikao dldj cka/ks x, vkSj mls ,d [kkbZ esa Qsad fn;k x;kA fQj
os yksx cspkjs tSjh ij lokj gq, vkSj fudy HkkxsA
6- (d) fuEufyf[kr eqgkojksa vkSj yksdksfDr;ksa esa ls dsoy ikap dk vFkZ Li"V djrs gq,
mudk okD;ksa esa iz;ksx dhft,%
20
1- fny cSB tkuk
2- ckrsa cukuk
3- pdek nsuk
4- /kwy esa feyuk
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