AS Chemistry

Measuring AMOUNTS of chemical substances

THE MOLE
= the chemist's way of stating AMOUNTS of a chemical substance. measures amount in terms of NUMBERS of CHEMICAL PARTICLES , rather than mass, volume etc EQUAL NUMBERS OF MOLES OF DIFFERENT CHEMICALS CONTAIN EQUAL NUMBERS OF CHEMICAL PARTICLES - may be atoms, ions or molecules. Atoms and molecules are TOO SMALL to count directly and their numbers are TOO LARGE moles count chemical particles in a sample INDIRECTLY by weighing the sample. if the masses of different samples are in the same ratio as the masses of their component particles, then the samples will contain the same number of particles i.e. the same number of moles

RELATIVE MASS OF A CHEMICAL PARTICLE (Ar , Fr or Mr) = the average mass of a chemical particle (atoms, ions or molecules) compared to 1/12th of the mass of a 12C atom. = Average mass of one atom, ion or molecule 1/12 of the mass of one atom of 12C (Average used because of isotopes)
12C

atoms Relative mass of particle P

4 x 12 = 48
=

If P is a molecule, relative molecular mass (Mr)

= sum of relative atomic masses (Ar) of atoms within molecule

Defining and Calculating the Mole

Na atom
12C

atom

Water molecule

1.925 x mass of 12C Ar(Na) = 23.1 also x atoms

= reference atom

1.5 x mass of 12C Mr(H2O) = 18 also x molecules

x atoms Exactly 12.000g 12C = 1 mole 12C by definition One mole = Ar or Mr in grams

23.1 g Na = 1 mole Na

18 g H2O = 1 mole H2O

x = Avogadros Constant (L) 6.02 x 1023 particles per mole

Formal definitions :

LEARN THEM !!!!!

1. ONE MOLE OF A SUBSTANCE

= the amount that contains the same number of chemical particles (atoms, ions or molecules) as there are atoms in exactly 12g (ie one mole) of 12C.

2. AVOGADROS CONSTANT (L)

= the NUMBER of chemical particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance.

3. MOLAR MASS
= the mass of a substance that contains one mole of that substance. ***** Molar mass = Ar , Mr or Fr in grams *****

CALCULATION TECHNIQUES 1. One mole = Ar or Mr in grams = m g 2. Mass of a sample =

wg

w=mxn

3. Number of moles in a sample = n

w m
n

m=mxn n=mxn
nxL

4. Number of chemical particles in a sample = L = Avogadros constant

6.02 x 1023

Calculate the mass of :

(a) 2.70 moles of sodium (b) 0.125 moles of oxygen (c) 1.056 x 10-3 moles of sulphuric acid Question Formula One mole (m) No. of moles (n) Mass =w =nxm (a) Na 23.1g 2.70 (b) O2 2(16.0) = 32.0 g 0.125 (c) H2SO4

2(1) + 32.1 + 4(16.0) = 98.1 g

1.056 x 10-3 = 1.056 x 10-3 x 98.1g = 0.104 g

= 2.70 x 23.1g = 0.125 x 32.0g

= 62.4 g = 4.00 g

Calculate the number of moles in :

(a) 12.70 g of helium (b) 0.438 g of nitrogen (c) 2.679 x 10-2 g of calcium chloride Question Formula One mole (m) Sample mass (w) (a) He 4.0 g 12.70 g (b) (c) CaCl2 40.1 + 2(35.5) = 111.1 g 2.679 x 10-2 g = 2.679 x 10-2 / 111.1g = 2.41 x 10-4 moles

N2
2(14.0) = 28.0 g 0.438 g = 0.438 / 28.0g = 0.0156 moles

No. moles = 12.70 / 4.0 =n = 3.175 moles =w/m

Click here to access an exercise in calculating moles

The End