LO

Liquid drop

SO

SL

Solid Surface Fig: 1 A liquid droplet is set on a solid surface and C l is the contact angle formed by the liquid drop at the three phase boundary where liquid, gas, and solid meet.

LO SO SL

The equilibrium contact angle that the drop makes with the solid surface Interfacial tension between liquid air Interfacial tension between solid air Interfacial tension between solid liquid

NSin( S )

mgSin ( S )
S

mg

Figure

NSin( S )

mgSin ( S )
S

mgCos( )

mg

Fig:4 Force balance of an object in an inclined plane in a gravitational field

S<0

S>0

Solid Surface

Solid Surface (b) Total wetting

(a) Partial wetting

Fig: 2. Demonstration of the wetting of liquid droplet on different solid surface (a) Depicts partial wetting of the surfaces (b) Showing total wetting of the surfaces.

 SO

SL

LO

Cos ( )

(1) (1)

S [ ESubstrate ]dry [ Esubstrate ]wet

(2)

S SO ( SL LO )
S= Spreading parameter

..(3)

SO LO

Solid air interfacial energy, Solid liquid interfacial energy

SL

Solid liquid interfacial energy

Fs 2r Cos( C )

Surface tension of the liquid with respect to air Density of the water
g Acceleration due to gravity
Balancing the two forces

h r

Height of the liquid column

Radius of the tube

r
C

FD ( r h) g
2

2r Cos( C ) r 2 hg

Fig:3 demonstration of capillary effect

2 Cos( C ) h rg

Fs

Force due to the surface tension in upward direction over the length 2r Downward force due to the weight of 2 the liquid r hg

FD

Volumetric Strain z

(1 zz )l3
(1 yy )l2

x y

(1 xx )l1
l3

l2

l1
Fig:5 Illustration of the concept of volumetric strain.