4

4.1.

4.2.
4.2.1.
.
, ,
, .
.
:
() ,
() ,
() .

.
Hooke.

, .
.
()
l 2r << l,
, . 4.1.
F .
, Hooke :
l
F

l
S

l S .

4.1.

48

(4.1)

 . (4.1) , l/l, , F/S,

.
4.1,
, = 1/ Young.
()
(. 4.2), Hooke,

F
S

(4.2)

, , , F/S.

4.2.
4.2, ,
G=l/ .
()
, Hooke
:
V
p
V

(4.3)

V , V ,
p , , = 1/
.
Poisson. ,
, d, l,
(. 4.3).

, :
d
l

d
l

(4.4)

49

d d
l l

(4.5)

Poisson.

4.3.
, , , , Poisson, ,
:
= 2(1+)

(4.6)

.
4.2.2.
l r,
, . , ,

= D

(4.7)

D ,
.
D,
, G, ,
. x dx (. 4.4).
dF,
dM = 2xdF, ,
.
Hooke (. 4.2),

2dF
dM
dM

dS
xdS
2 x 2 dx

(4.8)

, ,
AB y l x
50

(4.9)

 4.4.

x
l

(4.10)

. (4.10) (4.8),
dM

2 x3 dx
l

(4.11)

x = 0 x = r, , ,

M

M dM
0

2
l

x3dx

r4

2l

(4.12)

, D = M/,

r4
2l

(4.13)

r4
DG
2l

(4.14)

G .

51

4.3.
. (4.14) ,
,
.

4.5.
, . 4.5,
,
,
M D

(4.15)

, .
,

d 2
I 2 M
dt

(4.16)

, ,
d2/dt2 , , .
. (4.15) (4.16),

52

d 2
D 0
dt 2

(4.17)

d 2
2 0
dt 2

(4.18)

D
I

(4.19)

. .
(4.18)

0 cos(t )

(4.20)

0 , .
0 .
, , ,
T 2

I
D

(4.21)

, ,
D G.
,
, , ,
D .

(. 4.5).
1 2 ,
R .
0 ( 1 2),
, 1 2 1 2 ,
,
(Steiner),

I I 0 I1 I 2 M 1R 2 M 2 R 2

(4.22)

1 = 2 1 + 2 = , 0 + 1 + 2 = , . (4.21),

T2
I

2
4
D

(4.23)

T2
I M
R2
2
4
D D

(4.24)

y = T2/42 x =R2
, /D, y y = /D.

, R, D G.

53

4.4.
, G
()
, . 4.5. , 1 2
, .
. 1
2 .

1. . . . . 1: . (, 1953).
. 12, 10.
2. , , , , ,
(, 2010).
4.5.
1. l1 l2
2r.
2.
.
3. R
,
10 , , , .
4. 10 R,
:

A/A

R
(m)

10T
(s)

T
(s)

x = R2
(m2)

y = T2/42
(s2/rad2)

1
2
3

4.6.
1. y = T2/42 x = R2.
2. ,
.
3.
y = a + bx .
4. , b b,
, , ,
D D, D = M/b.
5. . (4.14) D, r l, G G
. . (4.14)
,
, ,
D, 2 .
54