5


, ,
,

r , +d.

dE
I ( r )=
d dt d dA

n
dA
CGS : erg s-1 Hz-1 cm-2 ster-1


, :

dE
I (r )=
d dt d dA

I d= I d

=0 I d


Planck:

2h
I = 2
c

1
h
kT

e 1

h Planck k
Boltzmann.
H

=0

I d=

Stefan-Boltzmann.


,

.

,
n .

:

F = I =

(0)

,
:

d
=I
dr

l =



,
j .

d
=+ j
dr

d
= I + j
dr
( ).
:

= I (0)e

+0 S ( ' ) d '

=0 dr
j
S =



, :

= I (0)e

+S (1e )

:
i) 0 ( ), 0 ( )

(r ) (0)+ j r

i) 1 ( ), 1 (
),

I =S

 KIRCHHOFF

, ,

2 h 3
I =S = 2
c

1
h
kT

e 1

j = I
Kirchhoff.